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Wang YT, Yang CH, Huang KS, Shaw JF. Chlorophyllides: Preparation, Purification, and Application. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11081115. [PMID: 34439782 PMCID: PMC8392590 DOI: 10.3390/biom11081115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlorophyllides can be found in photosynthetic organisms. Generally, chlorophyllides have a-, b-, c-, d-, and f-type derivatives, and all chlorophyllides have a tetrapyrrole structure with a Mg ion at the center and a fifth isocyclic pentanone. Chlorophyllide a can be synthesized from protochlorophyllide a, divinyl chlorophyllide a, or chlorophyll. In addition, chlorophyllide a can be transformed into chlorophyllide b, chlorophyllide d, or chlorophyllide f. Chlorophyllide c can be synthesized from protochlorophyllide a or divinyl protochlorophyllide a. Chlorophyllides have been extensively used in food, medicine, and pharmaceutical applications. Furthermore, chlorophyllides exhibit many biological activities, such as anti-growth, antimicrobial, antiviral, antipathogenic, and antiproliferative activity. The photosensitivity of chlorophyllides that is applied in mercury electrodes and sensors were discussed. This article is the first detailed review dedicated specifically to chlorophyllides. Thus, this review aims to describe the definition of chlorophyllides, biosynthetic routes of chlorophyllides, purification of chlorophyllides, and applications of chlorophyllides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ting Wang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan; (Y.-T.W.); (C.-H.Y.)
| | - Chih-Hui Yang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan; (Y.-T.W.); (C.-H.Y.)
- Pharmacy Department of E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan
- Taiwan Instrument Research Institute, National Applied Research Laboratories, Taipei 106214, Taiwan
| | - Keng-Shiang Huang
- The School of Chinese Medicine for Post-Baccalaureate, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (K.-S.H.); (J.-F.S.); Tel.: +886-7-6151100 (ext. 7063) (K.-S.H.); +886-7-6151100 (ext. 7310) (J.-F.S.); Fax: +886-7-6151959 (J.-F.S.)
| | - Jei-Fu Shaw
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan; (Y.-T.W.); (C.-H.Y.)
- Correspondence: (K.-S.H.); (J.-F.S.); Tel.: +886-7-6151100 (ext. 7063) (K.-S.H.); +886-7-6151100 (ext. 7310) (J.-F.S.); Fax: +886-7-6151959 (J.-F.S.)
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Yin XR, Xie XL, Xia XJ, Yu JQ, Ferguson IB, Giovannoni JJ, Chen KS. Involvement of an ethylene response factor in chlorophyll degradation during citrus fruit degreening. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 86:403-12. [PMID: 27037684 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyll degradation naturally occurs during plant senescence. However, in fruit such as citrus, it is a positive characteristic, as degreening is an important colour development contributing to fruit quality. In the present work, Citrus sinensis Osbeck, cv. Newhall fruit was used as a model for chlorophyll degradation. An ethylene response factor, CitERF13, was isolated and its transcriptional changes were closely correlated with fruit peel degreening during development or in response to ethylene. Dual-luciferase and yeast one-hybrid assays, as well as motif mutation, indicated that CitERF13 directly binds to the CitPPH promoter and enhances its activity. Transient and stable over-expression of CitERF13 resulted in rapid chlorophyll degradation in Nicotiana tabacum leaves and led to accumulation of pheophorbide (Pheide) a, a metabolite of pheophorbide hydrolase (PPH). Similar results were observed from transient transformation of CitERF13 in citrus fruit peel. Moreover, this function of CitERF13 was conserved within Arabidopsis and tomato, as the homologs AtERF17 and SlERF16 similarly acted as activators of PPH genes and accelerators of chlorophyll degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Ren Yin
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiu-Lan Xie
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Jian Xia
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Quan Yu
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Ian B Ferguson
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
- New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag, 92169, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - James J Giovannoni
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- US Department of Agriculture/Agriculture Research Service, Robert W. Holley Centre for Agriculture and Health, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Kun-Song Chen
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
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Mo SC, Choi DS, Robinson JW. Speciation studies of copper and magnesium in duckweed extract using interfaced HPLC and thermospray nebulizer flame AA. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/10934528809375424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. C. Mo
- a Dept. of Chem. Eng. , Beijing Institute of Light Industry , 3 Fucheng Road, Beijing, 10037, P. R. China
| | | | - J. W. Robinson
- b Department of Chemistry , Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge, LA, 70803
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Bohn T, Walczyk T, Leisibach S, Hurrell R. Chlorophyll-bound Magnesium in Commonly Consumed Vegetables and Fruits: Relevance to Magnesium Nutrition. J Food Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2004.tb09947.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Levy O, Achituv Y, Yacobi YZ, Dubinsky Z, Stambler N. Diel `tuning' of coral metabolism: physiological responses to light cues. J Exp Biol 2006; 209:273-83. [PMID: 16391349 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.01983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYHermatypic-zooxanthellate corals track the diel patterns of the main environmental parameters - temperature, UV and visible light - by acclimation processes that include biochemical responses. The diel course of solar radiation is followed by photosynthesis rates and thereby elicits simultaneous changes in tissue oxygen tension due to the shift in photosynthesis/respiration balance. The recurrent patterns of sunlight are reflected in fluorescence yields, photosynthetic pigment content and activity of the two protective enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT),enzymes that are among the universal defenses against free radical damage in living tissue. All of these were investigated in three scleractinian corals: Favia favus, Plerogyra sinuosa and Goniopora lobata. The activity of SOD and CAT in the animal host followed the course of solar radiation, increased with the rates of photosynthetic oxygen production and was correlated with a decrease in the maximum quantum yield of photochemistry in Photosystem II (PSII)(ΔF′/Fm′). SOD and CAT activity in the symbiotic algae also exhibited a light intensity correlated pattern,albeit a less pronounced one. The observed rise of the free-radical-scavenger enzymes, with a time scale of minutes to several hours, is an important protective mechanism for the existence and remarkable success of the unique cnidarian-dinoflagellate associations, in which photosynthetic oxygen production takes place within animal cells. This represents a facet of the precarious act of balancing the photosynthetic production of oxygen by the algal symbionts with their destructive action on all living cells, especially those of the animal host.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Levy
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel.
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Bohn T, Walczyk T. Determination of chlorophyll in plant samples by liquid chromatography using zinc-phthalocyanine as an internal standard. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1024:123-8. [PMID: 14753714 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2003.10.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Chlorophyll analysis at high precision and accuracy is limited by the lack of suitable, commercially available internal standards for HPLC analysis. Here, the commercially available dye zinc-phthalocyanine is presented as a new internal standard to quantify chlorophylls in vegetable foods and to detect chlorophyll degradation products. The technique was applied to chlorophyll analysis of a selection of vegetable foods. Pigments were extracted with N,N-dimethylformamide from the vegetables and purified by solid phase extraction. Chlorophyll a, a', b, b', corresponding pheophytins, and zinc-phthalocyanine were separated by HPLC using a C18 reverse-phase column and fluorescence detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Bohn
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Laboratory of Human Nutrition, Seestrasse 72, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
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8
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Wei L, Donat JR, Fones G, Ahner BA. Interactions between Cd, Cu, and Zn influence particulate phytochelatin concentrations in marine phytoplankton: laboratory results and preliminary field data. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2003; 37:3609-3618. [PMID: 12953873 DOI: 10.1021/es0340026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The effect of metal interactions on phytochelatin production by marine phytoplankton has received little attention but yet is critical to understanding the biochemical production of this potentially important metal-binding ligand in the field. Cd, Cu, and Zn additions were made singly and in combination to three species of laboratory cultures and to a natural algal assemblage from pristine coastal seawater. In the laboratory cultures intracellular phytochelatin varied with metal exposure and demonstrated metal- and concentration-dependent synergisms and antagonisms. Most notably, the addition of all three metals together greatly suppressed phytochelatin production in all cultures. Particulate phytochelatin was also measured at two field sites. In the field, phytochelatin production is related to ambient Cd, Cu, and Zn levels, and the deviations from the dose-response relationship are potentially explained by metal interactions similar to those observed in the laboratory cultures. Though particulate glutathione concentrations were very low in some field samples, it did not appear to limit phytochelatin production. Particulate phytochelatin concentrations in samples from both field sites were very similar to those measured in the laboratory cultures when exposed to all three metals together, and thus phytochelatin levels in the field may be regulated by the interaction of Cd, Cu, and Zn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Wei
- Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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Airs RL, Atkinson JE, Keely BJ. Development and application of a high resolution liquid chromatographic method for the analysis of complex pigment distributions. J Chromatogr A 2001; 917:167-77. [PMID: 11403468 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)00663-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Ternary and binary gradient systems have been developed for the high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of complex pigment distributions typical of natural samples. Improved chromatographic resolution reveals significantly more pigment components in extracts from a sediment (Priest Pot, Cumbria, UK), a microbial mat (les Salines de la Trinital, South Catalonia, Spain) and a culture (C. phaeobacteroides) including novel bacteriochlorophyll derivatives. The methods developed are directly suited to LC-MS analysis and the automated acquisition of MS/MS data for pigments.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Airs
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, UK
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Latasa M, van Lenning K, Garrido JL, Scharek R, Estrada M, Rodríguez F, Zapata M. Losses of chlorophylls and carotenoids in aqueous acetone and methanol extracts prepared for RPHPLC analysis of pigments. Chromatographia 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02491072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Gauthier-Jaques A, Bortlik K, Hau J, Fay LB. Improved method to track chlorophyll degradation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2001; 49:1117-1122. [PMID: 11312821 DOI: 10.1021/jf000384c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
An analytical method capable of identifying >30 chlorophyll-related compounds in plant extracts has been developed. The method employs liquid chromatography coupled to UV-vis, MS, and MS/MS detection. It can be applied without modification to analyze natural chlorophyll degradation products and other metalloporphyrines. It was successfully applied to identify chlorophyll derivatives found in rehydrated spinach powder and conventionally canned and Veri-Green-processed beans. In the Veri-Green-processed beans several degradation products were identified that are zinc-containing analogues to the chlorophyll derivatives found in vegetables after conventional canning. They have been characterized by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gauthier-Jaques
- Nestlé Research Centre, Nestec Ltd., Vers-chez-les-Blanc, P.O. Box 44, CH-1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
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12
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Van Heukelem L, Thomas CS. Computer-assisted high-performance liquid chromatography method development with applications to the isolation and analysis of phytoplankton pigments. J Chromatogr A 2001; 910:31-49. [PMID: 11263574 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)00603-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We used chromatography modeling software to assist in HPLC method development, with the goal of enhancing separations through the exclusive use of gradient time and column temperature. We surveyed nine stationary phases for their utility in pigment purification and natural sample analysis. For purification, a complex algal matrix was separated on an efficient monomeric column, from which partially purified fractions were collected and purified on polymeric columns that exaggerated resolution between pigments of interest. Additionally, we feature an HPLC method that is simple, fast, demonstrates excellent transferability and is ideal for quantitative analysis of pigments in dilute natural water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Van Heukelem
- University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Horn Point Laboratory, Cambridge, MD 21613, USA.
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13
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Almela L, Fernández-López JA, Roca MJ. High-performance liquid chromatographic screening of chlorophyll derivatives produced during fruit storage. J Chromatogr A 2000; 870:483-9. [PMID: 10722106 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)00999-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array and fluorescence detection was applied to the systematic screening of chlorophylls and derivative pigments. The chromatographic procedure proposed made it possible to successfully separate and identify eight chlorophyll derivatives (the a and b forms of chlorophyll, chlorophyllide, pheophytin and pheophorbide) by using a linear gradient of methanol, acetone and ammonium acetate. The method has been routinely applied to study chlorophyll degradation during the postharvest storage of cherimoya (Annona cherimola, Mill.) fruits. The brilliant green colour even at maturity, and its high chlorophyllase and Mg-dechelating activities, indicate that this plant material might be suitable for investigating the as yet not well known chlorophyll breakdown processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Almela
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, University of Murcia, Spain
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Separation and identification of chlorophylls and carotenoids from Caulerpa prolifera, Jania rubens and Padina pavonica by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(98)00803-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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15
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Rodríguez F, Zapata M, Garrido JL. High performance liquid chromatographic separation of chlorophyllc forms from marine phytoplankton on octylsilica bonded phases. Chromatographia 1998. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02467598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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16
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Chernomorsky S, Rancourt R, Virdi K, Segelman A, Poretz RD. Antimutagenicity, cytotoxicity and composition of chlorophyllin copper complex. Cancer Lett 1997; 120:141-7. [PMID: 9461030 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(97)00304-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The preparation of chlorophyllin copper complex (CCC), shown to be a tumor promoter in an animal model (Nelson, R.L. (1992) Chlorophyllin, an antimutagen, acts as a tumor promoter in the rat-dimethylhydrazine colon carcinogenesis model. Anticancer Res., 12, 737-740), also inhibits the activities of direct- and indirect-acting mutagens in the Salmonella assay and exhibits cytostatic and cytocidal effects toward myeloma cells. Data from elemental analyses, spectrophotometry and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography indicate that CCC preparations generally used in antimutagenic/anticarcinogenic experiments are variable, complex mixtures of structurally distinct porphyrins lacking copper in some instances. This variability of the composition may be a cause for the differences reported for the tumor promotion activity of CCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chernomorsky
- Department of Biochemistry, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08903-0231, USA
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Garrido JL, Zapata M. Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic separation of mono- and divinyl chlorophyll forms using pyridine-containing mobile phases and a polymeric octadecylsilica column. Chromatographia 1997. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02466514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Temperature-programmed high performance liquid chromatography separation of mono- and divinyl chlorophyll forms from marine phytoplankton. Chromatographia 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02269717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Van Lenning K, Garrido JL, Aristegui J, Zapata M. Temperature-programmed high performance liquid chromatography separation of mono- and divinyl chlorophyll forms from marine phytoplankton. Chromatographia 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02688083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Sahai D, Lo JL, Hagen IK, Bergstrom L, Chernomorsky S, Poretz RD. Metabolically convertible lipophilic derivatives of pH-sensitive amphipathic photosensitizers. Photochem Photobiol 1993; 58:803-8. [PMID: 8309999 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1993.tb04973.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
We propose the use of acetoxymethyl esters of pH-sensitive amphipathic photosensitizers (PS) for photodynamic therapy (PDT). These compounds may be applicable for PDT involving endocytosis of lipophilic carriers leading to lysosomal uptake of the esterified PS by target cells. Partial and/or total enzymatic de-esterification may result in the extralysosomal distribution of the photoactive agents, possibly culminating in a multisite photochemical response. We report here the synthesis and properties of chlorin e6 triacetoxymethyl ester (CAME) and pheophorbide a acetoxymethyl ester (PAME). Chlorin e6 and pheophorbide a are photocytotoxic chlorins that possess free carboxylate groups and exhibit optimum wavelengths of excitation substantially red shifted relative to hematoporphyrin derivative. Acetoxymethyl esterification of chlorin e6 and pheophorbide a was accomplished with bromomethyl acetate. High-performance liquid chromatography allowed for the purification of PAME, in 87% purity, and CAME, in 63% yield and 94% purity, as well as the detection of the presumed mono- and diesters of chlorin e6 as transient intermediates in the synthesis of CAME. The ultraviolet-visible absorption, fluorescence excitation and emission, NMR and mass spectra of the chlorin e6 triester are consistent with those expected for CAME. The pH-sensitive amphipathicity of pheophorbide a and chlorin e6 but not CAME was demonstrated using a water/1-octanol partition assay. The production of pheophorbide a from PAME and the sequential formation of the di- and monoesters and free chlorin e6 from CAME, by the action of lysosomal esterases obtained from cancer cells, demonstrate the potential of cellular enzymes to convert the lipophilic esters to pH-sensitive amphipathic PS.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- D Sahai
- Biochemistry/FOMRP, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08855
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22
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Garrido JL, Zapata M. High performance liquid chromatography of chlorophylls c3, c1, c2 and a and of carotenoids of chromophyte algae on a polymeric octadecyl silica column. Chromatographia 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02267914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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23
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Garrido JL, Zapata M. High performance liquid chromatographic separation of polar and non-polar chlorophyll pigments from algae using a wide pore polymeric octadecylsilica column. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1002/jhrc.1240160405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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24
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Preparation and determination of manganese(III) chlorophylls by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography. Chromatographia 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02262249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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25
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Eckardt C, Keely B, Maxwell J. Identification of chlorophyll transformation products in a lake sediment by combined liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)87138-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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26
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Influence of injection conditions in reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography of chlorophylls and carotenoids. Chromatographia 1991. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02279480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Photosynthetic pigments as biomarkers oof phytoplankton populations and processes involved in the transformation of particulate organic matter at the Biotrans site (47°N, 20°W). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0198-0149(91)90072-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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28
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Gilmore AM, Yamamoto HY. Resolution of lutein and zeaxanthin using a non-endcapped, lightly carbon-loaded C18 high-performance liquid chromatographic column. J Chromatogr A 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)95762-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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29
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Eckert W, Yacobi YZ, Trüper HG. A bloom of a brown phototrophic sulfur bacterium in lake kinneret: Hydrochemical aspects. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 1990; 20:273-282. [PMID: 24193979 DOI: 10.1007/bf02543882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/1990] [Revised: 09/17/1990] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
During a bloom of the brown phototrophic sulfur bacteriumChlorobium phaeobacteroides in Lake Kinneret the decisive hydrochemical parameters, pH, pH2S and pe (p=-log activity) were monitored in situ and related to the phototrophic bacterial bloom. The measured data in dicate a strong influence of the phototrophic bacteria on the metalimnic sulfide concentration and on the prevailing redox conditions. The intensity of theC. phaeobacteroides bloom, which appeared in two distinct peaks, could be related to vertical changes of the thermocline.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Eckert
- Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research Ltd., The Yigal Allon Kinneret Limnological Laboratory, P. O. Box 345, 14-102, Tiberias, Israel
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Yacobi YZ, Eckert W, Trüper HG, Berman T. High performance liquid chromatography detection of phototrophic bacterial pigments in aquatic environments. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 1990; 19:127-136. [PMID: 24196306 DOI: 10.1007/bf02012094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Pigment extracts of phototrophic bacteria isolated from Lake Kinneret (Rhodopseudomonas palustris, Thiocapsa roseopersicina, Prosthecochloris aestuaris andChlorobium phaeobacteroides) were studied by means of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). An absorption wavelength of 360 nm provided the best resolution among the pigments of the species tested and between them and chlorophylla. Signature pigments were identified for each of these species, and their presence was thereby monitored in lake water samples.C. phaeobacteroides, which was observed in the anaerobic hypolimnion and predominated in the metalimnion, was recognized by a characteristic cluster of major chlorophyllous pigment peaks. The spectral qualities of these pigments were close but not identical to published data on bacteriochlorophylle, presumably due to the use of different solvents for extraction. The intensity of these pigment peaks was employed to determine the depth of the greatest phototrophic bacterial biomass, which was not related to that of algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Z Yacobi
- Kinneret Limnological Laboratory, P.O. Box 345, 14102, Tiberias, Israel
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Pfeifhofer HW. Evidence for Chlorophyll b and Lack of Lutein in Neottia nidus-avis Plastids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0015-3796(89)80120-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Furuya K, Ohki N, Inoue H, Shirai T. Determination of pheophytinatonickel(II) by reversed-phase highperformance liquid chromatography. Chromatographia 1988. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02324707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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