1
|
Weber T, Bajramovic J, Oredsson S. Preparation of a universally usable, animal product free, defined medium for 2D and 3D culturing of normal and cancer cells. MethodsX 2024; 12:102592. [PMID: 38445175 PMCID: PMC10912720 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2024.102592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Since 1958, cell culture media supplemented with fetal bovine serum is used, despite the well-known concerns about animal welfare, reproducibility, reliability, relevance, and safety. To obliterate these concerns and increase scientific accuracy, we recently published an open access, publicly available paper on a defined medium composition to make it possible for any lab to prepare this medium. The medium supports routine culturing and cell banking as well as investigations of growth curves, dose response testing of compounds of cells in 2D and 3D, and cell migration; all important aspects for research and toxicology. Here we give a detailed description of how to mix the defined universal cell culture medium in 14 simple steps to support any entity that wishes to make it. We also list different normal and cancer cell lines that have been cultured in the defined medium.•Open source composition of animal product free universal cell culture medium•Protocols for mixing solutions of small xeno free molecules for supplementation•Protocols for mixing solutions of human proteins for supplementation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tilo Weber
- Animal Welfare Academy of the German Animal Welfare Federation, Neubiberg 85579, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Jeffrey Bajramovic
- 3Rs Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CJ, The Netherlands
| | - Stina Oredsson
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund 22362, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Schräder N, Zhu WX, Jaekel A, Legelli M, Meyer D, Streckel K, Wirtz M, Lamotte S. Application of chiral stationary phases for the separation of vitamin A acetate isomers. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1718:464710. [PMID: 38330727 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
The separation of vitamin A acetate isomers is essential for quality assurance of e.g. nutrition supplements, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical ingredients. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is currently the most suitable analytical method for tackling this challenging separation task. However, the existing methods based on normal phase chromatography (NPC) are poorly reproducible due to the typical disadvantages of NPC, such as long equilibration times and fluctuation in retention factors. A new reversed phase method developed in our labs allows the separation of the isomers applying a chiral stationary phase (CSP). This phase consists of an immobilized polysaccharide which can be used in every chromatographic mode. However, they are not typically used in reversed phase mode. Through the screening of various stationary phases with different polysaccharide based chiral selectors, the choice of the ideal stationary phase could be confirmed, allowing to draw conclusions about the retention mechanism. The CSP Chiralpak IG-3 was found to be the most suitable among the examined. Regarding the separation mechanism, the spatial helical structure of the polysaccharide derivatives was confirmed to be of particular significance. In addition to the stationary phase, the mobile phase was tested for optimization regarding composition, gradient parameters as well as temperature using chromatographic method optimization software for the sake of method robustness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Schräder
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Bonn-Rhein-Sieg, Rheinbach, Germany
| | - Wan Xia Zhu
- Department of Analytical and Material Science, BASF Advanced Chemicals Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Alexander Jaekel
- Department of Analytical and Material Science, BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Straße 38, Ludwigshafen am Rhein 67056, Germany
| | - Mo Legelli
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Bonn-Rhein-Sieg, Rheinbach, Germany; Department of Analytical and Material Science, BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Straße 38, Ludwigshafen am Rhein 67056, Germany
| | - Daniel Meyer
- Department of Analytical and Material Science, BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Straße 38, Ludwigshafen am Rhein 67056, Germany
| | - Kevin Streckel
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Bonn-Rhein-Sieg, Rheinbach, Germany
| | - Michaela Wirtz
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Bonn-Rhein-Sieg, Rheinbach, Germany
| | - Stefan Lamotte
- Department of Analytical and Material Science, BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Straße 38, Ludwigshafen am Rhein 67056, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gerhards J, Volkov LI, Corbo JC, Malan D, Sasse P. Enzymatic vitamin A 2 production enables red-shifted optogenetics. Pflugers Arch 2023; 475:1409-1419. [PMID: 37987804 PMCID: PMC10730639 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-023-02880-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Optogenetics is a technology using light-sensitive proteins to control signaling pathways and physiological processes in cells and organs and has been applied in neuroscience, cardiovascular sciences, and many other research fields. Most commonly used optogenetic actuators are sensitive to blue and green light, but red-light activation would allow better tissue penetration and less phototoxicity. Cyp27c1 is a recently deorphanized cytochrome P450 enzyme that converts vitamin A1 to vitamin A2, thereby red-shifting the spectral sensitivity of visual pigments and enabling near-infrared vision in some aquatic species.Here, we investigated the ability of Cyp27c1-generated vitamin A2 to induce a shift in spectral sensitivity of the light-gated ion channel Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) and its red-shifted homolog ReaChR. We used patch clamp to measure photocurrents at specific wavelengths in HEK 293 cells expressing ChR2 or ReaChR. Vitamin A2 incubation red-shifted the wavelength for half-maximal currents (λ50%) by 6.8 nm for ChR2 and 12.4 nm for ReaChR. Overexpression of Cyp27c1 in HEK 293 cells showed mitochondrial localization, and HPLC analysis showed conversion of vitamin A1 to vitamin A2. Notably, the λ50% of ChR2 photocurrents was red-shifted by 10.5 nm, and normalized photocurrents at 550 nm were about twofold larger with Cyp27c1 expression. Similarly, Cyp27c1 shifted the λ50% of ReaChR photocurrents by 14.3 nm and increased normalized photocurrents at 650 nm almost threefold.Since vitamin A2 incubation is not a realistic option for in vivo applications and expression of Cyp27c1 leads to a greater red-shift in spectral sensitivity, we propose co-expression of this enzyme as a novel strategy for red-shifted optogenetics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Gerhards
- Institute of Physiology I, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53125, Bonn, Germany
| | - Leo I Volkov
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Joseph C Corbo
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Daniela Malan
- Institute of Physiology I, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53125, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Philipp Sasse
- Institute of Physiology I, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53125, Bonn, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Frandsen BN, Vaida V. Spectroscopy of Retinoic Acid at the Air-Water Interface. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:6908-6919. [PMID: 36129815 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c04873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The spectroscopy of all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA), an important molecule of biological origin that can be found in nature, is investigated at the air-water interface using UV-Vis and IR reflection spectroscopy. We employ a UV-Vis reflection absorption spectroscopy (RAS) experiment along with infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (IR-RAS) to probe ATRA at the air-water interface. We elucidate the factors influencing the spectroscopy of ATRA at the air-water interface and compare its spectra at the water surface with results of bulk samples obtained with conventional spectroscopic methods and computational chemistry. Monolayers of pure ATRA as well as mixed ATRA with stearic-d35 acid were prepared, and the spectroscopy reveals that ATRA forms J-aggregates with itself, causing a significant redshift of its S0 to S1 electronic transition. Pure ATRA monolayers are found to be unstable at the air-water interface and are lost from the surface over time due to the formation of aggregates. The mixture of ATRA and stearic-d35 acid has been shown to stabilize the monolayers and inhibit the loss of surface ATRA. On the basis of our observations, we propose that ATRA could be a significant photosensitizer in natural aqueous environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin N Frandsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States.,Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, UCB 216, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Veronica Vaida
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States.,Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, UCB 216, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hałubiec P, Łazarczyk A, Szafrański O, Bohn T, Dulińska-Litewka J. Synthetic Retinoids as Potential Therapeutics in Prostate Cancer-An Update of the Last Decade of Research: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10537. [PMID: 34638876 PMCID: PMC8508817 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC) is the second most common tumor in males. The search for appropriate therapeutic options against advanced PC has been in process for several decades. Especially after cessation of the effectiveness of hormonal therapy (i.e., emergence of castration-resistant PC), PC management options have become scarce and the prognosis is poor. To overcome this stage of disease, an array of natural and synthetic substances underwent investigation. An interesting and promising class of compounds constitutes the derivatives of natural retinoids. Synthesized on the basis of the structure of retinoic acid, they present unique and remarkable properties that warrant their investigation as antitumor drugs. However, there is no up-to-date compilation that consecutively summarizes the current state of knowledge about synthetic retinoids with regard to PC. Therefore, in this review, we present the results of the experimental studies on synthetic retinoids conducted within the last decade. Our primary aim is to highlight the molecular targets of these compounds and to identify their potential promise in the treatment of PC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Przemysław Hałubiec
- Medical Biochemistry Medical College, Jagiellonian University, 31-034 Cracow, Poland; (P.H.); (A.Ł.); (O.S.)
| | - Agnieszka Łazarczyk
- Medical Biochemistry Medical College, Jagiellonian University, 31-034 Cracow, Poland; (P.H.); (A.Ł.); (O.S.)
| | - Oskar Szafrański
- Medical Biochemistry Medical College, Jagiellonian University, 31-034 Cracow, Poland; (P.H.); (A.Ł.); (O.S.)
| | - Torsten Bohn
- Nutrition and Health Research Group 1 A-B, Department of Population Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1 A-B, rue Thomas Edison, L-23 1445 Strassen, Luxembourg;
| | - Joanna Dulińska-Litewka
- Medical Biochemistry Medical College, Jagiellonian University, 31-034 Cracow, Poland; (P.H.); (A.Ł.); (O.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bos AV, Erkelens MN, Koenders STA, van der Stelt M, van Egmond M, Mebius RE. Clickable Vitamins as a New Tool to Track Vitamin A and Retinoic Acid in Immune Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 12:671283. [PMID: 34305901 PMCID: PMC8298001 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.671283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The vitamin A derivative, retinoid acid (RA) is key player in guiding adaptive mucosal immune responses. However, data on the uptake and metabolism of vitamin A within human immune cells has remained largely elusive because retinoids are small, lipophilic molecules which are difficult to detect. To overcome this problem and to be able to study the effect of vitamin A metabolism in human immune cell subsets, we have synthesized novel bio-orthogonal retinoid-based probes (clickable probes), which are structurally and functionally indistinguishable from vitamin A. The probes contain a functional group (an alkyne) to conjugate to a fluorogenic dye to monitor retinoid molecules in real-time in immune cells. We demonstrate, by using flow cytometry and microscopy, that multiple immune cells have the capacity to internalize retinoids to varying degrees, including human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs) and naïve B lymphocytes. We observed that naïve B cells lack the enzymatic machinery to produce RA, but use exogenous retinoic acid to enhance CD38 expression. Furthermore, we showed that human DCs metabolize retinal into retinoic acid, which in co-culture with naïve B cells led to of the induction of CD38 expression. These data demonstrate that in humans, DCs can serve as an exogenous source of RA for naïve B cells. Taken together, through the use of clickable vitamins our data provide valuable insight in the mechanism of vitamin A metabolism and its importance for human adaptive immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amelie V Bos
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location VUmc, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Martje N Erkelens
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location VUmc, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sebastiaan T A Koenders
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Mario van der Stelt
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Marjolein van Egmond
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location VUmc, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location VUmc, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Reina E Mebius
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location VUmc, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lee SA, Yang KJZ, Brun PJ, Silvaroli JA, Yuen JJ, Shmarakov I, Jiang H, Feranil JB, Li X, Lackey AI, Krężel W, Leibel RL, Libien J, Storch J, Golczak M, Blaner WS. Retinol-binding protein 2 (RBP2) binds monoacylglycerols and modulates gut endocrine signaling and body weight. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaay8937. [PMID: 32195347 PMCID: PMC7065888 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay8937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Expressed in the small intestine, retinol-binding protein 2 (RBP2) facilitates dietary retinoid absorption. Rbp2-deficient (Rbp2-/- ) mice fed a chow diet exhibit by 6-7 months-of-age higher body weights, impaired glucose metabolism, and greater hepatic triglyceride levels compared to controls. These phenotypes are also observed when young Rbp2-/- mice are fed a high fat diet. Retinoids do not account for the phenotypes. Rather, RBP2 is a previously unidentified monoacylglycerol (MAG)-binding protein, interacting with the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and other MAGs with affinities comparable to retinol. X-ray crystallographic studies show that MAGs bind in the retinol binding pocket. When challenged with an oil gavage, Rbp2-/- mice show elevated mucosal levels of 2-MAGs. This is accompanied by significantly elevated blood levels of the gut hormone GIP (glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide). Thus, RBP2, in addition to facilitating dietary retinoid absorption, modulates MAG metabolism and likely signaling, playing a heretofore unknown role in systemic energy balance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Ah Lee
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Human Nutrition, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kryscilla Jian Zhang Yang
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Human Nutrition, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pierre-Jacques Brun
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Human Nutrition, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Josie A. Silvaroli
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jason J. Yuen
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Human Nutrition, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Igor Shmarakov
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Human Nutrition, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hongfeng Jiang
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Human Nutrition, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jun B. Feranil
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Human Nutrition, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xueting Li
- PhD Program in Nutritional and Metabolic Biology, Institute of Human Nutrition, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Atreju I. Lackey
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Wojciech Krężel
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, U1258, CNRS, UMR 7104, Unistra, Illkirch 67404, France
| | - Rudolph L. Leibel
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Human Nutrition, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jenny Libien
- Department of Pathology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Judith Storch
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Marcin Golczak
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - William S. Blaner
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Human Nutrition, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
ADAM10 in Alzheimer's disease: Pharmacological modulation by natural compounds and its role as a peripheral marker. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 113:108661. [PMID: 30836275 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.108661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) represents a global burden in the economics of healthcare systems. Amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides are formed by amyloid-β precursor protein (AβPP) cleavage, which can be processed by two pathways. The cleavage by the α-secretase A Disintegrin And Metalloprotease 10 (ADAM10) releases the soluble portion (sAβPPα) and prevents senile plaques. This pathway remains largely unknown and ignored, mainly regarding pharmacological approaches that may act via different signaling cascades and thus stimulate non-amyloidogenic cleavage through ADAM10. This review emphasizes the effects of natural compounds on ADAM10 modulation, which eventuates in a neuroprotective mechanism. Moreover, ADAM10 as an AD biomarker is revised. New treatments and preventive interventions targeting ADAM10 regulation for AD are necessary, considering the wide variety of ADAM10 substrates.
Collapse
|
9
|
Determination of Five Retinol Isomers in Animal Livers Using Ultra-High Performance Supercritical Fluid Chromatography. Chromatographia 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-018-3557-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
|
10
|
Yokota S, Oshio S. A simple and robust quantitative analysis of retinol and retinyl palmitate using a liquid chromatographic isocratic method. J Food Drug Anal 2017; 26:504-511. [PMID: 29567219 PMCID: PMC9322232 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin A is a vital nutritional substances that regulates biological activities including development, but is also associated with disease onset. The extent of vitamin A intake influences the retinoid content in the liver, the most important organ for the storage of vitamin A. Measurement of endogenous retinoid in biological samples is important to understand retinoid homeostasis. Here we present a reliable, highly sensitive, and robust method for the quantification of retinol and retinyl palmitate using a reverse-phase HPLC/ UV isocratic method. We determined the impact of chronic dietary vitamin A on retinoid levels in livers of mice fed an AIN-93G semi-purified diet (4 IU/g) compared with an excess vitamin A diet (1000 IU/g) over a period from birth to 10 weeks of age. Coefficients of variation for intra-assays for both retinoids were less than 5%, suggesting a higher reproducibility than any other HPLC/UV gradient method. Limits of detection and quantification for retinol were 0.08 pmol, and 0.27 pmol, respectively, which are remarkably higher than previous results. Supplementation with higher doses of vitamin A over the study period significantly increased liver retinol and retinyl palmitate concentrations in adult mice. The assays described here provide a sensitive and rigorous quantification of endogenous retinol and retinyl palmitate, which can be used to help determine retinoid homeostasis in disease states, such as toxic hepatitis and liver cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Yokota
- Department of Hygiene Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ohu University, 31-3 Misumido, Tomitamachi, Koriyama, Fukushima 963-8611, Japan.
| | - Shigeru Oshio
- Department of Hygiene Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ohu University, 31-3 Misumido, Tomitamachi, Koriyama, Fukushima 963-8611, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Yildirim I, Yildirim T, Kalden D, Festag G, Fritz N, Weber C, Schubert S, Westerhausen M, Schubert US. Retinol initiated poly(lactide)s: stability upon polymerization and nanoparticle preparation. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py00881c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of retinol initiated polylactide (PLA) by ring opening polymerization (ROP) of l-lactide via in situ calcium alkoxide formation with all-trans-retinol and Ca[N(SiMe3)2]2(THF)2 is described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilknur Yildirim
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)
| | - Turgay Yildirim
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)
| | - Diana Kalden
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry (IAAC)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
| | - Grit Festag
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)
| | - Nicole Fritz
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)
| | - Christine Weber
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)
| | - Stephanie Schubert
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
- Institute of Pharmacy
| | - Matthias Westerhausen
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry (IAAC)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
| | - Ulrich S. Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chakrabarti M, McDonald AJ, Will Reed J, Moss MA, Das BC, Ray SK. Molecular Signaling Mechanisms of Natural and Synthetic Retinoids for Inhibition of Pathogenesis in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 50:335-52. [PMID: 26682679 DOI: 10.3233/jad-150450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Retinoids, which are vitamin A derivatives, interact through retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and retinoid X receptors (RXRs) and have profound effects on several physiological and pathological processes in the brain. The presence of retinoic acid signaling is extensively detected in the adult central nervous system, including the amygdala, cortex, hypothalamus, hippocampus, and other brain areas. Retinoids are primarily involved in neural patterning, differentiation, and axon outgrowth. Retinoids also play a key role in the preservation of the differentiated state of adult neurons. Impairment in retinoic acid signaling can result in neurodegeneration and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recent studies demonstrated severe deficiencies in spatial learning and memory in mice during retinoic acid (vitamin A) deprivation indicating its significance in preserving memory function. Defective cholinergic neurotransmission plays an important role in cognitive deficits in AD. All-trans retinoic acid is known to enhance the expression and activity of choline acetyltransferase in neuronal cell lines. Activation of RAR and RXR is also known to impede the pathogenesis of AD in mice by inhibiting accumulation of amyloids. In addition, retinoids have been shown to inhibit the expression of chemokines and pro-inflammatory cytokines in microglia and astrocytes, which are activated in AD. In this review article, we have described the chemistry and molecular signaling mechanisms of natural and synthetic retinoids and current understandings of their therapeutic potentials in prevention of AD pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mrinmay Chakrabarti
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Alexander J McDonald
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - J Will Reed
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Melissa A Moss
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Bhaskar C Das
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Swapan K Ray
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Rocchi S, Caretti F, Gentili A, Curini R, Perret D, Pérez-Fernández V. Quantitative profiling of retinyl esters in milk from different ruminant species by using high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection-tandem mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2016; 211:455-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.05.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
14
|
Machini WBS, Enache TA, Jorge SMA, Oliveira-Brett AM. Isotretinoin Oxidation and Electroanalysis in a Pharmaceutical Drug Using a Boron-doped Diamond Electrode. ELECTROANAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201600206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W. B. S. Machini
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Sciences and Technology; University of Coimbra; 3004-535 Coimbra Portugal
| | - T. A. Enache
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Sciences and Technology; University of Coimbra; 3004-535 Coimbra Portugal
| | - S. M. A. Jorge
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Sciences and Technology; University of Coimbra; 3004-535 Coimbra Portugal
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica; Instituto de Biociências; Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP; 18618-000 Botucatu, SP Brazil
| | - A. M. Oliveira-Brett
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Sciences and Technology; University of Coimbra; 3004-535 Coimbra Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Guo H, Foncea R, O'Byrne SM, Jiang H, Zhang Y, Deis JA, Blaner WS, Bernlohr DA, Chen X. Lipocalin 2, a Regulator of Retinoid Homeostasis and Retinoid-mediated Thermogenic Activation in Adipose Tissue. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:11216-29. [PMID: 27008859 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.711556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We have recently characterized the role of lipocalin 2 (Lcn2) as a new adipose-derived cytokine in the regulation of adaptive thermogenesis via a non-adrenergic pathway. Herein, we explored a potential non-adrenergic mechanism by which Lcn2 regulates thermogenesis and lipid metabolism. We found that Lcn2 is a retinoic acid target gene, and retinoic acid concurrently stimulated UCP1 and Lcn2 expression in adipocytes. Lcn2 KO mice exhibited a blunted effect of all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) on body weight and fat mass, lipid metabolism, and retinoic acid signaling pathway activation in adipose tissue under the high fat diet-induced obese condition. We further demonstrated that Lcn2 is required for the full action of ATRA on the induction of UCP1 and PGC-1α expression in brown adipocytes and the restoration of cold intolerance in Lcn2 KO mice. Interestingly, we discovered that Lcn2 KO mice have decreased levels of retinoic acid and retinol in adipose tissue. The protein levels of STRA6 responsible for retinol uptake were significantly decreased in adipose tissue. The retinol transporter RBP4 was increased in adipose tissue but decreased in the circulation, suggesting the impairment of RBP4 secretion in Lcn2 KO adipose tissue. Moreover, Lcn2 deficiency abolished the ATRA effect on RBP4 expression in adipocytes. All the data suggest that the decreased retinoid level and action are associated with impaired retinol transport and storage in adipose tissue in Lcn2 KO mice. We conclude that Lcn2 plays a critical role in regulating metabolic homeostasis of retinoids and retinoid-mediated thermogenesis in adipose tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Guo
- From the Departments of Food Science and Nutrition and
| | - Rocio Foncea
- Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minnesota 55108 and
| | - Sheila M O'Byrne
- the Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032
| | - Hongfeng Jiang
- the Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032
| | | | | | - William S Blaner
- the Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032
| | - David A Bernlohr
- Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minnesota 55108 and
| | - Xiaoli Chen
- From the Departments of Food Science and Nutrition and
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wang J, Yoo HS, Obrochta KM, Huang P, Napoli JL. Quantitation of retinaldehyde in small biological samples using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem 2015; 484:162-8. [PMID: 26045160 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2015.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We report an ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method to quantify all-trans-retinal in biological samples of limited size (15-35mg), which is especially advantageous for use with adipose. To facilitate recovery, retinal and the internal standard 3,4-didehydroretinal were derivatized in situ into their O-ethyloximes. UHPLC resolution combined with high sensitivity and specificity of MS/MS allowed quantification of retinal-O-ethyloximes with a 5-fmol lower limit of detection and a linear range from 5fmol to 1pmol. This assay revealed that extraocular concentrations of retinal range from approximately 2 to 40pmol/g in multiple tissues-the same range as all-trans-retinoic acid. All-trans-retinoic acid has high affinity (kd⩽0.4nM) for its nuclear receptors (RARα, -β, and -γ), whereas retinal has low (if any) affinity for these receptors, making it unlikely that these retinal concentrations would activate RAR. We also show that the copious amount of vitamin A used in chow diets increases retinal in adipose depots 2- to 5-fold relative to levels in adipose of mice fed a vitamin A-sufficient diet, as recommended for laboratory rodents. This assay also is proficient for quantifying conversion of retinol into retinal in vitro and, therefore, provides an efficient method to study metabolism of retinol in vivo and in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinshan Wang
- Graduate Program in Metabolic Biology, Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Hong Sik Yoo
- Graduate Program in Metabolic Biology, Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Kristin M Obrochta
- Graduate Program in Metabolic Biology, Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Priscilla Huang
- Graduate Program in Metabolic Biology, Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Joseph L Napoli
- Graduate Program in Metabolic Biology, Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Suzuki M, Takashima-Hirano M, Ishii H, Watanabe C, Sumi K, Koyama H, Doi H. Synthesis of 11C-labeled retinoic acid, [11C]ATRA, via an alkenylboron precursor by Pd(0)-mediated rapid C-[11C]methylation. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:3622-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
18
|
Derebe MG, Zlatkov CM, Gattu S, Ruhn KA, Vaishnava S, Diehl GE, MacMillan JB, Williams NS, Hooper LV. Serum amyloid A is a retinol binding protein that transports retinol during bacterial infection. eLife 2014; 3:e03206. [PMID: 25073702 PMCID: PMC4129439 DOI: 10.7554/elife.03206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinol plays a vital role in the immune response to infection, yet proteins that mediate retinol transport during infection have not been identified. Serum amyloid A (SAA) proteins are strongly induced in the liver by systemic infection and in the intestine by bacterial colonization, but their exact functions remain unclear. Here we show that mouse and human SAAs are retinol binding proteins. Mouse and human SAAs bound retinol with nanomolar affinity, were associated with retinol in vivo, and limited the bacterial burden in tissues after acute infection. We determined the crystal structure of mouse SAA3 at a resolution of 2 Å, finding that it forms a tetramer with a hydrophobic binding pocket that can accommodate retinol. Our results thus identify SAAs as a family of microbe-inducible retinol binding proteins, reveal a unique protein architecture involved in retinol binding, and suggest how retinol is circulated during infection. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.03206.001 Vitamins are nutrients that organisms require in order to survive and grow. If an organism is unable to synthesize a vitamin in sufficient quantities, it is essential that it obtain the vitamin through its diet instead. Vitamin A is found in foods such as eggs, animal liver and carrots, and a diet that is lacking in this vitamin can cause blindness and an increased risk of microbial infections. Vitamin A is not a single compound, but rather a collection of compounds with similar molecular structures. One of these is retinol, which plays a vital role in the body's response to microbial infection. Retinol must bind to specific proteins to be able to move through the bloodstream and be transported around the body. Serum retinol binding protein transports ingested retinol from the intestine to the liver and other tissues. However, during microbial infection—when retinol transport is particularly important—the amount of this protein dramatically decreases; as such it is unclear how retinol is transported when the body is under attack from pathogens. It had been suggested that Serum Amyloid A (SAA) proteins, a family of proteins made by some liver and intestinal cells, could be involved in the response to infection, because these proteins' levels increase during infection. However, their exact functions were unknown. Derebe, Zlatkov et al. found that mice fed a diet poor in vitamin A produced fewer SAA proteins in their liver and intestinal cells. However, treating the cells with retinol or the molecule it is broken down into—called retinoic acid—caused more SAAs to be made. Derebe, Zlatkov et al. also discovered that SAAs are associated with retinol in blood samples taken from mice infected with salmonella; and that both mouse and human SAAs bind tightly to retinol. Combined, this evidence suggests that SAAs are the retinol binding proteins that transport retinol during infections. Derebe, Zlatkov et al. went on to solve the crystal structure of a mouse SAA protein, and showed that four SAA molecules bind together to form a ‘pocket’ that can hold a retinol molecule. Future work will focus on understanding exactly how the transport of retinol by SAAs affects the development of immunity to infections. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.03206.002
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehabaw G Derebe
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Clare M Zlatkov
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Sureka Gattu
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Kelly A Ruhn
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Shipra Vaishnava
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Gretchen E Diehl
- Molecular Pathogenesis Program, The Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, United States
| | - John B MacMillan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Noelle S Williams
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Lora V Hooper
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Mihai DM, Washington I. Vitamin A dimers trigger the protracted death of retinal pigment epithelium cells. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1348. [PMID: 25058422 PMCID: PMC4123103 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 05/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cellular events responsible for the initiation of major neurodegenerative disorders of the eye leading to blindness, including age-related macular degeneration, Stargardt and Best diseases, are poorly understood. Accumulation of vitamin A dimers, such as N-retinylidene-N-retinylethanolamine (A2E) in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), is one of the earliest measurable events preceding retinal degeneration. However, the extent to which these dimers contribute to tissue degeneration is not clear. To determine if A2E could trigger morphological changes associated with the degenerating RPE and subsequent cell death, we evaluated its toxicity to cultured human RPE cells (ARPE-19). We show that A2E triggered the accumulation of debris followed by a protracted death. A2E was up to ≈ 14-fold more toxic than its precursor, retinaldehyde. Measurements reveal that the concentration of A2E in the aged human eye could exceed the concentration of all other retinoids, opening the possibility of A2E-triggered cell death by several reported mechanisms. Findings suggest that accumulation of vitamin A dimers such as A2E in the human eye might be responsible for the formation of ubiquitous RPE debris, an early indication of retinal degeneration, and that preventing or reducing the accumulation of vitamin A dimers is a prudent strategy to prevent blindness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D M Mihai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - I Washington
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Das BC, Thapa P, Karki R, Das S, Mahapatra S, Liu TC, Torregroza I, Wallace DP, Kambhampati S, Van Veldhuizen P, Verma A, Ray SK, Evans T. Retinoic acid signaling pathways in development and diseases. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:673-83. [PMID: 24393720 PMCID: PMC4447240 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Retinoids comprise a group of compounds each composed of three basic parts: a trimethylated cyclohexene ring that is a bulky hydrophobic group, a conjugated tetraene side chain that functions as a linker unit, and a polar carbon-oxygen functional group. Biochemical conversion of carotenoid or other retinoids to retinoic acid (RA) is essential for normal regulation of a wide range of biological processes including development, differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. Retinoids regulate various physiological outputs by binding to nuclear receptors called retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and retinoid X receptors (RXRs), which themselves are DNA-binding transcriptional regulators. The functional response of RA and their receptors are modulated by a host of coactivators and corepressors. Retinoids are essential in the development and function of several organ systems; however, deregulated retinoid signaling can contribute to serious diseases. Several natural and synthetic retinoids are in clinical use or undergoing trials for treating specific diseases including cancer. In this review, we provide a broad overview on the importance of retinoids in development and various diseases, highlighting various retinoids in the drug discovery process, ranging all the way from retinoid chemistry to clinical uses and imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bhaskar C Das
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66103, USA; Molecular Bio-nanotechnology, Imaging and Therapeutic Research Unit, Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA; Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA; The Kidney Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66103, USA.
| | - Pritam Thapa
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66103, USA; Molecular Bio-nanotechnology, Imaging and Therapeutic Research Unit, Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA
| | - Radha Karki
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66103, USA; Molecular Bio-nanotechnology, Imaging and Therapeutic Research Unit, Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA
| | - Sasmita Das
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66103, USA; Molecular Bio-nanotechnology, Imaging and Therapeutic Research Unit, Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA
| | - Sweta Mahapatra
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66103, USA; Molecular Bio-nanotechnology, Imaging and Therapeutic Research Unit, Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA
| | - Ting-Chun Liu
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ingrid Torregroza
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Darren P Wallace
- The Kidney Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66103, USA
| | - Suman Kambhampati
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66103, USA; Molecular Bio-nanotechnology, Imaging and Therapeutic Research Unit, Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA
| | - Peter Van Veldhuizen
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66103, USA; Molecular Bio-nanotechnology, Imaging and Therapeutic Research Unit, Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA
| | - Amit Verma
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Swapan K Ray
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
| | - Todd Evans
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Benzaria A, Gràcia-Julià A, Picart-Palmade L, Hue P, Chevalier-Lucia D, Marti-Mestres G, Hodor N, Dumay E. UHPH-processed O/W submicron emulsions stabilised with a lipid-based surfactant: physicochemical characteristics and behaviour on in vitro TC7-cell monolayers and ex vivo pig's ear skin. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2013; 116:237-46. [PMID: 24480065 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Submicron O/W emulsions formulated with sesame oil plus a lipid-base surfactant, and with or without retinyl acetate (RAC) as a model hydrophobic biomolecule, were prepared by single-pass homogenisation at ≥ 200 MPa (UHPH) and an initial fluid temperature (Tin) of 24°C. These emulsions were characterised by a monomodal distribution (peak maximum at 260 nm) and a 2-year potential physical stability at ambient temperature. Submicron droplets were investigated in term of (i) physicochemical characteristics (size distribution curves; ζ-potential value), and (ii) impact on TC7-cell monolayers (MTT-assay and cell LDH-leakage). Submicron droplets ± RAC did not affect or increased significantly (p=0.05) TC7-cell metabolic activity after 4-24h of exposure indicating absence of cellular impairment, except when high amounts of droplets were deposed on TC7-cells. Indeed, the lipid-based surfactant deposed alone on TC7-cells at high concentration, induced some significant (p=0.05) cell LDH-leakage, and therefore cell-membrane damage. Cellular uptake experiments revealed a significant (p=0.05) time-dependent internalisation of RAC from submicron droplets, and cellular transformation of RAC into retinol. The turnover of RAC into retinol and therefore RAC bioaccessibility appeared faster for RAC-micelles of similar size-range and prepared at atmospheric pressure with polysorbate 80, than for submicron O/W emulsions. Permeation experiments using pig's ear skin mounted on Franz-type diffusion cells, revealed RAC in dermis-epidermis, in significantly (p=0.05) higher amounts for submicron than coarse pre-emulsions. However, RAC amounts remained low for both emulsion-types and RAC was not detected in the receptor medium of Franz-type diffusion cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amal Benzaria
- Université Montpellier 2, UMR 1208, Ingénierie des Agropolymères et Technologies Emergentes, Équipe de Biochimie et Technologie Alimentaires, CC023, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Alvar Gràcia-Julià
- Université Montpellier 2, UMR 1208, Ingénierie des Agropolymères et Technologies Emergentes, Équipe de Biochimie et Technologie Alimentaires, CC023, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Laëtitia Picart-Palmade
- Université Montpellier 2, UMR 1208, Ingénierie des Agropolymères et Technologies Emergentes, Équipe de Biochimie et Technologie Alimentaires, CC023, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Pauline Hue
- Université Montpellier 2, UMR 1208, Ingénierie des Agropolymères et Technologies Emergentes, Équipe de Biochimie et Technologie Alimentaires, CC023, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Dominique Chevalier-Lucia
- Université Montpellier 2, UMR 1208, Ingénierie des Agropolymères et Technologies Emergentes, Équipe de Biochimie et Technologie Alimentaires, CC023, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Gilberte Marti-Mestres
- Université Montpellier 1, IBMM-UMR 5247 UM1-UM2-CNRS, Avenue Charles Flahault-BP 14491, 34093 Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Nadège Hodor
- NAHO COSMETICS, 270 rue Thomas Edison, 34400 Lunel, France
| | - Eliane Dumay
- Université Montpellier 2, UMR 1208, Ingénierie des Agropolymères et Technologies Emergentes, Équipe de Biochimie et Technologie Alimentaires, CC023, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, Cedex 5, France.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Wongsiriroj N, Jiang H, Piantedosi R, Yang KJZ, Kluwe J, Schwabe RF, Ginsberg H, Goldberg IJ, Blaner WS. Genetic dissection of retinoid esterification and accumulation in the liver and adipose tissue. J Lipid Res 2013; 55:104-14. [PMID: 24186946 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m043844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 80-90% of all retinoids in the body are stored as retinyl esters (REs) in the liver. Adipose tissue also contributes significantly to RE storage. The present studies, employing genetic and nutritional interventions, explored factors that are responsible for regulating RE accumulation in the liver and adipose tissue and how these influence levels of retinoic acid (RA) and RA-responsive gene expression. Our data establish that acyl-CoA:retinol acyltransferase (ARAT) activity is not involved in RE synthesis in the liver, even when mice are nutritionally stressed by feeding a 25-fold excess retinol diet or upon ablation of cellular retinol-binding protein type I (CRBPI), which is proposed to limit retinol availability to ARATs. Unlike the liver, where lecithin:retinol acyltransferase (LRAT) is responsible for all RE synthesis, this is not true for adipose tissue where Lrat-deficient mice display significantly elevated RE concentrations. However, when CrbpI is also absent, RE levels resemble wild-type levels, suggesting a role for CrbpI in RE accumulation in adipose tissue. Although expression of several RA-responsive genes is elevated in Lrat-deficient liver, employing a sensitive liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry protocol and contrary to what has been assumed for many years, we did not detect elevated concentrations of all-trans-RA. The elevated RA-responsive gene expression was associated with elevated hepatic triglyceride levels and decreased expression of Pparδ and its downstream Pdk4 target, suggesting a role for RA in these processes in vivo.
Collapse
|
23
|
Oxley A, Berry P, Taylor GA, Cowell J, Hall MJ, Hesketh J, Lietz G, Boddy AV. An LC/MS/MS method for stable isotope dilution studies of β-carotene bioavailability, bioconversion, and vitamin A status in humans. J Lipid Res 2013; 55:319-28. [PMID: 24158962 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d040204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Isotope dilution is currently the most accurate technique in humans to determine vitamin A status and bioavailability/bioconversion of provitamin A carotenoids such as β-carotene. However, limits of MS detection, coupled with extensive isolation procedures, have hindered investigations of physiologically-relevant doses of stable isotopes in large intervention trials. Here, a sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) analytical method was developed to study the plasma response from coadministered oral doses of 2 mg [(13)C10]β-carotene and 1 mg [(13)C10]retinyl acetate in human subjects over a 2 week period. A reverse phase C18 column and binary mobile phase solvent system separated β-carotene, retinol, retinyl acetate, retinyl linoleate, retinyl palmitate/retinyl oleate, and retinyl stearate within a 7 min run time. Selected reaction monitoring of analytes was performed under atmospheric pressure chemical ionization in positive mode at m/z 537→321 and m/z 269→93 for respective [(12)C]β-carotene and [(12)C] retinoids; m/z 547→330 and m/z 274→98 for [(13)C10]β-carotene and [(13)C5] cleavage products; and m/z 279→100 for metabolites of [(13)C10]retinyl acetate. A single one-phase solvent extraction, with no saponification or purification steps, left retinyl esters intact for determination of intestinally-derived retinol in chylomicrons versus retinol from the liver bound to retinol binding protein. Coadministration of [(13)C10]retinyl acetate with [(13)C10]β-carotene not only acts as a reference dose for inter-individual variations in absorption and chylomicron clearance rates, but also allows for simultaneous determination of an individual's vitamin A status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Oxley
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Zuno-Floriano FG, Holstege D, Hengel MJ, Gaikwad NW, Aldana-Madrid ML, Miller MG. Determination of vitamin A and its metabolites in rat testis: possible involvement of vitamin A in testicular toxicity caused by molinate. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2012; 88:1038-1042. [PMID: 22456730 PMCID: PMC3339053 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-012-0612-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 03/17/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of molinate on retinoids homeostasis in rat testis. Molinate was administrated to male Sprague-Dawley rats (200 mg kg(-1) in corn oil, ip). Retinoid measurements were made at 6, 12, 48 and 168 h time points after administration. Testis levels of retinoic acid decreased (32 %) in a statistically significant manner at the 12 and 48 h time points. However, retinol and retinaldehyde were not significantly affected by molinate. These results suggest that molinate affects retinoic acid synthesis in testis and could contribute to understanding the molecular mechanism of molinate involved testicular toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola G Zuno-Floriano
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ashique AM, May SR, Kane MA, Folias AE, Phamluong K, Choe Y, Napoli JL, Peterson AS. Morphological defects in a novel Rdh10 mutant that has reduced retinoic acid biosynthesis and signaling. Genesis 2012; 50:415-23. [PMID: 22162152 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Revised: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) signaling is necessary for proper patterning and morphogenesis during embryonic development. Tissue-specific RA signaling requires precise spatial and temporal synthesis of RA from retinal by retinaldehyde dehydrogenases (Raldh) and the conversion of retinol to retinal by retinol dehydrogenases (Rdh) of the short-chain dehydrogenase/reducatase gene family (SDR). The SDR, retinol dehydrogenase 10 (RDH10), is a major contributor to retinal biosynthesis during mid-gestation. We have identified a missense mutation in the Rdh10 gene (Rdh10(m366Asp) ) using an N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea-induced forward genetic screen that result in reduced RA levels and signaling during embryonic development. Rdh10(m366Asp) mutant embryos have unique phenotypes, such as edema, a massive midline facial cleft, and neurogenesis defects in the forebrain, that will allow the identification of novel RA functions.
Collapse
|
26
|
Green AS, Tang G, Lango J, Klasing KC, Fascetti AJ. Domestic cats convert [2H8]-β-carotene to [2H4]-retinol following a single oral dose. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2011; 96:681-92. [PMID: 21797934 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2011.01196.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Many animals convert β-carotene to retinol to meet their vitamin A (VA) requirement. However, this pathway is inefficient in many carnivores. This study quantified the plasma response to a single oral dose of [(2) H(8)]-β-carotene in adult domestic cats, including measurement of [(2) H(4)]-retinol derived from the dose. Cats were fed with either a control diet containing adequate VA (n = 5) or a VA-devoid diet (n = 5) for 28 days. An oral dose of either 5 mg/kg body weight (BW) (n = 4) or 10 mg/kg BW (n = 6) of [(2) H(8) ]-β-carotene was administered on day 28. Plasma samples were collected prior to dosing and at 6, 12, 24, 32, 48, 72, 120, 168 and 216 h post-dose. Plasma retinoids and β-carotene were measured using HPLC and [(2) H(4)]-retinol by GC-ECNCI-MS (gas chromatography/electron capture negative chemical ionization/mass spectrometry). β-carotene was undetectable in plasma prior to dosing. Post-dose, mean peak plasma β-carotene was 0.37 ± 0.06 nmol/ml at 9.0 ± 1.8 h following the dose, while [(2) H(4) ]-retinol peaked at 3.71 ± 0.69 pmol/ml at 55.2 ± 16.3 h. The ratio per cent of total area under the curve for [(2) H(4)]-retinol compared with the β-carotene response was 4.6 ± 2.6%. There was little effect of diet or dose on the β-carotene or [(2) H(4)]-retinol responses. The appearance of [(2) H(4)]-retinol in plasma indicates that cats are capable of converting β-carotene to active VA. Conversion efficiency was not calculated in this study, but it is likely inadequate to meet cats' VA requirement without the inclusion of preformed VA in the diet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A S Green
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Flowers MT, Paton CM, O'Byrne SM, Schiesser K, Dawson JA, Blaner WS, Kendziorski C, Ntambi JM. Metabolic changes in skin caused by Scd1 deficiency: a focus on retinol metabolism. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19734. [PMID: 21573029 PMCID: PMC3090422 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that mice with skin-specific deletion of stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (Scd1) recapitulated the skin phenotype and hypermetabolism observed in mice with a whole-body deletion of Scd1. In this study, we first performed a diet-induced obesity experiment at thermoneutral temperature (33°C) and found that skin-specific Scd1 knockout (SKO) mice still remain resistant to obesity. To elucidate the metabolic changes in the skin that contribute to the obesity resistance and skin phenotype, we performed microarray analysis of skin gene expression in male SKO and control mice fed a standard rodent diet. We identified an extraordinary number of differentially expressed genes that support the previously documented histological observations of sebaceous gland hypoplasia, inflammation and epidermal hyperplasia in SKO mice. Additionally, transcript levels were reduced in skin of SKO mice for genes involved in fatty acid synthesis, elongation and desaturation, which may be attributed to decreased abundance of key transcription factors including SREBP1c, ChREBP and LXRα. Conversely, genes involved in cholesterol synthesis were increased, suggesting an imbalance between skin fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis. Unexpectedly, we observed a robust elevation in skin retinol, retinoic acid and retinoic acid-induced genes in SKO mice. Furthermore, SEB-1 sebocytes treated with retinol and SCD inhibitor also display an elevation in retinoic acid-induced genes. These results highlight the importance of monounsaturated fatty acid synthesis for maintaining retinol homeostasis and point to disturbed retinol metabolism as a novel contributor to the Scd1 deficiency-induced skin phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Flowers
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Influence of dietary spices on the in vivo absorption of ingested β-carotene in experimental rats. Br J Nutr 2011; 105:1429-38. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114510005179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Animal studies were conducted to evaluate the influence of dietary spice compounds, piperine, capsaicin and ginger, on the absorption of orally administered β-carotene and its conversion to vitamin A. In rats maintained on these spice-containing diets for 8 weeks, concentrations of β-carotene and retinol were determined in the serum, liver and intestine 4 h after a single oral administration of β-carotene. β-Carotene concentration was significantly increased in the serum, liver and intestine of piperine- and ginger-fed rats, suggesting improved absorption of β-carotene. However, retinol concentration was not significantly changed in these animals, suggesting that the bioconversion of β-carotene to vitamin A was not similarly influenced. Between the two enzymes involved in the bioconversion of β-carotene to vitamin A, the activity of intestinal and hepatic β-carotene 15,15′-dioxygenase was either unaffected or lowered by these spice treatments. The activity of intestinal and hepatic retinal reductase was unaffected by the dietary spices. Activities of these two enzymes involved in the bioconversion of β-carotene to retinal were inhibited by the test spices in vitro, thus corroborating with the in vivo observation. Although the bioconversion of β-carotene was not promoted, increased absorption and tissue levels of β-carotene by the dietary spices may contribute to a higher antioxidant protection.
Collapse
|
29
|
Pedersen PJ, Adolph SK, Subramanian AK, Arouri A, Andresen TL, Mouritsen OG, Madsen R, Madsen MW, Peters GH, Clausen MH. Liposomal Formulation of Retinoids Designed for Enzyme Triggered Release. J Med Chem 2010; 53:3782-92. [DOI: 10.1021/jm100190c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Palle J. Pedersen
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 201 and 207, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Sidsel K. Adolph
- LiPlasome Pharma A/S, Technical University of Denmark, Diplomvej 378, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Arun K. Subramanian
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 201 and 207, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ahmad Arouri
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, MEMPHYS−Center for Biomembrane Physics, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Thomas L. Andresen
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Ole G. Mouritsen
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, MEMPHYS−Center for Biomembrane Physics, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Robert Madsen
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 201 and 207, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mogens W. Madsen
- LiPlasome Pharma A/S, Technical University of Denmark, Diplomvej 378, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Günther H. Peters
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 201 and 207, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mads H. Clausen
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 201 and 207, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
Numerous physiological processes require retinoids, including development, nervous system function, immune responsiveness, proliferation, differentiation, and all aspects of reproduction. Reliable retinoid quantification requires suitable handling and, in some cases, resolution of geometric isomers that have different biological activities. Here we describe procedures for reliable and accurate quantification of retinoids, including detailed descriptions for handling retinoids, preparing standard solutions, collecting samples and harvesting tissues, extracting samples, resolving isomers, and detecting with high sensitivity. Sample-specific strategies are provided for optimizing quantification. Approaches to evaluate assay performance also are provided. Retinoid assays described here for mice also are applicable to other organisms including zebrafish, rat, rabbit, and human and for cells in culture. Retinoid quantification, especially that of retinoic acid, should provide insight into many diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, type 2 diabetes, obesity, and cancer.
Collapse
|
31
|
Kane MA, Folias AE, Wang C, Napoli JL. Ethanol elevates physiological all-trans-retinoic acid levels in select loci through altering retinoid metabolism in multiple loci: a potential mechanism of ethanol toxicity. FASEB J 2009; 24:823-32. [PMID: 19890016 DOI: 10.1096/fj.09-141572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
All-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) supports embryonic development, central nervous system function, and the immune response. atRA initiates neurogenesis and dendritic growth in the hippocampus and is required for spatial memory; superphysiological atRA inhibits neurogenesis, causes teratology and/or embryo toxicity, and alters cognitive function and behavior. Because abnormal atRA shares pathological conditions with alcoholism, inhibition of retinol (vitamin A) activation into atRA has been credited widely as a mechanism of ethanol toxicity. Here, we analyze the effects of ethanol on retinoid concentrations in vivo during normal vitamin A nutriture, using sensitive and analytically robust assays. Ethanol either increased or had no effect on atRA, regardless of changes in retinol and retinyl esters. Acute ethanol (3.5 g/kg) increased atRA in adult hippocampus (1.6-fold), liver (2.4-fold), and testis (1.5-fold). Feeding dams a liquid diet with 6.5% ethanol from embryonic day 13 (e13) to e19 increased atRA in fetal hippocampus (up to 20-fold) and cortex (up to 50-fold), depending on blood alcohol content. One-month feeding of the 6.5% ethanol diet increased atRA in adult hippocampus (20-fold), cortex (2-fold), testis (2-fold), and serum (10-fold). Tissue-specific increases in retinoid dehydrogenase mRNAs and activities, extrahepatic retinol concentrations, and atRA catabolism combined to produce site-specific effects. Because a sustained increase in atRA has deleterious effects on the central nervous system and embryo development, these data suggest that superphysiological atRA contributes to ethanol pathological conditions, including cognitive dysfunction and fetal alcohol syndrome.-Kane, M. A., Folias, A. E., Wang, C., Napoli, J. L. Ethanol elevates physiological all-trans-retinoic acid levels in select loci through altering retinoid metabolism in multiple loci: a potential mechanism of ethanol toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maureen A Kane
- 119 Morgan Hall, MC#3104, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3104, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Selderslaghs IW, Van Rompay AR, De Coen W, Witters HE. Development of a screening assay to identify teratogenic and embryotoxic chemicals using the zebrafish embryo. Reprod Toxicol 2009; 28:308-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2009.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2009] [Revised: 04/07/2009] [Accepted: 05/06/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
33
|
Deng P, Chen X, Tang Y, Wang Y, Zhang H, Zhong D. Determination of arotinoid acid in human plasma by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:2983-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2009] [Revised: 05/25/2009] [Accepted: 07/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
34
|
Kane M, Chen N, Sparks S, Napoli J. Quantification of endogenous retinoic acid in limited biological samples by LC/MS/MS. Biochem J 2009; 388:363-9. [PMID: 15628969 PMCID: PMC1186726 DOI: 10.1042/bj20041867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We report a sensitive LC (liquid chromatography)/MS/MS assay using selected reaction monitoring to quantify RA (retinoic acid), which is applicable to biological samples of limited size (10-20 mg of tissue wet weight), requires no sample derivatization, provides mass identification and resolves atRA (all-trans-RA) from its geometric isomers. The assay quantifies over a linear range of 20 fmol to 10 pmol, and has a 10 fmol limit of detection at a signal/noise ratio of 3. Coefficients of variation are: instrumental, 0.5-2.9%; intra-assay, 5.4+/-0.4%; inter-assay 8.9+/-1.0%. An internal standard (all-trans-4,4-dimethyl-RA) improves accuracy by confirming extraction efficiency and revealing handling-induced isomerization. Tissues of 2-4-month-old C57BL/6 male mice had atRA concentrations of 7-9.6 pmol/g and serum atRA of 1.9+/-0.6 pmol/ml (+/-S.E.M.). Tissue 13-cis-RA ranged from 2.9 to 4.2 pmol/g, and serum 13-cis-RA was 1.2+/-0.3 pmol/ml. CRBP (cellular retinol-binding protein)-null mouse liver had atRA approximately 30% lower than wild-type (P<0.05), but kidney, testis, brain and serum atRA were similar to wild-type. atRA in brain areas of 12-month-old female C57BL/6 mice were (+/-S.E.M.): whole brain, 5.4+/-0.4 pmol/g; cerebellum, 10.7+/-0.3 pmol/g; cortex, 2.6+/-0.4 pmol/g; hippocampus, 8.4+/-1.2 pmol/g; striatum, 15.3+/-4.7 pmol/g. These data provide the first analytically robust quantification of atRA in animal brain and in CRBP-null mice. Direct measurements of endogenous RA should have a substantial impact on investigating target tissues of RA, mechanisms of RA action, and the relationship between RA and chronic disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maureen A. Kane
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3104, U.S.A
| | - Na Chen
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3104, U.S.A
| | - Susan Sparks
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3104, U.S.A
| | - Joseph L. Napoli
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3104, U.S.A
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Chrispell JD, Feathers KL, Kane MA, Kim CY, Brooks M, Khanna R, Kurth I, Hübner CA, Gal A, Mears AJ, Swaroop A, Napoli JL, Sparrow JR, Thompson DA. Rdh12 activity and effects on retinoid processing in the murine retina. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:21468-77. [PMID: 19506076 PMCID: PMC2755871 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.020966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2009] [Revised: 06/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
RDH12 mutations are responsible for early-onset autosomal recessive retinal dystrophy, which results in profound retinal pathology and severe visual handicap in patients. To investigate the function of RDH12 within the network of retinoid dehydrogenases/reductases (RDHs) present in retina, we studied the retinal phenotype of Rdh12-deficient mice. In vivo rates of all-trans-retinal reduction and 11-cis-retinal formation during recovery from bleaching were similar in Rdh12-deficient and wild-type mice matched for an Rpe65 polymorphism that impacts visual cycle efficiency. However, retinal homogenates from Rdh12-deficient mice exhibited markedly decreased capacity to reduce exogenous retinaldehydes in vitro. Furthermore, in vivo levels of the bisretinoid compound diretinoid-pyridinium-ethanolamine (A2E) were increased in Rdh12-deficient mice of various genetic backgrounds. Conversely, in vivo levels of retinoic acid and total retinol were significantly decreased. Rdh12 transcript levels in wild-type mice homozygous for the Rpe65-Leu(450) polymorphism were greater than in Rpe65-Met(450) mice and increased during postnatal development in wild-type mice and Nrl-deficient mice having an all-cone retina. Rdh12-deficient mice did not exhibit increased retinal degeneration relative to wild-type mice at advanced ages, when bred on the light-sensitive BALB/c background, or when heterozygous for a null allele of superoxide dismutase 2 (Sod2(+/-)). Our findings suggest that a critical function of RDH12 is the reduction of all-trans-retinal that exceeds the reductive capacity of the photoreceptor outer segments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kecia L. Feathers
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
| | - Maureen A. Kane
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Chul Y. Kim
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032
| | - Matthew Brooks
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
- Neurobiology-Neurodegeneration and Repair Laboratory, NEI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Ritu Khanna
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
| | - Ingo Kurth
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian A. Hübner
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, D-07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Andreas Gal
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alan J. Mears
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
- University of Ottawa Eye Institute and Ottawa Health Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 4E9, Canada, and
| | - Anand Swaroop
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
- Neurobiology-Neurodegeneration and Repair Laboratory, NEI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Joseph L. Napoli
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Janet R. Sparrow
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032
| | - Debra A. Thompson
- From the Departments of Biological Chemistry and
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Arfaoui A, Nasri I, Boulbaroud S, Ouichou A, Mesfioui A. Effect of vitamin A deficiency on retinol and retinyl esters contents in rat brain. Pak J Biol Sci 2009; 12:939-948. [PMID: 19817120 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2009.939.948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the pattern of vitamin A (retinol and retinyl esters) contents in discrete brain areas was investigated in Wistar rats (both sexes of 10-12 weeks old) fed on vitamin A deficient diet. The animals were placed on standard laboratory diet for the control animals and a vitamin A deficient diet for the experimental animals for 20 weeks. At the end of this period, brain retinol and retinyl esters contents from control and vitamin A deficient diet animals were measured by HPLC. Retinol was the predominant form of retinoids in male rat brains (77 to 92% of total retinol) and retinyl esters were the predominant form in female brain rats (4 to 44% of total retinol). The abundant ester in both sexes was the retinyl linoleate. Olfactory bulb and the midbrain contained the highest quantities of retinol and retinyl esters in both sexes. On the other hand, the vitamin A deficient diet significantly decreased the retinoid contents in male brain, in olfactory bulb (-30.7%), hindbrain (-46.2%) and increased it in forebrain (84.3%) and midbrain (2.2%). Total retinol was decreased in olfactory bulb (-38.7%), forebrain (-44.5%) and midbrain (-30.7%) and increased in hindbrain (23.4%) of vitamin A deficient female rats. In conclusion, retinol and retinyl esters were the brain compounds heterogeneously distributed throughout the brain areas in both the sexes and were significantly affected by vitamin A deficiency status as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asma Arfaoui
- Unit of Nervous and Endocrine Physiology, Laboratory of Genetics and Neuroendocrine Physiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science-Kenitra, Ibn Tofail University, PB 133, 14000 Kenitra, Morocco
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Kane MA, Folias AE, Napoli JL. HPLC/UV quantitation of retinal, retinol, and retinyl esters in serum and tissues. Anal Biochem 2008; 378:71-9. [PMID: 18410739 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2008.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2008] [Revised: 03/20/2008] [Accepted: 03/20/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We report robust HPLC/UV methods for quantifying retinyl esters (RE), retinol (ROL), and retinal (RAL) applicable to diverse biological samples with lower limits of detection of 0.7, 0.2, and 0.2 pmol, respectively, and linear ranges greater than 3 orders of magnitude. These assays function well with small, complex biological samples (10-20mg tissue). Coefficients of variation range from 5.9 to 10.0% (intraday) and from 5.9 to 11.0% (interday). Quantification of endogenous RE, ROL, and RAL in mouse serum and tissues (liver, kidney, adipose, muscle, spleen, testis, skin, brain, and brain regions) reveals utility. Ability to discriminate spatial concentrations of ROL and RE is illustrated with C57BL/6 mouse brain loci (hippocampus, cortex, olfactory bulb, thalamus, cerebellum, and striatum). We also developed a method to distinguish isomeric forms of ROL to investigate precursors of retinoic acid. The ROL isomer assay has limits of detection between 3.5 and 4.5 pmol and has a linear range and coefficient of variation similar to those of the ROL/RE and RAL assays. The assays described here provide for sensitive and rigorous quantification of endogenous RE, ROL, and RAL to elucidate retinoid homeostasis in disease states such as Alzheimer's disease, type 2 diabetes, obesity, and cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maureen A Kane
- Department of Nutritional Science and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Kane MA, Folias AE, Wang C, Napoli JL. Quantitative profiling of endogenous retinoic acid in vivo and in vitro by tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2008; 80:1702-8. [PMID: 18251521 PMCID: PMC4086453 DOI: 10.1021/ac702030f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We report an improved tandem mass spectrometric assay for retinoic acid (RA) applicable to in vitro and in vivo biological samples. This liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometric (LC/MS/MS) assay for direct RA quantification is the most sensitive to date, with a 62.5 attomol lower limit of detection and a linear range spanning greater than 4 orders of magnitude (from 250 attomol to 10 pmol). This assay resolves all-trans-RA (atRA) from its endogenous geometric isomers, is applicable to samples of limited size (10-20 mg of tissue), and functions with complex biological matrixes. Coefficients of variation are as follows: instrumental, < or =2.6%; intraday, 5.2% +/- 0.7%; interday, 6.7% +/- 0.9%. In vitro capabilities are demonstrated by quantification of endogenous RA and RA production (from retinol) in primary cultured astrocytes. Quantification of endogenous atRA and its geometric isomers in 129SV mouse serum and tissues (liver, kidney, adipose, muscle, spleen, testis, and brain) reveals in vivo utility of the assay. The ability to discriminate spatial concentrations of RA in vivo is illustrated with C57BL/6 mouse brain loci (hippocampus, cortex, olfactory bulb, thalamus, cerebellum, and striatum), as well as with Lewis rat proximal/distal mammary gland regions during various morphological stages: virgin, early pregnancy (e7), late pregnancy (e20), lactating (day 4), involuting day 1, and involuting day 11. This assay provides the sensitivity necessary for direct, endogenous RA quantification necessary to elucidate RA function, e.g., in neurogenesis, morphogenesis, and the contribution of altered RA homeostasis to diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, type 2 diabetes, obesity, and cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maureen A. Kane
- Department of Nutritional Science and Toxicology, 119 Morgan Hall, MC#3104, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-3104
| | - Alexandra E. Folias
- Department of Nutritional Science and Toxicology, 119 Morgan Hall, MC#3104, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-3104
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Nutritional Science and Toxicology, 119 Morgan Hall, MC#3104, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-3104
| | - Joseph L. Napoli
- Department of Nutritional Science and Toxicology, 119 Morgan Hall, MC#3104, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-3104
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Du K, Liu GF, Xie JP, Song XH, Li R, Liang B, Huang DY. A 27.368 kDa retinal reductase in New Zealand white rabbit liver cytosol encoded by the peroxisomal retinol dehydrogenase-reductase cDNA: purification and characterization of the enzyme. Biochem Cell Biol 2007; 85:209-17. [PMID: 17534402 DOI: 10.1139/o06-183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We obtained a full-length cDNA based on a sequence deposited in GenBank (accession No. AB045133), annotated as rabbit peroxisomal NADP(H)-dependent retinol dehydrogenase-reductase (NDRD). The rabbit NDRD gene, like its mouse and human homologs, harbors 2 initiation sites, one of which theoretically encodes a 29.6 kDa protein with 279 amino acids, and the other encodes a 27.4 kDa protein with 260 amino acids. The purification of a rabbit cytosolic retinol oxidoreductase with a subunit molecular mass of 34 kDa and an N terminus that is not completely identical to that of NDRD, has been reported. An enzyme responsible for the all-trans retinal reductase activity in the liver cytosol of New Zealand white rabbit was purified to homogeneity using differential centrifugation and successive chromatographic analyses. The subunit molecular mass of the purified enzyme, revealed by SDS-PAGE, was approximately 27 kDa. The intact molecular mass, measured by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, was 27.368 kDa. The 60 kDa relative mobility observed in size-exclusion chromatography indicates that the native protein probably exists as a dimer. The purified enzyme was positively confirmed to be the product of NDRD by peptide mass fingerprinting, tandem mass spectrometry, and N-terminal sequencing. Taken together, the results suggested that the native protein is truncated at the N terminus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Du
- Center for Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Redmond KA, Nguyen TS, Ryan RO. All-trans-retinoic acid nanodisks. Int J Pharm 2007; 339:246-50. [PMID: 17412536 PMCID: PMC2045639 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2007.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2006] [Revised: 02/23/2007] [Accepted: 02/26/2007] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Nanodisks are nanoscale, disk-shaped phospholipid bilayers whose edge is stabilized by association of apolipoprotein molecules. Self-assembled ND particles enriched with all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) (phospholipid:ATRA molar ratio = 5.5:1) were generated wherein all reaction components were solubilized. ATRA-ND migrated as a single band (Stokes' diameter approximately 20 nm) on native gradient polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. ATRA, phospholipid and apolipoprotein co-eluted from a Sepharose 6B gel filtration column, consistent with stable integration of ATRA into the ND particle milieu. Spectroscopic analysis of ATRA-ND in buffer yielded an absorbance spectrum characteristic of ATRA. ATRA-ND mediated time-dependent inhibition of cultured HepG2 cell growth more effectively than free ATRA. The nanoscale size of the formulation particles and the stable integration of biologically active ATRA suggest ND represent a potentially useful vehicle for solubilization and in vivo delivery of ATRA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Redmond
- Center for Prevention of Obesity, Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, 5700 Martin Luther King Jr. Way, Oakland, CA 94609, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
Progress in nutritional biochemistry has always depended on progress in analysis of nutrients. Animal growth assays were fundamentally important in the discovery and initial isolation of the fat-soluble vitamins. Chromatography, initially introduced by Tswett for separation of plant pigments (including carotenoids), quickly became indispensable for separation of carotenoids and vitamin A compounds; the early open-column methods were eventually superseded by more efficient HPLC techniques, and reversed-phase HPLC has become the current method of choice for analysis of retinoids and carotenoids in biological tissues. Detection and quantitation of retinoids and carotenoids most often has depended on their unparalleled spectral properties; the conjugated polyene structures of these compounds give them unique light absorption spectra and high molar absorptivities, and hence outstanding lower limits of detection. Other techniques, such as gas chromatography (GC) and mass spectroscopy (coupled with GC and HPLC), immunoassays, supercritical fluid chromatography, and capillary electrophoresis, have proven useful in certain applications. Analysis of retinoid-binding proteins has been mostly by conventional protein methods, although the fluorescence of the retinol ligand has been useful in some instances to provide a highly specific assay. Current challenges in retinoid and carotenoid analysis include the resolution of stereoisomers, and quantitation of these compounds at ultratrace levels in biological tissues. Possible new approaches include accelerator mass spectroscopy, and use of gene expression assays to assess vitamin A status.
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
We present a reliable, highly sensitive, and versatile method for the simultaneous determination of endogenous polar (acidic) and apolar (retinol, retinal, and retinyl esters) retinoids in various biological matrices. Following a single liquid extraction of retinoids from tissues or plasma with isopropanol, polar retinoids are separated from apolar retinoids and neutral lipids via automated solid-phase extraction using an aminopropyl phase. After vacuum concentration to dryness and reconstitution of the residue in appropriate solvents, the obtained fractions are injected onto two different high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-systems. Polar retinoids are analyzed on a RP18 column (2.1mm ID) using a buffered gradient composed of methanol and water and on-column-focusing large-volume injection. Apolar retinoids are separated on a normal-bore RP18 column using a nonaqueous gradient composed of acetonitrile, chloroform, and methanol. Both HPLC systems are coupled with UV detection, and retinoids are quantitated against appropriate internal standards. The method was validated with regard to recovery, precision, robustness, selectivity, and analyte stability. Using 400 microl serum or 200mg tissue, the limits of detection for all-trans-retinoic acid were 0.15ng/ml or 0.3ng/g, respectively. The corresponding values for retinol were 1.2ng/ml or 2.4ng/g, respectively. This method was successfully applied to mouse, rat, and human tissue and serum samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carsten K Schmidt
- Department of Food Toxicology, School of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Schmidt CK, Volland J, Hamscher G, Nau H. Characterization of a new endogenous vitamin A metabolite. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2002; 1583:237-51. [PMID: 12117568 DOI: 10.1016/s1388-1981(02)00212-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Here, we describe the discovery of a new major endogenous vitamin A metabolite with particularly high hepatic concentrations. This metabolite was isolated from mouse livers and was characterized as 9-cis-4-oxo-13,14-dihydro-retinoic acid (RA) based on mass spectral, ultraviolet, and nuclear magnetic resonance analyses. It was also detected in one human liver. To gain further insight into endogenous retinoid metabolism, mice were fed over a period of 14 days ad libitum with diets enriched with different amounts of retinyl palmitate [15,000, 45,000 or 150,000 international units (IU)/kg diet]. Higher retinyl palmitate amounts in the diet resulted surprisingly in a dose-dependent decrease in all-trans-RA levels in serum, kidney, and brain, whereas levels of 9-cis-4-oxo-13,14-dihydro-RA, retinol, and retinyl esters were dose-dependently elevated in serum, kidney, and liver. 13-cis-RA levels could be detected in serum, liver, and kidney, but were unaffected by the dietary vitamin A status. 9-cis-RA levels were below the detection limit of 0.2 ng/ml serum or 0.4 ng/g tissue. This study indicates that the oxidation at C4 of the cyclohexenyl ring, isomerization of the C9/C10 double bond, and reduction of the C13/C14 double bond are major endogenous metabolic pathways of vitamin A.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carsten K Schmidt
- Department of Food Toxicology, School of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, D-30173 Hannover, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Gundersen TE, Blomhoff R. Qualitative and quantitative liquid chromatographic determination of natural retinoids in biological samples. J Chromatogr A 2001; 935:13-43. [PMID: 11762772 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)01043-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography continues to be the preferred method for determining retinoids in biological samples. The highly unstable nature of retinoids and the real possibility of artifacts or erroneous results have led to the development of rapid and highly automated protocols for retinoid extraction, separation and detection. Due to strong light absorbance in the ultraviolet region, UV detectors still predominate although mass spectrometric detection is gaining increased popularity. This paper reviews recent advances and provides major guidelines for using liquid chromatography to identify and quantify retinoids in biological samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T E Gundersen
- Institute for Nutrition Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Blindern, Norway.
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Gatti R, Gioia MG, Di Pietra AM, Cini M. Determination of retinoids in galenicals by column liquid chromatography with fluorescence and diode-array detection. J Chromatogr A 2001; 905:345-50. [PMID: 11206803 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)00969-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Simple and rapid reversed-phase gradient column liquid chromatography (LC) with fluorescence detection at different wavelengths was developed for the simultaneous analysis of all-trans, 13-cis, 9-cis retinoic acids, vitamin A palmitate and beta-carotene in galenicals. The assay results agreed with those obtained by an LC method with diode-array UV detection. A post-column on-line photochemical reactor (irradiation at 254 and 366 nm) was inserted between the LC column and the fluorescence detector to enhance the performance of the method. Two fluorescence spectra (photoreactor on and off) were obtained for each analyte which proved useful for the unambiguous identification of the various analytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Gatti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Bologna, Italy.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Gatti R, Gioia MG, Cavrini V. Analysis and stability study of retinoids in pharmaceuticals by LC with fluorescence detection. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2000; 23:147-59. [PMID: 10898165 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(00)00285-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Liquid chromatographic (HPLC) methods with fluorescence detection at different wavelengths were developed for measurements of retinoic acids (13-cis and all-trans) in pharmaceutical dosage forms and components of 'retinoid solution' (all-trans retinoic acid, vitamin A palmitate and beta-carotene), a galenical of 'Di Bella therapy', using reversed phase columns under isocratic conditions. The stability of all-trans retinoic acid in cream and all-trans retinoic acid and vitamin A palmitate in 'retinoid solution' was investigated. Solid-phase extraction (SPE), using C18 sorbent was applied to the analysis of retinoic acids (9-cis, 13-cis and all-trans) in the 'retinoid solution' to obtain a practical and reliable sample clean-up. The results showed that these preparations (cream and solution) can be conveniently stored in the dark (t.a. or 2-8 degrees C): under these conditions about 86-87% of the all-trans retinoic acid initial concentration in both formulations and about 73-78% of vitamin A palmitate in the 'retinoid solution' remained after 90 days, while under sunlight exposure rapid degradation of the drugs was observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Gatti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Bologna, Italy.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|