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Ha YJ, Tak KH, Jung JM, Lee JL, Kim CW, Ah YC, Kim SS, Moon IJ, Yoon YS. The Effect of Polynucleotide-Hyaluronic Acid Hydrogel in the Recovery After Mechanical Skin Barrier Disruption. Skin Res Technol 2024; 30:e70068. [PMID: 39300806 DOI: 10.1111/srt.70068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The epidermal barrier acts as a defense against external agents as well as helps to maintain body homeostasis. Polynucleotides (PN), exogenous DNA fragments, promote wound repair through their stimulatory and anti-inflammatory effects. Recent findings indicate a synergistic effect of PN and hyaluronic acid (HA) combinations in regulating inflammation and promoting cell proliferation. This study aims to elucidate the effects of PN and HA on repairing the epidermal barrier following its disruption by tape stripping (TS) in a mouse model. MATERIALS AND METHODS After disrupting the epidermal barrier using TS, a formulation containing PN (14 mg/mL) and HA (6 mg/mL) was applied. Trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL) was measured at 0, 3, 6, 24, 48, and 72 h. Mice were euthanized after the final application at 72 h, and tissue samples were analyzed for epidermal/dermal thickness, neutrophil infiltration, and filaggrin expression. RESULTS We observed a significant reduction in TEWL in the PN+HA group compared to that in the control group (20.8 ± 0.5 vs. 43.7 ± 0.5 g/m2h at 72 h, p < 0.05), indicating an improvement in barrier function. Histological evaluation showed decreased epidermal and dermal thickening in the PN+HA group compared to that in the control group (epidermal: 29.4 ± 2.2 vs. 57.9 ± 3.5 μm; dermal: 464.8 ± 25.9 vs. 825.9 ± 44.8 μm, both p < 0.05). Additionally, neutrophil infiltration in the dermis was significantly reduced, and filaggrin protein levels were significantly higher in the PN+HA group compared to those in the control group (4.8 ± 0.4 vs. 21.1 ± 3.3 for neutrophils; 0.84 ± 0.04 vs. 0.42 ± 0.03 for filaggrin, both p < 0.05). CONCLUSION These results suggest that PN+HA may be an effective therapeutic strategy for repairing skin barrier damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Jin Ha
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ka Hee Tak
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin-Min Jung
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jong Lyul Lee
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chan Wook Kim
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | | | - Ik Jun Moon
- Department of Dermatology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yong Sik Yoon
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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Ruchti F, Zwicky P, Becher B, Dubrac S, LeibundGut-Landmann S. Epidermal barrier impairment predisposes for excessive growth of the allergy-associated yeast Malassezia on murine skin. Allergy 2024; 79:1531-1547. [PMID: 38385963 DOI: 10.1111/all.16062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The skin barrier is vital for protection against environmental threats including insults caused by skin-resident microbes. Dysregulation of this barrier is a hallmark of atopic dermatitis (AD) and ichthyosis, with variable consequences for host immune control of colonizing commensals and opportunistic pathogens. While Malassezia is the most abundant commensal fungus of the skin, little is known about the host control of this fungus in inflammatory skin diseases. METHODS In this experimental study, MC903-treated mice were colonized with Malassezia spp. to assess the host-fungal interactions in atopic dermatitis. Additional murine models of AD and ichthyosis, including tape stripping, K5-Nrf2 overexpression and flaky tail mice, were employed to confirm and expand the findings. Skin fungal counts were enumerated. High parameter flow cytometry was used to characterize the antifungal response in the AD-like skin. Structural and functional alterations in the skin barrier were determined by histology and transcriptomics of bulk skin. Finally, differential expression of metabolic genes in Malassezia in atopic and control skin was quantified. RESULTS Malassezia grows excessively in AD-like skin. Fungal overgrowth could, however, not be explained by the altered immune status of the atopic skin. Instead, we found that by upregulating key metabolic genes in the altered cutaneous niche, Malassezia acquired enhanced fitness to efficiently colonise the impaired skin barrier. CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence that structural and metabolic changes in the dysfunctional epidermal barrier environment provide increased accessibility and an altered lipid profile, to which the lipid-dependent yeast adapts for enhanced nutrient assimilation. Our findings reveal fundamental insights into the implication of the mycobiota in the pathogenesis of common skin barrier disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiorella Ruchti
- Section of Immunology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Pascale Zwicky
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Burkhard Becher
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sandrine Dubrac
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Salomé LeibundGut-Landmann
- Section of Immunology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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3
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Horie Y, Harauma A, Moriguchi T, Mitsui H, Akase T. Oral Intake of Linseed Oil Inhibits Skin Barrier Dysfunction in Obese Mice. Cureus 2024; 16:e61392. [PMID: 38953090 PMCID: PMC11215935 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.61392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obesity is not only a risk factor for lifestyle-related diseases but also causes skin barrier dysfunction, which leads to a reduced quality of life due to dryness, itching, and scratching, and thus requires appropriate treatment. However, there are no studies on this issue. Therefore, this study aimed to examine whether oral intake of linseed oil is effective for skin barrier function in obesity and to confirm how the effect is demonstrated. METHODS TSOD mice received either sterile distilled water (Control group) or linseed oil (Omega group), containing a high level of omega-3 fatty acids, including α-linolenic acid, orally for eight weeks. Mice were then irradiated with ultraviolet B (UVB) and three days later, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), which is the primary outcome of skin barrier function, was measured and gross skin appearance was observed. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining and Ki-67 immunostaining were performed on skin samples. mRNA expression levels of the inflammatory markers Tnfα, Cox2, Mcp1, and Hmox1 were measured by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). We also performed fatty acid analysis of skin and erythrocytes by gas chromatography. Statistical analysis was performed using unpaired Student's t-test and Pearson's correlation analysis. RESULTS Compared with the Control group, the Omega group exhibited lower TEWL values and little skin erythema. Histological analysis revealed thinner epidermis and fewer Ki-67 positive cells. Additionally, in the Omega group, mRNA levels of four inflammation-related genes were lower, α-linolenic acid levels in both skin and erythrocytes were higher, and a lower n-6/n-3 ratio was observed. And α-linolenic acid levels in the skin were negatively correlated with the expression levels of inflammation-related genes. CONCLUSION Oral intake of linseed oil was found to inhibit skin barrier dysfunction in obesity. This effect was mediated by α-linolenic acid, a major component of linseed oil with anti-inflammatory properties, which was taken up by erythrocytes and supplied to the skin. Therefore, oral intake of linseed oil is expected to be a useful therapeutic method for skin barrier dysfunction in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiko Horie
- Department of Biological Science and Nursing, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, JPN
| | - Akiko Harauma
- School of Life and Environmental Science, Azabu University, Sagamihara, JPN
| | - Toru Moriguchi
- School of Life and Environmental Science, Azabu University, Sagamihara, JPN
| | - Hideaki Mitsui
- Department of Biological Science and Nursing, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, JPN
| | - Tomoko Akase
- Department of Biological Science and Nursing, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, JPN
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4
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Schmuth M, Eckmann S, Moosbrugger-Martinz V, Ortner-Tobider D, Blunder S, Trafoier T, Gruber R, Elias PM. Skin Barrier in Atopic Dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 2024; 144:989-1000.e1. [PMID: 38643989 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2024.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
A compromised permeability barrier is a hallmark of atopic dermatitis (AD). Localized to the outermost skin layer, the stratum corneum (SC) is critically dependent on terminal differentiation of epidermal keratinocytes, which transform into protein-rich corneocytes surrounded by extracellular lamellae of unique epidermal lipids, conferring permeability barrier function. These structures are disrupted in AD. A leaky barrier is prone to environmental insult, which in AD elicits type 2-dominant inflammation, in turn resulting in a vicious cycle further impairing the SC structure. Therapies directed at enforcing SC structure and anti-inflammatory strategies administered by topical and systemic route as well as UV therapy have differential effects on the permeability barrier. The expanding armamentarium of therapeutic modalities for AD treatment warrants optimization of their effects on permeability barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schmuth
- Dermatology, Venerology and Allergy, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Institute for Pediatric Dermatology and Rare Diseases, Karl Landsteiner Society, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Sonja Eckmann
- Dermatology, Venerology and Allergy, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | | | - Stefan Blunder
- Dermatology, Venerology and Allergy, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas Trafoier
- Dermatology, Venerology and Allergy, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Robert Gruber
- Dermatology, Venerology and Allergy, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Institute for Pediatric Dermatology and Rare Diseases, Karl Landsteiner Society, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Peter M Elias
- Dermatology, Veteran Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, California, USA; University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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5
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Hatano Y, Elias PM. "Outside-to-inside," "inside-to-outside," and "intrinsic" endogenous pathogenic mechanisms in atopic dermatitis: keratinocytes as the key functional cells involved in both permeability barrier dysfunction and immunological alterations. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1239251. [PMID: 37638035 PMCID: PMC10451066 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1239251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Permeability barrier disruption has been shown to induce immunological alterations (i.e., an "outside-to-inside" pathogenic mechanism). Conversely, several inflammatory and immunological mechanisms reportedly interrupt permeability barrier homeostasis (i.e., an "inside-to-outside" pathogenic mechanism). It is now widely recognized that alterations of even a single molecule in keratinocytes can lead to not only permeability barrier dysfunction but also to immunological alterations. Such a simultaneous, bidirectional functional change by keratinocytes is herein named an "intrinsic" pathogenic mechanism. Molecules and/or pathways involved in this mechanism could be important not only as factors in disease pathogenesis but also as potential therapeutic targets for inflammatory cutaneous diseases, such as atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, and prurigo nodularis. Elevation of skin surface pH following permeability barrier abrogation comprises one of the key pathogenic phenomena of the "outside-to-inside" mechanism. Not only type 2 cytokines (e.g., IL-4, IL-13, IL-31) but also type 1 (e.g. IFN-γ), and type 3 (e.g., IL-17, IL-22) as well as several other inflammatory factors (e.g. histamine) can disrupt permeability barrier homeostasis and are all considered part of the "inside-to-outside" mechanism. Finally, examples of molecules relevant to the "intrinsic" pathogenic mechanism include keratin 1, filaggrin, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Hatano
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
| | - Peter M. Elias
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco and Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, United States
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6
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Elias PM. Optimizing emollient therapy for skin barrier repair in atopic dermatitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2022; 128:505-511. [PMID: 35065300 PMCID: PMC9979622 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2022.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We compared the principal characteristics of over-the-counter moisturizers with physiological lipid-based barrier repair therapy (BRT). DATA SOURCES An extended literature reported that moisturizers are considered standard ancillary therapy for anti-inflammatory skin disorders such as atopic dermatitis (AD). Additional studies have found that physiological lipid-based BRT can comprise effective, stand-alone therapy for pediatric AD. RESULTS Not all moisturizers are beneficial-some negatively impact skin function, and in doing so, they risk inducing or exacerbating inflammation in patients with AD. The frequent self-reported occurrences of sensitive skin in patients with AD could reflect the potential toxicity of such formulations. A still unanswered question is whether improper formulations could also prove to be counterproductive in other types of sensitive skin, such as rosacea. In contrast, we found how physiological lipid-based BRT (when comprised of the 3 key stratum corneum lipids in sufficient quantities and at an appropriate molar ratio) can correct the barrier abnormality, thereby reducing inflammation in AD and possibly in other inflammatory dermatoses, such as adult eczemas and possibly even psoriasis. CONCLUSION We provide guidelines for the appropriate dispensation of moisturizers and physiological lipid-based, BRT for the treatment of AD. Both over-the-counter (Atopalm) and prescription (EpiCeram) products are available in the United States with these characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Elias
- Department of Dermatology, University of California (UC) San Francisco and Veteran Affairs (VA) Medical Center, San Francisco, California.
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7
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Champmartin C, Chedik L, Marquet F, Cosnier F. Occupational exposure assessment with solid substances: choosing a vehicle for in vitro percutaneous absorption experiments. Crit Rev Toxicol 2022; 52:294-316. [PMID: 36125048 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2022.2097052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Percutaneous occupational exposure to industrial toxicants can be assessed in vitro on excised human or animal skins. Numerous factors can significantly influence skin permeation of chemicals and the flux determination. Among them, the vehicle used to solubilize the solid substances is a tricky key step. A "realistic surrogate" that closely matches the exposure scenario is recommended in first intention. When direct transposition of occupational exposure conditions to in vitro experiments is impossible, it is recommended that the vehicle used does not affect the skin barrier (in particular in terms of structural integrity, composition, or enzymatic activity). Indeed, any such effect could alter the percutaneous absorption of substances in a number of ways, as we will see. Potential effects are described for five monophasic vehicles, including the three most frequently used: water, ethanol, acetone; and two that are more rarely used, but are realistic: artificial sebum and artificial sweat. Finally, we discuss a number of criteria to be verified and the associated tests that should be performed when choosing the most appropriate vehicle, keeping in mind that, in the context of occupational exposure, the scientific quality of the percutaneous absorption data provided, and how they are interpreted, may have long-range consequences. From the narrative review presented, we also identify and discuss important factors to consider in future updates of the OECD guidelines for in vitro skin absorption experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Champmartin
- French National Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases (INRS), Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Lisa Chedik
- French National Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases (INRS), Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Fabrice Marquet
- French National Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases (INRS), Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Frédéric Cosnier
- French National Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases (INRS), Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy Cedex, France
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8
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Zhang Q, Michihara S, Sejima T, Han LK, Takahashi R. [Mechanism of Inhibitory Effects of Cherry Bark-containing Jumihaidokuto on Benzoyl Peroxide Induced Erythema in Hairless Mice]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2020; 140:1471-1476. [PMID: 33268688 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.20-00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Benzoyl peroxide (BPO) has been widely used to treat acne vulgaris. Skin flaking, erythema and skin irritation have been observed as side effects of BPO in the treatment of this disorder. In a clinical study, cherry bark-containing jumihaidokuto significantly reduced the erythema induced by BPO application. However, its mechanism of action has not been clarified. In the present study, an application of 10% BPO caused erythema and an increase in interleukin (IL)-1α in the skin of hairless mice, and these changes were significantly suppressed by cherry bark-containing jumihaidokuto at 600 mg/kg. In addition, using a three-dimensional cultured human epidermis model (LabCyte EPI-MODEL), cherry bark-containing jumihaidokuto extract at 250 or 500 μg/mL significantly suppressed IL-1α mRNA expression induced by the application of 0.2 mM BPO. Therefore, cherry bark-containing jumihaidokuto may have suppressed BPO-induced erythema by inhibiting the increase in the IL-1α level in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Zhang
- Kampo Research Laboratories, Kracie Pharma, Ltd
| | | | | | - Li-Kun Han
- Kampo Research Laboratories, Kracie Pharma, Ltd
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9
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Guo Y, Redmond CJ, Leacock KA, Brovkina MV, Ji S, Jaskula-Ranga V, Coulombe PA. Keratin 14-dependent disulfides regulate epidermal homeostasis and barrier function via 14-3-3σ and YAP1. eLife 2020; 9:53165. [PMID: 32369015 PMCID: PMC7250575 DOI: 10.7554/elife.53165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The intermediate filament protein keratin 14 (K14) provides vital structural support in basal keratinocytes of epidermis. Recent studies evidenced a role for K14-dependent disulfide bonding in the organization and dynamics of keratin IFs in skin keratinocytes. Here we report that knock-in mice harboring a cysteine-to-alanine substitution at Krt14's codon 373 (C373A) exhibit alterations in disulfide-bonded K14 species and a barrier defect secondary to enhanced proliferation, faster transit time and altered differentiation in epidermis. A proteomics screen identified 14-3-3 as K14 interacting proteins. Follow-up studies showed that YAP1, a transcriptional effector of Hippo signaling regulated by 14-3-3sigma in skin keratinocytes, shows aberrant subcellular partitioning and function in differentiating Krt14 C373A keratinocytes. Residue C373 in K14, which is conserved in a subset of keratins, is revealed as a novel regulator of keratin organization and YAP function in early differentiating keratinocytes, with an impact on cell mechanics, homeostasis and barrier function in epidermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajuan Guo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, United States.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Catherine J Redmond
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Krystynne A Leacock
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, United States
| | - Margarita V Brovkina
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Suyun Ji
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Vinod Jaskula-Ranga
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Pierre A Coulombe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, United States.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States.,Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States.,Rogel Cancer Center, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
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10
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Denda M, Umino Y, Kumazawa N, Nakata S. Can simple physicochemical studies predict the effects of molecules on epidermal water‐impermeable barrier function? Exp Dermatol 2020; 29:393-399. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.14075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuki Umino
- Shiseido Global Innovation Center Yokohama Japan
| | - Noriyuki Kumazawa
- Department of Biomolecular Functional Engineering College of Engineering Ibaraki University Ibaraki Japan
| | - Satoshi Nakata
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life Hiroshima University Higashi‐Hiroshima Japan
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11
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Schmuth M, Feingold KR, Elias PM. Stress test of the skin: The cutaneous permeability barrier treadmill. Exp Dermatol 2019; 29:112-113. [PMID: 31682042 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Studying skin barrier function is central to our understanding of many skin disorders. The past decade has seen a surge of skin barrier related investigative work. Genetic, biochemical and cell biology experiments have added much evidence to the importance of the barrier in disease pathogenesis of a variety of disorders including ichthyosis, atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. However, functional assays prove ever more important to demonstrate relevance of any of these findings. A paper published by Monash and Blank 60 years ago describes a stress test of the skin barrier, measuring skin barrier recovery, a functional test of tremendous implications. This seminal paper has not been cited for almost 15 years, time to acknowledge its critical importance and to review the relevance of this method today.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kenneth R Feingold
- Metabolism Section, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Peter M Elias
- Dermatology, Veterans Affair Medical Center, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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12
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Atopic Dermatitis and Type 2 Immune Deviation. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN ALLERGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40521-019-00219-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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13
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Elias PM, Wakefield JS, Man MQ. Moisturizers versus Current and Next-Generation Barrier Repair Therapy for the Management of Atopic Dermatitis. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2018; 32:1-7. [PMID: 30336483 DOI: 10.1159/000493641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We compare here the principal characteristics of over-the-counter moisturizers with physiologic lipid-based barrier repair therapy. Moisturizers are standard ancillary therapy for anti-inflammatory skin disorders, like atopic dermatitis (AD), and can attenuate the emergence of AD, the initial step in the "atopic march." But not all moisturizers are beneficial; some can make skin function worse, and can even induce inflammation, possibly accounting for the frequent occurrence of "sensitive skin" in women. In contrast, physiologic lipid-based barrier repair therapy, if comprised of the 3 key stratum corneum lipids, in sufficient quantities and at an appropriate molar ratio, can correct the barrier abnormality and reduce inflammation in AD, and perhaps in other inflammatory dermatoses.
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14
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Elias PM. Primary role of barrier dysfunction in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. Exp Dermatol 2018; 27:847-851. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.13693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter M. Elias
- Department of Dermatology; University of California San Francisco; San Francisco CA USA
- Dermatology Service (190); VA Medical Center; San Francisco CA USA
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15
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Elias PM, Sugarman J. Does moisturizing the skin equate with barrier repair therapy? Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2018; 121:653-656.e2. [PMID: 30009880 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Elias
- Department of Dermatology, UC San Francisco and VA Medical Center, San Francisco, California.
| | - Jeffrey Sugarman
- Associate Clinical Professor, Dermatology and Family Medicine, UC San Francisco, California
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16
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Vidor SB, Terraciano PB, Valente FS, Rolim VM, Kuhl CP, Ayres LS, Garcez TNA, Lemos NE, Kipper CE, Pizzato SB, Driemeier D, Cirne-Lima EO, Contesini EA. Adipose-derived stem cells improve full-thickness skin grafts in a rat model. Res Vet Sci 2018; 118:336-344. [PMID: 29621642 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the effects of heterologous adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) on autologous full-thickness skin grafts, we designed a first-intention healing model using Wistar rats. We harvested and sutured two full-thickness skin grafts in the dorsal recipient beds of 15 rats, randomized into three groups. In the treatment group, 1 × 106 ADSCs resuspended in saline solution (200 μL) were administered subcutaneously to the skin graft. The control group received only saline solution subcutaneously, whereas the negative control group did not receive any treatment. Compressive dressings were maintained until postoperative day 5. The grafts were assessed by two observers, who checked for the presence of epidermolysis on day 14. Planimetry showed the relative areas of normal skin, redness, ulceration, and contraction. Graft samples were obtained on day 14 and stained with hematoxylin and eosin and Masson's trichrome. Epidermal analysis evaluated thickening, keratosis, acanthosis, hydropic degeneration, and inflammatory infiltrate. Dermal evaluation investigated the absence of hair follicles, granulation tissue formation, presence of inflammatory infiltrate, and collagen deposition. Immunohistochemistry was performed for dermal anti-VEGF and epidermal anti-Ki-67 staining. The ADSC group presented better macroscopic aspects, lower incidence of epidermolysis, and less loss of hair follicles. In addition, the ADSC group presented the lowest frequency of histopathological changes in the dermis and epidermis, as well as the largest subcutaneous and granulation tissue VEGF averages and the weakest Ki-67 staining of the epidermal basal layer. Subcutaneous administration of ADSCs may improve the integration of skin grafts, reducing the deleterious effects of ischemia and reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Bellini Vidor
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Laboratory of Embryology and Cell Differentiation, Experimental Research Center, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Paula Barros Terraciano
- Laboratory of Embryology and Cell Differentiation, Experimental Research Center, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Soldatelli Valente
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Verônica Machado Rolim
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Cristiana Palma Kuhl
- Laboratory of Embryology and Cell Differentiation, Experimental Research Center, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Laura Silveira Ayres
- Laboratory of Embryology and Cell Differentiation, Experimental Research Center, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Tuane Nerissa Alves Garcez
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Natália Emerim Lemos
- Graduate Program in Medical Sciences: Endocrinology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Sabrina Beal Pizzato
- Laboratory of Embryology and Cell Differentiation, Experimental Research Center, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - David Driemeier
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth Obino Cirne-Lima
- Laboratory of Embryology and Cell Differentiation, Experimental Research Center, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Emerson Antonio Contesini
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Horie Y, Makihara H, Horikawa K, Takeshige F, Ibuki A, Satake T, Yasumura K, Maegawa J, Mitsui H, Ohashi K, Akase T. Reduced skin lipid content in obese Japanese women mediated by decreased expression of rate-limiting lipogenic enzymes. PLoS One 2018. [PMID: 29518109 PMCID: PMC5843255 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin barrier function is often deficient in obese individuals, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. This study investigated how skin structure and lipid metabolism, factors strongly associated with barrier function, differed among 50 Japanese women of greatly varying body mass index (BMI). Subjects receiving breast reconstruction surgery were chosen for analysis to obtain skin samples from the same site. The subjects were classified into two groups, control (BMI < 25 kg/m2) and obese (25 kg/m2 ≤ BMI < 35 kg/m2), according to standards in Japan. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was used to assess skin thickness, Ki-67 immunostaining to examine keratinocyte proliferation, and real-time polymerase chain reaction to measure skin expression levels of genes associated with lipid metabolism. Total lipids, cholesterol, and fatty acids were also measured from these same skin samples. In the obese group, structural changes included epidermal thickening and an increase in the number of Ki-67-positive (proliferating) cells. Both skin cholesterol and fatty acid levels exhibited an “inverted-U” relationship with BMI, suggesting that there is an optimal BMI for peak lipid content and barrier function. Decreased lipid levels at higher BMI were accompanied by downregulated expression of PPARδ and other genes related to lipid metabolism, including those encoding acetyl-CoA carboxylase and HMG-CoA reductase, the rate-limiting enzymes for fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis, respectively. Thus, elevated BMI may lead to deficient skin barrier function by suppressing local lipid synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiko Horie
- Department of Biological Science and Nursing, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroko Makihara
- Department of Biological Science and Nursing, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Horikawa
- Department of Biological Science and Nursing, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Fumika Takeshige
- Department of Biological Science and Nursing, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ai Ibuki
- Department of Biological Science and Nursing, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Satake
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kazunori Yasumura
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Kanagawa Children’s Medical Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Jiro Maegawa
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hideaki Mitsui
- Department of Pathology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kenichi Ohashi
- Department of Pathology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tomoko Akase
- Department of Biological Science and Nursing, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
- * E-mail:
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18
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New insight into the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis from analysis of the mutual association between permeability barrier dysfunction and allergic inflammation. DERMATOL SIN 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dsi.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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19
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Analysis of gene expression dynamics revealed delayed and abnormal epidermal repair process in aged compared to young skin. Arch Dermatol Res 2015; 307:351-64. [PMID: 25740152 PMCID: PMC4409645 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-015-1551-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
With aging, epidermal homeostasis and barrier function are disrupted. In a previous study, we analyzed the transcriptomic response of young skin epidermis after stratum corneum removal, and obtained a global kinetic view of the molecular processes involved in barrier function recovery. In the present study, the same analysis was performed in aged skin in order to better understand the defects which occur with aging. Thirty healthy male volunteers (67 ± 4 years old) were involved. Tape-strippings were carried out on the inner face of one forearm, the other unstripped forearm serving as control. At 2, 6, 18, 30 and 72 h after stripping, TEWL measurements were taken, and epidermis samples were collected. Total RNA was extracted and analyzed using DermArray® cDNA microarrays. The results highlighted that barrier function recovery and overall kinetics of gene expression were delayed following stripping in aged skin. Indeed, the TEWL measurements showed that barrier recovery in the young group appeared to be dramatically significant during the overall kinetics, while there were no significant evolution in the aged group until 30 h. Moreover, gene expression analysis revealed that the number of modulated genes following tape stripping increased as a function of time and reached a peak at 6 h after tape stripping in young skin, while it was at 30 h in aged skin, showing that cellular activity linked to the repair process may be engaged earlier in young epidermis than in aged epidermis. A total of 370 genes were modulated in the young group. In the aged group, 382 genes were modulated,
whose 184 were also modulated in the young group. Only eight genes that were modulated in both groups were significantly differently modulated. The characterization of these genes into 15 functional families helped to draw a scenario for the aging process affecting epidermal repair capacity.
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20
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Kadono N, Hagiwara N, Tagawa T, Maekubo K, Hirai Y. Extracellularly Extruded Syntaxin-4 Is a Potent Cornification Regulator of Epidermal Keratinocytes. Mol Med 2015; 21:77-86. [PMID: 25611434 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2014.00234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In the skin epidermis, keratinocytes undergo anchorage-dependent cornification, which gives rise to stratified multilayers, each with a distinct differentiation feature. The active formation of the cornified cell envelope (CCE), an important element in the skin barrier, occurs in keratinocytes of the upper epidermal layers and impacts their terminal differentiation. In the present study, we identified the extracellularly extruded syntaxin-4 as a potent differentiation regulator of epidermal keratinocytes. We found that differentiation stimuli led to the acceleration of syntaxin-4 exposure at the keratinocyte cell surface and that the artificial control of extracellular syntaxin-4, either by the forced expression of several syntaxin-4 mutants with structural alterations at the putative functional core site (AIEPQK), or by using antagonistic circular peptides containing this core sequence, dramatically influenced the CCE formation, with spatial misexpression of TGase1 and involucrin. We also found that the topical application of a peptide that exerted the most prominent antagonistic activity for syntaxin-4, named ST4n1, evidently prevented the formation of the hyperplastic and hyperkeratotic epidermis generated by physical irritation in HR-1 mice skin. Collectively, these results demonstrate that extracellularly extruded syntaxin-4 is a potent regulator of CCE differentiation, and that ST4n1 has potential as a clinically applicable reagent for keratotic skin lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanako Kadono
- Department of Bioscience, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Japan.,Research Center for Intelligent Bio-Materials, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Japan
| | - Natsumi Hagiwara
- Department of Bioscience, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Japan.,Research Center for Intelligent Bio-Materials, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Japan
| | - Takashi Tagawa
- Department of Bioscience, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Japan
| | - Kenji Maekubo
- Department of Bioscience, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Japan
| | - Yohei Hirai
- Department of Bioscience, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Japan.,Research Center for Intelligent Bio-Materials, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Japan
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21
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Gajjar RM, Kasting GB. Absorption of ethanol, acetone, benzene and 1,2-dichloroethane through human skin in vitro: a test of diffusion model predictions. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 281:109-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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22
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Denda M, Denda S, Tsutsumi M, Goto M, Kumamoto J, Nakatani M, Takei K, Kitahata H, Nakata S, Sawabu Y, Kobayashi Y, Nagayama M. Frontiers in epidermal barrier homeostasis--an approach to mathematical modelling of epidermal calcium dynamics. Exp Dermatol 2014; 23:79-82. [PMID: 24330223 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Intact epidermal barrier function is crucial for survival and is associated with the presence of gradients of both calcium ion concentration and electric potential. Although many molecules, including ion channels and pumps, are known to contribute to maintenance of these gradients, the mechanisms involved in epidermal calcium ion dynamics have not been clarified. We have established that a variety of neurotransmitters and their receptors, originally found in the brain, are expressed in keratinocytes and are also associated with barrier homeostasis. Moreover, keratinocytes and neurons show some similarities of electrochemical behaviour. As mathematical modelling and computer simulation have been employed to understand electrochemical phenomena in brain science, we considered that a similar approach might be applicable to describe the dynamics of epidermal electrochemical phenomena associated with barrier homeostasis. Such methodology would also be potentially useful to address a number of difficult problems in clinical dermatology, such as ageing and itching. Although this work is at a very early stage, in this essay, we discuss the background to our approach and we present some preliminary results of simulation of barrier recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Denda
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, Tokyo, Japan; Shiseido Research Center, Yokohama, Japan
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23
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Abnormal epidermal barrier recovery in uninvolved skin supports the notion of an epidermal pathogenesis of psoriasis. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 134:2843-2846. [PMID: 24780930 PMCID: PMC4199879 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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24
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Feingold KR, Elias PM. Role of lipids in the formation and maintenance of the cutaneous permeability barrier. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1841:280-94. [PMID: 24262790 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The major function of the skin is to form a barrier between the internal milieu and the hostile external environment. A permeability barrier that prevents the loss of water and electrolytes is essential for life on land. The permeability barrier is mediated primarily by lipid enriched lamellar membranes that are localized to the extracellular spaces of the stratum corneum. These lipid enriched membranes have a unique structure and contain approximately 50% ceramides, 25% cholesterol, and 15% free fatty acids with very little phospholipid. Lamellar bodies, which are formed during the differentiation of keratinocytes, play a key role in delivering the lipids from the stratum granulosum cells into the extracellular spaces of the stratum corneum. Lamellar bodies contain predominantly glucosylceramides, phospholipids, and cholesterol and following the exocytosis of lamellar lipids into the extracellular space of the stratum corneum these precursor lipids are converted by beta glucocerebrosidase and phospholipases into the ceramides and fatty acids, which comprise the lamellar membranes. The lipids required for lamellar body formation are derived from de novo synthesis by keratinocytes and from extra-cutaneous sources. The lipid synthetic pathways and the regulation of these pathways are described in this review. In addition, the pathways for the uptake of extra-cutaneous lipids into keratinocytes are discussed. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled The Important Role of Lipids in the Epidermis and their Role in the Formation and Maintenance of the Cutaneous Barrier. Guest Editors: Kenneth R. Feingold and Peter Elias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth R Feingold
- Metabolism Section, Medicine Service and Dermatology Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA.
| | - Peter M Elias
- Metabolism Section, Medicine Service and Dermatology Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
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25
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Fullard N, Moles A, O'Reilly S, van Laar JM, Faini D, Diboll J, Reynolds NJ, Mann DA, Reichelt J, Oakley F. The c-Rel subunit of NF-κB regulates epidermal homeostasis and promotes skin fibrosis in mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 182:2109-20. [PMID: 23562440 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Revised: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The five subunits of transcription factor NF-κB have distinct biological functions. NF-κB signaling is important for skin homeostasis and aging, but the contribution of individual subunits to normal skin biology and disease is unclear. Immunohistochemical analysis of the p50 and c-Rel subunits within lesional psoriatic and systemic sclerosis skin revealed abnormal epidermal expression patterns, compared with healthy skin, but RelA distribution was unaltered. The skin of Nfkb1(-/-) and c-Rel(-/-) mice is structurally normal, but epidermal thickness and proliferation are significantly reduced, compared with wild-type mice. We show that the primary defect in both Nfkb1(-/-) and c-Rel(-/-) mice is within keratinocytes that display reduced proliferation both in vitro and in vivo. However, both genotypes can respond to proliferative stress, with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced epidermal hyperproliferation and closure rates of full-thickness skin wounds being equivalent to those of wild-type controls. In a model of bleomycin-induced skin fibrosis, Nfkb1(-/-) and c-Rel(-/-) mice displayed opposite phenotypes, with c-Rel(-/-) mice being protected and Nfkb1(-/-) developing more fibrosis than wild-type mice. Taken together, our data reveal a role for p50 and c-Rel in regulating epidermal proliferation and homeostasis and a profibrogenic role for c-Rel in the skin, and identify a link between epidermal c-Rel expression and systemic sclerosis. Modulating the actions of these subunits could be beneficial for treating hyperproliferative or fibrogenic diseases of the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Fullard
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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26
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Graham JE, Song S, Engeland CG. Acute pain speeds skin barrier recovery in healthy men and women. J Psychosom Res 2012; 73:452-8. [PMID: 23148814 PMCID: PMC3499732 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2012.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Revised: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Psychological stress is known to impair skin barrier recovery, but little is known about the impact of pain on skin healing processes. Our primary goals were to examine the degree to which acute pain affects recovery from skin barrier disruption, and the potential mediating impact of cortisol and catecholamines. METHODS Healthy non-smokers aged 18-43 (N = 53, 65% women) underwent a 3-minute cold pressor pain stimulus to their foot. Tape-stripping of forearm skin occurred at two separate locations: before (site 1) and after (site 2) the pain stimulus. Transepidural water loss (TEWL) was assessed at baseline (pre-stripping), immediately post-stripping, and at 75 min to determine skin barrier recovery. Cortisol and catecholamine responses were obtained from multiple saliva and plasma samples, respectively. RESULTS Contrary to expectations, greater pain was associated with faster skin barrier recovery, even after controlling for demographics, mood, anxiety, and other factors. Those who reported higher pain showed faster recovery at site 2 compared to a) individuals who experienced lower pain; and b) their own recovery at site 1. Greater increase in norepinephrine (but not in cortisol) was also associated with faster recovery at site 2, and mediated the impact of pain on recovery. DISCUSSION Results bolster evidence that acute pain can affect immune-related processes. It is possible that acute pain may speed recovery from dermal abrasions, although pain is likely to impair recovery from more severe wounds. As pain is an important potential target for clinical intervention, further investigation of pain, stress, and healing processes is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sunmi Song
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University
| | - Christopher G. Engeland
- Department of Periodontics, University of Illinois at Chicago
,Center for Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration, University of Illinois at Chicago
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27
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Hoste E, Denecker G, Gilbert B, Van Nieuwerburgh F, van der Fits L, Asselbergh B, De Rycke R, Hachem JP, Deforce D, Prens EP, Vandenabeele P, Declercq W. Caspase-14-deficient mice are more prone to the development of parakeratosis. J Invest Dermatol 2012; 133:742-750. [PMID: 23014340 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2012.350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Caspase-14 is an important protease in the proper formation of a fully functional skin barrier. Newborn mice that are deficient in caspase-14 exhibit increased transepidermal water loss and are highly sensitive to UVB-induced photodamage. Decreased caspase-14 expression and incomplete caspase-14 processing in lesional psoriatic parakeratotic stratum corneum has been reported previously. In this study, we show that caspase-14-deficient skin frequently displays incompletely cornified cells in the transitional zone between the granular and the cornified layers, pointing to a delay in cornification. We also demonstrate that after challenge of epidermal permeability barrier function by repetitive acetone treatment, a higher incidence of large parakeratotic plaques was observed in caspase-14-deficient skin. Furthermore, caspase-14-deficient mice are more prone than control mice to the development of parakeratosis upon induction of psoriasis-like dermatitis by imiquimod treatment. These results show that lack of caspase-14 expression predisposes to the development of parakeratosis and that caspase-14 has an important role in keratinocyte terminal differentiation and the maintenance of normal stratum corneum, especially in conditions causing epidermal hyperproliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Hoste
- Molecular Signaling and Cell Death Unit, Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Geertrui Denecker
- Molecular Signaling and Cell Death Unit, Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Barbara Gilbert
- Molecular Signaling and Cell Death Unit, Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Leslie van der Fits
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bob Asselbergh
- Molecular Signaling and Cell Death Unit, Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Riet De Rycke
- Molecular Signaling and Cell Death Unit, Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jean-Pierre Hachem
- Department of Dermatology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dieter Deforce
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Errol P Prens
- Department of Dermatology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Vandenabeele
- Molecular Signaling and Cell Death Unit, Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wim Declercq
- Molecular Signaling and Cell Death Unit, Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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28
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Russell LM, Guy RH. Novel imaging method to quantify stratum corneum in dermatopharmacokinetic studies: proof-of-concept with acyclovir formulations. Pharm Res 2012; 29:3362-72. [PMID: 22810836 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-012-0831-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Tape-stripping the stratum corneum (SC) is used in the assessment of dermatopharmacokinetics (DPK). The amount of SC per tape can be determined gravimetrically, but a novel imaging method offers advantages in terms of sensitivity, reproducibility, precision, stability and speed. High-resolution images, acquired under controlled conditions, are analysed in terms of pixel greyscale values and distributions, and their usefulness in DPK studies is demonstrated in this study using acyclovir. METHODS At all tape-stripped sites, the SC amount per tape was measured gravimetrically and by imaging. In a first series of experiments, untreated sites were stripped to determine total SC thickness. Subsequently, post-application of two acyclovir creams, drug-permeation profiles were constructed. RESULTS The greyscale values from the imaging data can be used directly to estimate total SC thickness and DPK parameters. The results compared favourably with the traditional weighing method. The concentration of drug on each tape, as a function of the relative position within the SC, permitted diffusivity and partitioning parameters characterising the penetration of acyclovir to be derived. CONCLUSION The new imaging approach offers a sensitive, reproducible, precise, and rapid technique to quantify the relative SC amount removed on tape-strips, and facilitates the acquisition of DPK data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Russell
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
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29
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Yeom M, Kim SH, Lee B, Han JJ, Chung GH, Choi HD, Lee H, Hahm DH. Oral administration of glucosylceramide ameliorates inflammatory dry-skin condition in chronic oxazolone-induced irritant contact dermatitis in the mouse ear. J Dermatol Sci 2012; 67:101-10. [PMID: 22726258 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2012.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Revised: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) is an inflammatory skin disease triggered by exposure to a chemical that is toxic or irritating to the skin. A major characteristic of chronic ICD is an inflammatory dry-skin condition with associated itching. Although glucosylceramide (GlcCer) is known to improve the skin barrier function, its mechanism of action is unknown. OBJECTIVES Using a mouse model of oxazolone-induced chronic ICD, this study investigated the effects of oral administration of GlcCer on inflammatory dry skin. METHODS Chronic ICD was induced by repeated application of oxazolone in mice. GlcCer was orally administered once daily throughout the elicitation phase. The beneficial efficacy of GlcCer on cutaneous inflammation was evaluated by assessing ear thickness, lymph node weight, histological findings, and mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β and IL-6. Additionally, parameters of the itch-associated response, including scratching behavior, water content of the skin, and aquaporin-3 levels in the lesional ear, were measured. RESULTS Oral GlcCer administration significantly suppressed mRNA expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-6. GlcCer also suppressed ear swelling, lymph node weight gains, and infiltration of leukocytes and mast cells in ICD mice. In oxazolone-induced ICD mice, GlcCer significantly inhibited irritant-related scratching behavior and dehydration of the stratum corneum, and decreased aquaporin-3 expression. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that GlcCer suppressed inflammation not only by inhibiting cytokine production but also by repairing the skin barrier function, suggesting a potential beneficial role for GlcCer in the improvement of chronic ICD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mijung Yeom
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemoon-gu, Seoul 130-702, Republic of Korea
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Kim B, Kim JE, Kim H, Lee JD, Choi KY, Lee SH. Co-treatment with retinyl retinoate and a PPARα agonist reduces retinoid dermatitis. Int J Dermatol 2012; 51:733-41. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2011.05332.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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DaSilva SC, Sahu RP, Konger RL, Perkins SM, Kaplan MH, Travers JB. Increased skin barrier disruption by sodium lauryl sulfate in mice expressing a constitutively active STAT6 in T cells. Arch Dermatol Res 2011; 304:65-71. [PMID: 21959772 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-011-1168-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Revised: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a pruritic, chronic inflammatory skin disease that affects 10-20% of children and 1-3% of adults worldwide. Recent studies have indicated that the ability of Th2 cytokines, such as interleukin-4 (IL-4) to regulate skin barrier function may be a predisposing factor for AD development. The present studies examined the ability of increased Th2 activity to affect cutaneous barrier function in vivo and epidermal thickening. Mice that express a constitutively active Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 6 (STAT6VT) have increased Th2 cells and a predisposition to allergic inflammation were used in these studies, they demonstrate that topical treatment with the irritant sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) caused increased transepidermal water loss and epidermal thickening in STAT6VT mice over similarly treated wild-type mice. The proliferation marker Ki-67 was increased in the epidermis of STAT6VT compared to the wild-type mice. However, these differences do not appear to be linked to the addition of an irritant as control-treated STAT6VT skin also exhibited elevated Ki-67 levels, suggesting that the increased epidermal thickness in SLS-treated STAT6VT mice is primarily driven by epidermal cell hypertrophy rather than an increase in cellular proliferation. Our results suggest that an environment with increased Th2 cytokines results in abnormal responses to topical irritants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia C DaSilva
- Department of Dermatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, 46202, USA
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Visscher M, Robinson M, Wickett R. Stratum corneum free amino acids following barrier perturbation and repair. Int J Cosmet Sci 2011; 33:80-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2494.2010.00592.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Pietrzak A, Michalak-Stoma A, Chodorowska G, Szepietowski JC. Lipid disturbances in psoriasis: an update. Mediators Inflamm 2010; 2010:535612. [PMID: 20706605 PMCID: PMC2914266 DOI: 10.1155/2010/535612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2010] [Accepted: 06/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a common disease with the population prevalence ranging from 2% to 3%. Its prevalence in the population is affected by genetic, environmental, viral, infectious, immunological, biochemical, endocrinological, and psychological factors, as well as alcohol and drug abuse. In the recent years, psoriasis has been recognised as a systemic disease associated with numerous multiorgan abnormalities and complications. Dyslipidemia is one of comorbidities in psoriatic patients. Lipid metabolism studies in psoriasis have been started at the beginning of the 20th century and are concentrated on skin surface lipids, stratum corneum lipids and epidermal phospholipids, serum lipids, dermal low-density lipoproteins in the psoriatic skin, lipid metabolism, oxidative stress and correlations between inflammatory parameters, lipid parameters and clinical symptoms of the disease. On the basis of the literature data, psoriasis can be described as an immunometabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldona Pietrzak
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Paediatric Dermatology, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Radziwillowska 13, 20-080 Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Michalak-Stoma
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Paediatric Dermatology, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Radziwillowska 13, 20-080 Lublin, Poland
| | - Grażyna Chodorowska
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Paediatric Dermatology, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Radziwillowska 13, 20-080 Lublin, Poland
| | - Jacek C. Szepietowski
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Wrocław Medical University and Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. R. Weigla 12, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland
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Sextius P, Marionnet C, Bon FX, de La Chapelle AL, Tacheau C, Lahfa M, Mauviel A, Bernard BA, Leclaire J, Bernerd F, Dubertret L. Large scale study of epidermal recovery after stratum corneum removal: dynamics of genomic response. Exp Dermatol 2009; 19:259-68. [PMID: 19765057 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2009.00976.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The stratum corneum (SC) is a superficial skin compartment that protects the body from the outside environment. Any disturbance of this function induces cascading steps of molecular and cellular repair in the whole epidermis. The aim of this study was to investigate epidermal gene expression following SC removal by tape stripping. Twenty-nine healthy male volunteers were included (27 +/- 4 years old). Tape stripping was processed on one inner forearm, the other unstripped forearm served as a control. Epidermis samples were collected at 2, 6, 19, 30 and 72 h after tape stripping. Trans-epidermal water loss measurements were performed at each step to monitor barrier restoration. Total RNA was extracted from collected epidermis samples and analysed by using DermArray cDNA microarrays. Among 4000 genes under investigation, we found that the expression of 370 genes varied significantly at least once during the time following stripping. Using an original clustering method, the modulated genes were gathered into eight groups. A functional characterization of the clusters enabled us to get a dynamic and global view of the main molecular processes taking place during epidermal recovery.
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Fang YP, Huang YB, Wu PC, Tsai YH. Topical delivery of 5-aminolevulinic acid-encapsulated ethosomes in a hyperproliferative skin animal model using the CLSM technique to evaluate the penetration behavior. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2009; 73:391-8. [PMID: 19660544 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2009.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2008] [Revised: 07/29/2009] [Accepted: 07/29/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Psoriasis, an inflammatory skin disease, exhibits recurring itching, soreness, and cracked and bleeding skin. Currently, the topical delivery of 5-aminolevulinic acid-photodynamic therapy (ALA-PDT) is an optional treatment for psoriasis which provides long-term therapeutic effects, is non-toxic and enjoys better compliance with patients. However, the precursor of ALA is hydrophilic, and thus its ability to penetrate the skin is limited. Also, little research has provided a platform to investigate the penetration behavior in disordered skin. We employed a highly potent ethosomal carrier (phosphatidylethanolamine; PE) to investigate the penetration behavior of ALA and the recovery of skin in a hyperproliferative murine model. We found that the application of ethosomes produced a significant increase in cumulative amounts of 5-26-fold in normal and hyperproliferative murine skin samples when compared to an ALA aqueous solution; and the ALA aqueous solution appeared less precise in terms of the penetration mode in hyperproliferative murine skin. After the ethosomes had been applied, the protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) intensity increased about 3.64-fold compared with that of the ALA aqueous solution, and the penetration depth reached 30-80 microm. The results demonstrated that the ethosomal carrier significantly improved the delivery of ALA and the formation of PpIX in both normal and hyperproliferative murine skin samples, and the expression level of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha was reduced after the ALA-ethosomes were applied to treat hyperproliferative murine skin. Furthermore, the results of present study encourage more investigations on the mechanism of the interaction with ethosomes and hyperproliferative murine skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ping Fang
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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36
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Denda M. Methodology to improve epidermal barrier homeostasis: How to accelerate the barrier recovery? Int J Cosmet Sci 2009; 31:79-86. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2494.2008.00487.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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37
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Roelandt T, Giddelo C, Heughebaert C, Denecker G, Hupe M, Crumrine D, Kusuma A, Haftek M, Roseeuw D, Declercq W, Feingold KR, Elias PM, Hachem JP. The “Caveolae Brake Hypothesis” and the Epidermal Barrier. J Invest Dermatol 2009; 129:927-36. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2008.328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Song SP, Lv CZ, Feingold KR, Hou QN, Li ZY, Guo CY, Elias PM, Man MQ. Abnormalities in stratum corneum function in patients recovered from leprosy. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2009; 22:131-6. [PMID: 19136834 DOI: 10.1159/000189802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2008] [Accepted: 10/09/2008] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Leprosy involves both the skin and peripheral nervous system. Leprosy patients display an increased incidence of xerosis and altered sensory thresholds, which persist in previously active skin sites. We assessed here whether alterations in stratum corneum (SC) function persist in cured leprosy, and the relationship of epidermal functional abnormalities to each clinical subtype of leprosy. METHODS A total of 43 cured leprosy subjects and 29 normal control subjects were enrolled in this study. Basal skin surface pH, SC hydration, permeability barrier function as well as barrier recovery rates were measured over previously involved skin sites with a skin physiology monitor. One-way ANOVA and two-tailed Student's t test were used to determine the significance between 2 groups and 3 or more groups, respectively. RESULTS Competent barrier function was observed in all subtypes of cured leprosy subjects. All cured leprosy subjects except those with the borderline tuberculoid type exhibited a significantly lower SC hydration in comparison with normal subjects. Skin surface pH was significantly elevated in all cured leprosy subjects in comparison with normal subjects. CONCLUSIONS A varied spectrum of alterations in SC function remains in all subjects who have recovered from leprosy, but the spectrum of SC functional abnormalities varies with disease subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-P Song
- Dalian Skin Disease Hospital, Liaoning, PR China
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39
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Fang JY, Fang CL, Liu CH, Su YH. Lipid nanoparticles as vehicles for topical psoralen delivery: Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) versus nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC). Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2008; 70:633-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2008.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2008] [Revised: 05/07/2008] [Accepted: 05/09/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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40
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K6PC-5, a Direct Activator of Sphingosine Kinase 1, Promotes Epidermal Differentiation Through Intracellular Ca2+ Signaling. J Invest Dermatol 2008; 128:2166-78. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2008.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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41
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Elias PM, Arbiser J, Brown BE, Rossiter H, Man MQ, Cerimele F, Crumrine D, Gunathilake R, Choi EH, Uchida Y, Tschachler E, Feingold KR. Epidermal vascular endothelial growth factor production is required for permeability barrier homeostasis, dermal angiogenesis, and the development of epidermal hyperplasia: implications for the pathogenesis of psoriasis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2008; 173:689-99. [PMID: 18688025 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2008.080088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Primary abnormalities in permeability barrier function appear to underlie atopic dermatitis and epidermal trauma; a concomitant barrier dysfunction could also drive other inflammatory dermatoses, including psoriasis. Central to this outside-inside view of disease pathogenesis is the epidermal generation of cytokines/growth factors, which in turn signal downstream epidermal repair mechanisms. Yet, this cascade, if sustained, signals downstream epidermal hyperplasia and inflammation. We found here that acute barrier disruption rapidly stimulates mRNA and protein expression of epidermal vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) in normal hairless mice, a specific response to permeability barrier requirements because up-regulation is blocked by application of a vapor-impermeable membrane. Moreover, epidermal vegf(-/-) mice display abnormal permeability barrier homeostasis, attributable to decreased VEGF signaling of epidermal lamellar body production; a paucity of dermal capillaries with reduced vascular permeability; and neither angiogenesis nor epidermal hyperplasia in response to repeated tape stripping (a model of psoriasiform hyperplasia). These results support a central role for epidermal VEGF in the maintenance of epidermal permeability barrier homeostasis and a link between epidermal VEGF production and both dermal angiogenesis and the development of epidermal hyperplasia. Because psoriasis is commonly induced by external trauma [isomorphic (Koebner) phenomenon] and is associated with a prominent permeability barrier abnormality, excess VEGF production, prominent angiogenesis, and epidermal hyperplasia, these results could provide a potential outside-inside mechanistic basis for the development of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Elias
- Dermatology Service (190), VA Medical Center, 4150 Clement St., San Francisco, CA 94121, USA.
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Russell LM, Wiedersberg S, Delgado-Charro MB. The determination of stratum corneum thickness: an alternative approach. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2008; 69:861-70. [PMID: 18424094 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2008.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2007] [Revised: 02/05/2008] [Accepted: 02/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The individual thickness of the stratum corneum is required to normalise drug permeation profiles in dermato-pharmacokinetic studies. The thickness is often estimated using tape-stripping combined with transepidermal water loss measurements. A linear transformation of Fick's first law is used to relate the progressively thinner barrier with the corresponding increase in transepidermal water loss and to estimate the thickness by linear regression. However, the data from an important subset of subjects are poorly fitted to this linear model. This is typically due to the removal of loose outer layers of stratum corneum, which do not contribute significantly to barrier function. This work proposes two alternative non-linear models. All three models were used to fit data from 31 in vivo tape-stripping experiments and their outcomes and goodness-of-fit compared. The results suggest that the linear model may overestimate the stratum corneum thickness and is open to subjectivity regarding the selection of data points to be fitted. The non-linear models satisfactorily fitted all the data, including all data points. No significant differences were found between the thicknesses derived from the two non-linear models. However, the analysis of the goodness-of-fit of the models to the data suggests a preference for a baseline-corrected approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Russell
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
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43
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Schmuth M, Jiang YJ, Dubrac S, Elias PM, Feingold KR. Thematic review series: skin lipids. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and liver X receptors in epidermal biology. J Lipid Res 2008; 49:499-509. [PMID: 18182682 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r800001-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The epidermis is a very active site of lipid metabolism, and all peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) and liver X receptor (LXR) isoforms are expressed in the epidermis. Activation of PPARalpha, -beta/delta, or -gamma or LXRs stimulates keratinocyte differentiation. Additionally, activation of these receptors also improves permeability barrier homeostasis by a number of mechanisms, including stimulating epidermal lipid synthesis, increasing lamellar body formation and secretion, and increasing the activity of enzymes required for the extracellular processing of lipids in the stratum corneum, leading to the formation of lamellar membranes that mediate permeability barrier function. The stimulation of keratinocyte differentiation and permeability barrier formation also occurs during fetal development, resulting in accelerated epidermal development. PPAR and LXR activation regulates keratinocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and studies have shown that these receptors play a role in cutaneous carcinogenesis. Lastly, PPAR and LXR activation is anti-inflammatory, reducing inflammation in animal models of allergic and irritant contact dermatitis. Because of their broad profile of beneficial effects on skin homeostasis, PPAR and LXR have great potential to serve as drug targets for common skin diseases such as psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, and skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schmuth
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Herkenne C, Alberti I, Naik A, Kalia YN, Mathy FX, Préat V, Guy RH. In vivo methods for the assessment of topical drug bioavailability. Pharm Res 2008; 25:87-103. [PMID: 17985216 PMCID: PMC2217624 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-007-9429-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2007] [Accepted: 07/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews some current methods for the in vivo assessment of local cutaneous bioavailability in humans after topical drug application. After an introduction discussing the importance of local drug bioavailability assessment and the limitations of model-based predictions, the focus turns to the relevance of experimental studies. The available techniques are then reviewed in detail, with particular emphasis on the tape stripping and microdialysis methodologies. Other less developed techniques, including the skin biopsy, suction blister, follicle removal and confocal Raman spectroscopy techniques are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Herkenne
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, 30 quai E. Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
- Debio Recherche Pharmaceutique S.A., Route du Levant 146, CH-1920 Martigny, Switzerland
| | - Ingo Alberti
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, 30 quai E. Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
- Antares Pharma AG, Gewerbestrasse 18, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Aarti Naik
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, 30 quai E. Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Yogeshvar N. Kalia
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, 30 quai E. Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - François-Xavier Mathy
- Université catholique de Louvain, Unité de pharmacie galénique, industrielle et officinale, Avenue E. Mounier 73, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
- UCB SA, Chemin du Foriest 1, 1420 Braine-l’Alleud, Belgium
| | - Véronique Préat
- Université catholique de Louvain, Unité de pharmacie galénique, industrielle et officinale, Avenue E. Mounier 73, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Richard H. Guy
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, 30 quai E. Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY Allschwil, UK
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45
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Man MQ, Wood L, Elias PM, Feingold KR. Cutaneous barrier repair and pathophysiology following barrier disruption in IL-1 and TNF type I receptor deficient mice. Exp Dermatol 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.1999.tb00380.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Ajani G, Sato N, Mack JA, Maytin EV. Cellular responses to disruption of the permeability barrier in a three-dimensional organotypic epidermal model. Exp Cell Res 2007; 313:3005-15. [PMID: 17512930 PMCID: PMC1989132 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2007.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2007] [Revised: 03/30/2007] [Accepted: 04/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Repeated injury to the stratum corneum of mammalian skin (caused by friction, soaps, or organic solvents) elicits hyperkeratosis and epidermal thickening. Functionally, these changes serve to restore the cutaneous barrier and protect the organism. To better understand the molecular and cellular basis of this response, we have engineered an in vitro model of acetone-induced injury using organotypic epidermal cultures. Rat epidermal keratinocytes (REKs), grown on a collagen raft in the absence of any feeder fibroblasts, developed all the hallmarks of a true epidermis including a well-formed cornified layer. To induce barrier injury, REK cultures were treated with intermittent 30-s exposures to acetone then were fixed and paraffin-sectioned. After two exposures, increased proliferation (Ki67 and BrdU staining) was observed in basal and suprabasal layers. After three exposures, proliferation became confined to localized buds in the basal layer and increased terminal differentiation was observed (compact hyperkeratosis of the stratum corneum, elevated levels of K10 and filaggrin, and heightened transglutaminase activity). Thus, barrier disruption causes epidermal hyperplasia and/or enhances differentiation, depending upon the extent and duration of injury. Given that no fibroblasts are present in the model, the ability to mount a hyperplastic response to barrier injury is an inherent property of keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gati Ajani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | | | - Judith A. Mack
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195
- Department of Dermatology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Edward V. Maytin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195
- Department of Dermatology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Edward Maytin, M.D. Ph.D., ND-20, Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, Tel: (216) 445-6676, Fax: (216) 444-9198, E-mail:
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Denda M, Sokabe T, Fukumi-Tominaga T, Tominaga M. Effects of skin surface temperature on epidermal permeability barrier homeostasis. J Invest Dermatol 2006; 127:654-9. [PMID: 17068482 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Members of the transient receptor potential (TRP) family are temperature sensors, and TRPV1, V3, and V4 are expressed in epidermal keratinocytes. To evaluate the influence of these receptors on epidermal permeability barrier homeostasis, we kept both hairless mouse skin and human skin at various temperatures immediately after tape stripping. At temperatures from 36 to 40 degrees C, barrier recovery was accelerated in both cases compared with the area at 34 degrees C. At 34 or 42 degrees C, barrier recovery was delayed compared with the un-occluded area. 4Alpha-phorbol 12,13-didecanone, an activator of TRPV4, accelerated barrier recovery, whereas ruthenium red, a blocker of TRPV4, delayed barrier recovery. Capsaicin, an activator of TRPV1, delayed barrier recovery, whereas capsazepin, an antagonist of TRPV1, blocked this delay. 2-Aminoethoxydiphenyl borate and camphor, TRPV3 activators, did not affect the barrier recovery rate. As TRPV4 is activated at about 35 degrees C and above, whereas TRPV1 is activated at about 42 degrees C and above, these results suggest that both TRPV1 and TRPV4 play important roles in skin permeability barrier homeostasis. Previous reports suggest the existence of a water flux sensor in the epidermis, and as TRPV4 is known to be activated by osmotic pressure, our results indicate that it might be this sensor.
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48
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Varani J, Bhagavathula N, Ellis CN, Pershadsingh HA. Thiazolidinediones: potential as therapeutics for psoriasis and perhaps other hyperproliferative skin disease. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2006; 15:1453-68. [PMID: 17040203 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.15.11.1453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The thiazolidinediones constitute a family of synthetic compounds that act as high-affinity ligands for persoxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma), a member of the nuclear hormone receptor family. Although originally developed to facilitate glucose control in patients with Type 2 diabetes, a number of studies showed that these agents effectively inhibited epithelial cell proliferation and tissue inflammation. Many of the initial cell growth inhibition studies were conducted with malignant epithelial cells from various sites; however, in addition to malignant epithelial cells, other studies showed that rapidly proliferating epidermal keratinoctyes in culture were also sensitive to the growth-inhibiting action of these moieties. Additional studies subsequently demonstrated that some patients with plaque psoriasis responded to treatment with one or another member of the thiazolidinedione family. Due to the potential therapeutic benefit of these compounds in diseases such as psoriasis, studies have been conducted to elucidate mechanisms by which growth inhibition is achieved. Interference with a number of growth-influencing signalling pathways has been demonstrated. Of interest, some of the growth-inhibiting effects are seen under conditions in which PPAR-gamma activation may not be responsible for the activity. Based on therapeutic potential, additional ongoing studies are aimed at developing novel thiazolidinediones that may have better efficacy than the currently available agents. Other studies are aimed at identifying optimal ways to use these agents in the treatment of hyperplastic skin diseases such as psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Varani
- University of Michigan Medical School, Department of Pathology, 1301 Catherine Road/Box 0602, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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49
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Katsuta Y, Yoshida Y, Kawai E, Suetsugu M, Kohno Y, Inomata S, Kitamura K. trans-4-(Aminomethyl)cyclohexane carboxylic acid methylamide (t-AMCHA methylamide) inhibits the physical interaction between urokinase-type plasminogen activator and stratum corneum, and accelerates the recovery of barrier function. J Dermatol Sci 2005; 40:218-20. [PMID: 16289989 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2005.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2005] [Revised: 09/09/2005] [Accepted: 10/07/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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50
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Fuziwara S, Suzuki A, Inoue K, Denda M. Dopamine D2-like receptor agonists accelerate barrier repair and inhibit the epidermal hyperplasia induced by barrier disruption. J Invest Dermatol 2005; 125:783-9. [PMID: 16185279 DOI: 10.1111/j.0022-202x.2005.23873.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Two families of G protein-coupled receptors of the neurotransmitter dopamine, i.e., dopamine 1-like family (D1-like receptor) and dopamine 2-like family (D2-like receptor), show dopaminergic activity in nerve cells. The D2-like receptor family, composed of D2, D3, and D4 receptors, downregulates the intracellular cAMP signaling pathway, and dopamine receptor agonists reduce the cAMP level in neurons. We previously demonstrated that the cAMP level in epidermal keratinocytes is related to epidermal barrier homeostasis. Since keratinocytes are known to carry various neurotransmitter receptors, we hypothesized that D2-like receptors on keratinocytes might be related to skin barrier homeostasis. In this study, we examined the effect of topical application of receptor agonists and antagonists on skin barrier recovery after barrier disruption. Application of D2-like receptor agonists accelerated barrier recovery, whereas D2-like receptor antagonists delayed it. D2-like receptor agonists also reduced the epidermal hyperplasia induced by barrier disruption under low environmental humidity. Immunohistochemical study and RT-PCR analysis revealed the expression of the D2 receptor in the basal epidermis and the D4 receptor in the uppermost layer of the epidermis. These results suggest that dopaminergic receptors are involved in epidermal barrier homeostasis.
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