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Monge P, Astudillo AM, Pereira L, Balboa MA, Balsinde J. Dynamics of Docosahexaenoic Acid Utilization by Mouse Peritoneal Macrophages. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1635. [PMID: 38002317 PMCID: PMC10669016 DOI: 10.3390/biom13111635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, the incorporation of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in mouse resident peritoneal macrophages and its redistribution within the various phospholipid classes were investigated. Choline glycerophospholipids (PC) behaved as the major initial acceptors of DHA. Prolonged incubation with the fatty acid resulted in the transfer of DHA from PC to ethanolamine glycerophospholipids (PE), reflecting phospholipid remodeling. This process resulted in the cells containing similar amounts of DHA in PC and PE in the resting state. Mass spectrometry-based lipidomic analyses of phospholipid molecular species indicated a marked abundance of DHA in ether phospholipids. Stimulation of the macrophages with yeast-derived zymosan resulted in significant decreases in the levels of all DHA-containing PC and PI species; however, no PE or PS molecular species were found to decrease. In contrast, the levels of an unusual DHA-containing species, namely PI(20:4/22:6), which was barely present in resting cells, were found to markedly increase under zymosan stimulation. The levels of this phospholipid also significantly increased when the calcium-ionophore A23187 or platelet-activating factor were used instead of zymosan to stimulate the macrophages. The study of the route involved in the synthesis of PI(20:4/22:6) suggested that this species is produced through deacylation/reacylation reactions. These results define the increases in PI(20:4/22:6) as a novel lipid metabolic marker of mouse macrophage activation, and provide novel information to understand the regulation of phospholipid fatty acid turnover in activated macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Monge
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 47003 Valladolid, Spain (A.M.A.); (M.A.B.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alma M. Astudillo
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 47003 Valladolid, Spain (A.M.A.); (M.A.B.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Pereira
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 47003 Valladolid, Spain (A.M.A.); (M.A.B.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - María A. Balboa
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 47003 Valladolid, Spain (A.M.A.); (M.A.B.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Balsinde
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 47003 Valladolid, Spain (A.M.A.); (M.A.B.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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2
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Yamashita S, Miyazawa T, Higuchi O, Kinoshita M, Miyazawa T. Marine Plasmalogens: A Gift from the Sea with Benefits for Age-Associated Diseases. Molecules 2023; 28:6328. [PMID: 37687157 PMCID: PMC10488995 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28176328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging increases oxidative and inflammatory stress caused by a reduction in metabolism and clearance, thus leading to the development of age-associated diseases. The quality of our daily diet and exercise is important for the prevention of these diseases. Marine resources contain various valuable nutrients, and unique glycerophospholipid plasmalogens are found abundantly in some marine invertebrates, including ascidians. One of the major classes, the ethanolamine class (PlsEtn), exists in a high ratio to phospholipids in the brain and blood, while decreased levels have been reported in patients with age-associated diseases, including Alzheimer's disease. Animal studies have shown that the administration of marine PlsEtn prepared from marine invertebrates improved PlsEtn levels in the body and alleviated inflammation. Animal and human studies have reported that marine PlsEtn ameliorates cognitive impairment. In this review, we highlight the biological significance, relationships with age-associated diseases, food functions, and healthcare materials of plasmalogens based on recent knowledge and discuss the contribution of marine plasmalogens to health maintenance in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Yamashita
- Department of Life and Food Sciences, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Japan; (S.Y.); (M.K.)
| | - Taiki Miyazawa
- Food and Biotechnology Platform Promoting Project, New Industry Creation Hatchery Center (NICHe), Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan; (T.M.); (O.H.)
| | - Ohki Higuchi
- Food and Biotechnology Platform Promoting Project, New Industry Creation Hatchery Center (NICHe), Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan; (T.M.); (O.H.)
| | - Mikio Kinoshita
- Department of Life and Food Sciences, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Japan; (S.Y.); (M.K.)
| | - Teruo Miyazawa
- Food and Biotechnology Platform Promoting Project, New Industry Creation Hatchery Center (NICHe), Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan; (T.M.); (O.H.)
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3
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Bozelli JC, Azher S, Epand RM. Plasmalogens and Chronic Inflammatory Diseases. Front Physiol 2021; 12:730829. [PMID: 34744771 PMCID: PMC8566352 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.730829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
It is becoming widely acknowledged that lipids play key roles in cellular function, regulating a variety of biological processes. Lately, a subclass of glycerophospholipids, namely plasmalogens, has received increased attention due to their association with several degenerative and metabolic disorders as well as aging. All these pathophysiological conditions involve chronic inflammatory processes, which have been linked with decreased levels of plasmalogens. Currently, there is a lack of full understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing the association of plasmalogens with inflammation. However, it has been shown that in inflammatory processes, plasmalogens could trigger either an anti- or pro-inflammation response. While the anti-inflammatory response seems to be linked to the entire plasmalogen molecule, its pro-inflammatory response seems to be associated with plasmalogen hydrolysis, i.e., the release of arachidonic acid, which, in turn, serves as a precursor to produce pro-inflammatory lipid mediators. Moreover, as plasmalogens comprise a large fraction of the total lipids in humans, changes in their levels have been shown to change membrane properties and, therefore, signaling pathways involved in the inflammatory cascade. Restoring plasmalogen levels by use of plasmalogen replacement therapy has been shown to be a successful anti-inflammatory strategy as well as ameliorating several pathological hallmarks of these diseases. The purpose of this review is to highlight the emerging role of plasmalogens in chronic inflammatory disorders as well as the promising role of plasmalogen replacement therapy in the treatment of these pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Carlos Bozelli
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Health Sciences Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Sayed Azher
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Health Sciences Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Richard M Epand
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Health Sciences Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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4
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Choline Glycerophospholipid-Derived Prostaglandins Attenuate TNFα Gene Expression in Macrophages via a cPLA 2α/COX-1 Pathway. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020447. [PMID: 33669841 PMCID: PMC7923243 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are professional antigen presenting cells with intense phagocytic activity, strategically distributed in tissues and cavities. These cells are capable of responding to a wide variety of innate inflammatory stimuli, many of which are signaled by lipid mediators. The distribution of arachidonic acid (AA) among glycerophospholipids and its subsequent release and conversion into eicosanoids in response to inflammatory stimuli such as zymosan, constitutes one of the most studied models. In this work, we used liquid and/or gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry to study the changes in the levels of membrane glycerophospholipids of mouse peritoneal macrophages and the implication of group IVA cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2α) in the process. In the experimental model used, we observed that the acute response of macrophages to zymosan stimulation involves solely the cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1), which mediates the rapid synthesis of prostaglandins E2 and I2. Using pharmacological inhibition and antisense inhibition approaches, we established that cPLA2α is the enzyme responsible for AA mobilization. Zymosan stimulation strongly induced the hydrolysis of AA-containing choline glycerophospholipids (PC) and a unique phosphatidylinositol (PI) species, while the ethanolamine-containing glycerophospholipids remained constant or slightly increased. Double-labeling experiments with 3H- and 14C-labeled arachidonate unambiguously demonstrated that PC is the major, if not the exclusive source, of AA for prostaglandin E2 production, while both PC and PI appeared to contribute to prostaglandin I2 synthesis. Importantly, in this work we also show that the COX-1-derived prostaglandins produced during the early steps of macrophage activation restrict tumor necrosis factor-α production. Collectively, these findings suggest new approaches and targets to the selective inhibition of lipid mediator production in response to fungal infection.
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5
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Cellular Plasmalogen Content Does Not Influence Arachidonic Acid Levels or Distribution in Macrophages: A Role for Cytosolic Phospholipase A 2γ in Phospholipid Remodeling. Cells 2019; 8:cells8080799. [PMID: 31370188 PMCID: PMC6721556 DOI: 10.3390/cells8080799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Availability of free arachidonic acid (AA) constitutes a rate limiting factor for cellular eicosanoid synthesis. AA distributes differentially across membrane phospholipids, which is largely due to the action of coenzyme A-independent transacylase (CoA-IT), an enzyme that moves the fatty acid primarily from diacyl phospholipid species to ether-containing species, particularly the ethanolamine plasmalogens. In this work, we examined the dependence of AA remodeling on plasmalogen content using the murine macrophage cell line RAW264.7 and its plasmalogen-deficient variants RAW.12 and RAW.108. All three strains remodeled AA between phospholipids with similar magnitude and kinetics, thus demonstrating that cellular plasmalogen content does not influence the process. Cell stimulation with yeast-derived zymosan also had no effect on AA remodeling, but incubating the cells in AA-rich media markedly slowed down the process. Further, knockdown of cytosolic-group IVC phospholipase A2γ (cPLA2γ) by RNA silencing significantly reduced AA remodeling, while inhibition of other major phospholipase A2 forms such as cytosolic phospholipase A2α, calcium-independent phospholipase A2β, or secreted phospholipase A2 had no effect. These results uncover new regulatory features of CoA-IT-mediated transacylation reactions in cellular AA homeostasis and suggest a hitherto unrecognized role for cPLA2γ in maintaining membrane phospholipid composition via regulation of AA remodeling.
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6
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Rubio JM, Astudillo AM, Casas J, Balboa MA, Balsinde J. Regulation of Phagocytosis in Macrophages by Membrane Ethanolamine Plasmalogens. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1723. [PMID: 30087680 PMCID: PMC6066501 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages, as professional phagocytes of the immune system, possess the ability to detect and clear invading pathogens and apoptotic cells through phagocytosis. Phagocytosis involves membrane reorganization and remodeling events on the cell surface, which play an essential role in innate immunity and tissue homeostasis and the control of inflammation. In this work, we report that cells deficient in membrane ethanolamine plasmalogen demonstrate a reduced capacity to phagocytize opsonized zymosan particles. Amelioration of plasmalogen deficiency in these cells by incubation with lysoplasmalogen results in a significant augmentation of the phagocytic capacity of the cells. In parallel with these increases, restoration of plasmalogen levels in the cells also increases the number and size of lipid rafts in the membrane, reduces membrane fluidity down to levels found in cells containing normal plasmalogen levels, and improves receptor-mediated signaling. Collectively, these results suggest that membrane plasmalogen level determines characteristics of the plasma membrane such as fluidity and the formation of microdomains that are necessary for efficient signal transduction leading to optimal phagocytosis by macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio M Rubio
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alma M Astudillo
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Casas
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain.,Departamento de Bioquímica y Fisiología, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - María A Balboa
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Balsinde
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
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7
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Yamashita A, Hayashi Y, Matsumoto N, Nemoto-Sasaki Y, Koizumi T, Inagaki Y, Oka S, Tanikawa T, Sugiura T. Coenzyme-A-Independent Transacylation System; Possible Involvement of Phospholipase A2 in Transacylation. BIOLOGY 2017; 6:biology6020023. [PMID: 28358327 PMCID: PMC5485470 DOI: 10.3390/biology6020023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The coenzyme A (CoA)-independent transacylation system catalyzes fatty acid transfer from phospholipids to lysophospholipids in the absence of cofactors such as CoA. It prefers to use C20 and C22 polyunsaturated fatty acids such as arachidonic acid, which are esterified in the glycerophospholipid at the sn-2 position. This system can also acylate alkyl ether-linked lysophospholipids, is involved in the enrichment of arachidonic acid in alkyl ether-linked glycerophospholipids, and is critical for the metabolism of eicosanoids and platelet-activating factor. Despite their importance, the enzymes responsible for these reactions have yet to be identified. In this review, we describe the features of the Ca2+-independent, membrane-bound CoA-independent transacylation system and its selectivity for arachidonic acid. We also speculate on the involvement of phospholipase A2 in the CoA-independent transacylation reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Yamashita
- Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-Ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan.
| | - Yasuhiro Hayashi
- Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-Ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan.
| | - Naoki Matsumoto
- Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-Ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan.
| | - Yoko Nemoto-Sasaki
- Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-Ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan.
| | - Takanori Koizumi
- Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-Ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan.
| | - Yusuke Inagaki
- Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-Ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan.
| | - Saori Oka
- Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-Ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan.
| | - Takashi Tanikawa
- Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-Ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan.
| | - Takayuki Sugiura
- Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-Ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan.
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8
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Acyltransferases and transacylases that determine the fatty acid composition of glycerolipids and the metabolism of bioactive lipid mediators in mammalian cells and model organisms. Prog Lipid Res 2014; 53:18-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Revised: 07/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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9
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Ivanova PT, Milne SB, Brown HA. Identification of atypical ether-linked glycerophospholipid species in macrophages by mass spectrometry. J Lipid Res 2009; 51:1581-90. [PMID: 19965583 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d003715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A large scale profiling and analysis of glycerophospholipid species in macrophages has facilitated the identification of several rare and atypical glycerophospholipid species. By using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and comparison of the elution and fragmentation properties of the rare lipids to synthetic standards, we were able to identify an array of ether-linked phosphatidylinositols (PIs), phosphatidic acids, phosphatidylserines (PSs), very long chain phosphatidylethanolamines (PEs), and phosphatidylcholines (PCs) as well as phosphatidylthreonines (PTs) and a wide collection of odd carbon fatty acid-containing phospholipids in macrophages. A comprehensive qualitative analysis of glycerophospholipids from different macrophage cells was conducted. During the phospholipid profiling of the macrophage-like RAW 264.7 cells, we identified dozens of rare or previously uncharacterized phospholipids, including ether-linked PIs, PSs, and glycerophosphatidic acids, PTs, and PCs and PTs containing very long polyunsaturated fatty acids. Additionally, large numbers of phospholipids containing at least one odd carbon fatty acid were identified. Using the same methodology, we also identified many of the same species of glycerophospholipids in resident peritoneal macrophages, foam cells, and murine bone marrow derived macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlina T Ivanova
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemistry, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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10
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Ravandi A, Babaei S, Leung R, Monge JC, Hoppe G, Hoff H, Kamido H, Kuksis A. Phospholipids and oxophospholipids in atherosclerotic plaques at different stages of plaque development. Lipids 2004; 39:97-109. [PMID: 15134136 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-004-1207-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We identified and quantified the hydroperoxides, hydroxides, epoxides, isoprostanes, and core aldehydes of the major phospholipids as the main components of the oxophospholipids (a total of 5-25 pmol/micromol phosphatidylcholine) in a comparative study of human atheroma from selected stages of lesion development. The developmental stages examined included fatty streak, fibrous plaque, necrotic core, and calcified tissue. The lipid analyses were performed by normal-phase HPLC with on-line electrospray MS using conventional total lipid extracts. There was great variability in the proportions of the various oxidation products and a lack of a general trend. Specifically, the early oxidation products (hydroperoxides and epoxides) of the glycerophosphocholines were found at the advanced stages of the plaques in nearly the same relative abundance as the more advanced oxidation products (core aldehydes and acids). The anticipated linear accumulation of the more stable oxidation products with progressive development of the atherosclerotic plaque was not apparent. It is therefore suggested that lipid infiltration and/or local peroxidation is a continuous process characterized by the formation and destruction of both early and advanced products of lipid oxidation at all times. The process of lipid deposition appears to have been subject to both enzymatic and chemical modification of the normal tissue lipids. Clearly, the appearance of new and disproportionate old lipid species excludes randomness in any accumulation of oxidized LDL lipids in atheroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Ravandi
- Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada M5G 1L6
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11
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Core aldehydes of alkyl glycerophosphocholines in atheroma induce platelet aggregation and inhibit endothelium-dependent arterial relaxation. J Lipid Res 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)30199-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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12
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Pelizzi N, Catinella S, Barboso S, Zanol M. Different electrospray tandem mass spectrometric approaches for rapid characterization of phospholipid classes of Curosurf, a natural pulmonary surfactant. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2002; 16:2215-2220. [PMID: 12478563 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Curosurf is a pulmonary surfactant used in the treatment or prophylaxis of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. It contains low molecular weight hydrophobic apoproteins and a series of lipids including phosphatidylcholines, lisophosphatidylcholines, phosphatidylethanolamines, sphingomyelins, phosphatidylinositols, phosphatidylglycerols and phosphatidylserines. In the present work, a rapid method to qualitatively map the Curosurf phospholipid classes without prior derivatization or chromatographic separations is described. In particular, a series of specific electrospray tandem mass spectrometric (ES-MS/MS) experiments, i.e. product ion, precursor ion and neutral loss scans, were chosen on the basis of the chemical nature of each phospholipid class and then used to identify single components of the commercial suspension, directly infused into the ion source of the mass spectrometer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Pelizzi
- Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A, R & D, Analytical Chemistry Department, Via Palermo 26/A, 43100 Parma, Italy
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- N Nagan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Division of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Mayo Foundation Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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14
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Taguchi R, Hayakawa J, Takeuchi Y, Ishida M. Two-dimensional analysis of phospholipids by capillary liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2000; 35:953-966. [PMID: 10972995 DOI: 10.1002/1096-9888(200008)35:8<953::aid-jms23>3.0.co;2-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A phospholipid mixture extracted from cultured cells was directly analyzed by capillary (Cap) liquid chromatography (LC)/electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry (MS). Using a quadrupole mass spectrometer, we analyzed positive molecular ions, negative molecular ions, positive fragment ions and negative fragment ions under four different functions. In the analysis of the elution patterns of the phospholipids, a two-dimensional map, in which the first dimension is elution time and the second dimension is mass, proved useful. Consequently, four different maps can be obtained by each of four different functions. Among them, from negative fragment ions at high cone voltage in the negative ion mode, ions that originated from acyl fatty acid and phosphorylcholine, phosphorylethanolamine and cyclic inositol phosphate can be detected at specific elution times. The map from positive fragment ions at high cone voltage in the positive ion mode indicated ions such as diradylglycerol and derivatives of 1-alkyl or 1-alkenyl cyclic phosphatidic acid from phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and phosphorylcholine from choline-containing phospholipids. The map produced from positive molecular ions indicated choline-containing phospholipids such as phosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin, lysophosphatidylcholine and PE. The map of negative molecular ions effectively indicated acidic phospholipids such as phosphatidylinositol. We were able to obtain more than 500 molecular species of phospholipids by this method within a few hours immediately after extraction from culture cells using a mixture of chloroform and methanol (2:1). In this context, we concluded that the combination of Cap-LC and ESIMS seems to be very effective in the analysis of phospholipid classes and their molecular species.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Taguchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya City, Aichi 467, Japan
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15
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Plasmalogen status influences docosahexaenoic acid levels in a macrophage cell line: insights using ether lipid-deficient variants. J Lipid Res 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)32454-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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16
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Khaselev N, Murphy RC. Susceptibility of plasmenyl glycerophosphoethanolamine lipids containing arachidonate to oxidative degradation. Free Radic Biol Med 1999; 26:275-84. [PMID: 9895217 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(98)00211-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Plasmenyl phospholipids (1-alk-1'-enyl-2-acyl-3-glycerophospholipids, plasmalogens) are a structurally unique class of lipids that contain an alpha-unsaturated ether substituent at the sn-1 position of the glycerol backbone. Several studies have supported the hypothesis that plasmalogens may be antioxidant molecules that protect cells from oxidative stress. Because the molecular mechanisms responsible for the antioxidant properties of plasmenyl phospholipids are not fully understood, the oxidation of plasmalogens in natural mixtures of phospholipids was studied using electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Glycerophosphoethanolamine (GPE) lipids from bovine brain were found to contain six major molecular species (16:0p/18:1-, 18:1p/18:1-, 18:0p/20:4-, 16:0p/20:4, 18:0a/20:4-, and 18:0a/22:6-GPE). Oxidation of GPE yielded lyso phospholipid products derived from plasmalogen species containing only monounsaturated sn-2 substituents and diacyl-GPE with oxidized polyunsaturated fatty acyl substituents at sn-2. The only plasmalogen species remaining intact following oxidation contained monounsaturated fatty acyl groups esterified at sn-2. The mechanism responsible for the rapid and specific destruction of plasmalogen GPE may likely involve unique reactivity imparted by a polyunsaturated fatty acyl group esterified at sn-2. This structural feature may play a central role determining the antioxidant properties ascribed to this class of phospholipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Khaselev
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, CO 80206, USA
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17
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Lo CJ, Cryer HG, Fu M, Lo FR. Regulation of macrophage eicosanoid generation is dependent on nuclear factor kappaB. THE JOURNAL OF TRAUMA 1998; 45:19-23; discussion 23-4. [PMID: 9680006 DOI: 10.1097/00005373-199807000-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a major contributor to the production and maintenance of immunosuppression after overwhelming injury, leading to increased infectious morbidity and mortality in trauma patients. Elucidation of the cellular pathways involved in PGE2 production could lead to potential therapeutic interventions. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of cyclooxygenase II (COX-2) in PGE2 production by Mphi and to investigate the cellular mechanism of COX-2 gene activation. METHODS Mouse macrophages (Mphi), RAW 264.7, were exposed to Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the presence of cyclooxygenase inhibitors (ibuprofen or NS398). COX-1 and COX-2 mRNA expression and PGE2 production were measured by Northern blot assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. Nuclear factor kappaB (NFkappaB) activity was measured by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. To elucidate the role of NFkappaB in LPS-induced COX-2 gene activation, Mphi were exposed to LPS in the presence of an NFkappaB inhibitor, TPCK. RESULTS LPS increased Mphi COX-2 mRNA expression but had no effect on COX-1 mRNA expression. Both ibuprofen and NS398 inhibited COX-2 mRNA as well as PGE2 production by LPS-stimulated Mphi. In addition, LPS-induced NFkappaB activity was attenuated by these agents. Inhibition of NFkappaB with TPCK reduced COX-2 but not COX-1 gene expression and decreased PGE2 production by LPS-stimulated Mphi. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that COX-2 gene expression by LPS-stimulated Mphi is dependent on NFkappaB. Cyclooxygenase inhibitors reduced PGE2 production by inhibiting both COX-2 mRNA expression and preventing NFkappaB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Lo
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, USA.
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18
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Jansen GA, Wanders RJ. Plasmalogens and oxidative stress: evidence against a major role of plasmalogens in protection against the superoxide anion radical. J Inherit Metab Dis 1997; 20:85-94. [PMID: 9061572 DOI: 10.1023/a:1005321910248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Although ether-linked phospholipids have been known to be constituents of biological membranes for a long time, their physiological function has remained an enigma through the years. Inspired by the suggestion of Zoeller and coworkers that plasmalogens, which are specific types of ether-linked phospholipids characterized by the occurrence of an alpha, beta-unsaturated ether bond at the sn-1 position, are involved in the protection of cells against reactive oxygen species, we studied reactive oxygen species metabolism in cultured human skin fibroblasts. Menadione was used as intracellular generator of reactive oxygen species and cytochrome c as extracellular indicator for the production of reactive oxygen species. The finding that identical results were obtained in control and plasmalogen-deficient fibroblasts leads us to conclude that plasmalogens do not play a major role in protection against reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Jansen
- Department of Paediatrics and Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospital Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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19
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Sugiura T, Kondo S, Sukagawa A, Tonegawa T, Nakane S, Yamashita A, Ishima Y, Waku K. Transacylase-mediated and phosphodiesterase-mediated synthesis of N-arachidonoylethanolamine, an endogenous cannabinoid-receptor ligand, in rat brain microsomes. Comparison with synthesis from free arachidonic acid and ethanolamine. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1996; 240:53-62. [PMID: 8797835 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1996.0053h.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The levels of N-arachidonoylethanolamine (anandamide), an endogenous cannabinoid-receptor ligand, and a relevant molecule, N-arachidonoylphosphatidylethanolamine (N-arachidonoylPtdEtn), in rat brain were investigated using a newly developed sensitive analytical method. We found that rat brain contains small but significant amounts of these two types of N-arachidonoyl lipids (4.3 pmol/g tissue and 50.2 pmol/g tissue, respectively). Then, we investigated how N-arachidonoylethanolamine (anandamide) is produced in the brain. We found that anandamide can be formed enzymatically via two separate synthetic pathways in the brain: enzymatic condensation of free arachidonic acid and ethanolamine; and formation of N-arachidonoylPtdEtn from PtdEtn and arachidonic acid esterified at the 1-position of phosphatidyl-choline (PtdCho), and subsequent release of anandamide from N-arachidonoylPtdEtn through the action of a phosphodiesterase. We confirmed that rat brain contains both the enzyme activities and lipid substrates involved in these reactions. Several lines of evidence strongly suggest that the second pathway, rather than the first one, meets the requirements and conditions for the synthesis of various species of N-acylethanolamine including anandamide in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sugiura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Kanagawa, Japan
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20
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Samet JM, Fonteh AN, Galli SJ, Tsai M, Fasano MB, Chilton FH. Alterations in arachidonic acid metabolism in mouse mast cells induced to undergo maturation in vitro in response to stem cell factor. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1996; 97:1329-41. [PMID: 8648030 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-6749(96)70202-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
We studied arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism during the maturation of bone marrow-derived cultured mast cells (BMCMCs) into mast cells with phenotypic characteristics, which were more similar to those of connective tissue-type mast cells. BMCMCs were maintained in medium containing 100 ng/ml recombinant rat stem cell factor (SCF) for 1 to 6 weeks. After 3 to 4 weeks in SCF, BMCMCs acquired many phenotypic characteristics of maturation, including enlarged size, numerous electron-dense cytoplasmic granules, and a 50-fold elevation in histamine content. Maintenance in SCF for 6 weeks did not significantly alter the amounts or species of eicosanoids that were produced by BMCMCs stimulated with calcium ionophore A23187. However, SCF-treated mast cells released 2.6 +/- 0.13 times more free AA and accumulated 6.4 +/- 1.0 times higher levels of intracellular free AA than did immature BMCMCs not exposed to SCF. There was no increase in the mobilization of other fatty acids (e.g., linoleic or oleic acid), indicating specificity for AA. Moreover, there were no differences between the 5-lipoxygenase activities of SCF-treated or untreated cells, as assayed in cell homogenates prepared by nitrogen cavitation. Although the total AA content in SCF-treated cells was significantly elevated, the distribution of AA in phospholipid and neutral lipid classes was not altered by SCF treatment. Total phospholipase (PL)A2 activity increased 85% +/- 11.5% in SCF-treated cells. In homogenates of immature BMCMCs, 51.0% +/- 13.7% of the PLA2 activity was inhibited by 0.5 mmol/L dithiothreitol, whereas the same concentration of dithiothreitol caused only a 2.2% +/- 10.7% reduction in the PLA2 activity in homogenates of SCF-treated BMCMCs (p < or = 0.05, n = 4). These findings suggest that SCF treatment induces a dithiothreitol-resistant PLA2 and that this PLA2 may contribute to the mobilization of AA that is not further metabolized to eicosanoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Samet
- Section on Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Bowman Gray School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27154, USA
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21
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Chilton FH, Fonteh AN, Surette ME, Triggiani M, Winkler JD. Control of arachidonate levels within inflammatory cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1996; 1299:1-15. [PMID: 8555241 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(95)00169-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F H Chilton
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bowman Gray School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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22
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de Carvalho MG, Garritano J, Leslie CC. Regulation of lysophospholipase activity of the 85-kDa phospholipase A2 and activation in mouse peritoneal macrophages. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:20439-46. [PMID: 7657619 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.35.20439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The regulation of the lysophospholipase activity of the 85-kDa cytosolic phospholipase A2 (PLA2) was studied in vitro and in stimulated macrophages. Bovine serum albumin was found to inhibit lysophospholipase activity of the recombinant 85-kDa PLA2 when assayed at a relatively low substrate concentration. Inhibition could be reversed if the substrate concentration was increased or if Ca2+ was present in the assay. Incubation of recombinant enzyme with macrophage membranes and lipid extracts from macrophage membranes resulted in the release of arachidonic acid, as well as, stearic acid, which is enriched at the sn-1 position of macrophage phospholipids. This suggests that with a bilayer substrate the PLA2 can sequentially deacylate the sn-2 then sn-1 acyl groups. This was verified by demonstrating that the phospholipids, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol, were hydrolyzed to glycerophosphocholine and glycerophosphoinositol by incubation with recombinant 85-kDa PLA2. The 85-kDa enzyme was identified as the main lysophospholipase activity in mouse peritoneal macrophage cytosols. Addition of Ca2+ to the assay enhanced activity, but this effect decreased as the substrate concentration was increased. Incubation of macrophages with zymosan increased the lysophospholipase activity of the 85-kDa PLA2 in cytosols. Phosphorylation of recombinant PLA2 with mitogen-activated protein kinase resulted in an increase in lysophospholipase, as well as, PLA2 activity. In macrophages stimulated with zymosan release of stearic acid (18:0) and palmitic acid (16:0) was observed in addition to arachidonic acid (20:4). These results are consistent with a role of the 85-kDa PLA2 in regulating lysophospholipid levels in macrophages during zymosan stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G de Carvalho
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Center for Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Denver, Colorado 80206, USA
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23
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Manning R, Fallani A, Ruggieri S. Lipid changes in HL-60 cells on differentiation into macrophages by treatment with a phorbol ester. Lipids 1995; 30:811-5. [PMID: 8577224 DOI: 10.1007/bf02533956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We studied changes in lipid composition of human promyelocytic leukemia cells (HL-60) on differentiation to the macrophage/monocytic lineage by treatment with the phorbol ester, 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate. Differentiation was accompanied by: (i) a decrease in the level of phospholipids; (ii) a greater amount of triacylglycerols; (iii) an increase in 1-alk-1'-enyl-2-acyl- and 1-alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine and a decrease in 1-alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine; and (iv) an increase in the level of arachidonic acid in ethanolamine phospholipids. The increased levels of ether-linked lipids and of arachidonic acid in ethanolamine phospholipids are consistent with an enhanced biosynthesis of platelet-activating factor and eicosanoids, which are particularly important in the macrophage function.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Manning
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Durham, England
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24
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Sugiura T, Yamashita A, Kudo N, Fukuda T, Miyamoto T, Cheng NN, Kishimoto S, Waku K, Tanaka T, Tsukatani H. Platelet-activating factor and its structural analogues in the earthworm Eisenia foetida. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1995; 1258:19-26. [PMID: 7654776 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(95)00090-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The earthworm Eisenia foetida was shown to contain large amounts of ether-containing phospholipids such as alkylacylglycerophosphocholine (61.3% of choline glycerophospholipids) and alkenylacylglycerophosphoethanolamine (66.0% of ethanolamine glycerophospholipids). We also found a substantial amount of ether-containing PAF-like lipid in this animal, its level being increased after the animal is injured. We showed evidence that this PAF-like lipid consists of PAF and PAF analogues containing short chain fatty acids other than acetic acid. Notably, a propionic acid-containing species but not PAF itself, is the most predominant species in this animal. We also confirmed that the earthworms contain enzyme activities involved in the synthesis of PAF and short chain fatty acid-containing PAF analogues. Interestingly, the acetyltransferase activity in earthworms is resistant to high concentrations of the substrate lysophospholipid. Thus, both the structure of the PAF-like lipid and the properties of the enzymes involved in the PAF-like lipid metabolism in the earthworms are somewhat different from those in mammalian tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sugiura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Services, Teikyo University, Kanagawa, Japan
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25
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Lysophosphatidylcholine from white muscle of bonito Euthynnus pelamis (Linnaeus): Involvement of phospholipase A1 activity for its production. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(94)90077-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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26
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Kerwin JL, Tuininga AR, Ericsson LH. Identification of molecular species of glycerophospholipids and sphingomyelin using electrospray mass spectrometry. J Lipid Res 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)40106-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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27
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Kudo N, Waku K. Mercuric chloride induces the production of leukotriene B4 by rabbit alveolar macrophages. Arch Toxicol 1994; 68:179-86. [PMID: 8024465 DOI: 10.1007/s002040050052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The effects of HgCl2 on the production of leukotriene B4 (LTB4) by rabbit alveolar macrophages were investigated. Alveolar macrophages synthesized only a small amount of LTB4 when incubated in Hanks' balanced salt solution (HBSS) in the absence of stimuli or chemical reagents (0.2 +/- 0.1 ng/10(6) cells). The amount of LTB4 synthesized was greatly enhanced when macrophages were incubated with 5 x 10(-6) M HgCl2 (5.3 +/- 0.2 ng/10(6) cells). Increases in levels of free arachidonic acid (20:4), a precursor of eicosanoids, were also observed on treatment of [3H]20:4-labeled cells with HgCl2 in a concentration-dependent manner. We confirmed that [3H]20:4 was mainly liberated from the alkenyl subclass of ethanolamine glycerophospholipids (EGP). Degradation of alkenyl-EGP was also observed when HgCl2 and [3H]20:4-labeled lipids were incubated in HBSS, resulting in an increase in the level of [3H]20:4-labeled lysoEGP. When a microsomal fraction prepared from macrophages was added to the same mixture, [3H]20:4 was liberated from [3H]20:4-containing lysoEGP. These results suggest that the alkenyl linkage of EGP was degraded in the presence of HgCl2 with resultant formation of lysoEGP which was subsequently hydrolyzed by lysophospholipase. As a consequence, the level of free 20:4 in and the rate of production of LTB4 by alveolar macrophages were elevated.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kudo
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Kanagawa, Japan
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28
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Ralston NV, Rohrbach MS. Mass determination of the fatty acids released from tannin-stimulated rabbit alveolar macrophages. Lipids 1994; 29:103-9. [PMID: 8152343 DOI: 10.1007/bf02537149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies with macrophages that had been prelabeled with [14C]arachidonic acid (20:4) have shown that condensed tannin is a potent agonist for the release of arachidonic acid. However, it has not been demonstrated that the percentage release of [14C]20:4 accurately reflects the metabolic activity of the endogenous 20:4 pool. In order to measure the 20:4 mass release relative to the total cellular 20:4 pool, the free fatty acids of freshly isolated alveolar macrophages were derivatized with a fluorescent reagent, and then separated and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography. The amounts of esterified fatty acids were measured by gas chromatography of the methyl esters. Free fatty acid levels were compared to those of the total esterified plus unesterified fatty acids to determine the actual percentage release of each fatty acid. Tannin-stimulated release of 20:4 mass reflected that previously reported for the release of [14C]20:4 label but at a slower rate and at a much lower percentage indicating that [14C]20:4 had been incorporated into part of a more reactive pool. The specificity of the fatty acid release induced by tannin and beta-1,3-glucan, a known agonist for 20:4 release, was also examined. Both agonists promoted an increase in the levels of free 20:4 and of other fatty acids. A comparison of the absolute increases of each of the fatty acids indicated that tannin caused a preferential increase in the mass of free 20:4, whereas beta-1,3-glucan evoked a selective increase in the mass of 16:0.
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Affiliation(s)
- N V Ralston
- Department of Biochemistry, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
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29
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Evangelou AM. Platelet-activating factor (PAF): implications for coronary heart and vascular diseases. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 1994; 50:1-28. [PMID: 8146205 DOI: 10.1016/0952-3278(94)90101-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A M Evangelou
- Department of Exp. Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Greece
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30
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Satouchi K, Hirano K, Sakaguchi M, Takehara H, Matsuura F. Phospholipids from the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Lipids 1993; 28:837-40. [PMID: 8231660 DOI: 10.1007/bf02536239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The phospholipid and the fatty chain compositions of diacyl, alkylacyl and alkenylacyl glycerophospholipids of the free-living nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans, were investigated. The phospholipids were comprised of 54.5% ethanolamine glycerophospholipid (EGP), 32.3% choline glycerophospholipid (CGP), 8.1% sphingomyelin and 5.1% others. The most abundant fatty acid in CGP was eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3). The fatty acids in CGP were more unsaturated than those in EGP. Alkenylacyl and alkylacyl subclasses accounted for 1.0 and 2.6%, respectively, of CGP and 14.0 and 19.6%, respectively, of EGP. At least 80% of the alkenyl and alkyl groups were 18:0 chains and the remaining were odd numbered chains. The potential presence of platelet-activating factor (PAF) was examined by bioassay, but PAF-like activity was not detected in the extracts of this nematode.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Satouchi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Fukuyama University, Japan
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31
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Sugiura T, Fukuda T, Miyamoto T, Waku K. Distribution of alkyl and alkenyl ether-linked phospholipids and platelet-activating factor-like lipid in various species of invertebrates. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1992; 1126:298-308. [PMID: 1637858 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(92)90244-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The levels of alkenylacyl, alkylacyl and diacyl subclasses of choline glycerophospholipid (CGP) and ethanolamine glycerophospholipid (EGP) fractions in 28 species of various invertebrates were studied. We found that only small amounts of either 1-alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (alkylacyl-GPC) or 1-alkenyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (alkenylacyl-GPE) are present in most species of insects. On the other hand, almost all species examined in various phyla other than Arthropoda were shown to contain large amounts of both alkylacyl-GPC and alkenylacyl-GPE. The highest proportion of alkylacyl subclass in CGP was noted in sponge, Halichondria japonica (81.8% of CGP) and the highest proportion of alkenylacyl subclass in EGP was found in clam worm, Marphysa sanguinea (88.7% of EGP). We next surveyed the presence of platelet-activating factor (PAF)-like lipid in 45 species of invertebrates. PAF-like lipid was widely distributed among various lower animals. The highest value was obtained for sea cucumber, Stichopus japonicus, in which PAF-like lipid was present throughout the body. We also confirmed the presence of acetyltransferase activity in several lower animals. These results suggest that alkyl and alkenyl ether-linked phospholipids including PAF are physiologically important molecules particularly for invertebrates belonging to lower phyla.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sugiura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Kanagawa, Japan
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32
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Mita M, Ueta N. Fatty chains of alkenylacyl, alkylacyl and diacyl phospholipids in sea urchin spermatozoa. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1992; 102:15-8. [PMID: 1526122 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(92)90265-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
1. Alkenylacyl, alkylacyl and diacyl phospholipids were analyzed in the spermatozoa of the sea urchin, Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus. 2. Choline phosphoglycerides (CPG) contained alkylacyl component (19%) in addition to the diacyl component (81%), and alkenylacyl analog was present in a trace amount. The ethanolamine phosphoglycerides (EPG) contained alkenylacyl (51%), alkylacyl (2%) and diacyl (47%) components and the serine phosphoglycerides (SPG), alkylacyl (9%) and diacyl (91%) derivatives. 3. Analysis by gas-liquid chromatography indicated that the fatty chain at the 1-position in alkenylacyl, alkylacyl and diacyl compounds of CPG, EPG and SPG was mainly composed of saturated and monoenoic types (16:0, 18:0, 18:1 and 20:1). In contrast, considerable amounts of polyunsaturated types (20:4 and 20:5) were noted at the 2-position.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mita
- Department of Biochemistry, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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33
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Strum JC, Emilsson A, Wykle RL, Daniel LW. Conversion of 1-O-alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine to 1-O-alk-1'-enyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine. A novel pathway for the metabolism of ether-linked phosphoglycerides. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)45984-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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34
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Sugiura T, Ojima-Uchiyama A, Masuzawa Y, Fujita M, Nakagawa Y, Waku K. Regulation of the biosynthesis of platelet-activating factor in alveolar macrophages. Lipids 1991; 26:974-8. [PMID: 1819752 DOI: 10.1007/bf02536487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Activities of enzymes which metabolize lysoplatelet-activating factor (lysoPAF) and platelet-activating factor (PAF) were studied in rabbit alveolar macrophage lysates. Substantial acetyltransferase activity was noted in the presence of 100 microM acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA), and this activity was increased in A23187-stimulated cell lysate. On the other hand, in the absence of exogenous acetyl-CoA, lysoPAF was mainly acylated through a transacylation pathway rather than by acetyltransferase in both control and A23187-stimulated cell lysates. We confirmed that the intracellular concentration of acetyl-CoA is relatively low. The observations suggest that the transacylation system may play an equally important role in the regulation of the availability of lysoPAF in intact cells. Intracellular lysoPAF was also maintained at relatively low levels. Interestingly, large amounts of PAF were produced even in unstimulated cells upon addition of an excess of exogenous lysoPAF, suggesting that generation of an adequate amount of lysoPAF within cells may be sufficient to trigger PAF synthesis in this type of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sugiura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Kanagawa, Japan
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Sugiura T, Ojima T, Fukuda T, Satouchi K, Saito K, Waku K. Production of platelet-activating factor in slugs. J Lipid Res 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)41634-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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36
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Sugiura T, Fukuda T, Cheng NN, Waku K. Transient activation of 1-O-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine: acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase during the incubation of macrophages. Lipids 1991; 26:861-5. [PMID: 1805090 DOI: 10.1007/bf02535968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The activity of the platelet-activating factor (PAF)-synthesizing enzyme, 1-O-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (lysoPAF):acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.67) in alveolar macrophage lysate was found to be elevated after warming the cells to 37 degrees C. Such an increase in enzyme activity was detectable only when intact cells were warmed. The stimulation was transient, reaching a peak at 2 min, and then gradually decreased to the control level. We could not find increased PAF formation in warmed cells which had increased acetyltransferase activity, even though substantial amounts of lysoPAF were shown to be present within cells. In contrast, considerable amounts of PAF were formed after treatment of the cells with exogenous lysoPAF. These results suggest that the activation of acetyltransferase is not sufficient to induce PAF formation and that the increased availability of substrates, especially lysoPAF, in the cells is indispensable for triggering PAF biosynthesis in this type of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sugiura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Kanagawa, Japan
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MacDonald JI, Sprecher H. Phospholipid fatty acid remodeling in mammalian cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1991; 1084:105-21. [PMID: 1854795 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(91)90209-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J I MacDonald
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
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Masuda M, Kudo I, Naito M, Mizushima H, Inoue K. Phospholipid composition of rat megakaryocytes and its rearrangement in platelets. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1991; 1083:235-42. [PMID: 1904774 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(91)90077-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Rat platelets and their megakaryocyte precursors were examined for phospholipid composition. (1) The phospholipid composition of rat megakaryocytes, which were enriched and prepared from bone marrow cells, was almost identical to that of platelets. (2) The subclass composition of choline-containing glycerophospholipids (CGP) of rat megakaryocytes differed significantly from that of platelets: 1-alkenyl-2-acyl glycerophosphocholine (GPC) in megakaryocytes accounted for 29% of the total, whereas that in platelets was only 7%. (3) Rat platelets contained a larger amount of arachidonic acid than megakaryocytes, especially in ethanolamine-containing glycerophospholipids (EGP). (4) [32P]Phosphoric acid was significantly incorporated into megakaryocytes, whereas platelets showed little incorporation. On the other hand, the uptake of [3H]arachidonic acid into platelet phospholipids was about 15-times higher than that observed with megakaryocytes. (5) As reported previously for other blood cells, such as neutrophils and macrophages, the radioactivity of labeled arachidonic acid incorporated into CGP of platelets decreased, whereas that incorporated into EGP increased during a subsequent chase period. Hardly any such change was observed with megakaryocytes. These results suggest that the phospholipid composition of rat platelets is mainly determined at the time of thrombopoiesis, whereas the composition of molecular species is remodeled during circulation after thrombopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Masuda
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Japan
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39
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Anthes JC, Krasovsky J, Egan RW, Siegel MI, Billah MM. Sequential degradation of choline phosphoglycerides by phospholipase D and phosphatidate phosphohydrolase in dibutyryl cAMP-differentiated U937 cells. Arch Biochem Biophys 1991; 287:53-9. [PMID: 1654804 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(91)90387-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Dibutyryl-cAMP-differentiated U937 cells incorporate alkyllyso-sn-glycero-3-[32P]phosphocholine (alkyllyso-[32P]GPC) into cellular alkylacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (alkylacyl-GPC). Upon stimulation with fMet-Leu-Phe (fMLP), recombinant C5a, or phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), these cells produce alkylacyl-sn-glycero-3-[32P]phosphate (alkylacyl-[32P]GP). In the presence of ethanol (0.5%), alkylacyl-sn-glycero-3-[32P]phosphoethanol (alkylacyl-[32P]GPet) is also formed with a concomitant reduction in alkylacyl-[32P]GP accumulation. Because cellular ATP is not labeled with 32P, alkylacyl-[32P]GP and alkylacyl-[32P]GPet must be formed by phospholipase D (PLD)-catalyzed hydrolysis and transphosphatidylation, respectively. Activation by receptor agonists, but not by PMA, requires extracellular Ca2+ and is augmented by cytochalasin B pretreatment. Upon stimulation, dibutryl cAMP-differentiated U937 cells labeled with alkylacyl-[32P]GPC produce [32P]PO4 but not [32P]phosphocholine. Furthermore, when these cells were labeled in alkylacyl-GPC by incubation with [3H]alkyllyso-GPC and then stimulated, [3H]alkylacyl-glycerol ([3H]alkylacyl-Gro) is produced with a time-course similar to that of [32P]PO4 formation and coincident with the decline in alkylacyl-GP accumulation. These results demonstrate that alkylacyl-GP formed by PLD is dephosphorylated by phosphatidate phosphohydrolase to produce PO4 and alkylacyl-Gro. Upon stimulation with fMLP or C5a, U937 cells labeled in diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (diacyl-GPC) by incubation with [3H]acyllyso-GPC generate [3H]diacyl-GP, [3H]diacyl-GPEt, and [3H]diacyl-Gro with kinetics similar to those for the generation of the [3H]alkyl products. Thus, in differentiated U937 cells stimulated with receptor agonists, both alkylacyl-GPC and diacyl-GPC are sequentially metabolized by PLD and phosphatidate phosphohydrolase.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Anthes
- Schering-Plough Research, Department of Allergy and Immunology, Bloomfield, New Jersey 07003
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40
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Ramesha CS, Taylor LA. Measurement of arachidonic acid release from human polymorphonuclear neutrophils and platelets: comparison between gas chromatographic and radiometric assays. Anal Biochem 1991; 192:173-80. [PMID: 2048718 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(91)90203-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
a simple gas chromatographic method for the assay of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) has been described in which arachidonic acid released from endogenous phospholipid pools is measured following its extraction and derivatization to pentafluorobenzyl esters. Using this assay, PLA2 activities in control and calcium ionophore-stimulated human neutrophils, as well as in control, thrombin, and calcium ionophore stimulated human platelets, have been measured. These values are compared with those obtained by monitoring the release of radioactivity from [3H]- or [14C]arachidonic acid prelabeled cells. While the radiometric assay measures only the release of exogenously incorporated radioactive arachidonic acid, the gas chromatographic assay measures arachidonic acid released from all the endogenous pools. Thus, the apparent increase in PLA2 activity in stimulated cells measured by the gas chromatographic assay is four- to fivefold higher than that by the radiometric assay. Inclusion of fatty acid free bovine serum albumin in the reaction buffer significantly increases the amount of arachidonic acid that is measured by gas chromatography. The gas chromatographic method has also been successfully utilized for measuring PLA2 activity in cell-free preparations derived from physically disrupted human neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Ramesha
- Department of Inflammation Biology, Syntex Research, Palo Alto, California 94303
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41
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Sugiura T, Fukuda T, Masuzawa Y, Waku K. Ether lysophospholipid-induced production of platelet-activating factor in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1990; 1047:223-32. [PMID: 2123719 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(90)90520-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) produced considerable amounts of platelet-activating factor (PAF) when exposed to various concentrations of lyso-PAF, especially in the absence of albumin. The amount of produced PAF in the presence of 5 microM lyso-PAF (without albumin) was 1.1 pmol/10 min per 2.5 X 10(6) cells, which was close to the level in the case of opsonized zymosan stimulation. We found that the activity of neither acetyltransferase nor acetylhydrolase was affected markedly by the treatment of cells with lyso-PAF, suggesting that the increased availability of lyso-PAF could be responsible for the induction of PAF synthesis. We also found that PAF synthesis was induced not only by lyso-PAF but also by ether-containing ethanolamine lysophospholipids, 1-alkenyl(alkyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (GPE). The addition of 1-alkenyl(alkyl)-GPE caused the degradation of pre-existing 1-alkyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (GPC) and an increased level of lyso-PAF, followed by the formation of PAF. By contrast, 1-acyl-GPC and 1-acyl-GPE failed to induce PAF production. These results suggest a possible key role of the availability of lyso-PAF in triggering the biosynthesis of PAF in human PMN.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sugiura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Kanagawa, Japan
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Chapkin RS, Carmichael SL. Effects of dietary n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids on macrophage phospholipid classes and subclasses. Lipids 1990; 25:827-34. [PMID: 2093145 DOI: 10.1007/bf02535905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effects of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid alimentation on murine peritoneal macrophage phospholipids. Mice were fed complete diets supplemented with either corn oil predominantly containing 18:2n-6, borage oil containing 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-6, fish/corn oil mixture containing 18:2n-6, 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3, or fish/borage oil mixture containing 18:2n-6, 18:3n-6, 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3. After two weeks, the fatty acid levels of glycerophosphoserines (GPS), glycerophosphoinositols (GPI), sphingomyelin (SPH), and of the glycerophosphocholine (GPC) and glycerophosphoethanolamine (GPE) phospholipid subclasses were determined. We found that mouse peritoneal macrophage GPC contain primarily 1-O-alkyl-2-acyl (range for the dietary groups, 24.6-30.5 mol %) and 1,2-diacyl (63.2-67.2 mol %), and that GPE contains 1-O-alk-1'-enyl-2-acyl (40.9-47.4 mol %) and 1,2-diacyl (44.2-51.2 mol %) subclasses. In general, fish oil feeding increased macrophage 20:5n-3, 22:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 levels while simultaneously reducing 20:4n-6 in GPS, GPI, GPE and GPC subclasses except for 1-O-alk-1'-enyl-2-acyl GPC. Administration of 18:3n-6 rich diets (borage and fish/borage mixture) resulted in the accumulation of 20:3n-6 (2-carbon elongation product of 18:3n-6) in most phospholipids. In general, the novel combination of dietary 18:3n-6 and n-3 PUFA produced the highest 20:3n-6/20:4n-6 phospholipid fatty acid ratios. This study demonstrates that marked differences in the responses of macrophage phospholipid classes and subclasses exist following dietary manipulation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Chapkin
- Department of Animal Science, Graduate Faculty of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station
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Abstract
The individual molecular species composition of diacyl, alkylacyl and alkenylacyl glycerophospholipids was determined in mouse peritoneal macrophages. A marked heterogeneity in the relative composition (mol%) of macrophage ether and ester phospholipid individual species was noted. High concentrations of 16:0-20:4 were found in ether phospholipids such as alkenylacyl glycerophosphoethanolamine (GPE; 27.5 mol%) and alkylacyl glycerophosphocholine (GPC; 16.6%) as compared to mol% levels of 16:0-20:4 in diacyl GPE (5.7%) and diacyl GPC (8.1%), respectively. Interestingly, alkenylacyl GPE was highly enriched in 1-ether (16:0) relative to alkylacyl GPC. The predominant diacyl molecular species in glycerophosphoinositol (GPI) and glycerophosphoserine (GPS) were 18:0-20:4 (59.1%) and 16:0-18:1 (41.1%), respectively. It is noteworthy that the level of 18:0-20:4 was several times higher in diacyl GPI (59.1%) than in diacyl GPS (11.1%), diacyl GPE (25.7%), and diacyl GPC (3.7%). The most abundant molecular species in diacyl GPC and diacyl GPE were 16:0-18:1 (29.9%) and 18:0-20:4 (25.7%), respectively. The abundance of 20:4 in ether phospholipids, specifically 16:0-20:4 and 18:0-20:4, in alkylacyl GPC is significant in view of the role these antecedents play in the biosynthesis of platelet-activating factor (PAF) and 20:4-derived eicosanoids in stimulated macrophages. The unique molecular species composition of the peritoneal macrophage distinguishes this cell type from others.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Akoh
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station
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Yoshioka S, Nakashima S, Okano Y, Nozawa Y. Arachidonic acid mobilization among phospholipids in murine mastocytoma P-815 cells: role of ether-linked phospholipids. J Lipid Res 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)38770-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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45
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Chapter 14 Mechanisms Regulating the Production of Arachidonate Metabolites in Mononuclear Phagocytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0070-2161(08)60086-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
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Kadiri C, Masliah J, Bachelet M, Vargaftig BB, Béréziat G. Phospholipase A2-mediated release of arachidonic acid in stimulated guinea pig alveolar macrophages: interaction with lipid mediators and cyclic AMP. J Cell Biochem 1989; 40:157-64. [PMID: 2549080 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.240400204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The stimulation of cultured guinea pig alveolar macrophages by the chemotactic peptide N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine, or by the phospholipid inflammatory mediator platelet activating factor (PAF) induced an increase in arachidonic acid release and its cyclooxygenase products. This release, which was mimicked by the association of threshold concentrations of the calcium ionophore A 23187 and of the protein kinase C activator tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate arose mainly from diacyl- and alkyl-acyl-phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol. Using [1-14C]arachidonic acid-labeled membranes as an endogenous substrate as well as dioleoyl-phosphatidyl [14C]ethanolamine as an exogenous substrate, we showed that phospholipase A2 activity of stimulated macrophages increases upon stimulation. Treatment of macrophages by prostaglandin E2 decreased the arachidonic acid release elicited by the chemotactic peptide and PAF. Furthermore, prostaglandin E2 increased and PAF decreased the cellular content in cyclic AMP. From these results we suggest that an initial stimulation of alveolar macrophages by a bacterial signal initiates the sequential activation of a phospholipase C and of phospholipase A2, leading to the release of PAF and eicosanoids. These mediators may in turn modulate the cell response by increasing or decreasing cyclic AMP, Ca2+, or diacyglycerol macrophage content.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Kadiri
- Department of Biochemistry, CNRS URA 1283, Faculté de Médecine Saint Antoine, Paris, France
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48
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Ohshima T, Wada S, Koizumi C. 1-O-alk-1′-enyl-2-acyl and 1-O-alkyl-2-acyl glycerophospholipids in white muscle of bonitoEuthynnus pelamis (Linnaeus). Lipids 1989. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02535142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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49
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Takayasu M, Kondo K, Terao S. Endothelin-induced mobilization of Ca2+ and the possible involvement of platelet activating factor and thromboxane A2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1989; 160:751-7. [PMID: 2655596 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(89)92497-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Endothelin (ET) caused transient and sustained elevations of cytosolic free Ca2+ concentrations ([Ca2+]i) in cultured rat and rabbit vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). Specific platelet activating factor (PAF) antagonists (CV-6209 and WEB-2086) and arachidonic acid (AA) cascade blockers (chlorpromazine, indomethacin, CV-4151 and AA-2414) potently inhibited the ET-induced increase in [Ca2+]i. Additionally, these compounds inhibited the PAF-induced increase in [Ca2+]i. These results suggest that PAF and thromboxane A2 (TXA2) may be involved in the mechanism of ET-induced mobilization of Ca2+ in cultured rat and rabbit VSMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Takayasu
- Central Research Division, Takeda Chemical Industries, Ltd., Osaka, Japan
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50
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Wey HE. Phorbol diester enhances calcium ionophore A23187-induced [3H]acetate incorporation into platelet-activating factor in murine macrophages: predominant incorporation into 1-O-acyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine. J Cell Biochem 1989; 39:305-13. [PMID: 2496135 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.240390310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Pretreatment of macrophages with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) has been shown to enhance the release of arachidonic acid from cell phospholipids in response to agonist stimulation. This study describes the ability of TPA to also alter calcium ionophore A23187-induced incorporation of [3H]acetate into platelet activating factor (PAF). Cultured murine peritoneal macrophages were preincubated with [3H]acetate (25 muCi) and TPA (10 ng/ml) for 10 min, and subsequently incubated with 0.1 microM A23187 for 0.5-10 min. Buffer and cells were then extracted and PAF resolved by normal-phase HPLC. Sequential exposure to TPA and A23187 resulted in a greatly enhanced incorporation (11,861 dpm/10(6) cells) of [3H]acetate into PAF compared to TPA alone, which did not significantly influence [3H]acetate incorporation into PAF, and 0.1 microM A23187, which induced minimal incorporation (688 dpm/10(6) cells). Macrophage-produced [3H]PAF was resolved by HPLC, extracted, treated with phospholipase-C, and acetylated to facilitate quantitation of 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-GPC (PAF) from 1-O-acyl-2-acetyl-GPC (acylPAF). A23187 alone (1 microM) produced 72% 1-O-acyl-2-[3H]acetyl-GPC, and A23187 (0.1 microM) following TPA pretreatment produced 81% 1-O-acyl-2-[3H]acetyl-GPC. Less than 2% of the radioactivity of acylPAF was in the acyl moiety. These data support a role for protein kinase C in modulating agonist-induced PAF synthesis. The results also suggest that acetyltransferase of murine macrophages does not possess specificity for 1-O-alkyl-2-lyso-GPC, and that availability of specific species of lyso-phospholipid may determine the type of PAF produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- H E Wey
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Ohio 45267-0056
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