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Diny NL, Wood MK, Won T, Talor MV, Lukban C, Bedja D, Wang N, Kalinoski H, Daoud A, Talbot CC, Leei Lin B, Čiháková D. Hypereosinophilia causes progressive cardiac pathologies in mice. iScience 2023; 26:107990. [PMID: 37829205 PMCID: PMC10565781 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypereosinophilic syndrome is a progressive disease with extensive eosinophilia that results in organ damage. Cardiac pathologies are the main reason for its high mortality rate. A better understanding of the mechanisms of eosinophil-mediated tissue damage would benefit therapeutic development. Here, we describe the cardiac pathologies that developed in a mouse model of hypereosinophilic syndrome. These IL-5 transgenic mice exhibited decreased left ventricular function at a young age which worsened with age. Mechanistically, we demonstrated infiltration of activated eosinophils into the heart tissue that led to an inflammatory environment. Gene expression signatures showed tissue damage as well as repair and remodeling processes. Cardiomyocytes from IL-5Tg mice exhibited significantly reduced contractility relative to wild type (WT) controls. This impairment may result from the inflammatory stress experienced by the cardiomyocytes and suggest that dysregulation of contractility and Ca2+ reuptake in cardiomyocytes contributes to cardiac dysfunction at the whole organ level in hypereosinophilic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Laura Diny
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Megan Kay Wood
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Taejoon Won
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Monica Vladut Talor
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Clarisse Lukban
- Department of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Djahida Bedja
- Department of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Nadan Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Hannah Kalinoski
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Abdel Daoud
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - C. Conover Talbot
- Institute for Basic Biomedical Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Brian Leei Lin
- Department of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Daniela Čiháková
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Hu D, Dong X, Wang Q, Liu M, Luo S, Meng Z, Feng Z, Zhou W, Song W. PCP4 Promotes Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis by Affecting Amyloid-β Protein Precursor Processing. J Alzheimers Dis 2023:JAD230192. [PMID: 37302034 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Down syndrome (DS) is caused by an extra copy of all or part of chromosome 21. The patients with DS develop typical Alzheimer's disease (AD) neuropathology, indicating the role of genes on human chromosome 21 (HSA21) in the pathogenesis of AD. Purkinje cell protein 4 (PCP4), also known as brain-specific protein 19, is a critical gene located on HSA21. However, the role of PCP4 in DS and AD pathogenesis is not clear. OBJECTIVE To explore the role of PCP4 in amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) processing in AD. METHODS In this study, we investigated the role of PCP4 in AD progression in vitro and in vivo. In vitro experiments, we overexpressed PCP4 in human Swedish mutant AβPP stable expression or neural cell lines. In vitro experiments, APP23/PS45 double transgenic mice were selected and treated with AAV-PCP4. Multiple topics were detected by western blot, RT-PCR, immunohistochemical and behavioral test. RESULTS We found that PCP4 expression was altered in AD. PCP4 was overexpressed in APP23/PS45 transgenic mice and PCP4 affected the processing of AβPP. The production of amyloid-β protein (Aβ) was also promoted by PCP4. The upregulation of endogenous AβPP expression and the downregulation of ADAM10 were due to the transcriptional regulation of PCP4. In addition, PCP4 increased Aβ deposition and neural plaque formation in the brain, and exuberated learning and memory impairment in transgenic AD model mice. CONCLUSION Our finding reveals that PCP4 contributes to the pathogenesis of AD by affecting AβPP processing and suggests PCP4 as a novel therapeutic target for AD by targeting Aβ pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjie Hu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiangjun Dong
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qunxian Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mingjing Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuyue Luo
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zijun Meng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zijuan Feng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Weihui Zhou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Weihong Song
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Institute of Aging, Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, School of Mental Health and the Affiliated Wenzhou Kangning Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Oujiang Laboratory Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Sanders M, Petrasch-Parwez E, Habbes HW, Düring MV, Förster E. Postnatal Developmental Expression Profile Classifies the Indusium Griseum as a Distinct Subfield of the Hippocampal Formation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:615571. [PMID: 33511122 PMCID: PMC7835525 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.615571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The indusium griseum (IG) is a cortical structure overlying the corpus callosum along its anterior–posterior extent. It has been classified either as a vestige of the hippocampus or as an extension of the dentate gyrus via the fasciola cinerea, but its attribution to a specific hippocampal subregion is still under debate. To specify the identity of IG neurons more precisely, we investigated the spatiotemporal expression of calbindin, secretagogin, Necab2, PCP4, and Prox1 in the postnatal mouse IG, fasciola cinerea, and hippocampus. We identified the calcium-binding protein Necab2 as a first reliable marker for the IG and fasciola cinerea throughout postnatal development into adulthood. In contrast, calbindin, secretagogin, and PCP4 were expressed each with a different individual time course during maturation, and at no time point, IG or fasciola cinerea principal neurons expressed Prox1, a transcription factor known to define dentate granule cell fate. Concordantly, in a transgenic mouse line expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) in dentate granule cells, neurons of IG and fasciola cinerea were eGFP-negative. Our findings preclude that IG neurons represent dentate granule cells, as earlier hypothesized, and strongly support the view that the IG is an own hippocampal subfield composed of a distinct neuronal population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Sanders
- Department of Neuroanatomy and Molecular Brain Research, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Hans-Werner Habbes
- Department of Neuroanatomy and Molecular Brain Research, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Monika V Düring
- Department of Neuroanatomy and Molecular Brain Research, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Eckart Förster
- Department of Neuroanatomy and Molecular Brain Research, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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Sanfilippo C, Musumeci G, Kazakova M, Mazzone V, Castrogiovanni P, Imbesi R, Di Rosa M. GNG13 Is a Potential Marker of the State of Health of Alzheimer's Disease Patients' Cerebellum. J Mol Neurosci 2020; 71:1046-1060. [PMID: 33057964 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-020-01726-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Brain regions such as the cerebellum (CB) have been neglected for a long time in the study of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. In reference to a new emerging hypothesis according to which there is an altered cerebellar synaptic processing in AD, we verified the possible role played by new biomarkers in the CB of AD patients compared with not-demented healthy control subjects (NDHS). Using a bioinformatics approach, we have collected several microarray datasets and obtained 626 cerebella sample biopsies belonging to subjects who did not die from causes related to neurological diseases and 199 cerebella belonging to AD. The analysis of logical relations between the transcriptome dataset highlighted guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein) gamma 13 (GNG13) as a potential new biomarker for Purkinje cells (PCs). We have correlated GNG13 expression levels with already widely existing bibliography of PC marker genes, such as Purkinje cell protein 2 (PCP2), Purkinje cell protein 4 (PCP4), and cerebellin 3 (CBLN3). We showed that expression levels of GNG13 and PCP2, PCP4, and CBLN3 were significantly correlated with each other in NDHS and in AD and significantly reduced in AD patients compared with NDHS subjects. In addition, we highlighted a negative correlation between the expression levels of PC biomarkers and age. From the outcome of our investigation, it is possible to conclude that the identification of GNG13 as a potentially biomarker in PCs represents also a state of health of CB, in association with the expression of PCP2, PCP4, and CBLN3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Sanfilippo
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo, Strada Statale 113, C.da Casazza, 98124, Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Musumeci
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Kazakova
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical Faculty, Medical University, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Venera Mazzone
- Department G.F. Ingrassia, Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Paola Castrogiovanni
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Rosa Imbesi
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Michelino Di Rosa
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
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Kogiso H, Raveau M, Yamakawa K, Saito D, Ikeuchi Y, Okazaki T, Asano S, Inui T, Marunaka Y, Nakahari T. Airway Ciliary Beating Affected by the Pcp4 Dose-Dependent [Ca 2+] i Increase in Down Syndrome Mice, Ts1Rhr. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21061947. [PMID: 32178446 PMCID: PMC7139761 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21061947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In Ts1Rhr, a Down syndrome model mouse, the airway ciliary beatings are impaired; that is, decreases in ciliary beat frequency (CBF) and ciliary bend angle (CBA, an index of ciliary beat amplitude)). A resumption to two copies of the Pcp4 gene on the Ts1Rhr trisomic segment (Ts1Rhr:Pcp4+/+/-) rescues the decreases in CBF and CBA that occur in Ts1Rhr. In airway cilia, upon stimulation with procaterol (a β2-agonist), the CBF increase is slower over the time course than the CBA increase because of cAMP degradation by Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent phosphodiesterase 1 (PDE1) existing in the metabolon regulating CBF. In Ts1Rhr, procaterol-stimulated CBF increase was much slower over the time course than in the wild-type mouse (Wt) or Ts1Rhr:Pcp4+/+/-. However, in the presence of 8MmIBMX (8-methoxymethyl isobutylmethyl xanthine, an inhibitor of PDE1) or calmidazolium (an inhibitor of calmodulin), in both Wt and Ts1Rhr, procaterol stimulates CBF and CBA increases over a similar time course. Measurements of cAMP revealed that the cAMP contents were lower in Ts1Rhr than in Wt or in Ts1Rhr:Pcp4+/+/-, suggesting the activation of PDE1A that is present in Ts1Rhr airway cilia. Measurements of the intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) in airway ciliary cells revealed that temperature (increasing from 25 to 37 °C) or 4αPDD (a selective transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) agonist) stimulates a larger [Ca2+]i increase in Ts1Rhr than in Wt or Ts1Rhr:Pcp4+/+/-. In airway ciliary cells of Ts1Rhr, Pcp4-dose dependent activation of TRPV4 appears to induce an increase in the basal [Ca2+]i. In early embryonic day mice, a basal [Ca2+]i increased by PCP4 expressed may affect axonemal regulatory complexes regulated by the Ca2+-signal in Ts1Rhr, leading to a decrease in the basal CBF and CBA of airway cilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Kogiso
- Research Unit for Epithelial Physiology, Research Organization of Science and Technology, BKC, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan; (H.K.); (D.S.); (Y.I.); (S.A.); (T.I.); (Y.M.)
- Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Matthieu Raveau
- Laboratory for Neurogenetics, RIKEN, Brain Science Institute, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; (M.R.); (K.Y.)
| | - Kazuhiro Yamakawa
- Laboratory for Neurogenetics, RIKEN, Brain Science Institute, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; (M.R.); (K.Y.)
- Department of Neurodevelopmental Disorder Genetics, Institute of Brain Sciences, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
| | - Daichi Saito
- Research Unit for Epithelial Physiology, Research Organization of Science and Technology, BKC, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan; (H.K.); (D.S.); (Y.I.); (S.A.); (T.I.); (Y.M.)
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, BKC, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan;
| | - Yukiko Ikeuchi
- Research Unit for Epithelial Physiology, Research Organization of Science and Technology, BKC, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan; (H.K.); (D.S.); (Y.I.); (S.A.); (T.I.); (Y.M.)
- Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Tomonori Okazaki
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, BKC, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan;
| | - Shinji Asano
- Research Unit for Epithelial Physiology, Research Organization of Science and Technology, BKC, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan; (H.K.); (D.S.); (Y.I.); (S.A.); (T.I.); (Y.M.)
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, BKC, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan;
| | - Toshio Inui
- Research Unit for Epithelial Physiology, Research Organization of Science and Technology, BKC, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan; (H.K.); (D.S.); (Y.I.); (S.A.); (T.I.); (Y.M.)
- Saisei Mirai Clinics, Moriguchi 570-0012, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Marunaka
- Research Unit for Epithelial Physiology, Research Organization of Science and Technology, BKC, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan; (H.K.); (D.S.); (Y.I.); (S.A.); (T.I.); (Y.M.)
- Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
- Research Institute for Clinical Physiology, Kyoto Industrial Health Association, Kyoto 604-8472, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakahari
- Research Unit for Epithelial Physiology, Research Organization of Science and Technology, BKC, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan; (H.K.); (D.S.); (Y.I.); (S.A.); (T.I.); (Y.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: 81-77-561-3488 (ext. 7554)
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García-Cerro S, Vidal V, Lantigua S, Berciano MT, Lafarga M, Ramos-Cabrer P, Padro D, Rueda N, Martínez-Cué C. Cerebellar alterations in a model of Down syndrome: The role of the Dyrk1A gene. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 110:206-217. [PMID: 29221819 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is characterized by a marked reduction in the size of the brain and cerebellum. These changes play an important role in the motor alterations and cognitive disabilities observed in this condition. The Ts65Dn (TS) mouse, the most commonly used model of DS, reflects many DS phenotypes, including alterations in cerebellar morphology. One of the genes that is overexpressed in both individuals with DS and TS mice is DYRK1A/Dyrk1A (dual-specificity tyrosine-(Y)-phosphorylation regulated kinase 1A), which has been implicated in the altered cerebellar structural and functional phenotypes observed in both populations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Dyrk1A on different alterations observed in the cerebellum of TS animals. TS mice were crossed with Dyrk1A +/- KO mice to obtain mice with a triplicate segment of Mmu16 that included Dyrk1A (TS +/+/+), mice with triplicate copies of the same genes that carried only two copies of Dyrk1A (TS +/+/-), euploid mice that expressed a normal dose of Dyrk1A (CO +/+) and CO animals with a single copy of Dyrk1A (CO +/-). Male mice were used for all experiments. The normalization of the Dyrk1A gene dosage did not rescue the reduced cerebellar volume. However, it increased the size of the granular and molecular layers, the densities of granular and Purkinje cells, and dendritic arborization. Furthermore, it improved the excitatory/inhibitory balance and walking pattern of TS +/+/- mice. These results support the hypothesis that Dyrk1A is involved in some of the structural and functional cerebellar phenotypes observed in the TS mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana García-Cerro
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander 39011, Spain
| | - Verónica Vidal
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander 39011, Spain
| | - Sara Lantigua
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander 39011, Spain
| | - Maria Teresa Berciano
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and CIBERNED, University of Cantabria-IDIVAL, Santander 39011, Spain
| | - Miguel Lafarga
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and CIBERNED, University of Cantabria-IDIVAL, Santander 39011, Spain
| | - Pedro Ramos-Cabrer
- Molecular Imaging Unit, CIC BiomaGUNE, Donostia-San Sebastian 20009, Spain; Ikerbasque, The Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48013, Spain
| | - Daniel Padro
- Molecular Imaging Unit, CIC BiomaGUNE, Donostia-San Sebastian 20009, Spain
| | - Noemí Rueda
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander 39011, Spain
| | - Carmen Martínez-Cué
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander 39011, Spain.
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Han Y, Jin X, Li H, Wang K, Gao J, Song L, Lv Y. Microarray analysis of copy-number variations and gene expression profiles in prostate cancer. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e7264. [PMID: 28700469 PMCID: PMC5515741 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000007264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to identify potential prostate cancer (PC)-related variations in gene expression profiles. METHODS Microarray data from the GSE21032 dataset that contained the whole-transcript and exon-level expression profile (GSE21034) and Agilent 244K array-comparative genomic hybridization data (GSE21035) were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and copy-number variations (CNVs) were identified between PC and normal tissue samples. Coexpression interactions of DEGs that contained CNVs (CNV-DEGs) were analyzed. Pathway enrichment analysis of CNV-DEGs was performed. Drugs targeting CNV-DEGs were searched using the Drug-Gene Interaction database. RESULTS In total, 679 DEGs were obtained, including 182 upregulated genes and 497 downregulated genes. A total of 48 amplified CNV regions and 45 deleted regions were determined. The number of CNVs at 8q and 8p was relatively higher in PC tissue. Only 16 DEGs, including 4 upregulated and 12 downregulated genes, showed a positive correlation with CNVs. In the coexpression network, 3 downregulated CNV-DEGs, including FAT4 (FAT atypical cadherin 4), PDE5A (phosphodiesterase 5A, cGMP-specific), and PCP4 (Purkinje cell protein 4), had a higher degree, and were enriched in specific pathways such as the calmodulin signaling pathway. Five of the 16 CNV-DEGs (e.g., PDE5A) were identified as drug targets. CONCLUSION The identified CNV-DEGs could be implicated in the progression of human PC. The findings could lead to a better understanding of PC pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Han
- Department of Urology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin
| | - Xuefei Jin
- Department of Urology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin
| | - Hongyan Li
- Department of Urology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin
| | - Kaichen Wang
- Department of Urology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin
| | - Ji Gao
- Department of Urology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin
| | - Lide Song
- Department of Urology, Zhuji People's Hospital, Zhuji, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanting Lv
- Department of Urology, Zhuji People's Hospital, Zhuji, Zhejiang, China
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Renelt M, von Bohlen und Halbach V, von Bohlen und Halbach O. Distribution of PCP4 protein in the forebrain of adult mice. Acta Histochem 2014; 116:1056-61. [PMID: 24954028 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2014.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Purkinje-cell protein 4 (PCP4) is a small calmodulin (CaM)-binding protein that has been discovered to be selectively expressed by cerebellar Purkinje cells in the adult rodent brain. In addition, expression of PCP4 mRNA has been detected in the hippocampus and in the cortex. In order to determine the expression of PCP4 protein in the brain, we performed an immunohistochemical analysis using adult mice. We could demonstrate that PCP4 is expressed in neocortical structures, especially in the deep layers, as well as in other cortical structures and parts of the hippocampal formation. Moreover, PCP4 protein is highly expressed in the olfactory bulb and caudate putamen. PCP4 positive cells were also detected in specific areas of the amygdala, thalamus (especially dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus) and hypothalamus. By performing double-labeling experiments together with NeuN (a neuronal marker), we could demonstrate that PCP4 expressing cells in the brain are of neuronal origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Renelt
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Friedrich-Loeffler-Str. 23c, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Viola von Bohlen und Halbach
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Friedrich-Loeffler-Str. 23c, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Oliver von Bohlen und Halbach
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Friedrich-Loeffler-Str. 23c, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany.
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Mouton-Liger F, Sahún I, Collin T, Lopes Pereira P, Masini D, Thomas S, Paly E, Luilier S, Même S, Jouhault Q, Bennaï S, Beloeil JC, Bizot JC, Hérault Y, Dierssen M, Créau N. Developmental molecular and functional cerebellar alterations induced by PCP4/PEP19 overexpression: implications for Down syndrome. Neurobiol Dis 2013; 63:92-106. [PMID: 24291518 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2013.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PCP4/PEP19 is a modulator of Ca(2+)-CaM signaling. In the brain, it is expressed in a very specific pattern in postmitotic neurons. In particular, Pcp4 is highly expressed in the Purkinje cell, the sole output neuron of the cerebellum. PCP4, located on human chromosome 21, is present in three copies in individuals with Down syndrome (DS). In a previous study using a transgenic mouse model (TgPCP4) to evaluate the consequences of 3 copies of this gene, we found that PCP4 overexpression induces precocious neuronal differentiation during mouse embryogenesis. Here, we report combined analyses of the cerebellum at postnatal stages (P14 and adult) in which we identified age-related molecular, electrophysiological, and behavioral alterations in the TgPCP4 mouse. While Pcp4 overexpression at P14 induces an earlier neuronal maturation, at adult stage it induces increase in cerebellar CaMK2alpha and in cerebellar LTD, as well as learning impairments. We therefore propose that PCP4 contributes significantly to the development of Down syndrome phenotypes through molecular and functional changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Mouton-Liger
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, EAC4413 CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Ignasi Sahún
- Cellular and Systems Biology, Systems Biology Programme, Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG); Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER): Dr. Aiguader, 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thibault Collin
- CNRS UMR8118, Brain Physiology Laboratory, Universite Paris-Descartes, Centre universitaire des Saints-Pères, 45 Rue des Saints-Pères, 75270 Paris Cedex 06, France
| | - Patricia Lopes Pereira
- Transgenese et Archivage Animaux Modèles, TAAM, CNRS, UPS44, 3B rue de la Férollerie, 45071 Orléans, France
| | - Debora Masini
- Cellular and Systems Biology, Systems Biology Programme, Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG); Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER): Dr. Aiguader, 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sophie Thomas
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, EAC4413 CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Evelyne Paly
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, EAC4413 CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Sabrina Luilier
- Key-Obs SAS, 13 avenue Buffon, 45071 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Sandra Même
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS UPR 4301, Orléans, France
| | - Quentin Jouhault
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, EAC4413 CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Soumia Bennaï
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, EAC4413 CNRS, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Yann Hérault
- Transgenese et Archivage Animaux Modèles, TAAM, CNRS, UPS44, 3B rue de la Férollerie, 45071 Orléans, France; Institut Clinique de la Souris, ICS, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, France; Institut de Génétique Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Translational medicine and Neuroscience program, IGBMC, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Strasbourg, UMR7104, UMR964, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Mara Dierssen
- Cellular and Systems Biology, Systems Biology Programme, Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG); Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER): Dr. Aiguader, 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nicole Créau
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, EAC4413 CNRS, Paris, France.
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10
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Mouton-Liger F, Thomas S, Rattenbach R, Magnol L, Larigaldie V, Ledru A, Herault Y, Verney C, Créau N. PCP4 (PEP19) overexpression induces premature neuronal differentiation associated with Ca(2+) /calmodulin-dependent kinase II-δ activation in mouse models of Down syndrome. J Comp Neurol 2011; 519:2779-802. [PMID: 21491429 DOI: 10.1002/cne.22651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Pcp4/pep19 is a modulator of Ca(2+) -CaM, a key molecule for calcium signaling, expressed in postmitotic neuroectoderm cells during mouse embryogenesis. The PCP4 gene is located on human chromosome 21 and is present in three copies in Down syndrome (DS). To evaluate the consequences of three copies of this gene on the development of these cells in the nervous system, we constructed a transgenic (TgPCP4) mouse model, with one copy of human PCP4, and investigated the effects in this model and in the Ts1Cje, a mouse model of DS. During embryogenesis, we analyzed 1) the level of pcp4 transcript and protein in the two models; 2) the extent of colabeling for markers of neuronal differentiation (βIII-tubulin, Map2c, calbindin, and calretinin) and pcp4 by immunofluorescence analysis and overall protein levels of these markers by Western blotting; and 3) the rate of activation of CaMKII, a Ca(2+) -CaM target, to evaluate the impact of pcp4 overexpression on the Ca(2+) -CaM signaling pathway. We showed that three copies of the pcp4 gene induced the overexpression of transcripts and proteins during embryogenesis. Pcp4 overexpression 1) induced precocious neuronal differentiation, as shown by the distribution and levels of early neuronal markers; and 2) was associated with an increase in CaMKIIδ activation, confirming involvement in neuronal differentiation in vivo via a Pcp4-Ca(2+) -CaM pathway. TgPCP4 and Ts1Cje mice developed similar modifications, demonstrating that these mechanisms may account for abnormal neuronal development in DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Mouton-Liger
- Functional Adaptive Biology (BFA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) EAC4413, Université Paris Diderot-Paris7, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
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11
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Wei P, Blundon JA, Rong Y, Zakharenko SS, Morgan JI. Impaired locomotor learning and altered cerebellar synaptic plasticity in pep-19/PCP4-null mice. Mol Cell Biol 2011; 31:2838-44. [PMID: 21576365 PMCID: PMC3133400 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.05208-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Revised: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
PEP-19/PCP4 maps within the Down syndrome critical region and encodes a small, predominantly neuronal, IQ motif protein. Pep-19 binds calmodulin and inhibits calmodulin-dependent signaling, which is critical for synaptic function, and therefore alterations in Pep-19 levels may affect synaptic plasticity and behavior. To investigate its possible role, we generated and characterized pep-19/pcp4-null mice. Synaptic plasticity at excitatory synapses of cerebellar Purkinje cells, which express the highest levels of Pep-19, was dramatically altered in pep-19/pcp4-null mice. Instead of long-term depression, pep-19/pcp4-null mice exhibited long-term potentiation at parallel fiber-Purkinje cell synapses. The mutant mice have a marked deficit in their ability to learn a locomotor task, as measured by improved performance upon repeated testing on an accelerating rotarod. Thus, our data indicate that pep-19/pcp4 is a critical determinant of synaptic plasticity in cerebellum and locomotor learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wei
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, MS 323, Memphis, Tennessee 38105-3678
| | - Jay A. Blundon
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, MS 323, Memphis, Tennessee 38105-3678
| | - Yongqi Rong
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, MS 323, Memphis, Tennessee 38105-3678
| | - Stanislav S. Zakharenko
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, MS 323, Memphis, Tennessee 38105-3678
| | - James I. Morgan
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, MS 323, Memphis, Tennessee 38105-3678
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12
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Harashima SI, Wang Y, Horiuchi T, Seino Y, Inagaki N. Purkinje cell protein 4 positively regulates neurite outgrowth and neurotransmitter release. J Neurosci Res 2011; 89:1519-30. [PMID: 21671256 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2010] [Revised: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Purkinje cell protein 4 (PCP4), also called brain-specific polypeptide 19 (PEP19), is a neurospecific, small calmodulin-binding protein that binds both calcium-free and calcium-binding calmodulin to regulate the calmodulin-mediated signal. The expression level of this molecule is decreased in the brain in Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, and alcoholism. However, little is known of the function of PCP4 regarding neuronal or neuroendocrine cell differentiation and neurotransmitter release. To address this, we established a PCP4 tetracycline-inducible rat chromaffin cell line, PC12. When PCP4 expression was induced with doxcycline, neurite outgrowth was significantly advanced in the presence of nerve growth factor (NGF) and dibutyryl cAMP, which was inhibited by W-7, a calmodulin inhibitor, and PD98059, an ERK inhibitor. In addition, size of the cell body also was increased by treatment with NGF in the PCP4-induced PC12 cells. Constitutive and potassium-evoked release of acetylcholine and dopamine was increased and apoptosis induced by hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) was inhibited in PCP4-induced PC12 cells. On the other hand, knockdown of PCP4 by siRNA transfection decreased neurite outgrowth and dopamine release and increased H(2)O(2)-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells. These results indicate that PCP4 promotes neuroendocrine cell differentiation and neurotransmitter release by activating calmodulin function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-ichi Harashima
- Department of Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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13
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Necchi D, Lomoio S, Scherini E. Axonal abnormalities in cerebellar Purkinje cells of the Ts65Dn mouse. Brain Res 2008; 1238:181-8. [PMID: 18755166 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2008] [Revised: 08/07/2008] [Accepted: 08/08/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ts65Dn mice are a genetic model for Down syndrome. Among others, these mice have cerebellar pathology features which parallel those seen in Down syndrome patients. Both individuals with Down syndrome and Ts65Dn mice have reduced cerebellar volume and numbers of granule and Purkinje cells. In this report, we describe morphological abnormalities of axons of Purkinje cells in the cerebellum of Ts65Dn mice, by using anti-calbindin immunocytochemistry. A consistent number of Purkinje cells shows axons bearing giant varicosities along their transit through the granular layer. The cerebellar arbor vitae made by fasciculated Purkinje cell axons has a patchy appearance, some tracks being devoid of calbindin staining. The infraganglionic plexus, formed by recurrent collaterals of Purkinje cell axons, has enormously increased density, which is evidence for a compensatory reaction to degeneration of distal segments of axons. These alterations are accompanied by strong glial reaction as evidenced by GFAP immunocytochemistry. Moreover, the alterations are more consistent in the anterior lobules of the vermis and intermediate cortex. The axonal pathology of Purkinje cells may explain the impairment in cerebellar functions observed in Ts65Dn mice at the adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Necchi
- Dipartimento di Biologia Animale, Laboratorio di Biologia Cellulare e Neurobiologia, Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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14
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Dickerson JB, Morgan MA, Mishra A, Slaughter CA, Morgan JI, Zheng J. The influence of phosphorylation on the activity and structure of the neuronal IQ motif protein, PEP-19. Brain Res 2006; 1092:16-27. [PMID: 16740252 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2006] [Revised: 03/02/2006] [Accepted: 03/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PEP-19 is a 7.6 kDa neuronally expressed polypeptide that contains a single calmodulin-binding IQ motif. The calmodulin-binding activity of several neuronal IQ motif proteins is regulated by phosphorylation of a conserved serine. We propose that the serine residue within the IQ motif of PEP-19 is phosphorylated, and that phosphorylation modifies the activity of PEP-19. Camstatin, a functionally active 25-residue fragment of PEP-19's IQ motif, binds calmodulin and inhibits neuronal nitric oxide synthase. A truncated camstatin-in which the IQ motif serine is the only phosphorylatable residue-was screened against 42 different kinases. Truncated camstatin is selectively phosphorylated by four isoforms of protein kinase C. Furthermore, treatment of full-length PEP-19 with PKCgamma catalyzes phosphorylation of the same serine residue. Fluorescent anisotropy shows that phosphorylation of camstatin inhibits its binding to calmodulin. NMR solution structures indicate that both camstatin and phospho-camstatin exist in similar dynamic turn-like conformations. This suggests that camstatin's greater affinity for calmodulin is due not to a change in the conformation of the phospho-peptide, but rather, to a disruption of hydrophobic interactions between phospho-camstatin and calmodulin caused by the presence of the hydrophilic phosphate group. The H(alpha) chemical shifts and the circular dichroism spectra of the camstatins are consistent with those of "nascent helices". We submit that PEP-19 is a PKC substrate, and that the phosphorylation state of PEP-19 may play a role in the modulation of calmodulin-dependent signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bradley Dickerson
- Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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15
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Wada H, Hashimoto K, Wada Y, Kobayashi M, Izumi A, Sugiyama A, Kohro T, Hamakubo T, Kodama T. Extensive oligonucleotide microarray transcriptome analysis of the rat cerebral artery and arachnoid tissue. J Atheroscler Thromb 2003; 9:224-32. [PMID: 12409632 DOI: 10.5551/jat.9.224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral vessels have certain distinct anatomical and developmental characteristics which are well known, but their characteristic genetic expression profile remains as yet only poorly understood. We investigated gene expression in the rat cerebral artery in comparison with the rat descending aorta, two locations which have obviously different anatomical and developmental characteristics. Since the contamination of cerebral small arteries by arachnoid tissue is to a certain extent inevitable, we also performed a gene expression analysis of arachnoid tissue as a background. In an effort to obtain the necessary quality and quantity of total RNA, a novel freeze-fracture apparatus minimizing the time required for the entire procedure from tissue separation to RNA preparation was used. With the material obtained, a group of genes highly expressed in each tissue was detected by oligonucleotide microarray analysis. In the circle of Willis, peptide-19 (PEP-19), connexin-37 (CXN-37), growth arrest-and DNA damage-inducible gene (GADD45), and the putative G protein coupled receptor RA1c, Notch-1, and jagged-1 were predominantly expressed. In arachnoid tissue, bone morphologic protein (BMP)-7, BMP-6, beta defensin-1, neuroendocrine protein 7B2, thiol-specific antioxidant protein, IL-18, beta-chain clathrin-associated protein complex AP-1, and angiopoietin-2 were highly expressed. In the aorta, most of the abundantly expressed genes related to lipid metabolism. By means of oligonucleotide microarray analysis, the distinct gene expression profiles in the circle of Willis arachnoid tissue, and aorta were made evident. From these findings it is reasonable to conclude that a functional interaction exists between the circle of Willis and arachnoid tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Wada
- Department of Molecular Biology and Medicine, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
The entire DNA sequence for human chromosome 21 is now complete, and it is predicted to contain only about 225 genes, which is approximately three-fold fewer than the number initially predicted just 10 years ago. Despite this remarkable achievement, very little is known about the mechanism(s) whereby increased gene copy number (gene dosage) results in the characteristic phenotype of Down syndrome. Although many of the phenotypic traits show large individual variation, neuromotor dysfunction and cognitive and language impairment are observed in virtually all individuals. Currently, there are no efficacious biomedical treatments for these central nervous system-associated impairments. To develop novel therapeutic strategies, the effects of gene dosage imbalance need to be understood within the framework of those critical biological events that regulate brain organization and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- G T Capone
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, and Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
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17
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Cabin DE, McKee-Johnson JW, Matesic LE, Wiltshire T, Rue EE, Mjaatvedt AE, Huo YK, Korenberg JR, Reeves RH. Physical and comparative mapping of distal mouse chromosome 16. 5 p5. Genome Res 1998; 8:940-50. [PMID: 9750193 PMCID: PMC310775 DOI: 10.1101/gr.8.9.940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/1998] [Accepted: 07/14/1998] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Distal mouse Chromosome 16 (Chr. 16) includes a region of conserved linkage with human Chromosome 21 (Chr. 21). Mouse models of Down syndrome based on trisomy of distal Chr. 16 have several phenotypes similar to those seen in human patients and have proven useful for correlating dosage imbalance of specific genes with specific developmental anomalies. The degree to which such findings can be related to Down syndrome depends on how well the conserved synteny is maintained. Twenty-four genes have been mapped in both species and there are no discordancies, but the region could carry hundreds of genes. Comparative sequence represents the ultimate comparative map and will aid in identification of genes and their regulatory sequences. A physical map of the distal 4.5 Mb of Chr. 16 has been assembled as an essential step toward a map of sequence-ready templates. The map consists of 51 YACs and 15 BACs and includes 18 transcripts, 9 of which are mapped for the first time in mouse, and 3 of which are, for the first time, described in either species. YAC fragmentation was used to precisely localize the 49 markers on the map. Comparison of this physical map with that of the corresponding region on Chr. 21 shows conservation not only of gene order but of size in the 3 Mb from Cbr1 to Ets2; distal to Ets2, the human map is expanded.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Cabin
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205 USA
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