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Varade S, Nadella M, Hirake A, Mungase SB, Ali A, Adela R. Effect of garlic on the components of metabolic syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 318:116960. [PMID: 37517570 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Metabolic diseases are the major causes of macrovascular and microvascular complications which lead to morbidity and mortality. Traditionally, garlic has been used as food and medicine for more than 5000 years. However, efficacy studies have shown conflicting results regarding the garlic effect. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of garlic on the components of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in metabolic disease patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study was a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Pubmed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), and Google scholar were searched till December 25, 2021 for identifying the relevant studies that have shown the effects of garlic on components of metabolic syndrome in metabolic disease patients. The mean difference with 95% CI was calculated using fixed-effect or random-effect models. RESULTS The effect of garlic has shown significant changes on waist circumference (p-value= <0.0001), total cholesterol (p < 0.0001), low density lipoprotein (p = 0.01), high density lipoprotein (p < 0.00001), triglycerides (p < 0.00001), systolic blood pressure (p < 0.00001), diastolic blood pressure (p < 0.00001), glucose (p < 0.00001), Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) (p = 0.04), C-reactive protein (p < 0.00001), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (p = 0.002), interleukin (IL)-6 (p = 0.0001). Subgroup analysis has shown the favorable effects of garlic in metabolic disease patients. CONCLUSION Our meta-analysis results confirm the findings that garlic could be useful as an anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-hyperglycemic, anti-hypertensive and anti-inflammatory drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Varade
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, NIPER-Guwahati, Sila Katamur (Halugurisuk), Changsari P.O., Kamrup Dst, Guwahati, Assam, 781101, India.
| | - Mounika Nadella
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, NIPER-Guwahati, Sila Katamur (Halugurisuk), Changsari P.O., Kamrup Dst, Guwahati, Assam, 781101, India.
| | - Amol Hirake
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, NIPER-Guwahati, Sila Katamur (Halugurisuk), Changsari P.O., Kamrup Dst, Guwahati, Assam, 781101, India.
| | - Suraj Bhausaheb Mungase
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, NIPER-Guwahati, Sila Katamur (Halugurisuk), Changsari P.O., Kamrup Dst, Guwahati, Assam, 781101, India.
| | - Amir Ali
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, NIPER-Guwahati, Sila Katamur (Halugurisuk), Changsari P.O., Kamrup Dst, Guwahati, Assam, 781101, India.
| | - Ramu Adela
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, NIPER-Guwahati, Sila Katamur (Halugurisuk), Changsari P.O., Kamrup Dst, Guwahati, Assam, 781101, India.
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Chaurasia PK, Bharati SL, Singh S. Garlic against Heart-related Ailments: Chemistry, Pharmacology, and Future Perspective. Mini Rev Med Chem 2024; 24:521-530. [PMID: 37605421 DOI: 10.2174/1389557523666230821102512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allium sativum L. (Garlic) is a well-recognized plant of great nutraceutical value with pharmacological evidences. It is full of dietary as well as pharmaceutical properties and has been used in traditional medications for a long time. It is known for good antioxidant, antifungal, antibacterial, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antiviral effects, along with other therapeutic roles in cardiovascular diseases, anti-atherosclerotic, antihypertensive, anti-thrombotic, blood pressure, bone and skin related problems etc. Objective: Considering the potential of garlic in the treatment of cardiovascular/heart-related diseases, the main objective of this study was to prepare a subject-centric mini-review focusing on its chemistry and pharmacology in heart-related issues. METHODS In order to prepare this mini-review article, an extensive online literature search was performed to find out the most recent studies related to this topic. These studies were briefly reviewed, assessed, and discussed to explore the possible capability of garlic for the cure of cardiovascular problems. RESULT Several experiments on mice models, rat models as well as on humans show the effective role of various forms of garlic in cardiovascular or heart-related ailments. After reviewing the available publications on garlic in heart-related issues, authors found that garlic and its sulfur (S)-based organic constituents may have advantageous applications in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Kumar Chaurasia
- P.G. Department of Chemistry, Chemical, Biological and Environmental Laboratory, L.S. College, B.R. Ambedkar Bihar University, Muzaffarpur, Bihar, 842001, India
| | - Shashi Lata Bharati
- Department of Chemistry, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology, Nirjuli, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh, 791109, India
| | - Sunita Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Navyug Kanya Mahavidyalaya, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226004, India
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Nouruzi S, Vasheghani Farahani A, Rezaeizadeh H, Ghafouri P, Ghorashi SM, Omidi N. Platelet Aggregation Inhibition: An Evidence-Based Systematic Review on the Role of Herbs for Primary Prevention Based on Randomized Controlled Trials. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2022; 47:505-516. [PMID: 36380973 PMCID: PMC9652499 DOI: 10.30476/ijms.2021.91328.2247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Platelet aggregation is a crucial mechanism in the progression of atherothrombotic events. This systematic review aims to introduce the plants studied in healthy people as the primary prevention to inhibit platelet aggregation. We also discuss possible mechanisms that are involved in the inhibition of platelet aggregation. METHODS A systematic search on the electronic medical databases from 1970 to February 2020 was performed. The selected keywords were: "herb", "plant", "platelet aggregation", "platelet activation", "clinical trial", "randomized" and "controlled". RESULTS The result of the initial search was a pool of 136 articles. After initial abstract reviewing, there were 55 relevant articles. Finally, 28 eligible records fulfilled our inclusion criteria to enter the qualitative synthesis process. CONCLUSION Out of the 10 plants evaluated in the clinical trials, nine had inhibitory effects on platelet aggregation. Most of the reviewed plants, including tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L), garlic (Allium sativum), kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa), cacao (Theobroma cacao), grape (Vitis vinifera), ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba), flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum), sea buckthorn berry (Hippophae), and argan (Argania spinose) could be potential sources for the primary prevention of atherothrombotic events at an appropriate dosage. Finally, we do not consider phytoceuticals as a replacement for the guideline-directed medical treatment. Large randomized double-blind clinical trials are required to evaluate the anti-platelet characteristics of these plants for the adjuvant primary prevention of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samane Nouruzi
- Cardiac Primary Prevention Research Center, Cardiovascular Disease Research Institute, Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Vasheghani Farahani
- Cardiac Primary Prevention Research Center, Cardiovascular Disease Research Institute, Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Rezaeizadeh
- Cardiac Primary Prevention Research Center, Cardiovascular Disease Research Institute, Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parham Ghafouri
- Cardiac Primary Prevention Research Center, Cardiovascular Disease Research Institute, Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyyed Mojtaba Ghorashi
- Cardiac Primary Prevention Research Center, Cardiovascular Disease Research Institute, Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Negar Omidi
- Cardiac Primary Prevention Research Center, Cardiovascular Disease Research Institute, Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Upadhaya SD, Ahn JM, Han K, Yang YM, Wu Z, Kim IH. Inclusion of non-toxic sulfur in the diet positively affects daily growth, serum lipid profile and meat quality in finishing pigs. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Caroline OB, Ebuehi OA, Cecilia OA, Kayode OA. Effect of Allium sativum extract in combination -with orlistat on insulin resistance and disrupted metabolic hormones in high fat diet induced obese rats. SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2021.e00994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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The Influence of Plants from the Alliaceae Family on Morphological Parameters of the Intestine in Atherogenic Rats. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13113876. [PMID: 34836133 PMCID: PMC8619671 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Bulbs from the Alliaceae family have been well-known and valued spices for thousands of years, not only for their unique flavor and aroma features, but also for their high nutritional and health-promoting values. Long-term or excessive consumption of these vegetables, especially raw garlic, can have side effects in the body (including in the digestive tract), causing a number of pathological changes in the intestinal wall; these changes lead, in turn, to its damage, dysfunction, and disorder development. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the addition of freeze-dried vegetables from the Alliaceae family, i.e., garlic (Allium sativum L.), white onion, and red onion (Allium cepa L.) on the morphometric parameters (intestinal villi length, crypt depth, thickness of tunica mucosa, and the thickness of tunica muscle) of the jejunum of rats fed a semi-synthetic atherogenic diet (1% dietary cholesterol). In freeze-dried vegetables administered to rats, the contents of selected bioactive ingredients and their antioxidant potentials were determined. The effect of the onion vegetable supplements on growth parameters, serum lipid profile, plasma antioxidant potential, and the intestinal morphological parameters of rats loaded with cholesterol was determined. In an animal experiment, 30 male Wistar rats were divided into 5 diet groups, diet consumption and FER were studied. Supplementation of the atherogenic diet with vegetables improved the blood plasma lipid profiles and atherogenic indices, in a manner that was dependent on the type of supplementation used, with the best hypolipidemic and anti-atherosclerotic effects found in garlic use. The atherogenic diet, as well as the supplementation of this diet with the tested vegetables from the Alliaceae family, influenced the histological changes in the epithelium of the jejunum of rats. The damage to the intestinal mucosa was the greatest in animals fed an atherogenic diet supplemented with garlic. Bearing in mind that the desired beneficial therapeutic or prophylactic effects of onion vegetables (in particular garlic) in the course of various metabolic ailments (including atherosclerosis) are achieved during long-term supplementation, it is important to remember their possible cytotoxic effects (e.g., on the digestive tract) in order to achieve real benefits related to the supplementation with vegetables from the Alliaceae family.
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Esmaeili S, Rostami-Nejad M, Rezaei-Tavirani M, Okhovatian F, Mehdi Zadeh-Esmaeel M, Razzagh Z, Ahmadzadeh A, Vafaee R. Evaluating of Gene Expression Alteration after Garlic Consumption, Analyzing through Bioinformatics Approach. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH : IJPR 2021; 20:72-81. [PMID: 34400942 PMCID: PMC8170752 DOI: 10.22037/ijpr.2020.112409.13744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Molecular study of garlic as a popular food ingredient could better understand its health benefits such as immunological effects. For this aim, effects of garlic on the spleen and possible side effects including oxidative stress increment, the molecular mechanism is investigated through network analysis of differentially expressed genes in the treatment of garlic. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis of spleen gene expression profile of Mus musculus (8-week old male C57BL/6J mice) in garlic treatments from a microarray study with the code of GSE10344 was analyzed via GEO2R software. Furthermore, Cytoscape V 3.7.1 was applied to construct and analyze a network of up- and down-regulated genes. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were analyzed via the CluePedia plugin of Cytoscape to determine expression patterns. After the identification of central nodes, an action map was created. A total of 77 DEGs were achieved which were including 40 up-regulated and 37 Down-regulated. The centrality analysis of the network indicated that Vcan, Lamb1, and Ltbp1 are hubs and Glra1, Wdr17, Nefl, and Becn1 are bottlenecks. Mutual regulatory connections between hubs and Alb and App (as two non-queried hubs) were determined. The findings indicate that garlic effect on the spleen and its mechanism may be involved mostly with App dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Esmaeili
- Traditional Medicine and Materia Medica Research Center, School of Traditional Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rostami-Nejad
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Rezaei-Tavirani
- Proteomics Research Center, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farshad Okhovatian
- Physiotherapy Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Zahra Razzagh
- Laser Application in Medical Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Ahmadzadeh
- Proteomics Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Vafaee
- Proteomics Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Guan R, Van Le Q, Yang H, Zhang D, Gu H, Yang Y, Sonne C, Lam SS, Zhong J, Jianguang Z, Liu R, Peng W. A review of dietary phytochemicals and their relation to oxidative stress and human diseases. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 271:129499. [PMID: 33445014 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Phytochemicals refer to active substances in plant-based diets. Phytochemicals found in for example fruits, vegetables, grains and seed oils are considered relatively safe for consumption due to mammal-plant co-evolution and adaptation. A number of human diseases are related to oxidative stress caused by for example chemical environmental contaminants in air, water and food; while also lifestyle including smoking and lack of exercise and dietary preferences are important factors for disease development in humans. Here we explore the dietary sources of antioxidant phytochemicals that have beneficial effects on oxidative stress, cardiovascular and neurological diseases as well as cancer. Plant-based diets usually contain phenolic acids, flavonoids and carotenoids, which have strong antioxidant properties, and therefore remove the excess of active oxygen in the body, and protect cells from damage, reducing the risk of cardiovascular and Alzheimer's disease. In most cases, obesity is related to diet and inactivity and plant-based diets change lipid composition and metabolism, which reduce obesity related hazards. Cruciferous and Allium vegetables are rich in organic sulphides that can act on the metabolism of carcinogens and therefore used as anti-cancer and suppressing agents while dietary fibres and plant sterols may improve intestinal health and prevent intestinal diseases. Thus, we recommend a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and grains as its content of phytochemicals may have the potential to prevent or improve a broad sweep of various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruirui Guan
- Henan Province International Collaboration Lab of Forest Resources Utilization, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Quyet Van Le
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, 550000, Viet Nam
| | - Han Yang
- Henan Province International Collaboration Lab of Forest Resources Utilization, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Dangquan Zhang
- Henan Province International Collaboration Lab of Forest Resources Utilization, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Haiping Gu
- Henan Province International Collaboration Lab of Forest Resources Utilization, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Yafeng Yang
- Henan Province International Collaboration Lab of Forest Resources Utilization, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Christian Sonne
- Aarhus University, Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000, Roskilde, Denmark; Henan Province International Collaboration Lab of Forest Resources Utilization, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
| | - Su Shiung Lam
- Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia; Henan Province International Collaboration Lab of Forest Resources Utilization, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Jiateng Zhong
- Department of Pathology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Zhu Jianguang
- Pharmacy College, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Runqiang Liu
- School of Resources and Environment, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Wanxi Peng
- Henan Province International Collaboration Lab of Forest Resources Utilization, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
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Taghizadeh M, Hamedifard Z, Jafarnejad S. Effect of garlic supplementation on serum C-reactive protein level: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Phytother Res 2018; 33:243-252. [PMID: 30370629 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The present study was designed to systematically review randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that report on the effects of garlic supplementation on serum C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. We conducted a literature search of Scopus, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar up to January 2018. Weighted mean differences (WMD) were estimated for net change in serum CRP. Subgroup analyses were also performed by duration of study, dose of supplementation, baseline CRP level, and the quality of studies. From 438 articles found and screened in our initial search, nine RCTs with the sum of total sample size of 363 were included in the meta-analysis. Compared with the controls, garlic intake significantly reduced the concentrations of serum CRP by 0.8 mg/L (95% CI [-1.5, -0.1], p = 0.02) with the evidence of heterogeneity among studies. Subgroup analyses showed that garlic significantly lowered CRP by 0.82 mg/L (95% CI [-1.02, -0.62], p < 0.001) among studies with a daily garlic dose ≥1,200 mg/day and by 2.44 mg/L (95% CI [-4.02, -0.87], p = 0.002) among studies with baseline CRP ≥2 mg/L. Current data confirmed that garlic supplementation would reduce serum CRP levels. However, the changes were related to the supplemental doses and baseline levels of serum CRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Taghizadeh
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Zahra Hamedifard
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Sadegh Jafarnejad
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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Safety and efficacy of a polyherbal formulation for the management of dyslipidemia and hyperglycemia in patients with advanced-stage of type-2 diabetes. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 89:69-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Amano H, Kazamori D, Itoh K. Evaluation of the Effects of S-Allyl-L-cysteine, S-Methyl-L-cysteine, trans-S-1-Propenyl-L-cysteine, and Their N-Acetylated and S-Oxidized Metabolites on Human CYP Activities. Biol Pharm Bull 2017; 39:1701-1707. [PMID: 27725449 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b16-00449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Three major organosulfur compounds of aged garlic extract, S-allyl-L-cysteine (SAC), S-methyl-L-cysteine (SMC), and trans-S-1-propenyl-L-cysteine (S1PC), were examined for their effects on the activities of five major isoforms of human CYP enzymes: CYP1A2, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, and 3A4. The metabolite formation from probe substrates for the CYP isoforms was examined in human liver microsomes in the presence of organosulfur compounds at 0.01-1 mM by using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis. Allicin, a major component of garlic, inhibited CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 activity by 21-45% at 0.03 mM. In contrast, a CYP2C9-catalyzed reaction was enhanced by up to 1.9 times in the presence of allicin at 0.003-0.3 mM. SAC, SMC, and S1PC had no effect on the activities of the five isoforms, except that S1PC inhibited CYP3A4-catalyzed midazolam 1'-hydroxylation by 31% at 1 mM. The N-acetylated metabolites of the three compounds inhibited the activities of several isoforms to a varying degree at 1 mM. N-Acetyl-S-allyl-L-cysteine and N-acetyl-S-methyl-L-cysteine inhibited the reactions catalyzed by CYP2D6 and CYP1A2, by 19 and 26%, respectively, whereas trans-N-acetyl-S-1-propenyl-L-cysteine showed weak to moderate inhibition (19-49%) of CYP1A2, 2C19, 2D6, and 3A4 activities. On the other hand, both the N-acetylated and S-oxidized metabolites of SAC, SMC, and S1PC had little effect on the reactions catalyzed by the five isoforms. These results indicated that SAC, SMC, and S1PC have little potential to cause drug-drug interaction due to CYP inhibition or activation in vivo, as judged by their minimal effects (IC50>1 mM) on the activities of five major isoforms of human CYP in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Amano
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
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Viecili PRN, da Silva B, Hirsch GE, Porto FG, Parisi MM, Castanho AR, Wender M, Klafke JZ. Triglycerides Revisited to the Serial. Adv Clin Chem 2017; 80:1-44. [PMID: 28431638 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses the role of triglycerides (TGs) in the normal cardiovascular system as well as in the development and clinical manifestation of cardiovascular diseases. Regulation of TGs at the enzymatic and genetic level, in addition to their possible relevance as preclinical and clinical biomarkers, is discussed, culminating with a description of available and emerging treatments. Due to the high complexity of the subject and the vast amount of material in the literature, the objective of this review was not to exhaust the subject, but rather to compile the information to facilitate and improve the understanding of those interested in this topic. The main publications on the topic were sought out, especially those from the last 5 years. The data in the literature still give reason to believe that there is room for doubt regarding the use of TG as disease biomarkers; however, there is increasing evidence for the role of hypertriglyceridemia on the atherosclerotic inflammatory process, cardiovascular outcomes, and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- B.C. Mathew
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, El Gabal El Gharby University, Gharyan, Libya
| | - R.S. Biju
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, El Gabal El Gharby University, Gharyan, Libya
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Kim HK. Protective Effect of Garlic on Cellular Senescence in UVB-Exposed HaCaT Human Keratinocytes. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8080464. [PMID: 27483310 PMCID: PMC4997377 DOI: 10.3390/nu8080464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the cells, which induces the cellular senescence and photoaging. The present study investigated the protective effects of garlic on photo-damage and cellular senescence in UVB-exposed human keratinocytes, HaCaT cells. An in vitro cell free system was used to examine the scavenging activity of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radicals and nitric oxide (NO). The effect of garlic extract on ROS formation, MMP-1 protein and mRNA expressions, cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6, senescence associated-β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) activity, and silent information regulator T1 (SIRT1) activity were determined in UVB-irradiated HaCaT cells. Garlic exhibited strong DPPH radical and NO scavenging activity in cell free system exhibiting IC50 values of 2.50 mg/mL and 4.38 mg/mL, respectively. Garlic pretreatment attenuated the production of UVB-induced intracellular ROS. MMP-1 level, which has been known to be induced by ROS, was dramatically elevated by UVB irradiation, and UVB-induced MMP-1 mRNA and protein expressions were significantly reduced by garlic treatment (50 µg/mL) comparable to those of UV-unexposed control cells. UV-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine productions (IL-6 and IL-1β) were significantly inhibited by pretreatment with garlic in a dose-dependent manner. SA-β-gal activity, a classical biomarker of cellular senescence, and SIRT1 activity, which has attracted attention as an anti-aging factor in recent years, were ameliorated by garlic treatment in UV-irradiated HaCaT cells. The present study provides the first evidence of garlic inhibiting UVB-induced photoaging as a result of augmentation of cellular senescence in HaCaT human keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Kyung Kim
- Department of Food & Biotechnology, Hanseo University, Haemi-Myun, Seosan, Chungnam 356-706, Korea.
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Aslani N, Entezari MH, Askari G, Maghsoudi Z, Maracy MR. Effect of Garlic and Lemon Juice Mixture on Lipid Profile and Some Cardiovascular Risk Factors in People 30-60 Years Old with Moderate Hyperlipidaemia: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Int J Prev Med 2016; 7:95. [PMID: 27563431 PMCID: PMC4977979 DOI: 10.4103/2008-7802.187248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was performed to effects of garlic and lemon juice mixture on lipid profile and some cardiovascular risk factors in people 30-60 years old with moderate hyperlipidemia. METHODS In a parallel-designed randomized controlled clinical trial, a total of 112 hyperlipidemic patients 30-60 years, were recruited from Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center. People were selected and randomly divided into four groups. Control blood samples were taken and height, weight, and blood pressure were recorded. (1) Received 20 g of garlic daily, plus 1 tablespoon lemon juice, (2) received 20 g garlic daily, (3) received 1 tablespoon of lemon juice daily, and (4) did not receive garlic or lemon juice. A study technician was done the random allocations using a random numbers table. All participants presented 3 days of dietary records and 3 days of physical activity records during 8 weeks. Blood samples were obtained at study baseline and after 8 weeks of intervention. RESULTS Results showed a significant decrease in total cholesterol (changes from baseline: 40.8 ± 6.1, P < 0.001), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (29.8 ± 2.6, P < 0.001), and fibrinogen (111.4 ± 16.1, P < 0.001) in the Group 1, in comparison with other groups. A greater reduction in systolic and diastolic blood pressure was observed in Group 1 compared with the Groups 3 and 4 (37 ± 10, P = 0.01) (24 ± 1, P = 0.02); respectively. Furthermore, a great reduction in body mass index was observed in the mixed group compared with the lemon juice and control groups (1.6 ± 0.1, P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS Administration of garlic plus lemon juice resulted in an improvement in lipid levels, fibrinogen and blood pressure of patients with hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negar Aslani
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Food Security Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hasan Entezari
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Food Security Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Askari
- Department of Community Nutrition, Food Security Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Zahra Maghsoudi
- Department of Community Nutrition, Food Security Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Maracy
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatics, School of Public Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Matsumoto S, Nakanishi R, Li D, Alani A, Rezaeian P, Prabhu S, Abraham J, Fahmy MA, Dailing C, Flores F, Hamal S, Broersen A, Kitslaar PH, Budoff MJ. Aged Garlic Extract Reduces Low Attenuation Plaque in Coronary Arteries of Patients with Metabolic Syndrome in a Prospective Randomized Double-Blind Study. J Nutr 2016; 146:427S-432S. [PMID: 26764322 DOI: 10.3945/jn.114.202424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although several previous studies have demonstrated that aged garlic extract (AGE) inhibits the progression of coronary artery calcification, its effect on noncalcified plaque (NCP) has been unclear. OBJECTIVE This study investigated whether AGE reduces coronary plaque volume measured by cardiac computed tomography angiography (CCTA) in patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS). METHODS Fifty-five patients with MetS (mean ± SD age: 58.7 ± 6.7 y; 71% men) were prospectively assigned to consume 2400 mg AGE/d (27 patients) or placebo (28 patients) orally. Both groups underwent CCTA at baseline and follow-up 354 ± 41 d apart. Coronary plaque volume, including total plaque volume (TPV), dense calcium (DC), NCP, and low-attenuation plaque (LAP), were measured based upon predefined intensity cutoff values. Multivariable linear regression analysis, adjusted for age, gender, number of risk factors, hyperlipidemia medications, history of coronary artery disease, scan interval time, and baseline %TPV, was performed to examine whether AGE affected each plaque change. RESULTS The %LAP change was significantly reduced in the AGE group compared with the placebo group (-1.5% ± 2.3% compared with 0.2% ± 2.0%, P = 0.0049). In contrast, no difference was observed in %TPV change (0.3% ± 3.3% compared with 1.6% ± 3.0%, P = 0.13), %NCP change (0.2% ± 3.3% compared with 1.4% ± 2.9%, P = 0.14), and %DC change (0.2% ± 1.4%, compared with 0.2% ± 1.7%, P = 0.99). Multivariable linear regression analysis found a beneficial effect of AGE on %LAP regression (β: -1.61; 95% CI: -2.79, -0.43; P = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that the %LAP change was significantly greater in the AGE group than in the placebo group. Further studies are needed to evaluate whether AGE has the ability to stabilize vulnerable plaque and decrease adverse cardiovascular events. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01534910.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suguru Matsumoto
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA
| | - Rine Nakanishi
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA
| | - Dong Li
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA
| | - Anas Alani
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA
| | - Panteha Rezaeian
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA
| | | | - Jeby Abraham
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA
| | - Michael A Fahmy
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA
| | - Christopher Dailing
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA
| | - Ferdinand Flores
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA
| | - Sajad Hamal
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA
| | | | - Pieter H Kitslaar
- Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands; and Medis Medical Imaging Systems, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Matthew J Budoff
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA;
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18
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Kim HK. Garlic Supplementation Ameliorates UV-Induced Photoaging in Hairless Mice by Regulating Antioxidative Activity and MMPs Expression. Molecules 2016; 21:70. [PMID: 26760989 PMCID: PMC6273408 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21010070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
UV exposure is associated with oxidative stress and is the primary factor in skin photoaging. UV-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) cause the up-regulation of metalloproteinase (MMPs) and the degradation of dermal collagen and elastic fibers. Garlic and its components have been reported to exert antioxidative effects. The present study investigated the protective effect of garlic on UV-induced photoaging and MMPs regulation in hairless mice. Garlic was supplemented in the diet, and Skh-1 hairless mice were exposed to UV irradiation five days/week for eight weeks. Mice were divided into four groups; Non-UV, UV-irradiated control, UV+1% garlic powder diet group, and UV+2% garlic powder diet group. Chronic UV irradiation induced rough wrinkling of the skin with hyperkeratosis, and administration of garlic diminished the coarse wrinkle formation. UV-induced dorsal skin and epidermal thickness were also ameliorated by garlic supplementation. ROS generation, skin and serum malondialdehyde levels were significantly increased by UV exposure and were ameliorated by garlic administration although the effects were not dose-dependent. Antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in skin tissues were markedly reduced by UV irradiation and garlic treatment increased these enzyme activities. UV-induced MMP-1 and MMP-2 protein levels were suppressed by garlic administration. Furthermore, garlic supplementation prevented the UV-induced increase of MMP-1 mRNA expression and the UV-induced decrease of procollagen mRNA expression. These results suggest that garlic may be effective for preventing skin photoaging accelerated by UV irradiation through the antioxidative system and MMP regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Kyung Kim
- Department of Food & Biotechnology, Hanseo University, Haemi-Myun, Seosan, Chungnam 356-706, Korea.
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19
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Ebrahimi T, Behdad B, Abbasi MA, Rabati RG, Fayyaz AF, Behnod V, Asgari A. High doses of garlic extract significantly attenuated the ratio of serum LDL to HDL level in rat-fed with hypercholesterolemia diet. Diagn Pathol 2015; 10:74. [PMID: 26088761 PMCID: PMC4474459 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-015-0322-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hypercholesterolemia is associated with an increased risk of heart disease. In this study, we investigated the antihyperlipidemic effects of garlic (Allium sativum L.) in rat models of hypercholesterolemic. Methods Wistar male rats were randomly divided into 4 diet groups with garlic supplementation. Male Wistar rats were fed by standard pellet diet (group I), standard diet supplemented with 4 % garlic (group II), lipogenic diet (containing sunflower oil, cholesterol and ethanol) equivalent to 200 mg raw garlic/kg body weight (raw) (group III) and lipogenic diet equivalent to 400 mg raw garlic/kg body weight (raw) (group IV). Results Rats fed 400 g/kg garlic extract(GE), had a significantly lower concentration of serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) cholesterol and elevated HDL –C cholesterol at day 28 (P < 0.05).In addition,serum levels of LDL-C was lower in the III and IV group than those in the IV group (P < 0.001 for each). However, cholesterol efflux capacity was positively correlated with HDL cholesterol concentration (P < 0 · 0001). It was also directly correlated with garlic supplementation (P < 0 · 0001). Conclusion Together Taken, the results are clearly indicative of the beneficial effects of garlic in reducing lateral side effects of hyperlipidemia. Our data demonstrate that GE has protective effects on HDL in rats with high LDL intake. Therefore, it could be used to remedy hypercholesterolemia with help reduce risk of coronary heart disease Virtual slides The virtual slide(s) for this article can be found here: http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/1834155749171141
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Ebrahimi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran.
| | - Behnoosh Behdad
- Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Maryam Agha Abbasi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, Kurdistan Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran. .,Danesh Pathobiology Laboratory, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Amir Farshid Fayyaz
- Department of Legal Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Vahid Behnod
- Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ali Asgari
- Department of Infectious Diseases, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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20
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Hamidi ME, Shami SME. Scavenging Activity of Different Garlic Extracts and Garlic Powder and their Antioxidant Effect on Heated Sunflower Oil. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.3923/ajft.2015.135.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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21
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Sambu NK, Kashinath R, Ambekar J. Effect of diallyl disulphide on diabetes induced dyslipidemia in male albino rats. J Clin Diagn Res 2015; 9:BF01-3. [PMID: 26023549 PMCID: PMC4437061 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2015/13374.5860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder which may lead to various complications, the important being dyslipidemia leading to Coronary Heart Disorders (CHD), the major cause for morbidity and mortality in diabetic patients. Diabetes Mellitus could be treated by nutritional therapy/drug therapy and others. But the drug therapy would have its own limitations and side effects. To overcome from this an herbal extract is recommended, such as Diallyl Disulphide (DADS) a principle compound of Garlic oil. AIM To assess the hypolipidemic effect of Diallyl Disulphide (DADS) in alloxan induced diabetic rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Healthy adult wistar strain male albino rats weighing around 100-150 grams were randomly selected from the animal house at BLDE University's Shri B.M.Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Bijapur, India. Diabetes was induced using alloxan and was treated with DADS. After a stipulated time the rats were anesthetised and sacrificed to collect the blood and liver tissue. Various Lipid parameters, HMG CoA Reductase, Fecal bile acids were estimated in the blood, feces and homogenised liver tissue using standard procedures. STATISCAL ANALYSIS One-way ANOVA followed by post-hoc t-test is done. RESULT There was significant decrease in the blood and liver tissue lipid parameters of DADS treated alloxan induced diabetic rats when compared to the alloxan induced diabetic rats. CONCLUSION From this study it can be concluded that the DADS a principle compound of garlic, definitely has the hypolipidemic effect in diabetic rats, which is reducing the morbidity in diabetic cases due to dyslipidemia without the adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - R.T. Kashinath
- Lecturer, Department of Biochemistry, RIMS, Raichur, India
| | - J.G. Ambekar
- Lecturer, Department of Biochemistry, RIMS, Raichur, India
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Joshua AT, Joseph OA, Aliyu M, Abdulkadir UZ. Blood pressure lowering and cardio-protective effects of garlic (Allium sativum) and ginger (Zingiber officinale) extracts in some laboratory animals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.5897/ijmms2014.1069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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23
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Panda D, Dehury B, Sahu J, Barooah M, Sen P, Modi MK. Computational identification and characterization of conserved miRNAs and their target genes in garlic (Allium sativum L.) expressed sequence tags. Gene 2014; 537:333-42. [PMID: 24434367 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The endogenous small non-coding functional microRNAs (miRNAs) are short in size, range from ~21 to 24 nucleotides in length, play a pivotal role in gene expression in plants and animals by silencing genes either by destructing or blocking of translation of homologous mRNA. Although various high-throughput, time consuming and expensive techniques like forward genetics and direct cloning are employed to detect miRNAs in plants but comparative genomics complemented with novel bioinformatic tools pave the way for efficient and cost-effective identification of miRNAs through homologous sequence search with previously known miRNAs. In this study, an attempt was made to identify and characterize conserved miRNAs in garlic expressed sequence tags (ESTs) through computational means. For identification of novel miRNAs in garlic, a total 3227 known mature miRNAs of plant kingdom Viridiplantae were searched for homology against 21,637 EST sequences resulting in identification of 6 potential miRNA candidates belonging to 6 different miRNA families. The psRNATarget server predicted 33 potential target genes and their probable functions for the six identified miRNA families in garlic. Most of the garlic miRNA target genes seem to encode transcription factors as well as genes involved in stress response, metabolism, plant growth and development. The results from the present study will shed more light on the understanding of molecular mechanisms of miRNA in garlic which may aid in the development of novel and precise techniques to understand some post-transcriptional gene silencing mechanism in response to stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debashis Panda
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat 785013, Assam, India
| | - Budheswar Dehury
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat 785013, Assam, India
| | - Jagajjit Sahu
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat 785013, Assam, India
| | - Madhumita Barooah
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat 785013, Assam, India
| | - Priyabrata Sen
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat 785013, Assam, India
| | - Mahendra K Modi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat 785013, Assam, India.
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Yun HM, Ban JO, Park KR, Lee CK, Jeong HS, Han SB, Hong JT. Potential therapeutic effects of functionally active compounds isolated from garlic. Pharmacol Ther 2013; 142:183-95. [PMID: 24333688 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The medicinal properties of functionally active organosulfur compounds such as allin, diallyl disulfide, S-allylmercaptocysteine, and S-trityl-L-cysteine isolated from garlic have received great attention from a large number of investigators who have studied their pharmacological effects for the treatment of various diseases. These organosulfur compounds are able to prevent for development of cancer, cardiovascular, neurological, and liver diseases as well as allergy and arthritis. There have been also many reports on toxicities and pharmacokinetics of these compounds. The aim of this study is to review a variety of experimental and clinical reports, and describe the effectiveness, toxicities and pharmacokinetics, and possible mechanisms of pharmaceutical actions of functionally active compounds isolated from garlic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung-Mun Yun
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, 48 Gaeshin-dong, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Ok Ban
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, 48 Gaeshin-dong, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Ran Park
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, 48 Gaeshin-dong, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Chong Kil Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, 48 Gaeshin-dong, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Heon-Sang Jeong
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Bae Han
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, 48 Gaeshin-dong, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Tae Hong
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, 48 Gaeshin-dong, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-763, Republic of Korea.
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25
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Morihara N, Ide N, Sumioka I, Kyo E. Aged garlic extract inhibits peroxynitrite-induced hemolysis. Redox Rep 2013; 10:159-65. [PMID: 16156955 DOI: 10.1179/135100005x57364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO), which is synthesized by constitutive NO synthase (cNOS), plays important roles in physiological functions of the cardiovascular system. However, NO, which is synthesized by inducible NOS, is detrimental when it reacts with superoxide to form peroxynitrite. Peroxynitrite is recognized as a powerful oxidant, and results in vascular or tissue damage. We have previously reported that aged garlic extract (AGE) enhances NO production through cNOS stimulation. In the present study, we determined the effect of AGE, its fractions or constituents on peroxynitrite-induced hemolysis using rat erythrocytes. Incubation of rat erythrocytes with peroxynitrite (300 microM) for 30 min at 37 degrees C caused 4-fold hemolysis. AGE (0.14-0.57 %w/v) added to an erythrocyte suspension was found to reduce peroxynitrite-induced hemolysis in a concentration-dependent manner. Of the AGE fractions, a polar fraction and a low-molecular-weight fraction both suppressed the hemolysis to the same degree as that seen with AGE. S-allylcysteine, one of the major compounds in AGE, also reduced hemolysis at 1-10 mM dose-dependently. These data indicate that AGE and its compounds protect erythrocytes from membrane damage induced by peroxynitrite, suggesting that AGE could be useful for prevention of cardiovascular diseases associated with oxidative stress or dysfunction of NO production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoaki Morihara
- Healthcare Research Institute, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Hiroshima, Japan.
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26
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Ghorbani A. Phytotherapy for diabetic dyslipidemia: evidence from clinical trials. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.2217/clp.13.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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27
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Pan H, Gu L, Sun S, Chen Z, Zhou H, Zeng S, Jiang H. Metabolism of Bis(4-fluorobenzyl)trisulfide and Its Formation of Hemoglobin Adduct in Rat Erythrocytes. Drug Metab Dispos 2013; 41:1082-93. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.112.048801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Srinivasan K. Dietary spices as beneficial modulators of lipid profile in conditions of metabolic disorders and diseases. Food Funct 2013; 4:503-21. [PMID: 23364205 DOI: 10.1039/c2fo30249g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Spices are valued for their medicinal properties besides their use as food adjuncts to enhance the sensory quality of food. Dietary garlic, onion, fenugreek, red pepper, turmeric, and ginger have been proven to be effective hypocholesterolemics in experimentally induced hypercholesterolemia. The hypolipidemic potential of fenugreek in diabetic subjects and of garlic and onion in humans with induced lipemia has been demonstrated. Capsaicin and curcumin - the bioactive compounds of red pepper and turmeric - are documented to be efficacious at doses comparable to usual human intake. Capsaicin and curcumin have been shown to be hypotriglyceridemic, thus preventing accumulation of fat in the liver under adverse situations by enhancing triglyceride transport out of the liver. Capsaicin, curcumin, fenugreek, ginger, and onion enhance secretion of bile acids into bile. These hypocholesterolemic spices/spice principles reduce blood and liver cholesterol by enhancing cholesterol conversion to bile acids through activation of hepatic cholesterol-7α-hydroxylase. Many human trials have been carried out with garlic, onion, and fenugreek. The mechanism underlying the hypocholesterolemic and hypotriglyceridemic influence of spices is fairly well understood. Health implications of the hypocholesterolemic effect of spices experimentally documented are cardio-protection, protection of the structural integrity of erythrocytes by restoration of membrane cholesterol/phospholipid profile and prevention of cholesterol gallstones by modulation of the cholesterol saturation index in bile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnapura Srinivasan
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Central Food Technological Research Institute (CSIR), Mysore-570020, India.
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29
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Capasso A. Antioxidant action and therapeutic efficacy of Allium sativum L. Molecules 2013; 18:690-700. [PMID: 23292331 PMCID: PMC6269925 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18010690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Revised: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Allium sativum (L.) is rich in antioxidants which help destroy free radicals particles that can damage cell membranes and DNA, and may contribute to the aging process as well as the development of a number of conditions, including heart disease and cancer. Antioxidants neutralize free radicals and may reduce or even help prevent some of the damage they cause over time. The antioxidant activity of fresh Allium sativum L. (garlic) is well known and is mainly due to unstable and irritating organosulphur compounds. Fresh garlic extracted over a prolonged period (up to 20 months) produces odourless aged garlic extract (AGE) containing stable and water soluble organosulphur compounds that prevent oxidative damage by scavenging free radicals. The aim of this review was to understand the mechanism of antioxidant action and therapeutic efficacy of garlic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Capasso
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Ponte don Melillo, Fisciano, Salerno 84084, Italy.
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30
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Fardet A, Chardigny JM. Plant-Based Foods as a Source of Lipotropes for Human Nutrition: A Survey of In Vivo Studies. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2013; 53:535-90. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2010.549596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Kumar R, Chhatwal S, Arora S, Sharma S, Singh J, Singh N, Bhandari V, Khurana A. Antihyperglycemic, antihyperlipidemic, anti-inflammatory and adenosine deaminase- lowering effects of garlic in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with obesity. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2013; 6:49-56. [PMID: 23378779 PMCID: PMC3554227 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s38888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a chronic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia, with long term macrovascular and microvascular complications. The treatment is lifestyle management, exercise, weight control, and antihyperglycemic drugs such as sulfonylureas, biguanides, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, thiazolidinediones, and meglitinide. Recently, a direct association between high levels of C-reactive protein and serum adenosine deaminase levels in patients with uncontrolled diabetes with long-term complications has been seen. This study was conducted to assess the antihyperglycemic, lipid-lowering, anti-inflammatory, and improving glycemic control of garlic in type 2 diabetes patients with obesity. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was an open-label, prospective, comparative study, conducted on 60 patients having type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity. The patients were divided into two groups of 30 each, of either sex. Group 1 was given metformin tablets, 500 mg twice a day (BD)/three times a day (TDS), after meals, and group 2 was given metformin tablets, 500 mg BD/TDS, after meals, along with garlic (Allium sativum) capsules, 250 mg BD. Patients were routinely investigated for fasting and postprandial blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA(1c)), serum adenosine deaminase levels and lipid profile (serum cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol) at the start of the study. Patients were followed up for 12 weeks, with monitoring of fasting and postprandial blood glucose at 2 week intervals, and monitoring of the other parameters at the end of study. Data obtained at the end of the study was statistically analyzed using Student's t test. RESULTS It was observed that both metformin alone and metformin with garlic reduced fasting blood glucose and postprandial blood glucose significantly, with a greater percentage reduction with metformin plus garlic; however, change in HbA(1c) levels was not significant. A fall in total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein and an increase in high-density lipoprotein were more pronounced in patients treated with metformin plus garlic. Similarly, a fall in C-reactive protein and adenosine deaminase levels was greater in patients taking metformin with garlic than in patients taking only metformin. CONCLUSION Garlic has been shown to have antihyperglycemic and lipid-lowering properties. The additional lowering of C-reactive protein and serum adenosine deaminase levels with garlic suggests that garlic can be a valuable agent in providing good glycemic control and the prevention of long-term complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahat Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology
- Correspondence: Rahat Kumar E-block, Ranjit Avenue, Amritsar, Punjab, India 143001 Tel +91 987 612 5136 Email
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ashok Khurana
- Department of Medicine, Sri Guru Ram Das Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Amritsar, India
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Seo DY, Lee S, Figueroa A, Kwak YS, Kim N, Rhee BD, Ko KS, Bang HS, Baek YH, Han J. Aged garlic extract enhances exercise-mediated improvement of metabolic parameters in high fat diet-induced obese rats. Nutr Res Pract 2012; 6:513-9. [PMID: 23346301 PMCID: PMC3542441 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2012.6.6.513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Revised: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Aged garlic extract (AGE) is known to have a protective effect against immune system, endothelial function, oxidative stress and inflammation. We examined the effects of exercise with and without aged garlic extract administration on body weight, lipid profiles, inflammatory cytokines, and oxidative stress marker in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese rats. Forty-five Sprague-Dawley rats were fed either a HFD (HFD, n = 40) or a normal diet (ND, n = 5) for 6 weeks and thereafter randomized into ND (n = 5), HFD (n = 10), HFD with AGE (n = 10), HFD with Exercise (n = 10), or HFD with Exercise+AGE (n = 10) for 4 weeks. AGE groups were administered at a dose of 2.86 g/kg·body weight, orally. Exercise consisted of running 15-60 min 5 days/week with gradually increasing intensity. AGE (P < 0.01), Exercise, and Exercise+AGE (P < 0.001) attenuated body weight gain and food efficiency ratio compared to HFD. Visceral fat and liver weight gain were attenuated (P < 0.05) with all three interventions with a greater effect on visceral fat in the Exercise+AGE than AGE (P < 0.001). In reducing visceral fat (P < 0.001), epididymal fat (P < 0.01) and liver weight (P < 0.001), Exercise+AGE was effective, but exercise showed a stronger suppressive effect than AGE. Exercise+AGE showed further additive effects on reducing visceral fat and liver weight (P < 0.001). AGE significantly attenuated the increase in total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol compared with HFD (P < 0.05). Exercise+AGE attenuated the increase in triglycerides compared with HFD (P < 0.05). Exercise group significantly decrease in C-reactive protein (P < 0.001). These results suggest that AGE supplementation and exercise alone have anti-obesity, cholesterol lowering, and anti-inflammatory effects, but the combined intervention is more effective in reducing weight gain and triglycerides levels than either intervention alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Yun Seo
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, 633-165, Gaegeum-dong, Busanjin-gu, Busan 614-735, Korea
| | - SungRyul Lee
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, 633-165, Gaegeum-dong, Busanjin-gu, Busan 614-735, Korea
| | - Arturo Figueroa
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, College of Human Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306-1493, USA
| | - Yi Sub Kwak
- Department of Physical Education, Dong-Eui University, Busan 614-714, Korea
| | - Nari Kim
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, 633-165, Gaegeum-dong, Busanjin-gu, Busan 614-735, Korea
| | - Byoung Doo Rhee
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, 633-165, Gaegeum-dong, Busanjin-gu, Busan 614-735, Korea
| | - Kyung Soo Ko
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, 633-165, Gaegeum-dong, Busanjin-gu, Busan 614-735, Korea
| | - Hyun Seok Bang
- Division of Humanities and Social Science, POSTECH, Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Yeong Ho Baek
- Department of Physical Education, Pusan University, Busan 609-735, Korea
| | - Jin Han
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, 633-165, Gaegeum-dong, Busanjin-gu, Busan 614-735, Korea
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Lee DH, Lim SR, Ra CS, Kim JD. Effects of Dietary Garlic Extracts on Whole Body Amino Acid and Fatty Acid Composition, Muscle Free Amino Acid Profiles and Blood Plasma Changes in Juvenile Sterlet Sturgeon, Acipenser ruthenus. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2012; 25:1419-29. [PMID: 25049498 PMCID: PMC4093024 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2012.12184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Revised: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A series of studies were carried out to investigate the supplemental effects of dietary garlic extracts (GE) on whole body amino acids, whole body and muscle free amino acids, fatty acid composition and blood plasma changes in 6 month old juvenile sterlet sturgeon (Acipenser ruthenus). In the first experiment, fish with an average body weight of 59.6 g were randomly allotted to each of 10 tanks (two groups of five replicates, 20 fish/tank) and fed diets with (0.5%) or without (control) GE respectively, at the level of 2% of fish body weight per day for 5 wks. Whole body amino acid composition between the GE and control groups were not different (p>0.05). Among free amino acids in muscle, L-glutamic acid, L-alanine, L-valine, L-leucine and L-phenylalanine were significantly (p<0.05) higher in GE than in control. However, total whole body free amino acids were significantly lower in GE than in control (p<0.05). GE group showed higher EPA (C22:6n3) and DHA (C22:5n3) in their whole body than the other group (p<0.05). In the second experiment, the effects of dietary garlic extracts on blood plasma changes were investigated using 6 month old juvenile sterlet sturgeon averaging 56.5 g. Fish were randomly allotted to each of 2 tanks (300 fish/tank) and fed diets with (0.5%) or without (control) GE respectively, at the rate of 2% of body weight per day for 23 d. At the end of the feeding trial, blood was taken from the tail vein (n = 5, per group) at 1, 12, and 24 h after feeding, respectively. Blood plasma glucose, insulin and the other serological characteristics were also measured to assess postprandial status of the fish. Plasma glucose concentrations (mg/dl) between two groups (GE vs control) were significantly (p< 0.05) different at 1 (50.8 vs 62.4) and 24 h (57.6 vs 73.6) after feeding, respectively, while no significant difference (p>0.05) were noticed at 12 h (74.6 vs 73.0). Plasma insulin concentrations (μIU/ml) between the two groups were significantly (p<0.05) different at 1 (10.56 vs 5.06) and 24 h (32.56 vs 2.96) after feeding. The present results suggested that dietary garlic extracts could increase dietary glucose utilization through the insulin secretion, which result in improved fish body quality and feed utilization by juvenile sterlet sturgeon.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chang-Six Ra
- Department of Animal Life System, College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701,
Korea
| | - Jeong-Dae Kim
- Department of Animal Life System, College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701,
Korea
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KIM HYEJEONG, HAN MINHO, KIM GIYOUNG, CHOI YOUNGWHAN, CHOI YUNGHYUN. Hexane extracts of garlic cloves induce apoptosis through the generation of reactive oxygen species in Hep3B human hepatocarcinoma cells. Oncol Rep 2012; 28:1757-63. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2012.1985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Lee S, Joo H, Kim CT, Kim IH, Kim Y. High hydrostatic pressure extract of garlic increases the HDL cholesterol level via up-regulation of apolipoprotein A-I gene expression in rats fed a high-fat diet. Lipids Health Dis 2012; 11:77. [PMID: 22713542 PMCID: PMC3490837 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-11-77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the number one cause of mortality worldwide and a low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level is an important marker of CVD risk. Garlic (Allium sativum) has been widely used in the clinic for treatment of CVD and regulation of lipid metabolism. This study investigated the effects of a high hydrostatic pressure extract of garlic (HEG) on HDL-C level and regulation of hepatic apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) gene expression. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two groups and maintained on a high-fat control diet (CON) or high-fat control diet supplemented with high hydrostatic pressure extract of garlic (HEG) for 5 weeks. Changes in the expression of genes related to HDL-C metabolism were analyzed in liver, together with biometric and blood parameters. RESULTS In the HEG group, the plasma triglyceride (TG) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels were significantly decreased in comparison with the CON group (P < 0.05). Dietary HEG also lowered the hepatic TG and total cholesterol (TC) levels compared to the CON group. While the plasma HDL-C level and mRNA level of hepatic apoA-I, which is one of primarily proteins of HDL-C particle, were significantly increased in the HEG group compared to the CON group (P < 0.05). The gene expression of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) and lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT), importantly involved in the biogenesis in HDL, were also up-regulated by dietary HEG. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that HEG ameliorates plasma lipid profiles and attenuates hepatic lipid accumulation in the high-fat fed rats. Our findings provides that the effects of HEG on the increase of the plasma HDL-C level was at least partially mediated by up-regulation of hepatic genes expression such as apoA-I, ABCA1, and LCAT in rats fed a high-fat diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seohyun Lee
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjin Joo
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chong-Tai Kim
- Food Bio-Nano Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Hwan Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yangha Kim
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Lee SJ, Hwang CR, Kang JR, Shin JH, Kang MJ, Sung NJ. Anti-Obesity Effect of Red Garlic Composites in Rats Fed a High Fat-Cholesterol Diet. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.5352/jls.2012.22.5.671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Lii CK, Huang CY, Chen HW, Chow MY, Lin YR, Huang CS, Tsai CW. Diallyl trisulfide suppresses the adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes through ERK activation. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 50:478-84. [PMID: 22137902 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Revised: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Garlic and its organosulfur compounds display hypolipidemic effects by inhibiting fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis. We investigated the anti-adipogenic effect of diallyl trisulfide (DATS), the second most abundant organosulfide in garlic oil. We studied the effects of DATS in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and the mechanism involved in its action. DATS (0-75 μM) inhibited CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) α and β and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ mRNA and protein levels in a dose- and time-dependent manner, leading to a decrease of fatty acid synthase (FAS) expression and lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells. Insulin treatment induced a transient increase in ERK phosphorylation in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, and maximal induction was observed at 5 min and then declined. DATS, however, sustained ERK phosphorylation up to 120 min. In the presence of PD98059, the phosphorylation of ERK and suppression of PPARγ expression and DNA binding activity of PPARγ by DATS were reversed, and lipid accumulation was restored. In conclusion, these results indicate that DATS inhibits the differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes into adipocytes. DATS is likely to act by prolonging ERK activation, which leads to the down-regulation of adipogenic transcription factor expression during adipogenesis. Our results suggest that garlic may have potential as an anti-obesity agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong-Kuei Lii
- Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, No. 91, Hsueh-Shih Rd., Taichung 404, Taiwan
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Zhang X, Xiong C. Theoretical studies on the dehydration reaction of the allicin radical cation in the gas phase. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2011.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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lawrence R, lawrence K. Antioxidant activity of garlic essential oil (Allium Sativum) grown in north Indian plains. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s2221-1691(11)60122-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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Park JA, Park C, Han MH, Kim BW, Chung YH, Choi YH. Inhibition of Adipocyte Differentiation and Adipogenesis by Aged Black Garlic Extracts in 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.5352/jls.2011.21.5.720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Lee EN, Choi YW, Kim HK, Park JK, Kim HJ, Kim MJ, Lee HW, Kim KH, Bae SS, Kim BS, Yoon S. Chloroform extract of aged black garlic attenuates TNF-α-induced ROS generation, VCAM-1 expression, NF-κB activation and adhesiveness for monocytes in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Phytother Res 2011; 25:92-100. [PMID: 20623600 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Aged black garlic is a type of fermented garlic (Allium sativum) which has been used in Oriental countries for a long time because of various biological properties of garlic derivatives. The current study explored the potential of the chloroform extract of aged black garlic (CEABG) in attenuating the activities of adhesion molecules in tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-stimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). The study was performed on HUVECs that were pretreated with 30 μg/mL of CEABG before TNF-α treatment. Treatment of HUVECs with CEABG significantly inhibited TNF-α-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation. HUVECs treated with CEABG showed markedly suppressed TNF-α-induced mRNA expression of VCAM-1, but little alteration in ICAM-1 and E-selectin mRNA expression. CEABG treatment also significantly decreased the TNF-α-induced cell surface and total protein expression of VCAM-1 without affecting ICAM-1 and E-selectin expression. In addition, treatment of HUVECs with CEABG markedly reduced THP-1 monocyte adhesion to TNF-α-stimulated HUVECs. Furthermore, CEABG significantly inhibited NF-κB transcription factor activation in TNF-α-stimulated HUVECs. The data provide new evidence of the antiinflammatory properties of CEABG that may have a potential therapeutic use for the prevention and treatment of vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis through mechanisms involving the inhibition of VCAM-1 expression and NF-κB activation in vascular endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Na Lee
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Korea
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Heidarian E, Jafari-Dehkordi E, Seidkhani-Nahal A. Effect of garlic on liver phosphatidate phosphohydrolase and plasma lipid levels in hyperlipidemic rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 49:1110-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2010] [Revised: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Nasim SA, Dhir B, Kapoor R, Fatima S, Mujib A. Alliin obtained from leaf extract of garlic grown under in situ conditions possess higher therapeutic potency as analyzed in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2011; 49:416-421. [PMID: 21391887 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2010.521163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Garlic, Allium sativum L. (Liliaceae), possesses high therapeutic and pharmacological properties. Hypoglycemic activity is attributed to alliin (S-allyl cysteine sulfoxide), the main active principle localized in garlic cloves. OBJECTIVE To compare the production and therapeutic efficiency of alliin extracted from garlic leaves of plants grown under ex situ and in situ conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS Alliin content of leaves was quantified and aqueous leaf extracts (from ex situ and in situ grown plants) were given to normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats for five weeks. RESULTS Alliin production noted ~50% enhancement in leaves from plants grown under in situ conditions. Serum glucose, triglycerides, total lipids, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-, and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)-cholesterol in diabetic rats treated with alliin produced from in situ grown plants noted significant reduction of ~54%, 15%, 14%, 20%, 24%, and 15%, while 35%, 14%, 10%, 12%, 17% and 11% reduction was noted in diabetic rats treated with alliin produced from ex situ grown plants in comparison with those administered with distilled water. High-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol did not show any significant change. Leaf extract of plants lowered serum enzyme levels (alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase) toward the norm better than glibenclamide. The histopathological alteration in pancreas caused by alloxan was also reduced by leaf extract. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate leaf extract obtained from plants grown under in situ condition possess higher therapeutic efficiency in comparison with leaf extract obtained from plants grown under ex situ condition. Studies suggest that environmental factors influence production of alliin and its therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sekh Abdul Nasim
- Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Hamdard University, New Delhi, India
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HAMLAOUI-GASMI SONIA, MOKNI MEHERZIA, AOUANI EZZEDINE, AMRI MOHAMED, MARZOUKI LAMJED. MODULATION OF HEMATOLOGICAL PARAMETERS BY GARLIC BASED ON ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION IN RAT. J Food Biochem 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4514.2010.00394.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Effects of dietary allicin on health and growth performance of weanling piglets and reduction in attractiveness of faeces to flies. Animal 2011; 5:304-11. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731110001953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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46
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Akgül B, Lin KW, Ou Yang HM, Chen YH, Lu TH, Chen CH, Kikuchi T, Chen YT, Tu CPD. Garlic accelerates red blood cell turnover and splenic erythropoietic gene expression in mice: evidence for erythropoietin-independent erythropoiesis. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15358. [PMID: 21206920 PMCID: PMC3012072 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Garlic (Allium sativum) has been valued in many cultures both for its health effects and as a culinary flavor enhancer. Garlic's chemical complexity is widely thought to be the source of its many health benefits, which include, but are not limited to, anti-platelet, procirculatory, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, neuro-protective, and anti-cancer effects. While a growing body of scientific evidence strongly upholds the herb's broad and potent capacity to influence health, the common mechanisms underlying these diverse effects remain disjointed and relatively poorly understood. We adopted a phenotype-driven approach to investigate the effects of garlic in a mouse model. We examined RBC indices and morphologies, spleen histochemistry, RBC half-lives and gene expression profiles, followed up by qPCR and immunoblot validation. The RBCs of garlic-fed mice register shorter half-lives than the control. But they have normal blood chemistry and RBC indices. Their spleens manifest increased heme oxygenase 1, higher levels of iron and bilirubin, and presumably higher CO, a pleiotropic gasotransmitter. Heat shock genes and those critical for erythropoiesis are elevated in spleens but not in bone marrow. The garlic-fed mice have lower plasma erythropoietin than the controls, however. Chronic exposure to CO of mice on garlic-free diet was sufficient to cause increased RBC indices but again with a lower plasma erythropoietin level than air-treated controls. Furthermore, dietary garlic supplementation and CO treatment showed additive effects on reducing plasma erythropoietin levels in mice. Thus, garlic consumption not only causes increased energy demand from the faster RBC turnover but also increases the production of CO, which in turn stimulates splenic erythropoiesis by an erythropoietin-independent mechanism, thus completing the sequence of feedback regulation for RBC metabolism. Being a pleiotropic gasotransmitter, CO may be a second messenger for garlic's other physiological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bünyamin Akgül
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan Authority
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Izmir Institute of Technology, Urla, Turkey
| | - Kai-Wei Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan Authority
| | - Hui-Mei Ou Yang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan Authority
- National Genotyping Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan Authority
| | - Yen-Hui Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan Authority
- Taiwan Mouse Clinic, National Phenotyping Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan Authority
| | - Tzu-Huan Lu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan Authority
- National Genotyping Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan Authority
| | - Chien-Hsiun Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan Authority
- National Genotyping Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan Authority
| | - Tateki Kikuchi
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan Authority
- Taiwan Mouse Clinic, National Phenotyping Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan Authority
| | - Yuan-Tsong Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan Authority
- National Genotyping Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan Authority
| | - Chen-Pei D. Tu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan Authority
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Caballero J, Fernández M, Coll D. Quantitative structure-activity relationship of organosulphur compounds as soybean 15-lipoxygenase inhibitors using CoMFA and CoMSIA. Chem Biol Drug Des 2010; 76:511-7. [PMID: 21040497 DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2010.01039.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship studies were carried out on a series of 28 organosulphur compounds as 15-lipoxygenase inhibitors using comparative molecular field analysis and comparative molecular similarity indices analysis. Quantitative information on structure-activity relationships is provided for further rational development and direction of selective synthesis. All models were carried out over a training set including 22 compounds. The best comparative molecular field analysis model only included steric field and had a good Q² = 0.789. Comparative molecular similarity indices analysis overcame the comparative molecular field analysis results: the best comparative molecular similarity indices analysis model also only included steric field and had a Q² = 0.894. In addition, this model predicted adequately the compounds contained in the test set. Furthermore, plots of steric comparative molecular similarity indices analysis field allowed conclusions to be drawn for the choice of suitable inhibitors. In this sense, our model should prove useful in future 15-lipoxygenase inhibitor design studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Caballero
- Centro de Bioinformática y Simulación Molecular, Facultad de Ingeniería en Bioinformática, Universidad de Talca, 2 Norte 685, Casilla 721, Talca, Chile.
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48
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Hfaiedh N, Murat JC, Elfeki A. Compared ability of garlic (Allium sativum
) extract or α-tocopherol + magnesium association to reduce metabolic disorders and oxidative stress in diabetic rats. Phytother Res 2010; 25:821-7. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Revised: 10/02/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Sobenin IA, Pryanishnikov VV, Kunnova LM, Rabinovich YA, Martirosyan DM, Orekhov AN. The effects of time-released garlic powder tablets on multifunctional cardiovascular risk in patients with coronary artery disease. Lipids Health Dis 2010; 9:119. [PMID: 20958974 PMCID: PMC2972277 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-9-119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2010] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The double-blinded placebo-controlled randomized study has been performed in 51 coronary heart disease (CHD) patients to estimate the effects of time-released garlic powder tablets Allicor on the values of 10-year prognostic risk of acute myocardial infarction (fatal and non-fatal) and sudden death, with the respect of secondary CHD prevention. It has been demonstrated that 12-month treatment with Allicor results in the significant decrease of cardiovascular risk by 1.5-fold in men (p < 0.05), and by 1.3-fold in women. The above results were equitable also in terms of relative risks. The main effect that played a role in cardiovascular risk reduction was the decrease in LDL cholesterol by 32.9 mg/dl in men (p < 0.05), and by 27.3 mg/dl in women. Thus, the most significant effects were observed in men, while in women the decrease of cardiovascular risk appeared as a trend that might be due presumably to the insufficient sample size. Since Allicor is the remedy of natural origin, it is safe with the respect to adverse effects and allows even perpetual administration that may be crucial for the secondary prevention of atherosclerotic diseases in CHD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor A Sobenin
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow 125315, Russia.
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Direct effect of khat and garlic extracts on blood lipids contents: Preliminary in vitro study. Obes Res Clin Pract 2010; 4:e247-342. [DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2010.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2010] [Revised: 06/30/2010] [Accepted: 07/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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