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Menzel R, Zhang X, Pietrucik T, Bathelt A, Ruess L. Omega-3 PUFA and the fitness and cognition of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans under different environmental conditions. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2024; 270:110925. [PMID: 38040326 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2023.110925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Many invertebrate species possess the metabolic ability to synthesize long-chain ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) de novo. Due to their diverse effects on membrane architecture, neuroplasticity, growth and reproduction, PUFA have a high potential to positively influence the fitness of an organism. But how and when do these supposed advantages actually come into play? Other species, that are often closely related, pass natural selection without this special metabolic ability. The ω3-PUFA rich model organism Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematoda) and its mutant fat-1(wa9), lacking these PUFA, are a suitable test system. We analyzed potential impairments in reproduction and growth in a soil assay. Further, chemotaxis after aversive olfactory, associative learning and integration of a second sensory signal were assessed on agar plates. Moreover, we analyzed the phospholipid pattern of both C. elegans strains and further free-living nematodes species at different temperatures. While the phenotypic effects were rather small under standard conditions, lowering the temperature to 15 or even 10 °C or reducing the soil moisture, led to significant limitations, with the investigated parameters for neuroplasticity being most impaired. The ω3-PUFA free C. elegans mutant strain fat-1 did not adapt the fatty acid composition of its phospholipids to a decreasing temperature, while ω3-PUFA containing nematodes proportionally increased this PUFA group. In contrats, other ω3-PUFA free nematode species produced significantly more ω6-PUFA. Thus, the ability to synthesize long-chain ω3-PUFA de novo likely is fundamental for an increase in neuroplasticity and an efficient way for regulating membrane fluidity to maintain their functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Menzel
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Biology, Ecology, Philippstr. 13, 10115 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Xuchao Zhang
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Biology, Ecology, Philippstr. 13, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tamara Pietrucik
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Biology, Ecology, Philippstr. 13, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Antonia Bathelt
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Biology, Ecology, Philippstr. 13, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Liliane Ruess
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Biology, Ecology, Philippstr. 13, 10115 Berlin, Germany
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2
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Hanson SM, Scholüke J, Liewald J, Sharma R, Ruse C, Engel M, Schüler C, Klaus A, Arghittu S, Baumbach F, Seidenthal M, Dill H, Hummer G, Gottschalk A. Structure-function analysis suggests that the photoreceptor LITE-1 is a light-activated ion channel. Curr Biol 2023; 33:3423-3435.e5. [PMID: 37527662 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Sensation of light is essential for all organisms. The eye-less nematode Caenorhabditis elegans detects UV and blue light to evoke escape behavior. The photosensor LITE-1 absorbs UV photons with an unusually high extinction coefficient, involving essential tryptophans. Here, we modeled the structure and dynamics of LITE-1 using AlphaFold2-multimer and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and performed mutational and behavioral assays in C. elegans to characterize its function. LITE-1 resembles olfactory and gustatory receptors from insects, recently shown to be tetrameric ion channels. We identified residues required for channel gating, light absorption, and mechanisms of photo-oxidation, involving a likely binding site for the peroxiredoxin PRDX-2. Furthermore, we identified the binding pocket for a putative chromophore. Several residues lining this pocket have previously been established as essential for LITE-1 function. A newly identified critical cysteine pointing into the pocket represents a likely chromophore attachment site. We derived a model for how photon absorption, via a network of tryptophans and other aromatic amino acids, induces an excited state that is transferred to the chromophore. This evokes conformational changes in the protein, possibly leading to a state receptive to oxidation of cysteines and, jointly, to channel gating. Electrophysiological data support the idea that LITE-1 is a photon and H2O2-coincidence detector. Other proteins with similarity to LITE-1, specifically C. elegans GUR-3, likely use a similar mechanism for photon detection. Thus, a common protein fold and assembly, used for chemoreception in insects, possibly by binding of a particular compound, may have evolved into a light-activated ion channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonya M Hanson
- Center for Computational Biology and Center for Computational Mathematics, Flatiron Institute, Simons Foundation, 162 5th Avenue, New York, NY 10010, USA; Department of Theoretical Biophysics, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 3, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Jan Scholüke
- Buchmann Institute, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 15, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany; Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jana Liewald
- Buchmann Institute, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 15, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany; Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Rachita Sharma
- Department of Theoretical Biophysics, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 3, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany; Buchmann Institute, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 15, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany; International Max Planck Research School for Cellular Biophysics, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 3, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany; Institute of Biophysics, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christiane Ruse
- Buchmann Institute, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 15, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany; Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Marcial Engel
- Buchmann Institute, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 15, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany; Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christina Schüler
- Buchmann Institute, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 15, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany; Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Annabel Klaus
- Buchmann Institute, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 15, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Serena Arghittu
- Buchmann Institute, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 15, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany; International Max Planck Research School for Cellular Biophysics, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 3, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Franziska Baumbach
- Buchmann Institute, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 15, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany; Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Marius Seidenthal
- Buchmann Institute, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 15, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany; Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Holger Dill
- Buchmann Institute, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 15, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany; Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Gerhard Hummer
- Department of Theoretical Biophysics, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 3, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany; Institute of Biophysics, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Alexander Gottschalk
- Buchmann Institute, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 15, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany; Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany.
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3
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Ohta A, Yamashiro S, Kuhara A. Temperature acclimation: Temperature shift induces system conversion to cold tolerance in C. elegans. Neurosci Res 2023:S0168-0102(23)00075-5. [PMID: 37086751 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2023.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
Acclimation to temperature is one of the survival strategies used by organisms to adapt to changing environmental temperatures. Caenorhabditis elegans' cold tolerance is altered by previous cultivation temperature, and similarly, past low-temperature induces a longer lifespan. Temperature is thought to cause a large shift in homeostasis, lipid metabolism, and reproduction in the organism because it is a direct physiological factor during chemical events. This paper will share and discuss what we know so far about the neural and molecular mechanisms that control cold tolerance and lifespan by altering lipid metabolism and physiological characteristics. We hope that this will contribute to a better understanding of how organisms respond to temperature changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akane Ohta
- Graduate School of Natural Science, Konan University, Kobe 658-8501, JAPAN; Faculty of Science and Engineering, Konan University, Kobe 658-8501, JAPAN; Institute for Integrative Neurobiology, Konan University, Kobe 658-8501, JAPAN; AMED-PRIME, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo 100-0004, JAPAN.
| | - Serina Yamashiro
- Graduate School of Natural Science, Konan University, Kobe 658-8501, JAPAN; Institute for Integrative Neurobiology, Konan University, Kobe 658-8501, JAPAN
| | - Atsushi Kuhara
- Graduate School of Natural Science, Konan University, Kobe 658-8501, JAPAN; Faculty of Science and Engineering, Konan University, Kobe 658-8501, JAPAN; Institute for Integrative Neurobiology, Konan University, Kobe 658-8501, JAPAN; AMED-PRIME, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo 100-0004, JAPAN.
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4
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Dudkevich R, Koh JH, Beaudoin-Chabot C, Celik C, Lebenthal-Loinger I, Karako-Lampert S, Ahmad-Albukhari S, Thibault G, Henis-Korenblit S. Neuronal IRE-1 coordinates an organism-wide cold stress response by regulating fat metabolism. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111739. [PMID: 36450261 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cold affects many aspects of biology, medicine, agriculture, and industry. Here, we identify a conserved endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response, distinct from the canonical unfolded protein response, that maintains lipid homeostasis during extreme cold. We establish that the ER stress sensor IRE-1 is critical for resistance to extreme cold and activated by cold temperature. Specifically, neuronal IRE-1 signals through JNK-1 and neuropeptide signaling to regulate lipid composition within the animal. This cold-response pathway can be bypassed by dietary supplementation with unsaturated fatty acids. Altogether, our findings define an ER-centric conserved organism-wide cold stress response, consisting of molecular neuronal sensors, effectors, and signaling moieties, which control adaptation to cold conditions in the organism. Better understanding of the molecular basis of this stress response is crucial for the optimal use of cold conditions on live organisms and manipulation of lipid saturation homeostasis, which is perturbed in human pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reut Dudkevich
- The Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Jhee Hong Koh
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | | | - Cenk Celik
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | | | - Sarit Karako-Lampert
- The Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Syed Ahmad-Albukhari
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Guillaume Thibault
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore; Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A(∗)STAR, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Sivan Henis-Korenblit
- The Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel.
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5
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Goncalves J, Wan Y, Garcia LR. Stearoyl-CoA desaturases sustain cholinergic excitation and copulatory robustness in metabolically aging C. elegansmales. iScience 2022; 25:104082. [PMID: 35372802 PMCID: PMC8968053 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulated metabolism is required for behaviors as adults age. To understand how lipid usage affects motor coordination, we studied male Caenorhabditis elegans copulation as a model of energy-intensive behavior. Copulation performance drops after 48 h of adulthood. We found that 12–24 h before behavioral decline, males prioritize exploring and copulation behavior over feeding, suggesting that catabolizing stored metabolites, such as lipids, occurs during this period. Because fat-6/7-encoded stearoyl-CoA desaturases are essential for converting the ingested fatty acids to lipid storage, we examined the copulation behavior and neural calcium transients of fat-6(lf); fat-7(lf) mutants. In wild-type males, intestinal and epithelial fat-6/7 expression increases during the first 48 h of adulthood. The fat-6(lf); fat-7(lf) behavioral and metabolic defects indicate that in aging wild-type males, the increased expression of stearoyl-CoA desaturases in the epidermis may indirectly modulate the levels of EAG-family K+ channels in the reproductive cholinergic neurons and muscles. Tissue distribution of fat-6-encoded stearoyl-CoA desaturase changes in adulthood Markov modeling shows reduced feeding linked with more exploring in day 2 males fat-6(lf); fat-7(lf) disrupted behavior can be rescued by epidermal FAT-6 fat-6(lf); fat-7(lf) alters neural and muscular ERG and EAG K+ channel expression
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy Goncalves
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Yufeng Wan
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - L René Garcia
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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6
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Liu YJ, Gao AW, Smith RL, Janssens GE, Panneman DM, Jongejan A, van Weeghel M, Vaz FM, Silvestrini MJ, Lapierre LR, MacInnes AW, Houtkooper RH. Reduced ech-6 expression attenuates fat-induced lifespan shortening in C. elegans. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3350. [PMID: 35233004 PMCID: PMC8888598 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07397-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Deregulated energy homeostasis represents a hallmark of aging and results from complex gene-by-environment interactions. Here, we discovered that reducing the expression of the gene ech-6 encoding enoyl-CoA hydratase remitted fat diet-induced deleterious effects on lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans, while a basal expression of ech-6 was important for survival under normal dietary conditions. Lipidomics revealed that supplementation of fat in ech-6-silenced worms had marginal effects on lipid profiles, suggesting an alternative fat utilization for energy production. Transcriptomics further suggest a causal relation between the lysosomal pathway, energy production, and the longevity effect conferred by the interaction between ech-6 and fat diets. Indeed, enhancing energy production from endogenous fat by overexpressing lysosomal lipase lipl-4 recapitulated the lifespan effects of fat diets on ech-6-silenced worms. Collectively, these results suggest that the gene ech-6 is potential modulator of metabolic flexibility and may be a target for promoting metabolic health and longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmine J Liu
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arwen W Gao
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Laboratory of Integrative Systems Physiology, Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Reuben L Smith
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Georges E Janssens
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daan M Panneman
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Amalia Children's Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Aldo Jongejan
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michel van Weeghel
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Core Facility Metabolomics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frédéric M Vaz
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Core Facility Metabolomics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Melissa J Silvestrini
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Louis R Lapierre
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Alyson W MacInnes
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Riekelt H Houtkooper
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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7
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Yavorov-Dayliev D, Milagro FI, Ayo J, Oneca M, Aranaz P. Pediococcus acidilactici CECT9879 (pA1c) Counteracts the Effect of a High-Glucose Exposure in C. elegans by Affecting the Insulin Signaling Pathway (IIS). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052689. [PMID: 35269839 PMCID: PMC8910957 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of metabolic syndrome-related diseases, including type-2 diabetes and obesity, makes it urgent to develop new alternative therapies, such as probiotics. In this study, we have used Caenorhabditis elegans under a high-glucose condition as a model to examine the potential probiotic activities of Pediococcusacidilactici CECT9879 (pA1c). The supplementation with pA1c reduced C. elegans fat accumulation in a nematode growth medium (NGM) and in a high-glucose (10 mM) NGM medium. Moreover, treatment with pA1c counteracted the effect of the high glucose by reducing reactive oxygen species by 20%, retarding the aging process and extending the nematode median survival (>2 days in comparison with untreated control worms). Gene expression analyses demonstrated that the probiotic metabolic syndrome-alleviating activities were mediated by modulation of the insulin/IGF-1 signaling pathway (IIS) through the reversion of the glucose-nuclear-localization of daf-16 and the overexpression of ins-6 and daf-16 mediators, increased expression of fatty acid (FA) peroxisomal β-oxidation genes, and downregulation of FA biosynthesis key genes. Taken together, our data suggest that pA1c could be considered a potential probiotic strain for the prevention of the metabolic syndrome-related disturbances and highlight the use of C. elegans as an appropriate in vivo model for the study of the mechanisms underlying these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyan Yavorov-Dayliev
- Genbioma Aplicaciones SL. Polígono Industrial Noain-Esquiroz, Calle S, Nave 4, 31191 Esquíroz, Spain; (D.Y.-D.); (J.A.); (M.O.)
- Center for Nutrition Research, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain;
| | - Fermín I. Milagro
- Center for Nutrition Research, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain;
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-948-425600 (ext. 806553)
| | - Josune Ayo
- Genbioma Aplicaciones SL. Polígono Industrial Noain-Esquiroz, Calle S, Nave 4, 31191 Esquíroz, Spain; (D.Y.-D.); (J.A.); (M.O.)
| | - María Oneca
- Genbioma Aplicaciones SL. Polígono Industrial Noain-Esquiroz, Calle S, Nave 4, 31191 Esquíroz, Spain; (D.Y.-D.); (J.A.); (M.O.)
| | - Paula Aranaz
- Center for Nutrition Research, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain;
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
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8
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Svetashev VI. Investigation of Deep-Sea Ecosystems Using Marker Fatty Acids: Sources of Essential Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Abyssal Megafauna. Mar Drugs 2021; 20:md20010017. [PMID: 35049873 PMCID: PMC8779288 DOI: 10.3390/md20010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abyssal seafloor ecosystems cover more than 50% of the Earth's surface. Being formed by mainly heterotrophic organisms, they depend on the flux of particulate organic matter (POM) photosynthetically produced in the surface layer of the ocean. As dead phytoplankton sinks from the euphotic to the abyssal zone, the trophic value of POM and the concentration of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) decrease. This results in pronounced food periodicity and limitations for bottom dwellers. Deep-sea invertebrate seston eaters and surface deposit feeders consume the sinking POM. Other invertebrates utilize different food items that have undergone a trophic upgrade, with PUFA synthesized from saturated and monounsaturated FA. Foraminifera and nematodes can synthesize arachidonic acid (AA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), while some barophylic bacteria produce EPA and/or docosahexaenoic acid. FA analysis of deep-sea invertebrates has shown high levels of PUFA including, in particular, arachidonic acid, bacterial FA, and a vast number of new and uncommon fatty acids such as 21:4(n-7), 22:4(n-8), 23:4(n-9), and 22:5(n-5) characteristic of foraminifera. We suppose that bacteria growing on detritus having a low trophic value provide the first trophic upgrading of organic matter for foraminifera and nematodes. In turn, these metazoans perform the second-stage upgrading for megafauna invertebrates. Deep-sea megafauna, including major members of Echinodermata, Mollusca, and Polychaeta display FA markers characteristic of bacteria, foraminifera, and nematodes and reveal new markers in the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasily I Svetashev
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 17 Palchevskogo Str., Vladivostok 690041, Russia
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9
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Sun X, Zhang T, Zhao P, Tao G, Liu R, Chang M, Wang X. 2D2D HILIC‐ELSD/UPLC‐Q‐TOF‐MS Method for Acquiring Phospholipid Profiles and the Application in
Caenorhabditis elegans. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.202100075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotian Sun
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, School of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, School of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Aging University Medical Center Groningen University of Groningen Groningen 9713 AV The Netherlands
| | - Pinzhen Zhao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, School of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
| | - Guanjun Tao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, School of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
| | - Ruijie Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, School of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
| | - Ming Chang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, School of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
| | - Xingguo Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, School of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
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10
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Chauve L, Hodge F, Murdoch S, Masoudzadeh F, Mann HJ, Lopez-Clavijo AF, Okkenhaug H, West G, Sousa BC, Segonds-Pichon A, Li C, Wingett SW, Kienberger H, Kleigrewe K, de Bono M, Wakelam MJO, Casanueva O. Neuronal HSF-1 coordinates the propagation of fat desaturation across tissues to enable adaptation to high temperatures in C. elegans. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001431. [PMID: 34723964 PMCID: PMC8585009 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To survive elevated temperatures, ectotherms adjust the fluidity of membranes by fine-tuning lipid desaturation levels in a process previously described to be cell autonomous. We have discovered that, in Caenorhabditis elegans, neuronal heat shock factor 1 (HSF-1), the conserved master regulator of the heat shock response (HSR), causes extensive fat remodeling in peripheral tissues. These changes include a decrease in fat desaturase and acid lipase expression in the intestine and a global shift in the saturation levels of plasma membrane's phospholipids. The observed remodeling of plasma membrane is in line with ectothermic adaptive responses and gives worms a cumulative advantage to warm temperatures. We have determined that at least 6 TAX-2/TAX-4 cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) gated channel expressing sensory neurons, and transforming growth factor ß (TGF-β)/bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) are required for signaling across tissues to modulate fat desaturation. We also find neuronal hsf-1 is not only sufficient but also partially necessary to control the fat remodeling response and for survival at warm temperatures. This is the first study to show that a thermostat-based mechanism can cell nonautonomously coordinate membrane saturation and composition across tissues in a multicellular animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Chauve
- Epigenetics Department, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Hodge
- Epigenetics Department, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sharlene Murdoch
- Epigenetics Department, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | - Greg West
- Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Cheryl Li
- Epigenetics Department, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Karin Kleigrewe
- Bavarian Centre for Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry, Freising, Germany
| | - Mario de Bono
- Institute of Science and Technology, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | | | - Olivia Casanueva
- Epigenetics Department, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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11
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Potapov AM, Pollierer MM, Salmon S, Šustr V, Chen T. Multidimensional trophic niche revealed by complementary approaches: Gut content, digestive enzymes, fatty acids and stable isotopes in Collembola. J Anim Ecol 2021; 90:1919-1933. [PMID: 33914342 PMCID: PMC8453724 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Trophic niche differentiation may explain coexistence and shape functional roles of species. In complex natural food webs, however, trophic niche parameters depicted by single and isolated methods may simplify the multidimensional nature of consumer trophic niches, which includes feeding processes such as food choice, ingestion, digestion, assimilation and retention. Here we explore the correlation and complementarity of trophic niche parameters tackled by four complementary methodological approaches, that is, visual gut content, digestive enzyme, fatty acid and stable isotope analyses-each assessing one or few feeding processes, and demonstrate the power of method combination. Focusing on soil ecosystems, where many omnivore species with cryptic feeding habits coexist, we chose Collembola as an example. We compiled 15 key trophic niche parameters for 125 species from 40 studies. We assessed correlations among trophic niche parameters and described variation of these parameters in different Collembola species, families and across life-forms, which represent microhabitat specialisation. Correlation between trophic niche parameters was weak in 45 out of 64 pairwise comparisons, pointing at complementarity of the four methods. Jointly, the results indicated that fungal- and plant-feeding Collembola assimilate storage, rather than structural polysaccharides, and suggested bacterial feeding as a potential alternative feeding strategy. Gut content and fatty acid analyses suggested alignment between ingestion and assimilation/retention processes in fungal- and plant-feeding Collembola. From the 15 trophic niche parameters, six were related to Collembola family identity, suggesting that not all trophic niche dimensions are phylogenetically structured. Only three parameters were related to the life-forms, suggesting that species use various feeding strategies when living in the same microenvironments. Consumers can meet their nutritional needs by varying their food choices, ingestion and digestion strategies, with the connection among different feeding processes being dependent on the consumed resource and consumer adaptations. Multiple methods reveal different dimensions, together drawing a comprehensive picture of the trophic niche. Future studies applying the multidimensional trophic niche approach will allow us to trace trophic complexity and reveal niche partitioning of omnivorous species and their functional roles, especially in cryptic environments such as soils, caves, deep ocean or benthic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton M. Potapov
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and EvolutionRussian Academy of SciencesMoscowRussia
- J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and AnthropologyUniversity of GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | - Melanie M. Pollierer
- J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and AnthropologyUniversity of GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | - Sandrine Salmon
- Muséum National d'Histoire NaturelleDépartement Adaptations du VivantUMR 7179 MECADEVBrunoyFrance
| | - Vladimír Šustr
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of SciencesInstitute of Soil BiologyČeské BudějoviceCzech Republic
| | - Ting‐Wen Chen
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of SciencesInstitute of Soil BiologyČeské BudějoviceCzech Republic
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12
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Devkota R, Kaper D, Bodhicharla R, Henricsson M, Borén J, Pilon M. A Genetic Titration of Membrane Composition in C. elegans Reveals its Importance for Multiple Cellular and Physiological Traits. Genetics 2021; 219:6298595. [PMID: 34125894 PMCID: PMC9335940 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyab093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Communicating editor: B. Grant The composition and biophysical properties of cellular membranes must be tightly regulated to maintain the proper functions of myriad processes within cells. To better understand the importance of membrane homeostasis, we assembled a panel of five Caenorhabditis elegans strains that show a wide span of membrane composition and properties, ranging from excessively rich in saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and rigid to excessively rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and fluid. The genotypes of the five strain are, from most rigid to most fluid: paqr-1(tm3262); paqr-2(tm3410), paqr-2(tm3410), N2 (wild-type), mdt-15(et14); nhr-49(et8), and mdt-15(et14); nhr-49(et8); acs-13(et54). We confirmed the excess SFA/rigidity-to-excess PUFA/fluidity gradient using the methods of fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) and lipidomics analysis. The five strains were then studied for a variety of cellular and physiological traits and found to exhibit defects in: permeability, lipid peroxidation, growth at different temperatures, tolerance to SFA-rich diets, lifespan, brood size, vitellogenin trafficking, oogenesis, and autophagy during starvation. The excessively rigid strains often exhibited defects in opposite directions compared to the excessively fluid strains. We conclude that deviation from wild-type membrane homeostasis is pleiotropically deleterious for numerous cellular/physiological traits. The strains introduced here should prove useful to further study the cellular and physiological consequences of impaired membrane homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjan Devkota
- Dept.Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Univ. Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Delaney Kaper
- Dept.Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Univ. Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rakesh Bodhicharla
- Dept.Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Univ. Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marcus Henricsson
- Dept. Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Wallenberg Laboratory, Institute of Medicine, Univ. of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jan Borén
- Dept. Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Wallenberg Laboratory, Institute of Medicine, Univ. of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marc Pilon
- Dept.Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Univ. Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
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13
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Salzer L, Witting M. Quo Vadis Caenorhabditis elegans Metabolomics-A Review of Current Methods and Applications to Explore Metabolism in the Nematode. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11050284. [PMID: 33947148 PMCID: PMC8146106 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11050284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolomics and lipidomics recently gained interest in the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). The fast development, easy cultivation and existing forward and reverse genetic tools make the small nematode an ideal organism for metabolic investigations in development, aging, different disease models, infection, or toxicology research. The conducted type of analysis is strongly depending on the biological question and requires different analytical approaches. Metabolomic analyses in C. elegans have been performed using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, direct infusion mass spectrometry (DI-MS), gas-chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) or combinations of them. In this review we provide general information on the employed techniques and their advantages and disadvantages in regard to C. elegans metabolomics. Additionally, we reviewed different fields of application, e.g., longevity, starvation, aging, development or metabolism of secondary metabolites such as ascarosides or maradolipids. We also summarised applied bioinformatic tools that recently have been used for the evaluation of metabolomics or lipidomics data from C. elegans. Lastly, we curated metabolites and lipids from the reviewed literature, enabling a prototypic collection which serves as basis for a future C. elegans specific metabolome database.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liesa Salzer
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany;
| | - Michael Witting
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany;
- Metabolomics and Proteomics Core, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
- Correspondence:
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14
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Bai J, Farias-Pereira R, Jang M, Zhang Y, Lee SM, Kim YS, Park Y, Ahn JB, Kim GH, Kim KH. Azelaic Acid Promotes Caenorhabditis elegans Longevity at Low Temperature Via an Increase in Fatty Acid Desaturation. Pharm Res 2021; 38:15-26. [PMID: 33449249 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-020-02975-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Azelaic acid (AzA) is a dicarboxylic acid naturally occurring in various grains having anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidation properties. Recently, AzA is shown to reduce high-fat diet-induced adiposity in animals. However, its physiological role in lipid metabolism and aging in various environmental stresses is unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS Using C. elegans as an invertebrate animal model, we demonstrate that AzA suppresses fat accumulation with no effect on lifespan at normal temperatures. Moreover, AzA promotes lifespan at low temperatures by elevation of unsaturated long-chain fatty acids and expression of genes in fatty acid desaturation. We further find that genes encoding fatty acid desaturases such as fat-1, fat-5, fat-6, and fat-7 are crucial for the lifespan-extending effect of AzA at low temperature. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our results suggest that AzA promotes adaption to low temperature in C. elegans via shifting fatty acid profile to unsaturated long-chain fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Bai
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China.,Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
| | | | - Miran Jang
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA.,College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Sang Mi Lee
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 120-750, South Korea
| | - Young-Suk Kim
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 120-750, South Korea
| | - Yeonhwa Park
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, 010032, USA
| | - Jun Bae Ahn
- Department of Food Service and Culinary Arts, Seowon University, Cheongju, 361-742, South Korea
| | - Gun-Hee Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Duksung Women's University, Seoul, 01370, South Korea
| | - Kee-Hong Kim
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA.
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15
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Mokoena NZ, Sebolai OM, Albertyn J, Pohl CH. Synthesis and function of fatty acids and oxylipins, with a focus on Caenorhabditis elegans. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2020; 148:106426. [PMID: 32032704 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2020.106426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) exhibit a diverse range of important biological functions in most biological systems. These PUFAs can be oxygenated via enzymatic or free radical-mediated reactions to form bioactive oxygenated lipid mediators termed oxylipins. Eicosanoids are broad class of oxylipins that are transient and locally synthesized signalling molecules, including prostaglandins, leukotrienes, lipoxins and thromboxanes, which mediate various physiological responses, such as inflammation. In addition to arachidonic acid-derived eicosanoids, current developments in lipidomic methodologies have brought attention to vast number of oxylipins produced from other PUFAs, including omega-3. Although, the molecular mechanisms of how PUFAs and oxylipins contribute to majority of the fundamental biological processes are largely unclear, a model organism Caenorhabditis elegans remains a powerful model for exploring lipid metabolism and functions of PUFAs and oxylipins. For instance, the ability of C. elegans to modify fatty acid composition with dietary supplementation and genetic manipulation enables the dissection of the roles of omega-3 and omega-6 PUFAs in many biological processes that include aging, reproduction, and neurobiology. However, much remains to be elucidated concerning the roles of oxylipins, but thus far, C. elegans is well-known for the synthesis of vast set of cytochrome (CYP) eicosanoids. These CYP eicosanoids are extremely susceptible to changes in the relative bioavailability of the different PUFAs, thus providing a better insight into complex mechanisms connecting essential dietary fatty acids to various biological processes. Therefore, this review provides an overview of the synthesis and function of PUFAs and oxylipins in mammals. It also focusses on what is known regarding the production of PUFAs and oxylipins in C. elegans and their functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Z Mokoena
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - O M Sebolai
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - J Albertyn
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - C H Pohl
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa.
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16
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Rashid S, Pho KB, Mesbahi H, MacNeil LT. Nutrient Sensing and Response Drive Developmental Progression in Caenorhabditis elegans. Bioessays 2020; 42:e1900194. [PMID: 32003906 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201900194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In response to nutrient limitation, many animals, including Caenorhabditis elegans, slow or arrest their development. This process requires mechanisms that sense essential nutrients and induce appropriate responses. When faced with nutrient limitation, C. elegans can induce both short and long-term survival strategies, including larval arrest, decreased developmental rate, and dauer formation. To select the most advantageous strategy, information from many different sensors must be integrated into signaling pathways, including target of rapamycin (TOR) and insulin, that regulate developmental progression. Here, how nutrient information is sensed and integrated into developmental decisions that determine developmental rate and progression in C. elegans is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabih Rashid
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, L8S 4K1, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kim B Pho
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, L8S 4K1, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hiva Mesbahi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, L8S 4K1, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lesley T MacNeil
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, L8S 4K1, Ontario, Canada.,Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, L8S 4K1, Ontario, Canada.,Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, L8S 4K1, Ontario, Canada
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17
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Ruiz M, Bodhicharla R, Ståhlman M, Svensk E, Busayavalasa K, Palmgren H, Ruhanen H, Boren J, Pilon M. Evolutionarily conserved long-chain Acyl-CoA synthetases regulate membrane composition and fluidity. eLife 2019; 8:47733. [PMID: 31769755 PMCID: PMC6901333 DOI: 10.7554/elife.47733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The human AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 proteins, as well as their C. elegans homolog PAQR-2, protect against cell membrane rigidification by exogenous saturated fatty acids by regulating phospholipid composition. Here, we show that mutations in the C. elegans gene acs-13 help to suppress the phenotypes of paqr-2 mutant worms, including their characteristic membrane fluidity defects. acs-13 encodes a homolog of the human acyl-CoA synthetase ACSL1, and localizes to the mitochondrial membrane where it likely activates long chains fatty acids for import and degradation. Using siRNA combined with lipidomics and membrane fluidity assays (FRAP and Laurdan dye staining) we further show that the human ACSL1 potentiates lipotoxicity by the saturated fatty acid palmitate: silencing ACSL1 protects against the membrane rigidifying effects of palmitate and acts as a suppressor of AdipoR2 knockdown, thus echoing the C. elegans findings. We conclude that acs-13 mutations in C. elegans and ACSL1 knockdown in human cells prevent lipotoxicity by promoting increased levels of polyunsaturated fatty acid-containing phospholipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Ruiz
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rakesh Bodhicharla
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marcus Ståhlman
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Wallenberg Laboratory, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Emma Svensk
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kiran Busayavalasa
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Palmgren
- Metabolism BioScience, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Hanna Ruhanen
- Helsinki University Lipidomics Unit, Helsinki Institute for Life Science, Helsinki, Finland.,Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jan Boren
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Wallenberg Laboratory, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marc Pilon
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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18
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MDT-15/MED15 permits longevity at low temperature via enhancing lipidostasis and proteostasis. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000415. [PMID: 31408455 PMCID: PMC6692015 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Low temperatures delay aging and promote longevity in many organisms. However, the metabolic and homeostatic aspects of low-temperature–induced longevity remain poorly understood. Here, we show that lipid homeostasis regulated by Caenorhabditis elegans Mediator 15 (MDT-15 or MED15), a transcriptional coregulator, is essential for low-temperature–induced longevity and proteostasis. We find that inhibition of mdt-15 prevents animals from living long at low temperatures. We show that MDT-15 up-regulates fat-7, a fatty acid desaturase that converts saturated fatty acids (SFAs) to unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs), at low temperatures. We then demonstrate that maintaining a high UFA/SFA ratio is essential for proteostasis at low temperatures. We show that dietary supplementation with a monounsaturated fatty acid, oleic acid (OA), substantially mitigates the short life span and proteotoxicity in mdt-15(-) animals at low temperatures. Thus, lipidostasis regulated by MDT-15 appears to be a limiting factor for proteostasis and longevity at low temperatures. Our findings highlight the crucial roles of lipid regulation in maintaining normal organismal physiology under different environmental conditions. Low temperatures delay aging and promote longevity in many organisms. This study shows that at low ambient temperatures, Mediator 15, a transcriptional coregulator, allows the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans to live longer by increasing the levels of unsaturated lipids, helping to maintain protein homeostasis.
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19
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Bouyanfif A, Jayarathne S, Koboziev I, Moustaid-Moussa N. The Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans as a Model Organism to Study Metabolic Effects of ω-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Obesity. Adv Nutr 2019; 10:165-178. [PMID: 30689684 PMCID: PMC6370270 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmy059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a complex disease that is influenced by several factors, such as diet, physical activity, developmental stage, age, genes, and their interactions with the environment. Obesity develops as a result of expansion of fat mass when the intake of energy, stored as triglycerides, exceeds its expenditure. Approximately 40% of the US population suffers from obesity, which represents a worldwide public health problem associated with chronic low-grade adipose tissue and systemic inflammation (sterile inflammation), in part due to adipose tissue expansion. In patients with obesity, energy homeostasis is further impaired by inflammation, oxidative stress, dyslipidemia, and metabolic syndrome. These pathologic conditions increase the risk of developing other chronic diseases including diabetes, hypertension, coronary artery disease, and certain forms of cancer. It is well documented that several bioactive compounds such as omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs) are able to reduce adipose and systemic inflammation and blood triglycerides and, in some cases, improve glucose intolerance and insulin resistance in vertebrate animal models of obesity. A promising model organism that is gaining tremendous interest for studies of lipid and energy metabolism is the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. This roundworm stores fats as droplets within its hypodermal and intestinal cells. The nematode's transparent skin enables fat droplet visualization and quantification with the use of dyes that have affinity to lipids. This article provides a review of major research over the past several years on the use of C. elegans to study the effects of ω-3 PUFAs on lipid metabolism and energy homeostasis relative to metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal Bouyanfif
- Departments of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX
- Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX
| | - Shasika Jayarathne
- Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX
- Obesity Research Cluster, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX
| | - Iurii Koboziev
- Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX
- Obesity Research Cluster, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX
| | - Naima Moustaid-Moussa
- Departments of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX
- Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX
- Obesity Research Cluster, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX
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20
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Chang CH, Liao HXQ, Hsu FL, Ho CT, Liao VHC. N-ϒ-(l-Glutamyl)-l-Selenomethionine Inhibits Fat Storage via the Stearoyl-CoA Desaturases FAT-6 and FAT-7 and the Selenoprotein TRXR-1 in Caenorhabditis elegans. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 63:e1800784. [PMID: 30467983 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201800784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Selenium is an important nutrient for human health. The influence of dietary selenium on lipid metabolism remains largely unknown. N-γ-(l-glutamyl)-l-selenomethionine (Glu-SeMet) on inhibition of fat accumulation and its underlying mechanisms in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans are investigated. METHODS AND RESULTS Triacylglyceride quantification and post-fixed Nile red staining methods are conducted to evaluate fat accumulation in wild-type N2 worms in normal or high-glucose diet. Glu-SeMet (0.01 µm) treatment effectively reduces fat storage in wild-type N2 C. elegans in both a normal and high-glucose diet. Further evidence shows that Glu-SeMet (0.01 µm) decreases the ratio of oleic acid/stearic acid (C18:1Δ9/C18:0) using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. The mRNA levels of fatty acid stearoyl-CoA desaturases, FAT-6 and FAT-7, and the mediator-15 (MDT-15) are downregulated while the wild-type N2 worms are co-treated with high glucose and Glu-SeMet (0.01 µm). The effect of reduced fat accumulation is absent in fat-6, fat-7, and trxr-1 mutant worms under high glucose and Glu-SeMet (0.01 µm) co-treatment. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that Glu-SeMet inhibiting fat accumulation may be associated with FAT-6 and FAT-7 and the selenoprotein TRXR-1 in C. elegans. This study implies a potential for Glu-SeMet as a new treatment for obesity or its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Han Chang
- Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1 Roosevelt Road, Sec. 4, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Harrison Xian-Qi Liao
- Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1 Roosevelt Road, Sec. 4, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Lan Hsu
- Forest Chemistry Division, Taiwan Forestry Research Institute, 53 Nanhai Rd., Taipei, 100, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Tang Ho
- Department of Food Science, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 65 Dudley Rd., New Brunswick, NJ, 08901-8520, USA
| | - Vivian Hsiu-Chuan Liao
- Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1 Roosevelt Road, Sec. 4, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
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21
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Wang T, Nie S, Ma G, Korhonen PK, Koehler AV, Ang CS, Reid GE, Williamson NA, Gasser RB. The developmental lipidome of Haemonchus contortus. Int J Parasitol 2018; 48:887-895. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Kostetsky EY, Velansky PV, Sanina NM. Thermal Adaptation and Fatty Acid Composition of Major Phospholipids in the Plain Sculpin Myoxocephalus jaok at Different Temperatures of Natural Habitat. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093018030055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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23
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Watts JS, Morton DG, Kemphues KJ, Watts JL. The biotin-ligating protein BPL-1 is critical for lipid biosynthesis and polarization of the Caenorhabditis elegans embryo. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:610-622. [PMID: 29158261 PMCID: PMC5767866 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.798553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Biotin is an essential cofactor for multiple metabolic reactions catalyzed by carboxylases. Biotin is covalently linked to apoproteins by holocarboxylase synthetase (HCS). Accordingly, some mutations in HCS cause holocarboxylase deficiency, a rare metabolic disorder that can be life-threatening if left untreated. However, the long-term effects of HCS deficiency are poorly understood. Here, we report our investigations of bpl-1, which encodes the Caenorhabditis elegans ortholog of HCS. We found that mutations in the biotin-binding region of bpl-1 are maternal-effect lethal and cause defects in embryonic polarity establishment, meiosis, and the integrity of the eggshell permeability barrier. We confirmed that BPL-1 biotinylates four carboxylase enzymes, and we demonstrate that BPL-1 is required for efficient de novo fatty acid biosynthesis. We also show that the lack of larval growth defects as well as nearly normal fatty acid composition in young adult worms is due to sufficient fatty acid precursors provided by dietary bacteria. However, BPL-1 disruption strongly decreased levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids in embryos produced by bpl-1 mutant hermaphrodites, revealing a critical role for BPL-1 in lipid biosynthesis during embryogenesis and demonstrating that dietary fatty acids and lipid precursors are not adequate to support early embryogenesis in the absence of BPL-1. Our findings highlight that studying BPL-1 function in C. elegans could help dissect the roles of this important metabolic enzyme under different environmental and dietary conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason S Watts
- From the School of Molecular Biosciences and Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-7520 and
| | - Diane G Morton
- the Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850
| | - Kenneth J Kemphues
- the Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850
| | - Jennifer L Watts
- From the School of Molecular Biosciences and Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-7520 and
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24
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Watts JL, Ristow M. Lipid and Carbohydrate Metabolism in Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics 2017; 207:413-446. [PMID: 28978773 PMCID: PMC5629314 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.117.300106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid and carbohydrate metabolism are highly conserved processes that affect nearly all aspects of organismal biology. Caenorhabditis elegans eat bacteria, which consist of lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins that are broken down during digestion into fatty acids, simple sugars, and amino acid precursors. With these nutrients, C. elegans synthesizes a wide range of metabolites that are required for development and behavior. In this review, we outline lipid and carbohydrate structures as well as biosynthesis and breakdown pathways that have been characterized in C. elegans We bring attention to functional studies using mutant strains that reveal physiological roles for specific lipids and carbohydrates during development, aging, and adaptation to changing environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Watts
- School of Molecular Biosciences and Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164
| | - Michael Ristow
- Energy Metabolism Laboratory, Institute of Translational Medicine, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, 8603 Schwerzenbach-Zurich, Switzerland
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25
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Drechsler R, Chen SW, Dancy BCR, Mehrabkhani L, Olsen CP. HPLC-Based Mass Spectrometry Characterizes the Phospholipid Alterations in Ether-Linked Lipid Deficiency Models Following Oxidative Stress. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167229. [PMID: 27893806 PMCID: PMC5125691 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the fact that the discovery of ether-linked phospholipids occurred nearly a century ago, many unanswered questions remain concerning these unique lipids. Here, we characterize the ether-linked lipids of the nematode with HPLC-MS/MS and find that more than half of the phosphoethanolamine-containing lipids are ether-linked, a distribution similar to that found in mammalian membranes. To explore the biological role of ether lipids in vivo, we target fatty acyl-CoA reductase (fard-1), an essential enzyme in ether lipid synthesis, with two distinct RNAi strategies. First, when fard-1 RNAi is initiated at the start of development, the treated animals have severely reduced ether lipid abundance, resulting in a shift in the phosphatidylethanolamine lipid population to include more saturated fatty acid chains. Thus, the absence of ether lipids during development drives a significant remodeling of the membrane landscape. A later initiation of fard-1 RNAi in adulthood results in a dramatic reduction of new ether lipid synthesis as quantified with 15N-tracers; however, there is only a slight decrease in total ether lipid abundance with this adult-only fard-1 RNAi. The two RNAi strategies permit the examination of synthesis and ether lipid abundance to reveal a relationship between the amount of ether lipids and stress survival. We tested whether these species function as sacrificial antioxidants by directly examining the phospholipid population with HPLC-MS/MS after oxidative stress treatment. While there are significant changes in other phospholipids, including polyunsaturated fatty acid-containing species, we did not find any change in ether-linked lipids, suggesting that the role of ether lipids in stress resistance is not through their general consumption as free radical sinks. Our work shows that the nematode will be a useful model for future interrogation of ether lipid biosynthesis and the characterization of phospholipid changes in various stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Drechsler
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Shaw-Wen Chen
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Blair C R Dancy
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Lena Mehrabkhani
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Carissa Perez Olsen
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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26
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Moreno-Arriola E, EL Hafidi M, Ortega-Cuéllar D, Carvajal K. AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Regulates Oxidative Metabolism in Caenorhabditis elegans through the NHR-49 and MDT-15 Transcriptional Regulators. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148089. [PMID: 26824904 PMCID: PMC4732773 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular energy regulation relies on complex signaling pathways that respond to fuel availability and metabolic demands. Dysregulation of these networks is implicated in the development of human metabolic diseases such as obesity and metabolic syndrome. In Caenorhabditis elegans the AMP-activated protein kinase, AAK, has been associated with longevity and stress resistance; nevertheless its precise role in energy metabolism remains elusive. In the present study, we find an evolutionary conserved role of AAK in oxidative metabolism. Similar to mammals, AAK is activated by AICAR and metformin and leads to increased glycolytic and oxidative metabolic fluxes evidenced by an increase in lactate levels and mitochondrial oxygen consumption and a decrease in total fatty acids and lipid storage, whereas augmented glucose availability has the opposite effects. We found that these changes were largely dependent on the catalytic subunit AAK-2, since the aak-2 null strain lost the observed metabolic actions. Further results demonstrate that the effects due to AAK activation are associated to SBP-1 and NHR-49 transcriptional factors and MDT-15 transcriptional co-activator, suggesting a regulatory pathway that controls oxidative metabolism. Our findings establish C. elegans as a tractable model system to dissect the relationship between distinct molecules that play a critical role in the regulation of energy metabolism in human metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammed EL Hafidi
- Departamento de Biomedicina Cardiovascular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Daniel Ortega-Cuéllar
- Laboratorio de Nutrición Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Karla Carvajal
- Laboratorio de Nutrición Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Mexico City, Mexico
- * E-mail:
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27
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Gouvêa DY, Aprison EZ, Ruvinsky I. Experience Modulates the Reproductive Response to Heat Stress in C. elegans via Multiple Physiological Processes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145925. [PMID: 26713620 PMCID: PMC4699941 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural environments are considerably more variable than laboratory settings and often involve transient exposure to stressful conditions. To fully understand how organisms have evolved to respond to any given stress, prior experience must therefore be considered. We investigated the effects of individual and ancestral experience on C. elegans reproduction. We documented ways in which cultivation at 15°C or 25°C affects developmental time, lifetime fecundity, and reproductive performance after severe heat stress that exceeds the fertile range of the organism but is compatible with survival and future fecundity. We found that experience modulates multiple aspects of reproductive physiology, including the male and female germ lines and the interaction between them. These responses vary in their environmental sensitivity, suggesting the existence of complex mechanisms for coping with unpredictable and stressful environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin Y. Gouvêa
- Committee on Conceptual and Historical Studies of Science, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Committee on Evolutionary Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Erin Z. Aprison
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Ilya Ruvinsky
- Committee on Evolutionary Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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28
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Zhou Y, Falck JR, Rothe M, Schunck WH, Menzel R. Role of CYP eicosanoids in the regulation of pharyngeal pumping and food uptake in Caenorhabditis elegans. J Lipid Res 2015; 56:2110-23. [PMID: 26399467 PMCID: PMC4617398 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m061887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (CYP)-dependent eicosanoids comprise epoxy- and hydroxy-metabolites of long-chain PUFAs (LC-PUFAs). In mammals, CYP eicosanoids contribute to the regulation of cardiovascular and renal function. Caenorhabditis elegans produces a large set of CYP eicosanoids; however, their role in worm's physiology is widely unknown. Mutant strains deficient in LC-PUFA/eicosanoid biosynthesis displayed reduced pharyngeal pumping frequencies. This impairment was rescued by long-term eicosapentaenoic and/or arachidonic acid supplementation, but not with a nonmetabolizable LC-PUFA analog. Short-term treatment with 17,18-epoxyeicosatetraenoic acid (17,18-EEQ), the most abundant CYP eicosanoid in C. elegans, was as effective as long-term LC-PUFA supplementation in the mutant strains. In contrast, 20-HETE caused decreased pumping frequencies. The opposite effects of 17,18-EEQ and 20-HETE were mirrored by the actions of neurohormones. 17,18-EEQ mimicked the stimulating effect of serotonin when added to starved worms, whereas 20-HETE shared the inhibitory effect of octopamine in the presence of abundant food. In wild-type worms, serotonin increased free 17,18-EEQ levels, whereas octopamine selectively induced the synthesis of hydroxy-metabolites. These results suggest that CYP eicosanoids may serve as second messengers in the regulation of pharyngeal pumping and food uptake in C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Zhou
- Department of Biology, Ecology, Humboldt University of Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - John R. Falck
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX 75390
| | | | | | - Ralph Menzel
- Department of Biology, Ecology, Humboldt University of Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
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29
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Direct profiling of the phospholipid composition of adult Caenorhabditis elegans using whole-body imaging mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:7589-602. [PMID: 26310845 PMCID: PMC4575384 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8932-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A protocol for the direct analysis of the phospholipid composition in the whole body of adult soil nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans), was developed, which combined freeze-cracking of the exoskeletal cuticle and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-imaging mass spectrometry (MALDI-IMS). Biomolecules in the m/z range from 700 to 900 were more effectively detected in the freeze-cracked than from simple frozen adult nematode bodies. Different distribution of biomolecules was observed in a nematode body when the matrix was applied with a sublimation deposition method. The whole-body IMS technique was applied on genetically deficient mutant C. elegans to combine whole-body lipidomics and genetics, by comparing the fatty acid compositions, especially of the phosphatidylcholine (PC) species, between the wild-type and fat-1 mutants, which lack the gene encoding an n-3 fatty acid desaturase. A significant reduction of PC(20:5/20:5) and PC(20:4/20:5) and a marked increase of PC(20:4/20:4), PC(20:3/20:4), and PC(20:3/20:3) were detected in the fat-1 mutants in positive ion mode. In addition, phospholipid compositions other than PCs were analyzed in negative ion mode. A loss of a possible phosphatidylinositol (PI) with 18:0/20:5 and a compensative accumulation of putative PI(18:0/20:4) were detected in the fat-1 mutants. In conclusion, the whole-body MALDI-IMS technique is useful for the profiling of multiple biomolecules in C. elegans in both intra- and inter-individual levels.
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30
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Zhu H, Han M. Exploring developmental and physiological functions of fatty acid and lipid variants through worm and fly genetics. Annu Rev Genet 2014; 48:119-48. [PMID: 25195508 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-041814-095928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Lipids are more than biomolecules for energy storage and membrane structure. With ample structural variation, lipids critically participate in nearly all aspects of cellular function. Lipid homeostasis and metabolism are closely related to major human diseases and health problems. However, lipid functional studies have been significantly underdeveloped, partly because of the difficulty in applying genetics and common molecular approaches to tackle the complexity associated with lipid biosynthesis, metabolism, and function. In the past decade, a number of laboratories began to analyze the roles of lipid metabolism in development and other physiological functions using animal models and combining genetics, genomics, and biochemical approaches. These pioneering efforts have not only provided valuable insights regarding lipid functions in vivo but have also established feasible methodology for future studies. Here, we review a subset of these studies using Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhu Zhu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309;
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31
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Potentials of the Circulating Pruritogenic Mediator Lysophosphatidic Acid in Development of Allergic Skin Inflammation in Mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 184:1593-603. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 01/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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32
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Vásquez V, Krieg M, Lockhead D, Goodman MB. Phospholipids that contain polyunsaturated fatty acids enhance neuronal cell mechanics and touch sensation. Cell Rep 2014; 6:70-80. [PMID: 24388754 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2013.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanoelectrical transduction (MeT) channels embedded in neuronal cell membranes are essential for touch and proprioception. Little is understood about the interplay between native MeT channels and membrane phospholipids, in part because few techniques are available for altering plasma membrane composition in vivo. Here, we leverage genetic dissection, chemical complementation, and optogenetics to establish that arachidonic acid (AA), an omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid, enhances touch sensation and mechanoelectrical transduction activity while incorporated into membrane phospholipids in C. elegans touch receptor neurons (TRNs). Because dynamic force spectroscopy reveals that AA modulates the mechanical properties of TRN plasma membranes, we propose that this polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) is needed for MeT channel activity. These findings establish that polyunsaturated phospholipids are crucial determinants of both the biochemistry and mechanics of mechanoreceptor neurons and reinforce the idea that sensory mechanotransduction in animals relies on a cellular machine composed of both proteins and membrane lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Vásquez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michael Krieg
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Dean Lockhead
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Miriam B Goodman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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33
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Production of EPA and DHA in aquatic ecosystems and their transfer to the land. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2013; 107:117-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2013.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Revised: 03/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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34
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Pilon M, Svensk E. PAQR-2 may be a regulator of membrane fluidity during cold adaptation. WORM 2013; 2:e27123. [PMID: 24744984 DOI: 10.4161/worm.27123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PAQR-2 is a C. elegans homolog of the mammalian adiponectin receptors. We have recently shown that PAQR-2 is essential for the ability of C. elegans to grow at its lower temperature range, i.e., 15 °C, and that the likely role of PAQR-2 during cold adaptation is to regulate membrane fluidity by promoting fatty acid desaturation. Here we present a summary of this work, with an emphasis on placing our C. elegans findings in the context of mammalian biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Pilon
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology; University of Gothenburg; Medicinaregatan 9C; Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Emma Svensk
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology; University of Gothenburg; Medicinaregatan 9C; Gothenburg, Sweden
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35
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Svensk E, Ståhlman M, Andersson CH, Johansson M, Borén J, Pilon M. PAQR-2 regulates fatty acid desaturation during cold adaptation in C. elegans. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003801. [PMID: 24068966 PMCID: PMC3772066 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
C. elegans PAQR-2 is homologous to the insulin-sensitizing adiponectin receptors in mammals, and essential for adaptation to growth at 15°C, a low but usually acceptable temperature for this organism. By screening for novel paqr-2 suppressors, we identified mutations in genes involved in phosphatidylcholine synthesis (cept-1, pcyt-1 and sams-1) and fatty acid metabolism (ech-7, hacd-1, mdt-15, nhr-49 and sbp-1). We then show genetic evidence that paqr-2, phosphatidylcholines, sbp-1 and Δ9-desaturases form a cold adaptation pathway that regulates the increase in unsaturated fatty acids necessary to retain membrane fluidity at low temperatures. This model is supported by the observations that the paqr-2 suppressors normalize the levels of saturated fatty acids, and that low concentrations of detergents that increase membrane fluidity can rescue the paqr-2 mutant. Cold-blooded organisms such as insects, fish or worms must make physiological adjustments when the temperature in their environment decreases. One essential adaptive measure is to increase the fluidity of the cellular membranes that are made of fatty molecules and would tend to harden at low temperatures, just as butter would. In our study we identify genes that are regulated by PAQR-2, a membrane protein that we show to be essential for adjusting the membrane fluidity during cold adaptation in the nematode C. elegans. Interestingly, the genes influenced by PAQR-2 are all involved in fatty acid metabolism. We speculate that the human homologs of PAQR-2, which are receptors for the hormone adiponectin, may have similar functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Svensk
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marcus Ståhlman
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Wallenberg Laboratory, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carl-Henrik Andersson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maja Johansson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jan Borén
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Wallenberg Laboratory, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marc Pilon
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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36
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Jiao J, Zhang Y. Transgenic Biosynthesis of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: A Sustainable Biochemical Engineering Approach for Making Essential Fatty Acids in Plants and Animals. Chem Rev 2013; 113:3799-814. [DOI: 10.1021/cr300007p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Jiao
- Chronic Disease Research Institute,
Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health,
Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Food Science and
Nutrition, School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang
University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Shmookler Reis RJ, Xu L, Lee H, Chae M, Thaden JJ, Bharill P, Tazearslan C, Siegel E, Alla R, Zimniak P, Ayyadevara S. Modulation of lipid biosynthesis contributes to stress resistance and longevity of C. elegans mutants. Aging (Albany NY) 2011; 3:125-47. [PMID: 21386131 PMCID: PMC3082008 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Many lifespan-modulating genes are involved in either generation of oxidative substrates and end-products, or their detoxification and removal. Among such metabolites, only lipoperoxides have the ability to produce free-radical chain reactions. For this study, fatty-acid profiles were compared across a panel of C. elegans mutants that span a tenfold range of longevities in a uniform genetic background. Two lipid structural properties correlated extremely well with lifespan in these worms: fatty-acid chain length and susceptibility to oxidation both decreased sharply in the longest-lived mutants (affecting the insulinlike-signaling pathway). This suggested a functional model in which longevity benefits from a reduction in lipid peroxidation substrates, offset by a coordinate decline in fatty-acid chain length to maintain membrane fluidity. This model was tested by disrupting the underlying steps in lipid biosynthesis, using RNAi knockdown to deplete transcripts of genes involved in fatty-acid metabolism. These interventions produced effects on longevity that were fully consistent with the functions and abundances of their products. Most knockdowns also produced concordant effects on survival of hydrogen peroxide stress, which can trigger lipoperoxide chain reactions.
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38
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The adiponectin receptor homologs in C. elegans promote energy utilization and homeostasis. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21343. [PMID: 21712952 PMCID: PMC3119701 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Adiponectin is an adipokine with insulin-sensitising actions in vertebrates. Its receptors, AdipoR1 and AdipoR2, are PAQR-type proteins with 7-transmembrane domains and topologies reversed that of GPCR's, i.e. their C-termini are extracellular. We identified three adiponectin receptor homologs in the nematode C. elegans, named paqr-1, paqr-2 and paqr-3. These are differently expressed in the intestine (the main fat-storing tissue), hypodermis, muscles, neurons and secretory tissues, from which they could exert systemic effects. Analysis of mutants revealed that paqr-1 and -2 are novel metabolic regulators in C. elegans and that they act redundantly but independently from paqr-3. paqr-2 is the most important of the three paqr genes: mutants grow poorly, fail to adapt to growth at low temperature, and have a very high fat content with an abnormal enrichment in long (C20) poly-unsaturated fatty acids when combined with the paqr-1 mutation. paqr-2 mutants are also synthetic lethal with mutations in nhr-49, sbp-1 and fat-6, which are C. elegans homologs of nuclear hormone receptors, SREBP and FAT-6 (a Δ9 desaturase), respectively. Like paqr-2, paqr-1 is also synthetic lethal with sbp-1. Mutations in aak-2, the C. elegans homolog of AMPK, or nhr-80, another nuclear hormone receptor gene, suppress the growth phenotype of paqr-2 mutants, probably because they restore the balance between energy expenditure and storage. We conclude that paqr-1 and paqr-2 are receptors that regulate fatty acid metabolism and cold adaptation in C. elegans, that their main function is to promote energy utilization rather than storage, and that PAQR class proteins have regulated metabolism in metazoans for at least 700 million years.
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39
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Morishige JI, Urikura M, Takagi H, Hirano K, Koike T, Tanaka T, Satouchi K. A clean-up technology for the simultaneous determination of lysophosphatidic acid and sphingosine-1-phosphate by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry using a phosphate-capture molecule, Phos-tag. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2010; 24:1075-1084. [PMID: 20213695 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) are growth factor-like lipids having a phosphate group. The concentrations of these mediator lipids in blood are considered to be potential biomarkers for early detection of cancer or vascular diseases. Here, we report a method for simultaneous determination of LPA and S1P using Phos-tag, a zinc complex that specifically binds to a phosphate-monoester group. Although both LPA and S1P are hydrophilic compounds, we found that they acquire hydrophobic properties when they form complexes with Phos-tag. Based on this finding, we developed a method for the enrichment of LPA and S1P from biological samples. The first partition in a two-phase solvent system consisting of chloroform/methanol/water (1:1:0.9, v/v/v) is conducted for the removal of lipids. LPA and S1P are specifically extracted as Phos-tag complexes at the second partition by adding Phos-tag. The Phos-tag complexes of LPA and S1P are detectable by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOFMS) and quantifiable based on the relative intensities of ions using 17:0 LPA and C17 S1P as internal standards. The protocol was validated by analyses of these mediator lipids in calf serum, a rat brain and a lung. The clean-up protocol is rapid, requires neither thin-layer chromatography (TLC) nor liquid chromatography (LC), and is applicable to both blood and solid tissue samples. We believe that our protocol will be useful for a routine analysis of LPA and S1P in many clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-ichi Morishige
- Research Center for Green Science, Fukuyama University, Fukuyama 729-0292, Japan
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40
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Petit E, Michelet X, Rauch C, Bertrand-Michel J, Tercé F, Legouis R, Morel F. Glutathione transferases kappa 1 and kappa 2 localize in peroxisomes and mitochondria, respectively, and are involved in lipid metabolism and respiration in Caenorhabditis elegans. FEBS J 2009; 276:5030-40. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07200.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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41
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Formation of lysophosphatidic acid, a wound-healing lipid, during digestion of cabbage leaves. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2009; 73:1293-300. [PMID: 19502739 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.80813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a lipid mediator that plays a role in the process of wound healing in animal tissues, including the digestive tract. We determined LPA in several foodstuffs, and found that cabbage leaves were the richest source of LPA. We also found that, at 22 and 195 nmol/g (wet weight), LPA and phosphatidic acid (PA) were respectively formed during mastication of raw cabbage leaves and that the resulting PA was converted to LPA by pancreatic phospholipase A(2). The lipid extract obtained from ground cabbage leaves promoted the proliferation of Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts and the motility of HGC-27 cells, stomach-derived epithelial-like cells, at physiologically relevant concentrations. These activities of cabbage lipids were inhibited by Ki16425, an LPA-receptor antagonist. LPA formed during the digestion of cabbage leaves may be one of the components in the beneficial effect of ingested cabbage on a damaged digestive tract.
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Hillyard SL, German JB. Quantitative lipid analysis and life span of the fat-3 mutant of Caenorhabditis elegans. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:3389-3396. [PMID: 19301819 DOI: 10.1021/jf8031414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC PUFAs) docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n3) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n3) are important for health and development of organisms, but the precise biological function of these molecules is not known. It has been suggested that they may play a part in aging, as they are highly susceptible to oxidation. A genetic mutant of Caenorhabditis elegans (fat-3), which lacks a functional delta-6 desaturase, and thus LC PUFAs including EPA, allows dietary manipulation of long-chain n3 fatty acids in this nematode. The life span of C. elegans strains N2 (wild-type) and BX30 [fat-3(wa22)] with and without supplemental EPA and DHA was analyzed. In addition, quantitative analysis was performed on total lipids, phospholipids, and triglycerides, as it is important to understand where fatty acids are being partitioned among the various lipid classes. The results show a beneficial effect of these molecules on the life span of C. elegans and will aid in the elucidation of the underlying causes of PUFA deficiency in the simple animal C. elegans as well as in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Luke Hillyard
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
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Lehtonen M, Reisner K, Auriola S, Wong G, Callaway JC. Mass-spectrometric identification of anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol in nematodes. Chem Biodivers 2009; 5:2431-41. [PMID: 19035572 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.200890208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to see if nematodes (Caenorhabditis elegans, Caenorhabditis briggsae, and Pelodera strongyloides) produce endocannabinoids; i.e., anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG). In this study, AEA and 2-AG were identified as endogenous products from nematodes by using electrospray-ionization ion-trap MS/MS (ESI-IT-MS) experiments operated in the positive-ionization mode. Endocannabinoids were identified by product ion scan and concentrations were measured by triple quadrupole mass spectrometry in the multiple reaction monitoring mode (MRM). Both AEA and 2-AG were identified in all of the nematode samples, even though these species lack known cannabinoid receptors. Neither AEA nor 2-AG were detected in the fat-3 mutant of C. elegans, which lacks the necessary enzyme to produce arachidonic acid, the fatty acid precursor of these endocannabinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Lehtonen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kuopio, P. O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio
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C. elegans fat storage and metabolic regulation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2009; 1791:474-8. [PMID: 19168149 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2008.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2008] [Revised: 12/11/2008] [Accepted: 12/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
C. elegans has long been used as an experimentally tractable organism for discovery of fundamental mechanisms that underlie metazoan cellular function, development, neurobiology, and behavior. C. elegans has more recently been exploited to study the interplay of environment and genetics on lipid storage pathways. As an experimental platform, C. elegans is amenable to an extensive array of forward and reverse genetic, a variety of "omics" and anatomical approaches that together allow dissection of complex physiological pathways. This is particularly relevant to the study of fat biology, as energy balance is ultimately an organismal process that involves behavior, nutrient digestion, uptake and transport, as well as a variety of cellular activities that determine the balance between lipid storage and utilization. C. elegans offers the opportunity to dissect these pathways and various cellular and organismal homeostatic mechanisms in the context of a genetically tractable, intact organism.
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Lee HC, Inoue T, Imae R, Kono N, Shirae S, Matsuda S, Gengyo-Ando K, Mitani S, Arai H. Caenorhabditis elegans mboa-7, a member of the MBOAT family, is required for selective incorporation of polyunsaturated fatty acids into phosphatidylinositol. Mol Biol Cell 2008; 19:1174-84. [PMID: 18094042 PMCID: PMC2262980 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e07-09-0893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2007] [Revised: 11/16/2007] [Accepted: 12/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol (PI) is a component of membrane phospholipids, and it functions both as a signaling molecule and as a compartment-specific localization signal in the form of polyphosphoinositides. Arachidonic acid (AA) is the predominant fatty acid in the sn-2 position of PI in mammals. LysoPI acyltransferase (LPIAT) is thought to catalyze formation of AA-containing PI; however, the gene that encodes this enzyme has not yet been identified. In this study, we established a screening system to identify genes required for use of exogenous polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in Caenorhabditis elegans. In C. elegans, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) instead of AA is the predominant fatty acid in PI. We showed that an uncharacterized gene, which we named mboa-7, is required for incorporation of PUFAs into PI. Incorporation of exogenous PUFA into PI of the living worms and LPIAT activity in the microsomes were greatly reduced in mboa-7 mutants. Furthermore, the membrane fractions of transgenic worms expressing recombinant MBOA-7 and its human homologue exhibited remarkably increased LPIAT activity. mboa-7 encodes a member of the membrane-bound O-acyltransferase family, suggesting that mboa-7 is LPIAT. Finally, mboa-7 mutants had significantly lower EPA levels in PI, and they exhibited larval arrest and egg-laying defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon-Cheol Lee
- *Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takao Inoue
- *Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Rieko Imae
- *Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Nozomu Kono
- *Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Shirae
- *Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shinji Matsuda
- *Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Keiko Gengyo-Ando
- Department of Physiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University School of Medicine, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan; and
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Shohei Mitani
- Department of Physiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University School of Medicine, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan; and
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Arai
- *Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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Harris TR, Aronov PA, Jones PD, Tanaka H, Arand M, Hammock BD. Identification of two epoxide hydrolases in Caenorhabditis elegans that metabolize mammalian lipid signaling molecules. Arch Biochem Biophys 2008; 472:139-49. [PMID: 18267101 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2008.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2007] [Revised: 01/12/2008] [Accepted: 01/20/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
We have identified two genes in the genomic database for Caenorhabditis elegans that code for proteins with significant sequence similarity to the mammalian soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH). The respective transcripts were cloned from a mixed stage cDNA library from C. elegans. The corresponding proteins obtained after recombinant expression in insect cells hydrolyzed standard epoxide hydrolase substrates, including epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) and leukotoxins (EpOMEs). The enzyme activity was inhibited by urea-based compounds originally designed to inhibit the mammalian sEH. In vivo inhibition of the enzymes using the most potent of these compounds resulted in elevated levels of the EpOMEs in the nematode. These results suggest that the hydrolases are involved in the metabolism of possible lipid signaling molecules in C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd R Harris
- Department of Entomology and Cancer Research Center, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Brock TJ, Browse J, Watts JL. Fatty acid desaturation and the regulation of adiposity in Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics 2007; 176:865-75. [PMID: 17435249 PMCID: PMC1894614 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.107.071860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Monounsaturated fatty acids are essential components of membrane and storage lipids. Their synthesis depends on the conversion of saturated fatty acids to unsaturated fatty acids by Delta9 desaturases. Caenorhabditis elegans has three Delta9 desaturases encoded by the genes fat-5, fat-6, and fat-7. We generated nematodes that display a range of altered fatty acid compositions by constructing double-mutant strains that combine mutations in fat-5, fat-6, and fat-7. All three double-mutant combinations have reduced survival at low temperatures. The fat-5;fat-6 double mutants display relatively subtle fatty acid composition alterations under standard conditions, but extreme fatty acid composition changes and reduced survival in the absence of food. The strain with the most severe defect in the production of unsaturated fatty acids, fat-6;fat-7, exhibits slow growth and reduced fertility. Strikingly, the fat-6;fat-7 double-mutant animals have decreased fat stores and increased expression of genes involved in fatty acid oxidation. We conclude that the Delta9 desaturases, in addition to synthesizing unsaturated fatty acids for properly functioning membranes, play key roles in lipid partitioning and in the regulation of fat storage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jennifer L. Watts
- Corresponding author: Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6340. E-mail:
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Murray P, Hayward SAL, Govan GG, Gracey AY, Cossins AR. An explicit test of the phospholipid saturation hypothesis of acquired cold tolerance in Caenorhabditis elegans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:5489-94. [PMID: 17369360 PMCID: PMC1838478 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0609590104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2006] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Protection of poikilothermic animals from seasonal cold is widely regarded as being causally linked to changes in the unsaturation of membrane phospholipids, yet in animals this proposition remains formally untested. We have now achieved this by the genetic manipulation of lipid biosynthesis of Caenorhabditis elegans independent of temperature. Worms transferred from 25 degrees C to 10 degrees C develop over several days a much-increased tolerance of lethal cold (0 degrees C) and also an increased phospholipid unsaturation, as in higher animal models. Of the three C. elegans Delta9-desaturases, transcript levels of fat-7 only were up-regulated by cold transfer. RNAi suppression of fat-7 caused the induction of fat-5 desaturase, so to control desaturase expression we combined RNAi of fat-7 with a fat-5 knockout. These fat-5/fat-7 manipulated worms displayed the expected negative linear relationship between lipid saturation and cold tolerance at 0 degrees C, an outcome confirmed by dietary rescue. However, this change in lipid saturation explains just 16% of the observed difference between cold tolerance of animals held at 25 degrees C and 10 degrees C. Thus, although the manipulated lipid saturation affects the tolerable thermal window, and altered Delta9-desaturase expression accounts for cold-induced lipid adjustments, the effect is relatively small and none of the lipid manipulations were sufficient to convert worms between fully cold-sensitive and fully cold-tolerant states. Critically, transfer of 10 degrees C-acclimated worms back to 25 degrees C led to them restoring the usual cold-sensitive phenotype within 24 h despite retaining a lipid profile characteristic of 10 degrees C worms. Other nonlipid mechanisms of acquired cold protection clearly dominate inducible cold tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Murray
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom
| | - Scott A. L. Hayward
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom
| | - Gregor G. Govan
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Y. Gracey
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew R. Cossins
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom
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49
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Brock TJ, Browse J, Watts JL. Genetic regulation of unsaturated fatty acid composition in C. elegans. PLoS Genet 2006; 2:e108. [PMID: 16839188 PMCID: PMC1500810 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.0020108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2006] [Accepted: 05/30/2006] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Delta-9 desaturases, also known as stearoyl-CoA desaturases, are lipogenic enzymes responsible for the generation of vital components of membranes and energy storage molecules. We have identified a novel nuclear hormone receptor, NHR-80, that regulates delta-9 desaturase gene expression in Caenorhabditis elegans. Here we describe fatty acid compositions, lifespans, and gene expression studies of strains carrying mutations in nhr-80 and in the three genes encoding delta-9 desaturases, fat-5, fat-6, and fat-7. The delta-9 desaturase single mutants display only subtle changes in fatty acid composition and no other visible phenotypes, yet the fat-5;fat-6;fat-7 triple mutant is lethal, revealing that endogenous production of monounsaturated fatty acids is essential for survival. In the absence of FAT-6 or FAT-7, the expression of the remaining desaturases increases, and this ability to compensate depends on NHR-80. We conclude that, like mammals, C. elegans requires adequate synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids and maintains complex regulation of the delta-9 desaturases to achieve optimal fatty acid composition. The ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids has a profound affect on the fluidity and function of cellular membranes. Animals, plants, and microorganisms regulate the synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids during changing environmental conditions, as well as in response to dietary nutrients. In this paper the authors use a combination of genetic and biochemical approaches to address the regulation of unsaturated fatty acid synthesis in the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans. They identify a new transcription factor, NHR-80, that activates the expression of genes encoding delta-9 fatty acid desaturases, the enzymes responsible for catalyzing the insertion of double bonds into saturated fatty acid chains. These unsaturated fatty acids are critical components of membranes, as well as fat storage molecules. Experiments presented here demonstrate that the worms require adequate synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids for survival and that they maintain intricate regulation of the three delta-9 desaturase genes in response to different nutrients. Abnormalities in lipid metabolism lead to obesity and diabetes in humans; this study contributes to our understanding of the regulation of this metabolic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trisha J Brock
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - John Browse
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L Watts
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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50
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McPartland JM, Matias I, Di Marzo V, Glass M. Evolutionary origins of the endocannabinoid system. Gene 2006; 370:64-74. [PMID: 16434153 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2005.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2005] [Revised: 11/04/2005] [Accepted: 11/09/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Endocannabinoid system evolution was estimated by searching for functional orthologs in the genomes of twelve phylogenetically diverse organisms: Homo sapiens, Mus musculus, Takifugu rubripes, Ciona intestinalis, Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Arabidopsis thaliana, Plasmodium falciparum, Tetrahymena thermophila, Archaeoglobus fulgidus, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Sequences similar to human endocannabinoid exon sequences were derived from filtered BLAST searches, and subjected to phylogenetic testing with ClustalX and tree building programs. Monophyletic clades that agreed with broader phylogenetic evidence (i.e., gene trees displaying topographical congruence with species trees) were considered orthologs. The capacity of orthologs to function as endocannabinoid proteins was predicted with pattern profilers (Pfam, Prosite, TMHMM, and pSORT), and by examining queried sequences for amino acid motifs known to serve critical roles in endocannabinoid protein function (obtained from a database of site-directed mutagenesis studies). This novel transfer of functional information onto gene trees enabled us to better predict the functional origins of the endocannabinoid system. Within this limited number of twelve organisms, the endocannabinoid genes exhibited heterogeneous evolutionary trajectories, with functional orthologs limited to mammals (TRPV1 and GPR55), or vertebrates (CB2 and DAGLbeta), or chordates (MAGL and COX2), or animals (DAGLalpha and CB1-like receptors), or opisthokonta (animals and fungi, NAPE-PLD), or eukaryotes (FAAH). Our methods identified fewer orthologs than did automated annotation systems, such as HomoloGene. Phylogenetic profiles, nonorthologous gene displacement, functional convergence, and coevolution are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M McPartland
- GW Pharmaceuticals, 53 Washington Street Ext., Middlebury, VT 05753, USA.
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