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Stratilov VA, Tyulkova EI, Vetrovoy OV. Prenatal Stress as a Factor of the
Development of Addictive States. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093020060010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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2
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Massaly N, Morón JA, Al-Hasani R. A Trigger for Opioid Misuse: Chronic Pain and Stress Dysregulate the Mesolimbic Pathway and Kappa Opioid System. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:480. [PMID: 27872581 PMCID: PMC5097922 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pain and stress are protective mechanisms essential in avoiding harmful or threatening stimuli and ensuring survival. Despite these beneficial roles, chronic exposure to either pain or stress can lead to maladaptive hormonal and neuronal modulations that can result in chronic pain and a wide spectrum of stress-related disorders including anxiety and depression. By inducing allostatic changes in the mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway, both chronic pain and stress disorders affect the rewarding values of both natural reinforcers, such as food or social interaction, and drugs of abuse. Despite opioids representing the best therapeutic strategy in pain conditions, they are often misused as a result of these allostatic changes induced by chronic pain and stress. The kappa opioid receptor (KOR) system is critically involved in these neuronal adaptations in part through its control of dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens. Therefore, it is likely that changes in the kappa opioid system following chronic exposure to pain and stress play a key role in increasing the misuse liability observed in pain patients treated with opioids. In this review, we will discuss how chronic pain and stress-induced pathologies can affect mesolimbic dopaminergic transmission, leading to increased abuse liability. We will also assess how the kappa opioid system may underlie these pathological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Massaly
- Basic Research Division, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of MedicineSt. Louis, MO, USA; Washington University Pain Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of MedicineSt. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jose A Morón
- Basic Research Division, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of MedicineSt. Louis, MO, USA; Washington University Pain Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of MedicineSt. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ream Al-Hasani
- Basic Research Division, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis, MO, USA
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3
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Shafaroodi H, Baradaran N, Moezi L, Dehpour S, Kabiri T, Dehpour AR. Morphine sensitization in the pentylenetetrazole-induced clonic seizure threshold in mice: role of nitric oxide and μ receptors. Epilepsy Behav 2011; 20:602-6. [PMID: 21419715 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2010.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2010] [Revised: 09/20/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral sensitization occurs after repeated administration of μ-opioid receptor agonists following a drug-free period. It seems that the changes in dopaminergic systems induced by μ-opioid receptor agonists play a crucial role in behavioral sensitization to opioids. Nitric oxide also plays a role in some behavioral effects of morphine, including sensitization to the locomotor-stimulating effect. This study investigated whether morphine sensitization appears in seizure threshold and the possible role of μ-opioid receptor and nitric oxide in this sensitization. Sensitization was produced by daily injections of morphine (0.1, 0.5, 1, 5, 15, or 30 mg/kg), followed by a 10-day washout period. Then the challenge test was performed using morphine (0.1, 0.5, 1, 5, 15, or 30 mg/kg) in different groups. To assess clonic seizure threshold, pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) was administered intravenously. Subcutaneous administration of morphine (0.1 and 0.5 mg/kg) induced sensitization in PTZ-induced clonic seizures in mice. Intraperitoneal administration of L-NAME (20 mg/kg), a nonselective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase, or naltrexone (10 mg/kg), an opioid receptor antagonist, along with morphine inhibited morphine-induced sensitization in PTZ-induced seizure threshold. In conclusion, at low doses, morphine induces sensitization in PTZ-induced clonic seizures in mice probably as a result of the interaction with μ-receptors and nitric oxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Shafaroodi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Centre, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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4
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Hedges VL, Staffend NA, Meisel RL. Neural mechanisms of reproduction in females as a predisposing factor for drug addiction. Front Neuroendocrinol 2010; 31:217-31. [PMID: 20176045 PMCID: PMC2857768 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2010.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Revised: 02/12/2010] [Accepted: 02/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
There is an increasing awareness that adolescent females differ from males in their response to drugs of abuse and consequently in their vulnerability to addiction. One possible component of this vulnerability to drug addiction is the neurobiological impact that reproductive physiology and behaviors have on the mesolimbic dopamine system, a key neural pathway mediating drug addiction. In this review, we examine animal models that address the impact of ovarian cyclicity, sexual affiliation, sexual behavior, and maternal care on the long-term plasticity of the mesolimbic dopamine system. The thesis is that this plasticity in synaptic neurotransmission stemming from an individual's normal life history contributes to the pathological impact of drugs of abuse on the neurobiology of this system. Hormones released during reproductive cycles have only transient effects on these dopamine systems, whereas reproductive behaviors produce a persistent sensitization of dopamine release and post-synaptic neuronal responsiveness. Puberty itself may not represent a neurobiological risk factor for drug abuse, but attendant behavioral experiences may have a negative impact on females engaging in drug use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie L Hedges
- Department of Neuroscience and Graduate Neuroscience Program, 6-145 Jackson Hall, 321 Church St. SE, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
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Flores J, Galan-Rodriguez B, Rojo A, Ramiro-Fuentes S, Cuadrado A, Fernandez-Espejo E. Fibroblast growth factor-1 within the ventral tegmental area participates in motor sensitizing effects of morphine. Neuroscience 2010; 165:198-211. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2009] [Revised: 09/03/2009] [Accepted: 10/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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6
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Hope BT, Nagarkar D, Leonard S, Wise RA. Long-term upregulation of protein kinase A and adenylate cyclase levels in human smokers. J Neurosci 2007; 27:1964-72. [PMID: 17314292 PMCID: PMC2575739 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3661-06.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Repeated injections of cocaine and morphine in laboratory rats cause a variety of molecular neuroadaptations in the cAMP signaling pathway in nucleus accumbens and ventral tegmental area. Here we report similar neuroadaptations in postmortem tissue from the brains of human smokers and former smokers. Activity levels of two major components of cAMP signaling, cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) and adenylate cyclase, were abnormally elevated in nucleus accumbens of smokers and in ventral midbrain dopaminergic region of both smokers and former smokers. Protein levels of the catalytic subunit of PKA were correspondingly higher in the ventral midbrain dopaminergic region of both smokers and former smokers. Protein levels of other candidate neuroadaptations, including glutamate receptor subunits, tyrosine hydroxylase, and other protein kinases, were within normal range. These findings extend our understanding of addiction-related neuroadaptations of cAMP signaling to tobacco smoking in human subjects and suggest that smoking-induced brain neuroadaptations can persist for significant periods in former smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce T Hope
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, Intramural Research Program/National Institute on Drug Abuse/National Institutes of Health/Department of Health and Human Services, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA.
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7
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Sahraei H, Zarei F, Eidi A, Oryan S, Shams J, Khoshbaten A, Zarrindast MR. The role of nitric oxide within the nucleus accumbens on the acquisition and expression of morphine-induced place preference in morphine sensitized rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2007; 556:99-106. [PMID: 17137574 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2006] [Revised: 10/12/2006] [Accepted: 10/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the effects of intra-accumbal administration of L-arginine, a nitric oxide precursor, and N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl-ester (L-NAME), a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, on the acquisition and expression of morphine-induced place conditioning in morphine-sensitized rats were studied. Subcutaneous (s.c.) administration of morphine (2.5, 5 and 7.5 mg/kg) induced conditioned place preference. Repeated pretreatment of morphine (5 mg/kg, i.p.) followed by 5 days without drug treatment, increased conditioning response induced by morphine (0.25, 0.5 and 0.75 mg/kg). Intra-accumbal (intra-nucleus accumbens; 1 microg/rat) administration of L-arginine (0.3, 1 and 3 microg/rat) significantly increased or reduced the acquisition of morphine place conditioning in non-sensitized and sensitized rats respectively. However, the drug reduced expression of place conditioning by morphine in sensitized animals. Intra-nucleus accumbens injections of L-NAME (0.3, 1 and 3 microg/rat) reduced the acquisition and expression of morphine place conditioning in the sensitized animals. The results indicate that nitric oxide (NO) within the nucleus accumbens is involved in the acquisition and expression of morphine place conditioning in morphine-sensitized rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hedatay Sahraei
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Baqiyatallah (a.s.) University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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8
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Lim G, Wang S, Zeng Q, Sung B, Yang L, Mao J. Expression of spinal NMDA receptor and PKCgamma after chronic morphine is regulated by spinal glucocorticoid receptor. J Neurosci 2006; 25:11145-54. [PMID: 16319314 PMCID: PMC6725649 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3768-05.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal NMDA receptor (NMDAR), protein kinase C (PKC), and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) have all been implicated in the mechanisms of morphine tolerance; however, how these cellular elements interact after chronic morphine exposure remains unclear. Here we show that the expression of spinal NMDAR and PKCgamma after chronic morphine is regulated by spinal GR through a cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB)-dependent pathway. Chronic morphine (10 microg, i.t.; twice daily for 6 d) induced a time-dependent upregulation of GR, the NR1 subunit of NMDAR, and PKCgamma within the rat's spinal cord dorsal horn. This NR1 and PKCgamma upregulation was significantly diminished by intrathecal coadministration of morphine with the GR antagonist RU38486 or a GR antisense oligodeoxynucleotide. Intrathecal coadministration of morphine with an adenylyl cyclase inhibitor (2',5'-dideoxyadenosine) or a protein kinase A inhibitor (H89) also significantly attenuated morphine-induced NR1 and PKCgamma expression, whereas intrathecal treatment with an adenylyl cyclase activator (forskolin) alone mimicked morphine-induced expression of GR, NR1, and PKCgamma. Moreover, the expression of phosphorylated CREB was upregulated within the spinal cord dorsal horn after chronic morphine, and a CREB antisense oligodeoxynucleotide coadministered intrathecally with morphine prevented the upregulation of GR, NR1, and PKCgamma. These results indicate that spinal GR through the cAMP-CREB pathway played a significant role in NMDAR and PKCgamma expression after chronic morphine exposure. The data suggest that genomic interaction among spinal GR, NMDAR, and PKCgamma may be an important mechanism that contributes to the development of morphine tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grewo Lim
- Pain Research Group, Division of Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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9
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Heidari P, Sahebgharani M, Riazi G, Zarrindast MR. Influence of Morphine and Dopamine Receptor Sensitization on Locomotor Activity in Mice. Pharmacology 2006; 78:185-92. [PMID: 17063042 DOI: 10.1159/000096428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2006] [Accepted: 08/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the influence of morphine- and dopamine receptor antagonists-induced sensitization on morphine-induced locomotion in mice was investigated. Morphine (30, 40 and 50 mg/kg) increased, while lower doses of the opioid (10 and 20 mg/kg) decreased locomotor activity of mice. Subchronic repeated pretreatment of animals with morphine showed an increase in locomotion induced by the opioid. Clozapine reduced locomotor activity induced by morphine in both the naïve and subchronic morphine-treated animals. Subchronic pretreatment of clozapine also caused an increase in the locomotion induced by morphine. Sulpiride also decreased locomotion induced by morphine and its subchronic administration of the drug caused an increase in morphine- or apomorphine-induced locomotion. Co-administration of clozapine with sulpiride did not elicit potentiation in inhibiting the morphine effect. The D2 receptor mRNA expression was also increased by repeated morphine administration. It may be concluded that morphine-induced sensitization may be due to increase in D2 receptor mRNA expression. Sulpiride and clozapine may induce sensitization and also inhibit morphine-induced locomotion through their dopamine receptor blocking properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parviz Heidari
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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10
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Lim G, Wang S, Mao J. Central glucocorticoid receptors modulate the expression of spinal cannabinoid receptors induced by chronic morphine exposure. Brain Res 2005; 1059:20-7. [PMID: 16150424 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2004] [Revised: 08/01/2005] [Accepted: 08/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Central cannabinoid receptors (CBRs) have been implicated in the opioid analgesic effects. However, it remains unclear as to whether the expression of central CBRs would be altered after repeated morphine exposure. Here, we show that chronic intrathecal treatment with morphine (10 microg, twice daily for 6 days) induced a time-dependent upregulation of both CB-1 and CB-2 receptors within the spinal cord dorsal horn. This morphine-induced CB-1 and CB-2 upregulation was dose-dependently attenuated by the intrathecal co-administration of morphine with the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) antagonist RU38486 (0.25, 0.5, or 2 microg). The intrathecal RU38486 treatment regimen also attenuated the development of morphine tolerance. These results indicate that the expression of spinal CBRs was altered following repeated morphine exposure and regulated by the activation of central GRs.
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MESH Headings
- Analgesics, Opioid/metabolism
- Analgesics, Opioid/pharmacology
- Animals
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Administration Schedule
- Drug Tolerance/physiology
- Injections, Spinal
- Male
- Mifepristone/pharmacology
- Morphine/metabolism
- Morphine/pharmacology
- Pain/drug therapy
- Pain/metabolism
- Pain/physiopathology
- Posterior Horn Cells/drug effects
- Posterior Horn Cells/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/drug effects
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/metabolism
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/drug effects
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/metabolism
- Receptors, Cannabinoid/drug effects
- Receptors, Cannabinoid/metabolism
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/metabolism
- Spinal Cord/drug effects
- Spinal Cord/metabolism
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
- Up-Regulation/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Grewo Lim
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 15 Parkman Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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11
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Watts VJ, Neve KA. Sensitization of adenylate cyclase by Galpha i/o-coupled receptors. Pharmacol Ther 2005; 106:405-21. [PMID: 15922020 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2004.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Activation of receptors coupled to inhibitory G proteins (Galpha i/o) has opposing consequences for cyclic AMP accumulation and the activity of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, depending on the duration of stimulation. Acute activation inhibits the activity of adenylate cyclase, thereby attenuating cyclic AMP accumulation; in contrast, persistent activation of Galpha i/o-coupled receptors produces a paradoxical enhancement of adenylate cyclase activity, thus increasing cyclic AMP accumulation when the action of the inhibitory receptor is terminated. This heterologous sensitization of cyclic AMP signaling, also called superactivation or supersensitization, likely represents a cellular adaptive response, a mechanism by which the cell compensates for chronic inhibitory input. Recent advances in our knowledge of G protein-mediated signaling, regulation of adenylate cyclase, and other cellular signaling mechanisms have extensively increased our insight into the mechanisms and significance of this phenomenon. In particular, recent evidence points to the Galpha(s)-adenylate cyclase interface as a locus for the expression of the sensitized adenylate cyclase response, and to isoform-specific phosphorylation of adenylate cyclase as one mechanism that can produce sensitization. Galpha i/o-coupled receptor-induced heterologous sensitization may contribute to enhanced Galpha(s)-coupled receptor signaling following neurotransmitter elevations induced by the administration of drugs of abuse and during other types of neuronal function or dysfunction. This review will focus on recent advances in our understanding of signaling pathways that are involved in sensitization and describe the potential role of sensitization in neuronal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Val J Watts
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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12
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Lim G, Wang S, Zeng Q, Sung B, Mao J. Evidence for a long-term influence on morphine tolerance after previous morphine exposure: role of neuronal glucocorticoid receptors. Pain 2004; 114:81-92. [PMID: 15733634 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2004.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2004] [Revised: 10/13/2004] [Accepted: 11/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Opioid analgesic tolerance is a pharmacological phenomenon that overtime diminishes the opioid analgesic effect. However, it remains unknown as to whether a previous opioid exposure would have a long-term influence on opioid tolerance upon subsequent opioid administration. Here, we show that the onset and degree of antinociceptive tolerance to a subsequent cycle of morphine exposure were substantially exacerbated in rats made tolerant to and then recovered from previous morphine administration, indicating a long-term influence from a previous morphine exposure on the development of morphine tolerance. Mechanistically, morphine exposure induced a cyclic AMP and protein kinase A-dependent upregulation of neuronal glucocorticoid receptors (GR) within the spinal cord dorsal horn, which was maintained after discontinuation of morphine administration and significantly enhanced upon a second cycle of morphine exposure. Prevention of the GR upregulation with GR antisense oligonucleotides as well as inhibition of GR activation with the GR antagonist RU38486 effectively prevented the exacerbated morphine tolerance after subsequent cycles of morphine exposure. The results indicate that a previous morphine exposure could induce lasting cellular changes mediated through neuronal GR and influence morphine analgesia upon a subsequent exposure. These findings may have significant implications in clinical opioid therapy and substance abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grewo Lim
- Pain Research Group, MGH Pain Center, Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02116, USA
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13
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Bradley KC, Mullins AJ, Meisel RL, Watts VJ. Sexual experience alters D1 receptor-mediated cyclic AMP production in the nucleus accumbens of female Syrian hamsters. Synapse 2004; 53:20-7. [PMID: 15150737 DOI: 10.1002/syn.20030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Drugs of abuse produce long-term changes in dopamine neurotransmission and receptor-effected intracellular signaling. Similar changes in neuronal activity are mediated by motivated behaviors. To explore cellular mechanisms underlying these neuroadaptations following sexual experience, cyclic AMP accumulation following stimulation of D1 dopamine receptors, G-proteins, and adenylate cyclase was compared in the nucleus accumbens and caudate nucleus of sexually naive and experienced female hamsters following sexual behavior. Direct stimulation of adenylate cyclase with forskolin or indirectly by activation of G-proteins with Gpp(NH)p produced dose-dependent increases in the formation of cyclic AMP in the nucleus accumbens and caudate nucleus, with no effects of sexual experience on these measures. Specific D1 receptor stimulation increased Gpp(NH)p-induced adenylate cyclase activity in the nucleus accumbens and caudate nucleus of all animals. Interestingly, this stimulation was further enhanced only in membranes from the nucleus accumbens, but not from the caudate nucleus, of sexually experienced hamsters compared to the response of naive females. These results demonstrate that sexual behavior experience can sensitize mesolimbic dopamine pathways and that this sensitization occurs through an increase in D1 receptor-mediated signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine C Bradley
- Graduate Neuroscience Program, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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14
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Piras G, Lecca D, Corda MG, Giorgi O. Repeated morphine injections induce behavioural sensitization in Roman high- but not in Roman low-avoidance rats. Neuroreport 2003; 14:2433-8. [PMID: 14663206 DOI: 10.1097/00001756-200312190-00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The selective breeding of Roman high- (RHA) and low-avoidance (RLA) rats for, respectively, rapid vs poor active avoidance acquisition has resulted in two phenotypes that differ in their behavioural and neurochemical responses to addictive drugs, including morphine. To compare the ability of these lines to develop behavioural sensitization to morphine, female RHA and RLA rats were treated twice daily with either saline or escalating doses of morphine (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg, s.c. on the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd day of treatment, respectively), and were challenged with morphine (0.5 or 2 mg/kg, s.c.) 1 day before and 3 weeks after repeated morphine administration. The locomotor activation produced by either challenge dose of morphine was more pronounced in RHA rats repeatedly treated with morphine vs the respective saline-treated controls, whereas no significant change in locomotor activity was observed in RLA rats. The results show that behavioral sensitization to morphine was induced in RHA but not in RLA rats.
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15
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Salzmann J, Marie-claire C, Guen SL, Roques BP, Noble F. Importance of ERK activation in behavioral and biochemical effects induced by MDMA in mice. Br J Pharmacol 2003; 140:831-8. [PMID: 14517176 PMCID: PMC1574098 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0705506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2003] [Revised: 08/05/2003] [Accepted: 08/18/2003] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the cellular effects induced by 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy), although changes in gene expression have been observed following treatments with other psychostimulants. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate in mice, the relationships between the ras-dependent protein kinase ERK and MDMA-induced reinforcement using the conditioned place preference (CPP) and locomotor activity measurements. This was completed using real-time quantitative PCR method by a study of immediate early-genes (IEGs) transcription known to be involved in neuronal plasticity. A significant CPP was observed after repeated MDMA treatment in CD-1 mice at a dose of 9 mg kg-1 i.p. but not at 3 and 6 mg kg-1. This rewarding effect was abolished by the selective inhibitor of ERK activation, SL327 (50 mg kg-1; i.p.). Similar results were obtained on MDMA-induced locomotor activity, clearly suggesting a role of ERK pathway in these behavioral responses. Following acute i.p. injection, MDMA induced a strong c-fos transcription in brain structures, such as caudate putamen, nucleus accumbens and hippocampus, whereas egr-1 and egr-3 transcripts were only increased in the caudate putamen. MDMA-induced IEGs transcription was selectively suppressed by SL327 in the caudate putamen, suggesting a role for other signaling pathways in regulation of IEGs transcription in the other brain structures. In agreement with these results, MDMA-induced c-fos protein expression was blocked by SL327 in the caudate putamen. This study confirms and extends to mice the reported role of ERK pathway in the development of addiction-like properties of MDMA. This could facilitate studies about the molecular mechanism of this process by using mutant mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Salzmann
- Département de Pharmacochimie Moléculaire et Structurale INSERM U266, CNRS FRE 2463, Université René Descartes, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, 4, Avenue de l'Observatoire, 75270 Paris, Cedex 06, France
| | - Cynthia Marie-claire
- Département de Pharmacochimie Moléculaire et Structurale INSERM U266, CNRS FRE 2463, Université René Descartes, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, 4, Avenue de l'Observatoire, 75270 Paris, Cedex 06, France
| | - Stéphanie Le Guen
- Département de Pharmacochimie Moléculaire et Structurale INSERM U266, CNRS FRE 2463, Université René Descartes, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, 4, Avenue de l'Observatoire, 75270 Paris, Cedex 06, France
| | - Bernard P Roques
- Département de Pharmacochimie Moléculaire et Structurale INSERM U266, CNRS FRE 2463, Université René Descartes, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, 4, Avenue de l'Observatoire, 75270 Paris, Cedex 06, France
| | - Florence Noble
- Département de Pharmacochimie Moléculaire et Structurale INSERM U266, CNRS FRE 2463, Université René Descartes, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, 4, Avenue de l'Observatoire, 75270 Paris, Cedex 06, France
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16
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Johnston CA, Watts VJ. Sensitization of adenylate cyclase: a general mechanism of neuroadaptation to persistent activation of Galpha(i/o)-coupled receptors? Life Sci 2003; 73:2913-25. [PMID: 14519441 DOI: 10.1016/s0024-3205(03)00703-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Acute activation of Galphas-coupled receptors stimulates cyclic AMP accumulation leading to the activation of downstream signaling cascades. These Galphas-mediated events can be countered by acute activation of inhibitory G proteins (Galpha(i/o)), which inhibit the activity of adenylate cyclase, thereby attenuating cyclic AMP accumulation. Furthermore, an additional, less direct mechanism for Galpha(i/o) proteins modulation of cyclic AMP signaling also has been described. Persistent activation of several Galpha(i/o)-coupled receptors has been shown to result in a subsequent paradoxical enhancement of adenylate cyclase activity in response to drug-stimulated cyclic AMP accumulation. This sensitization of adenylate cyclase likely represents a cellular adaptive response following prolonged activation of inhibitory receptors. Recent advances in our knowledge of G protein signaling, adenylate cyclase regulation, and other cellular signaling mechanisms have extensively increased our insight into this phenomenon. It is now thought that sensitization occurs as part of a compensatory mechanism by which the cell adapts to chronic inhibitory input. Such a mechanism may be involved in modulating Galphas-coupled receptor signaling following neurotransmitter elevations that occur in psychiatric disease states or following the administration of many drugs of abuse. This review will focus on recent advances in the understanding of molecular signaling pathways that are involved in sensitization and describe the potential role of sensitization in neuronal cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Johnston
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, MCMP 1333, RHPH 224A, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Gelowitz DL, Berger SP. Signal transduction mechanisms and behavioral sensitization to stimulant drugs: an overview of cAMP and PLA2. J Addict Dis 2002; 20:33-42. [PMID: 11681591 DOI: 10.1300/j069v20n03_04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral sensitization refers to the progressive increase of behavioral responses to psychomotor stimulants, which provides a model for the intensification of drug craving and relapse alleged to underlie addiction in humans. Mechanisms related to sensitization may also contribute to schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. While the phenomenon has been observed for years, only recently have molecular or intracellular mechanisms associated with behavioral sensitization been studied. An overview of cAMP and PLA2 (intracellular, signal transduction mechanisms) relevant to behavioral sensitization will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Gelowitz
- Section of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
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Worsley JN, Moszczynska A, Falardeau P, Kalasinsky KS, Schmunk G, Guttman M, Furukawa Y, Ang L, Adams V, Reiber G, Anthony RA, Wickham D, Kish SJ. Dopamine D1 receptor protein is elevated in nucleus accumbens of human, chronic methamphetamine users. Mol Psychiatry 2000; 5:664-72. [PMID: 11126397 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4000760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Animal data have long suggested that an adaptive upregulation of nucleus accumbens dopamine D1 receptor function might underlie part of the dependency on drugs of abuse. We measured by quantitative immunoblotting protein levels of dopamine D1 and, for comparison, D2 receptors in brain of chronic users of methamphetamine, cocaine, and heroin. As compared with the controls, brain dopamine D1 receptor concentrations were selectively increased (by 44%) in the nucleus accumbens of the methamphetamine users, whereas a trend was observed in this brain area for reduced protein levels of the dopamine D2 receptor in all three drug groups (-25 to -37%; P < 0.05 for heroin group only). Our data support the hypothesis that aspects of the drug-dependent state in human methamphetamine users might be related to increased dopamine D1 receptor function in limbic brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- J N Worsley
- Human Neurochemical Pathology Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Abstract
A central determinant of addictive disorders in people is increased risk of relapse to drug use even after prolonged periods of abstinence. Recent advances in animal models of relapse indicate that drug-seeking behavior can be triggered by priming injections of the drugs themselves, by drug-associated environmental stimuli, and by footshock stress. The neural mechanisms underlying this relapse can be viewed in general terms as drug-like or proponent processes. Considerable evidence points to the mesolimbic dopamine system, and more specifically to activation of D2-like dopamine receptors in the nucleus accumbens, as a crucial neural substrate utilized by various stimuli that induce relapse. Drug-associated stimuli and stress may activate this system via neural circuits from the prefrontal cortex and amygdala as well as via the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis. There is also evidence for dopamine-independent mechanisms in relapse as well. A major effort of current research is to identify the long-lasting neuroadaptations within these various brain regions that contribute to relapse in addicted people. One potential neuroadaptation is up-regulation of the cAMP pathway in the nucleus accumbens, which occurs after chronic drug exposure, and represents a drug-opposite or opponent process. Modulation of this system has been related directly to relapse to drug-seeking behavior. Given the long-lasting nature of increased risk of relapse, it is likely that the relevant neuroadaptations are mediated via drug-induced changes in gene expression. A detailed understanding of the neural and molecular basis of relapse will facilitate efforts to develop truly effective treatments and preventive measures.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Appetitive Behavior/physiology
- Behavior, Addictive/metabolism
- Behavior, Addictive/physiopathology
- Behavior, Addictive/psychology
- Brain/drug effects
- Brain/metabolism
- Brain/physiopathology
- Central Nervous System Stimulants/adverse effects
- Cues
- Cyclic AMP/metabolism
- Disease Susceptibility
- Dopamine/physiology
- GTP-Binding Proteins/drug effects
- GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System/drug effects
- Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System/physiopathology
- Illicit Drugs/adverse effects
- Models, Neurological
- Models, Psychological
- Narcotics/adverse effects
- Neural Pathways/drug effects
- Neural Pathways/physiopathology
- Neurons/drug effects
- Neurons/metabolism
- Nucleus Accumbens/drug effects
- Nucleus Accumbens/metabolism
- Nucleus Accumbens/physiopathology
- Pituitary-Adrenal System/drug effects
- Pituitary-Adrenal System/physiopathology
- Prefrontal Cortex/drug effects
- Prefrontal Cortex/physiopathology
- Protein Kinases/drug effects
- Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Receptors, Neurotransmitter/drug effects
- Receptors, Neurotransmitter/metabolism
- Recurrence
- Self Medication/adverse effects
- Self Medication/psychology
- Stress, Psychological/complications
- Stress, Psychological/physiopathology
- Substance-Related Disorders/etiology
- Substance-Related Disorders/physiopathology
- Substance-Related Disorders/psychology
- Transcription, Genetic/drug effects
- Ventral Tegmental Area/drug effects
- Ventral Tegmental Area/physiopathology
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Self
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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20
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Involvement of cAMP-dependent protein kinase in the nucleus accumbens in cocaine self-administration and relapse of cocaine-seeking behavior. J Neurosci 1998. [PMID: 9465009 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.18-05-01848.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) has been implicated in cocaine addiction because (1) cocaine reinforcement is mediated by dopamine receptors that modulate cAMP formation, and (2) repeated exposure to cocaine upregulates the cAMP system in NAc neurons. This study tested PKA involvement in cocaine self-administration and relapse of cocaine-seeking behavior by infusing cAMP analogs that activate or inhibit PKA into the NAc of rats. Bilateral intra-NAc infusions of the PKA inhibitor Rp-cAMPS reduced baseline cocaine self-administration, shifted the dose-response curve for cocaine self-administration to the left, and induced relapse of cocaine-seeking behavior after extinction from cocaine self-administration, consistent with an enhancement of cocaine effects in each paradigm. In contrast, pretreatment with intra-NAc infusions of a PKA activator, Sp-cAMPS or dibutyryl cAMP, increased baseline cocaine self-administration during the second hour of testing and shifted the dose-response curve to the right, consistent with an antagonist-like action. After extinction from cocaine self-administration, similar infusions of Sp-cAMPS induced generalized responding at both drug-paired and inactive levers. As an index of PKA activity in vivo, NAc infusions of Rp-cAMPS reduced basal levels of dopamine-regulated phosphoprotein-32 phosphorylation and blocked amphetamine-induced increases in cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation. Conversely, NAc infusions of Sp-cAMPS increased phosphorylation of CREB. Together, these results suggest that sustained upregulation of the cAMP system in the NAc after repeated cocaine exposure could underlie tolerance to cocaine reinforcement, whereas acute inhibition of this system may contribute to drug craving and relapse in addicted subjects.
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22
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Abstract
Drug addiction results from adaptations in specific brain neurons caused by repeated exposure to a drug of abuse. These adaptations combine to produce the complex behaviors that define an addicted state. Progress is being made in identifying such time-dependent, drug-induced adaptations and relating them to specific behavioral features of addiction. Current research needs to understand the types of adaptations that underlie the particularly long-lived aspects of addiction, such as drug craving and relapse, and to identify specific genes that contribute to individual differences in vulnerability to addiction. Understanding the molecular and cellular basis of addictive states will lead to major changes in how addiction is viewed and ultimately treated.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Nestler
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine and Connecticut Mental Health Center, 34 Park Street, New Haven, CT 06508, USA.
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