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Psychological pain and opioid receptors: Reward downshift is disrupted when tested in a context signaling morphine. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2022; 216:173386. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2022.173386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Conrad SE, Davis D, Vilcek N, Thompson JB, Guarino S, Papini S, Papini MR. Frustrative nonreward and cannabinoid receptors: Chronic (but not acute) WIN 55,212-2 treatment increased resistance to change in two reward downshift tasks. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2022; 213:173320. [PMID: 34990705 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2021.173320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Assessing the role of cannabinoid (CB) receptors in behavior is relevant given the trend toward the legalization of medicinal and recreational marijuana. The present research aims at bridging a gap in our understanding of CB-receptor function in animal models of frustrative nonreward. These experiments were designed to (1) determine the effects of chronic administration of the nonselective CB1-receptor agonist WIN 55,212-2 (WIN) on reward downshift in rats and (2) determine whether the effects of chronic WIN were reducible to acute effects. In Experiment 1, chronic WIN (7 daily injections, 10 mg/kg, ip) accelerated the recovery of consummatory behavior after a 32-to-4% sucrose downshift relative to vehicle controls. In addition, chronic WIN eliminated the preference for an unshifted lever when the other lever was subject to a 12-to-2 pellet downshift in free-choice trials, but only in animals with previous experience with a sucrose downshift. In Experiment 2, acute WIN (1 mg/kg, ip) reduced consummatory behavior, but did not affect recovery from a 32-to-4% sucrose downshift. The antagonist SR 141716A (3 mg/kg, ip) also failed to interfere with recovery after the sucrose downshift. In Experiment 3, acute WIN administration (1 mg/kg, ip) did not affect free-choice behavior after a pellet downshift, although it reduced lever pressing and increased magazine entries relative to vehicle controls. The effects of chronic WIN on frustrative nonreward were not reducible to acute effects of the drug. Chronic WIN treatment in rats, like chronic marijuana use in humans, seems to increase resistance to the effects of frustrative nonreward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon E Conrad
- Department of Psychology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA
| | - Delaney Davis
- Department of Psychology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA
| | - Natalia Vilcek
- Department of Psychology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA
| | - Joanna B Thompson
- Department of Psychology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA
| | - Sara Guarino
- Department of Psychology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA
| | - Santiago Papini
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Mauricio R Papini
- Department of Psychology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA.
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Daniel AM, Rushing BG, Tapia Menchaca KY. Variation of the human mu-opioid receptor (OPRM1) gene predicts vulnerability to frustration. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21840. [PMID: 33318511 PMCID: PMC7736895 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78783-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the emotional reaction to loss, or frustration, is a critical problem for the field of mental health. Animal models of loss have pointed to the opioid system as a nexus of frustration, physical pain, and substance abuse. However, few attempts have been made to connect the results of animal models of loss to human behavior. Allelic differences in the human mu opioid receptor gene, notably the A118G single nucleotide polymorphism, have been linked to individual differences in pain sensitivity, depressive symptoms, and reward processing. The present study explored the relationship between A118G and behavior in two frustrating tasks in humans. Results showed that carriers of the mutant G-allele were slower to recover behavior following a reward downshift and abandoned a frustrating task earlier than those without the mutation. Additionally, G-carriers were more sensitive to physical pain. These results highlight the overlap between frustration and pain, and suggest that genetic variation in opioid tone may contribute to individual differences in vulnerability and resilience following emotional disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan M Daniel
- Department of Science and Math, Texas A&M University-San Antonio, One University Way, San Antonio, TX, 78224, USA.
| | - Brenda G Rushing
- Department of Science and Math, Texas A&M University-San Antonio, One University Way, San Antonio, TX, 78224, USA
| | - Karla Y Tapia Menchaca
- Department of Science and Math, Texas A&M University-San Antonio, One University Way, San Antonio, TX, 78224, USA
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Grimm JW, Sauter F. Environmental enrichment reduces food seeking and taking in rats: A review. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2020; 190:172874. [PMID: 32084492 PMCID: PMC7100331 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2020.172874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Environmental enrichment (EE) for rodents is generally defined as providing subjects with an environment enhanced with access to conspecifics, novel and tactile stimuli, and in many preparations, more space. EE exposure, in particular as an "intervention" in adult rodents, decreases food and drug seeking and taking. This review focuses on the reduction of sucrose seeking and taking in rats assessed in operant-based procedures. The operant-based model provides a means to evaluate addiction-related behaviors. Findings using the model might translate to clinically-relevant addiction behaviors directed towards both drugs and food. Both overnight (acute) and one month (chronic) EE effects on behavior are described, including a recent evaluation of the persistence of EE effects following its removal. EE effects on neurobiology related to sucrose seeking using the model are outlined, with a special emphasis on meso-cortico-limbic terminals. Overall, our working hypothesis for how EE reduces sucrose seeking and taking is that EE alters processing of incentive valence. This may also be accompanied by changes in learning and affect. Anti-seeking and anti-taking effects of EE have translational implications for the prevention and treatment of both drug addiction and food-focused behaviors ("food addiction").
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey W Grimm
- Department of Psychology and Program in Behavioral Neuroscience, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, USA.
| | - Frances Sauter
- Department of Psychology and Program in Behavioral Neuroscience, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, USA
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Jiménez-García AM, Ruiz-Leyva L, Vázquez-Ágredos A, Torres C, Papini MR, Cendán CM, Morón I. Consummatory Successive Negative Contrast in Rats. Bio Protoc 2019; 9:e3201. [PMID: 33654997 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Using animal models in addiction and pain research is pivotal to unravel new pathways and mechanisms for the treatment of these disorders. Reward devaluation through a consummatory successive negative contrast (cSNC) task has shown the ability to reduce physical pain sensitivity (hypoalgesia) and increase oral ethanol consumption in rats. The procedure is based on exposing the experimental animals to a 32% sucrose solution during several sessions (preshift sessions) followed by a devaluation to 4% sucrose during the next few sessions (postshift sessions). The cSNC effect can be monitored by comparing the experimental group to an unshifted control that had access to 4% sucrose throughout the entire experiment (preshift and postshift sessions). The cSNC phenomenon is defined by lower consumption of sucrose in the downshifted group than in the unshifted group during postshfit sessions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana María Jiménez-García
- Department of Pharmacology, Biomedical Research Center (CIBM) and Institute of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Leandro Ruiz-Leyva
- Department of Pharmacology, Biomedical Research Center (CIBM) and Institute of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Ana Vázquez-Ágredos
- Department of Pharmacology, Biomedical Research Center (CIBM) and Institute of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Carmen Torres
- Department of Psychology, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, 23071, Jaén, Spain
| | - Mauricio R Papini
- Department of Psychology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, 76129, USA
| | - Cruz Miguel Cendán
- Department of Pharmacology, Biomedical Research Center (CIBM) and Institute of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, 18016, Granada, Spain.,Biosanitary Research Institute, University Hospital Complex of Granada, 18012, Granada, Spain
| | - Ignacio Morón
- Department of Psychobiology and Research Center for Mind, Brain, and Behavior (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Faculty of Psychology, Campus Cartuja, 18071, Granada, Spain
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Glueck AC, Torres C, Papini MR. Transfer between anticipatory and consummatory tasks involving reward loss. LEARNING AND MOTIVATION 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lmot.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Reward loss and addiction: Opportunities for cross-pollination. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2017; 154:39-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Jiménez-García AM, Ruíz-Leyva L, Cendán CM, Torres C, Papini MR, Morón I. Hypoalgesia Induced by Reward Devaluation in Rats. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164331. [PMID: 27764142 PMCID: PMC5072740 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduced sensitivity to physical pain (hypoalgesia) has been reported after events involving reward devaluation. Reward devaluation was implemented in a consummatory successive negative contrast (cSNC) task. Food-deprived Wistar rats had access to 32% sucrose during 16 sessions followed by access to 4% sucrose during 3 additional sessions. An unshifted control group had access to 4% sucrose throughout the 19 sessions. Pain sensitivity was measured using von Frey filaments (Experiment 1) and Hargreaves thermal stimuli (Experiment 2) in pretraining baseline, 5 min, and 300 min after either the first (session 17) or second (session 18) devaluation session in the cSNC situation. Sucrose consumption was lower in downshifted groups relative to unshifted groups during postshift sessions-the cSNC effect. Hypoalgesia was observed in downshifted groups relative to unshifted controls when pain sensitivity was assessed 5 min after either the first or second devaluation session, regardless of the pain sensitivity test used. Both pain sensitivity tests yielded evidence of hypoalgesia 300 min after the second downshift session, but not 300 min after the first devaluation session. Whereas hypoalgesia was previously shown only after the second devaluation session, here we report evidence of hypoalgesia after both the first and second devaluation sessions using mechanical and thermal nociceptive stimuli. Moreover, the hypoalgesia observed 300 min after the second devaluation session in both experiments provides unique evidence of the effects of reward loss on sensitivity to physical pain 5 hours after the loss episode. The underlying neurobehavioral mechanisms remain to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana María Jiménez-García
- Department of Pharmacology, Biomedical Research Center (CIBM) and Institute of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Campus Ciencias de la Salud, 18016, Granada, Spain
- Department of Psychobiology and Research Center for Mind, Brain, and Behavior (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Faculty of Psychology, Campus Cartuja, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Leandro Ruíz-Leyva
- Department of Pharmacology, Biomedical Research Center (CIBM) and Institute of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Campus Ciencias de la Salud, 18016, Granada, Spain
- Department of Psychobiology and Research Center for Mind, Brain, and Behavior (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Faculty of Psychology, Campus Cartuja, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Cruz Miguel Cendán
- Department of Pharmacology, Biomedical Research Center (CIBM) and Institute of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Campus Ciencias de la Salud, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Carmen Torres
- Department of Psychology, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, 23071, Jaén, Spain
| | - Mauricio R. Papini
- Department of Psychology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, 76129, United States of America
| | - Ignacio Morón
- Department of Psychobiology and Research Center for Mind, Brain, and Behavior (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Faculty of Psychology, Campus Cartuja, 18071, Granada, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Psychopharmacological characterisation of the successive negative contrast effect in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:2697-709. [PMID: 25791190 PMCID: PMC4502301 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-3905-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Successive negative contrast (SNC) describes a change in the behaviour of an animal following a downshift in the quantitative or qualitative value of an expected reward. This behavioural response has been hypothesised to be linked to affective state, with negative states associated with larger and/or prolonged shifts in behaviour. OBJECTIVE This study has investigated whether different psychopharmacological treatments have dissociable actions on the SNC effect in rats and related these findings to their actions on different neurotransmitter systems and affective state. METHODS Animals were trained to perform a nose-poke response to obtain a high-value food reward (four pellets). SNC was quantified during devalue sessions in which the reward was reduced to one pellet. Using a within-subject study design, the effects of acute treatment with anxiolytic, anxiogenic, antidepressant and dopaminergic drugs were investigated during both baseline (four pellets) or devalue sessions (one pellet). RESULTS The indirect dopamine agonist, amphetamine, attenuated the SNC effect whilst the D1/D2 antagonist, alpha-flupenthixol, potentiated it. The antidepressant citalopram, anxiolytic buspirone and anxiogenic FG7142 had no specific effects on SNC, although FG7142 induced general impairments at higher doses. The α2-adrenoceptor antagonist, yohimbine, increased premature responding but had no specific effect on SNC. Results for the anxiolytic diazepam were mixed with one group showing an attenuation of the SNC effect whilst the other showed no effect. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that the SNC effect is mediated, at least in part, by dopamine signalling. The SNC effect may also be attenuated by benzodiazepine anxiolytics.
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Papini MR, Fuchs PN, Torres C. Behavioral neuroscience of psychological pain. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 48:53-69. [PMID: 25446953 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Pain is a common word used to refer to a wide range of physical and mental states sharing hedonic aversive value. Three types of pain are distinguished in this article: Physical pain, an aversive state related to actual or potential injury and disease; social pain, an aversive emotion associated to social exclusion; and psychological pain, a negative emotion induced by incentive loss. This review centers on psychological pain as studied in nonhuman animals. After covering issues of terminology, the article briefly discusses the daily-life significance of psychological pain and then centers on a discussion of the results originating from two procedures involving incentive loss: successive negative contrast-the unexpected devaluation of a reward-and appetitive extinction-the unexpected omission of a reward. The evidence reviewed points to substantial commonalities, but also some differences and interactions between physical and psychological pains. This evidence is discussed in relation to behavioral, pharmacological, neurobiological, and genetic factors that contribute to the multidimensional experience of psychological pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio R Papini
- Department of Psychology, Texas Christian University, United States.
| | - Perry N Fuchs
- Departments of Psychology and Biology, University of Texas Arlington, United States
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12
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Effects of isolation in adulthood on frustration and anxiety. Behav Processes 2012; 90:155-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2012.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Revised: 11/24/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Role of the opioid system in incentive downshift situations. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2009; 92:439-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2009.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2009] [Revised: 05/14/2009] [Accepted: 06/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Wood MD, Norris JN, Daniel AM, Papini MR. Trial-selective effects of U50,488H, a κ-opioid receptor agonist, on consummatory successive negative contrast. Behav Brain Res 2008; 193:28-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2008.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2008] [Revised: 04/14/2008] [Accepted: 04/19/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Pellegrini S, Papini MR. Scaling relative incentive value in anticipatory behavior. LEARNING AND MOTIVATION 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lmot.2006.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Wood M, Daniel AM, Daniels E, Papini MR. Effects of housing on consummatory successive negative contrast in rats: wire-bottom cages versus polycarbonate tubs. Lab Anim (NY) 2006; 35:34-8. [PMID: 16505824 DOI: 10.1038/laban0306-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2005] [Accepted: 01/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In consummatory successive negative contrast, rats that have had experience drinking 32% sucrose solution drink significantly less 4% sucrose solution than rats that have drunk only 4% solution. This contrast effect occurs reliably when rats are housed in wire-bottom cages, but it occurs significantly less frequently when rats are housed in polycarbonate tubs. Although it is unclear what causes these differences among housing conditions, the present study underscores the impact that housing conditions outside the domain of the training environment can have on behavioral outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Wood
- Department of Psychology, Texas Christian University, Box 298920, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA
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Pellegrini S, Wood M, Daniel AM, Papini MR. Opioid receptors modulate recovery from consummatory successive negative contrast. Behav Brain Res 2006; 164:239-49. [PMID: 16135386 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2005.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2005] [Revised: 06/16/2005] [Accepted: 06/16/2005] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Three experiments explored the role of the opioid system in consummatory successive negative contrast. In Experiment 1, rats treated with the nonspecific opioid-receptor antagonist naloxone (2mg/kg) exhibited increased suppression after a shift from 32% to 6% sucrose solution (32-->6), relative to 6-->6 unshifted controls. A similar but shorter effect was observed with the delta-opioid receptor antagonist naltrindole (1mg/kg). In Experiment 2, naloxone increased suppression after a more conventional 32-->4 sucrose shift. In Experiment 3, rats classified as expressing slow recovery from contrast (after a 32-->4 sucrose downshift) were more sensitive to naloxone in an activity test than fast-recovery rats. Whereas it was previously known that contrast was reduced by the extrinsic administration of opioid agonists, the effects reported here with antagonists provide the first evidence that the opioid system is intrinsically engaged by situations involving surprising reward loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Pellegrini
- Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental and Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Bentosela M, Ruetti E, Muzio RN, Mustaca AE, Papini MR. Administration of corticosterone after the first downshift trial enhances consummatory successive negative contrast. Behav Neurosci 2006; 120:371-6. [PMID: 16719701 DOI: 10.1037/0735-7044.120.2.371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Rats given access to a 32% sucrose solution and then downshifted to a 4% solution exhibit less contact with the sipper tube than unshifted controls always given access to 4% solution. This phenomenon, called consummatory successive negative contrast, was facilitated in Experiment 1 by a post-trial injection of corticosterone (3 mg/kg) administered immediately after the first downshift trial. Experiment 2 demonstrated that this facilitatory effect of post-trial corticosterone does not occur when administered 3 hr after the first downshift trial. These results support the hypothesis that corticosterone strengthens an aversive emotional component elicited by the surprising downshift in reward magnitude during the initial downshift trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Bentosela
- Laboratorio de Psicología Experimental y Aplicada (PSEA), Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas Lanari, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Wood M, Daniel AM, Papini MR. Selective effects of the delta-opioid receptor agonist DPDPE on consummatory successive negative contrast. Behav Neurosci 2005; 119:446-54. [PMID: 15839790 DOI: 10.1037/0735-7044.119.2.446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Two experiments explored the role of the opioid system in a situation involving a surprising reduction in reward magnitude: consummatory successive negative contrast. Rats received access to 32% sucrose solution (preshift Trials 1-10) followed by 4% solution (postshift Trials 11-15). Independent groups received an injection of either the vehicle or the delta-receptor agonist [D-Ala2-,N-Me-Phe4,Gly-ol] enkephalin (DPDPE; 24 microg/kg). DPDPE attenuated the contrast effect when injected before Trial 11 but not when injected before Trial 12. An additional experiment showed that the attenuating effect of partial reinforcement on the recovery from contrast was reduced by DPDPE injections administered before nonreinforced preshift trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Wood
- Department of Psychology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA
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Mitchell CP, Ost ML, Flaherty CF. Evidence for zolpidem-induced hyperphagia, but not anxiolysis, in a successive negative contrast paradigm. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2005; 79:523-31. [PMID: 15582024 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2004.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2004] [Revised: 06/22/2004] [Accepted: 09/06/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Zolpidem is an imidazopyridine which binds to certain benzodiazepine receptor types with varying degrees of affinity. The effect of zolpidem on successive negative contrast was investigated in three experiments. In each experiment, a contrast group was given brief access to 32% sucrose for 10 days, then shifted to 4% sucrose for 2 days; a procedure that elicits anxiety primarily on the second postshift day. One control group was given only 4% sucrose. Experiments 2 and 3 included a 2% sucrose group as an intake rate-dependent control. In Experiment 1, zolpidem (4.0 and 0.5 mg/kg) dose-dependently reduced contrast on the two postshift days. Contrast occurred during the first postshift consummatory burst. Zolpidem prolonged the first postshift burst equally in both shifted and unshifted groups, suggesting a general facilitation of intake masked by a ceiling effect in controls. In Experiment 2, zolpidem's (4.0 mg/kg) anti-contrast action was equivalent to its hyperphagic effect in the 2% control group. Zolpidem prolonged the first postshift burst equally in all three groups, again consistent with general intake facilitation. In Experiment 3, 8.0 mg/kg zolpidem produced an anti-contrast effect not present in 2% controls on both postshift days. This does not appear attributable to anxiolysis, however, as the effect was equivalent during stressful and non-stressful phases of the postshift period, and zolpidem extended the duration of the first postshift burst equally in all three sucrose groups. Thus, unlike benzodiazepines, zolpidem is not anxiolytic in this paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin P Mitchell
- Department of Psychology, 152 Frelinghuysen Rd., Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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Genn RF, Tucci S, Parikh S, File SE. Effects of nicotine and a cannabinoid receptor agonist on negative contrast: distinction between anxiety and disappointment? Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2004; 177:93-9. [PMID: 15205871 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-004-1932-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2003] [Accepted: 05/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Animals trained to lick for a sucrose solution of a given incentive value that subsequently encounter an incentive downshift (i.e. 32-4% sucrose) display an exaggerated decrease in the amount consumed, relative to unshifted controls. This change has been classified as a successive negative contrast (SNC) effect. The emotional component to this robust behavioural change is dynamic and changes from post-shift day (PSD) 1 to 2. Anxiolytics block SNC, but the possible link between anxiety and SNC needs further exploration. Both nicotine and a cannabinoid receptor agonist have been reported to change anxiety and both have actions on the reward process, but their effects on SNC have not been investigated. OBJECTIVES To determine: (1) whether exposure to SNC evokes an anxiogenic response; (2) whether an anxiolytic dose of nicotine has the same effects on SNC as those of chlordiazepoxide; (3) the effects of a low (anxiolytic) and a high (anxiogenic) dose of the cannabinoid receptor agonist CP 55,940 on SNC. METHODS Two groups of animals were given access to high (32%) or low (4%) sucrose solutions for 5 min per day for 10 days. On PSD 1 and 2, the shifted group had access to a devalued incentive (from 32 to 4% sucrose) and the unshifted group remained at 4% sucrose. The volumes (ml) of sucrose solution consumed were measured pre-shift and on PSD 1 and 2. In experiment 1, immediately after SNC testing on PSD 1 and 2, the rats were tested in the social interaction and elevated plus-maze tests of anxiety. In experiment 2, the effects of chlordiazepoxide (5 and 7.5 mg/kg) and nicotine (0.1 mg/kg) were examined on PSD 1 and 2. In experiment 3, the effects of CP 55,940 (5 and 40 microg/kg) were examined on PSD 1 and 2. RESULTS There were no anxiogenic effects of shift in either test of anxiety on either test day. However, on PSD 1, the shifted group had significantly higher locomotor activity and spent a higher percentage of time on the open arms, perhaps reflecting search strategies. Nicotine was without significant effect on SNC on either test day. On PSD 1, chlordiazepoxide (5 mg/kg) and CP 55,940 (5 and 40 microg/kg, IP) blocked SNC. On PSD 2, both doses of chlordiazepoxide and the low, anxiolytic dose of CP 55,940 (5 microg/kg) blocked SNC, the high dose of CP 55,940 was without effect. CONCLUSIONS The pattern of results allows for the separation between effects on anxiety and SNC. The block of contrast on PSD 1 was independent of changes in anxiety, since both anxiolytic and anxiogenic drug doses were effective. It is suggested that this may provide an animal model of disappointment in which the cannabinoid system plays an important role. An anxiolytic action would seem to be a necessary, but not a sufficient, action to block SNC on PSD 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel F Genn
- Psychopharmacology Research Unit, Centre for Neuroscience Research, GKT School of Biomedical Sciences, King's College London, Hodgkin Building, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK.
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Flaherty CF, Becker HC, Checke S, Rowan GA, Grigson PS. Effect of chlorpromazine and haloperidol on negative contrast. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1992; 42:111-7. [PMID: 1528934 DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(92)90455-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Rats shifted from 32 to 4% sucrose consume substantially less of the 4% solution than animals that have not had prior experience with the 32% sucrose. This negative contrast effect was not substantially influenced by chlorpromazine (1, 3, and 5 mg/kg) or haloperidol (0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/kg). Haloperidol decreased overall lick frequency, but this decrease occurred proportionately in shifted and unshifted rats, leaving contrast intact. The benzodiazepine flurazepam (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg), included as a positive control, reduced contrast at the two highest doses. The results suggest that neuroleptics do not disrupt consummatory contrast and that dopaminergic antagonists may not influence reward relativity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C F Flaherty
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08903
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Abstract
Rats shifted from 32% to 4% sucrose make fewer licks for 4% sucrose than rats having only experienced the lower reward. In Experiment 1, the occurrence of this contrast effect was prevented by the administration of the nonspecific serotonin antagonist cyproheptadine (3.0 or 6.0 mg/kg). These results of Experiments 2 and 3 demonstrated that the contrast-reducing action of cyproheptadine was not mediated by the antiserotonergic properties of the drug since systemic administration of the serotonin synthesis inhibitor, PCPA (150 or 300 mg/kg), failed to influence either the occurrence of contrast or the attenuation of contrast by cyproheptadine. The results of Experiment 4 indicated that the contrast-reducing action of cyproheptadine was not mediated by the antihistaminergic properties of the drug since the antihistamine, pyrilamine (6 or 12 mg/kg), also failed to prevent the occurrence of contrast. Finally, the contrast-reducing action of cyproheptadine was not due to rate-dependent and/or appetite stimulating effects since cyproheptadine did not serve to increase lick frequency in rate-dependent controls.
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Flaherty CF, Grigson PS, Demetrikopoulos MK, Weaver MS, Krauss KL, Rowan GA. Effect of serotonergic drugs on negative contrast in consummatory behavior. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1990; 36:799-806. [PMID: 2145592 DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(90)90080-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The effect of acute and chronic administration of the 5-HT1A agonist buspirone on successive negative contrast was investigated in Experiments 1-6. Contrast in consummatory behavior was induced by shifting rats from a 32% to a 4% sucrose solution. Experiments 1-5 showed that buspirone (0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 15.0 mg/kg) was ineffective in alleviating contrast or in facilitating recovery from contrast. The 15 mg/kg dose substantially decreased consummatory responding. Experiment 6 showed that the chronic (24 days) administration of buspirone (0.5, 2.0 mg/kg) also did not alleviate contrast. The chronic, but not the acute administration of the 2.0 mg/kg dose decreased consummatory behavior. In Experiment 7 the 5-HT1A agonist gepirone (2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 mg/kg) was also found to be ineffective in reducing contrast but, at the higher doses, decreased overall sucrose intake. Experiments 8 and 9 found that the 5-HT2 antagonists ketanserin (2.0 and 8.0 mg/kg) and ritanserin (0.63 and 2.5 mg/kg) also did not alleviate contrast. Midazolam (1.0 mg/kg), included as a positive control, eliminated contrast. These data suggest that serotonergic mechanisms are not involved in negative contrast.
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Affiliation(s)
- C F Flaherty
- Psychology Department, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08903
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Abstract
Anxiolytics, particularly the benzodiazepines and barbiturates tend to retard, but not prevent, extinction, promote recovery from negative contrast, and elevate S- responding in discrimination training. Anxiolytics, administered during acquisition, tend to eliminate the partial reinforcement extinction effect, but this result is substantially influenced by parametric considerations. Behaviors that are energized in extinction may have a different pharmacological profile than behaviors that decline. Conclusions regarding the effects of antidepressants must be more tentative but, in general, acutely administered antidepressants are relatively ineffective in all of these paradigms. However, antidepressants may enhance the efficiency of responding on DRL schedules whereas anxiolytics tend to disrupt such behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- C F Flaherty
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08903
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Flaherty CF, Rowan GA. Rats (Rattus norvegicus) selectively bred to differ in avoidance behavior also differ in response to novelty stress, in glycemic conditioning, and in reward contrast. BEHAVIORAL AND NEURAL BIOLOGY 1989; 51:145-64. [PMID: 2649069 DOI: 10.1016/s0163-1047(89)90782-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The behavior of the Syracuse high avoidance (SHA) and Syracuse low avoidance (SLA) rats, selectively bred by Brush (F. R. Brush, J. C. Froehlich, & P. Sakellaris, 1979, Behavior Genetics, 9, 309-316) to differ in avoidance behavior, was examined in several different tasks. The SLA rats showed a greater elevation in plasma glucose when exposed to a novel environment; after 7 days of exposure to this environment there was evidence of habituation in the SHA rats but not in the SLA rats; the SHA rats showed a hyperglycemic conditioned response in a glycemic conditioning procedure, the SLA rats showed no evidence of conditioning but had higher overall levels of plasma glucose; both strains showed reliable successive negative contrast effects in consummatory behavior when shifted from 32 to 4% sucrose, but the contrast was larger in the SLA rats; the administration of chlordiazepoxide eliminated negative contrast in the SLA rats but had no effect on contrast in the SHA rats; and the SLA rats were reliably heavier than the SHA rats. The behavioral differences were considered in the context of differences in emotional reactivity between the two strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- C F Flaherty
- Psychology Department, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08903
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Effect of intersolution interval, chlordiazepoxide, and amphetamine on anticipatory contrast. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.3758/bf03209042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Flaherty CF, Grigson PS, Demetrikopoulos MK. Effect of clonidine on consummatory negative contrast and on novelty-induced stress. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1987; 27:659-64. [PMID: 2889220 DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(87)90191-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In Experiments 1 and 1a rats were shifted from 32% to 4% sucrose solutions. The resultant negative contrast effect in consummatory behavior was not alleviated by clonidine (3.12, 6.25, 12.5, 25.0 and 50.0 micrograms/kg). The lower dose of the drug had no effect on behavior, the higher doses reduced consumption in shifted and unshifted rats in a dose dependent fashion. In Experiment 2 clonidine (6.25, 12.5 micrograms/kg) raised plasma glucose levels in a dose dependent fashion when the animals were exposed to a novel environment. These results are at variance with those obtained with chlordiazepoxide (and other anxiolytics in the case of contrast effects) and suggest limits on the degree to which clonidine can be considered to function as an anxiolytic.
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Affiliation(s)
- C F Flaherty
- Psychology Department, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08903
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