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Long L, Wang W, Liu Z, Lin Y, Wang J, Lin Q, Ding S. Insights into the capability of the lignocellulolytic enzymes of Penicillium parvum 4-14 to saccharify corn bran after alkaline hydrogen peroxide pretreatment. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2023; 16:79. [PMID: 37170321 PMCID: PMC10176746 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-023-02319-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Corn bran is a major agro-industrial byproduct from corn starch processing. It contains abundant arabinoxylan that can be converted into value-added chemicals via biotechnology. Corn bran arabinoxylan (CBAX) is one of the most recalcitrant xylans for enzymatic degradation due to its particular heterogeneous nature. The present study aimed to investigate the capability of the filamentous fungus Penicillium parvum 4-14 to enzymatically saccharify CBAX and reveal the fungal carbohydrate-active enzyme (CAZyme) repertoire by genome sequencing and secretome analysis. RESULTS CBAX1 and CBAX2 with different branching degrees, together with corn bran residue (CBR) were generated from corn bran after alkaline hydrogen peroxide (AHP) pretreatment and graded ethanol precipitation. The protein blends E_CBAX1, E_CBAX2, and E_CBR were produced by the fungus grown on CBAX1, CBAX2, or CBR, respectively. Under the optimal conditions, E_CBAX1 released more than 80% xylose and arabinose from CBAX1 and CBAX2. Almost complete saccharification of the arabinoxylans was achieved by combining E_CBAX1 and a commercial enzyme cocktail Cellic®CTec3. Approximately 89% glucose, 64% xylose, and 64% arabinose were liberated from CBR by E_CBR. The combination of E_CBR with Cellic®CTec3 enhanced the saccharification of CBR, with conversion ratios of 97% for glucose, 81% for xylose, and 76% for arabinose. A total of 376 CAZymes including plentiful lignocellulolytic enzymes were predicted in P. parvum based on the fungal genomic sequence (25.8 Mb). Proteomic analysis indicated that the expression of CAZymes in P. parvum varied between CBAX1 and CBR, and the fungus produced complete cellulases, numerous hemicellulases, as well as high levels of glycosidases under the culture conditions. CONCLUSIONS This investigation disclosed the CAZyme repertoire of P. parvum at the genomic and proteomic levels, and elaborated on the promising potential of fungal lignocellulolytic enzymes upon saccharification of corn bran biomass after AHP pretreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangkun Long
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-Forest Biomass, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Yuanxin Lin
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Qunying Lin
- Nanjing Institute for the Comprehensive Utilization of Wild Plants, Nanjing, 211111, China
| | - Shaojun Ding
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China.
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-Forest Biomass, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China.
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Gao L, He X, Guo Y, Wu Z, Zhao J, Liu G, Qu Y. Combinatorial Engineering of Transcriptional Activators in Penicillium oxalicum for Improved Production of Corn-Fiber-Degrading Enzymes. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:2539-2548. [PMID: 33619954 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c07659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Enzymatic conversion of corn fiber to fermentable sugars is beneficial to improving the economic efficiency of corn processing. In this work, the filamentous fungus Penicillium oxalicum was found to secrete enzymes for efficient saccharification of un-pretreated corn fiber. Separate engineering of transcriptional activators ClrB, XlnR, and AraR led to enhanced production of different sets of lignocellulolytic enzymes. Particularly, the enzymes produced by XlnR- and AraR-engineered strains showed a synergistic effect in corn fiber saccharification. Combinatorial engineering of all three activators generated a strain MCAX with 3.1- to 51.0-fold increases in lignocellulolytic enzyme production compared with the parent strain. In addition, the enzymes of strain MCAX released significantly more fermentable sugars from corn fiber than those of the parent strain at the same protein dosage. The results suggest that this strain has potential for on-site production of enzymes for corn fiber saccharification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, 266237 Qingdao, China
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 11 Keyuanjingsi Road, 266101 Qingdao, China
| | - Xin He
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, 266237 Qingdao, China
| | - Yingjie Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, 266237 Qingdao, China
| | - Zehua Wu
- Research and Development Department, Shandong Shouguang Juneng Golden Corn Co., Ltd., Anshun Street, Shouguang, 262700 Weifang, China
| | - Jian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, 266237 Qingdao, China
| | - Guodong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, 266237 Qingdao, China
| | - Yinbo Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, 266237 Qingdao, China
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Juneja A, Noordam B, Pel H, Basu R, Appeldoorn M, Singh V. Optimization of two-stage pretreatment for maximizing ethanol production in 1.5G technology. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 320:124380. [PMID: 33217695 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Two-stage pretreatment conditions were optimized to convert corn fiber, separated from whole stillage in a corn dry grind ethanol plant, to fermentable sugars via hydrolysis. Liquid hot water pretreatment (25% solids) at 180 °C for 10 min, followed by three cycles of disk milling, provided maximum glucose, xylose, and arabinose yields of 88.5%, 41.0%, and 30.4% respectively after hydrolysis with Cellulase I. The glucose, xylose, and arabinose yields with Cellulase II at optimum conditions were 94.9%, 74.2%, and 66.3%, respectively. SSF of corn fiber using engineered yeast, with both Cellulase I and II, provided maximum ethanol concentrations of 2.13% and 2.73% (v/v). The protein content in the residual solid after fermentation was 47.95% and 52.05% for Cellulase I and II, respectively. This technology provides additional ethanol in a dry grind plant by converting corn fiber into ethanol and increases the protein content of DDGS, thereby improving the quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Juneja
- Agricultural and Biological Engineering Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | | | - Herman Pel
- DSM Food Specialties, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Rahul Basu
- DSM Bio-based Products & Services, Elgin, IL, USA
| | | | - Vijay Singh
- Agricultural and Biological Engineering Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
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Leathers TD, Price NP, Vaughn SF, Nunnally MS. Reduced-molecular-weight derivatives of frost grape polysaccharide. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 105:1166-1170. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.07.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Cao W, Luo J, Qi B, Zhao J, Qiao C, Ding L, Su Y, Wan Y. β-poly(l-malic acid) production by fed-batch culture ofAureobasidium pullulansipe-1 with mixed sugars. Eng Life Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201200189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng Cao
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering; Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing P.R. China
| | - Jianquan Luo
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering; Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing P.R. China
- Biological Engineering Department; EA 4297 TIMR, Technological University of Compiegne; Compiegne France
| | - Benkun Qi
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering; Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing P.R. China
| | - Juan Zhao
- Research Center of Modern Analysis Technology; Tianjin University of Science & Technology; Tianjin P.R. China
| | - Changsheng Qiao
- Department of Bioengineering; Tianjin University of Science & Technology; Tianjin P.R. China
| | - Luhui Ding
- Biological Engineering Department; EA 4297 TIMR, Technological University of Compiegne; Compiegne France
| | - Yi Su
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering; Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing P.R. China
| | - Yinhua Wan
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering; Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing P.R. China
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Utilization of agricultural biomass in the production of the biopolymer schizophyllan. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 40:105-12. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-012-1208-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Schizophyllan is a homoglucan produced by the fungus Schizophyllum commune, with a β-1,3-linked backbone and β-1,6-linked side chains of single glucose units at every other residue. Schizophyllan is commercially produced for pharmaceutical and cosmetics uses. However, the unique physical properties of schizophyllan suggest that it may have biomaterials applications. Schizophyllan is conventionally produced by submerged culture fermentation using glucose as a carbon source. This study demonstrates for the first time the efficient utilization of agricultural biomass substrates, particularly distiller’s dried grains with solubles, for schizophyllan production. Sugar composition analysis, NMR, and permethylation linkage analysis confirmed that the recovered product was schizophyllan. Schizophyllan produced from agricultural residues was of a high molecular weight and exhibited solution viscosity properties similar to those of commercially produced material. Utilization of biomass substrates could reduce the cost of schizophyllan production and provide a new value-added bioproduct for integrated biorefineries of the future.
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Production of poly(β-l-malic acid) (PMA) from agricultural biomass substrates by Aureobasidium pullulans. Biotechnol Lett 2012; 35:83-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-012-1045-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Agger J, Johansen KS, Meyer AS. pH catalyzed pretreatment of corn bran for enhanced enzymatic arabinoxylan degradation. N Biotechnol 2011; 28:125-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2010.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2010] [Revised: 09/23/2010] [Accepted: 09/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Fermentation of corn fiber hydrolysate to lactic acid by the moderate thermophile Bacillus coagulans. Biotechnol Lett 2010; 32:823-8. [PMID: 20155485 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-010-0222-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2009] [Revised: 01/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/27/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A strain of Bacillus coagulans that converted mixed sugars of glucose, xylose, and arabinose to L: -lactic acid with 85% yield at 50 degrees C was isolated from composted dairy manure. The strain was tolerant to aldehyde growth inhibitors at 2.5 g furfural/l, 2.5 g 5-hydroxymethylfurfural/l, 2.5 g vanillin/l, and 1.2 g p-hydroxybenzaldehyde/l. In a simultaneous saccharification and fermentation process, the strain converted a dilute-acid hydrolysate of 100 g corn fiber/l to 39 g lactic acid/l in 72 h at 50 degrees C. Because of its inhibitor tolerance and ability to fully utilize pentose sugars, this strain has potential to be developed as a biocatalyst for the conversion of agricultural residues into valuable chemicals.
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Extracellular Hemicellulolytic Enzymes from the Maize Endophyte Acremonium zeae. Curr Microbiol 2009; 58:499-503. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-008-9353-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2008] [Revised: 12/23/2008] [Accepted: 12/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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11
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Wang B, Cheng B, Feng H. Enriched arabinoxylan in corn fiber for value-added products. Biotechnol Lett 2007; 30:275-9. [PMID: 17891482 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-007-9537-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2007] [Revised: 08/30/2007] [Accepted: 09/03/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A two-step process is evaluated to separate the hexose component in wet milling corn fibers from the pentose component for production of value-added products. Corn fibers were first pretreated with hot water at 121 degrees C for 1 h followed by glucoamylase hydrolysis to remove starch. The remaining solid was then treated with hot water at 140-170 degrees C followed by an enzymatic hydrolysis to further separate the hexose and pentose components. After the second pretreatment, the enzymatic digestibility of cellulose was much better than that of arabinoxylan. As a result, up to 90% arabinoxylan in corn fibers was retained in a solid form after the enzyme hydrolysis, while most of the hexose components were removed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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12
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Leathers TD, Price NPJ. Effect of Oil Extraction Method on Enzymatic Digestibility of Corn Germ Arabinoxylan. Cereal Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1094/cchem-84-3-0243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D. Leathers
- National Center for Agricultural Research, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604. Names are necessary to report factually on available data; however, the USDA neither guarantees nor warrants the standard of the product, and the use of the name by the USDA implies no approval of the product to the exclusion of others that may also be suitable
- Corresponding author. Fax: 309-681-6040. E-mail:
| | - Neil P. J. Price
- National Center for Agricultural Research, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604. Names are necessary to report factually on available data; however, the USDA neither guarantees nor warrants the standard of the product, and the use of the name by the USDA implies no approval of the product to the exclusion of others that may also be suitable
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13
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Leathers TD, Nunnally MS, Price NP. Co-production of schizophyllan and arabinoxylan from corn fiber. Biotechnol Lett 2006; 28:623-6. [PMID: 16642298 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-006-0028-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2005] [Accepted: 01/27/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Schizophyllum commune strain ATCC 38548 grew well on a medium containing alkaline H2O2 -pretreated corn fiber as a sole carbon source, and clarified the culture medium within 7 days. The strain preferentially utilized the starch component of corn fiber for growth and production of schizophyllan. Culture supernatants contained approx. 50 mg schizophyllan and 200 mg arabinoxylan per g corn fiber. These polysaccharides were recovered separately by differential precipitation with ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D Leathers
- Bioproducts and Biocatalysis Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Peoria, IL 61604, USA.
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Dien B, Li XL, Iten L, Jordan D, Nichols N, O’Bryan P, Cotta M. Enzymatic saccharification of hot-water pretreated corn fiber for production of monosaccharides. Enzyme Microb Technol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2006.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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15
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Yoon KY, Woodams EE, Hang YD. Enzymatic production of pentoses from the hemicellulose fraction of corn residues. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2005.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Das H, Singh SK. Useful Byproducts from Cellulosic Wastes of Agriculture and Food Industry—A Critical Appraisal. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2004; 44:77-89. [PMID: 15116755 DOI: 10.1080/10408690490424630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose, an important cell wall polysaccharide, which is replenished constantly in nature by photosynthesis, goes waste in a lion's share in the form of pre-harvest and post-harvest agricultural losses and wastes of food processing industry. These cellulose wastes have an immense potential to be utilized for the production and recovery of several products and ingredients in food application. In this present study, a wide spectrum of researches in the arena of properties of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin; their degradation; sources and composition of cellulosic and lignocellulosic wastes of agriculture and food industry; present status of converting them into value-added products of food applications; constraints in their conversions and future prospects therein has been reviewed in details. The study has encompassed production of biomass for various utilization and production and recovery of protein and amino acids, carbohydrates, lipids, organic acids, foods & feeds and other miscellaneous products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanish Das
- FC Division, Defence Food Research Laboratory, Siddarthanagar, Mysore-570 011, India.
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17
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Irwin D, Leathers TD, Greene RV, Wilson DB. Corn fiber hydrolysis by Thermobifida fusca extracellular enzymes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2003; 61:352-8. [PMID: 12743765 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-002-1210-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2002] [Revised: 11/05/2002] [Accepted: 11/22/2002] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Thermobifida fusca was grown on cellulose (Solka-Floc), xylan or corn fiber and the supernatant extracellular enzymes were concentrated. SDS gels showed markedly different protein patterns for the three different carbon sources. Activity assays on a variety of synthetic and natural substrates showed major differences in the concentrated extracellular enzyme activities. These crude enzyme preparations were used to hydrolyze corn fiber, a low-value biomass byproduct of the wet milling of corn. Approximately 180 mg of reducing sugar were produced per gram of untreated corn fiber. When corn fiber was pretreated with alkaline hydrogen peroxide, up to 429 mg of reducing sugars were released per gram of corn fiber. Saccharification was enhanced by the addition of beta-glucosidase or by the addition of a crude xylanase preparation from Aureobasidium sp.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Irwin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, 458 Biotechnology Building, Ithica, NY 14850, USA
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Abstract
Agricultural residues are abundant potential feedstocks for bioconversions to industrial fuels and chemicals. Every bushel of maize (approximately 25 kg) processed for sweeteners, oil, or ethanol generates nearly 7 kg of protein- and fiber-rich residues. Currently these materials are sold for very low returns as animal feed ingredients. Yeast-like fungi are promising biocatalysts for conversions of agricultural residues. Although corn fiber (pericarp) arabinoxylan is resistant to digestion by commercially available enzymes, a crude mixture of enzymes from the yeast-like fungus Aureobasidium partially saccharifies corn fiber without chemical pretreatment. Sugars derived from corn fiber can be converted to ethanol or other valuable products using a variety of naturally occurring or recombinant yeasts. Examples are presented of Pichia guilliermondii strains for the conversion of corn fiber hydrolysates to the alternative sweetener xylitol. Corn-based fuel ethanol production also generates enormous volumes of low-value stillage residues. These nutritionally rich materials are prospective substrates for numerous yeast fermentations. Strains of Aureobasidium and the red yeast Phaffia rhodozyma utilize stillage residues for production of the polysaccharide pullulan and the carotenoid astaxanthin, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D Leathers
- Fermentation Biotechnology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Peoria, IL 61604, USA.
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Biely P, Ahlgren JA, Leathers TD, Greene RV, Cotta MA. Aryl-Glycosidase Activities in Germinating Maize. Cereal Chem 2003. [DOI: 10.1094/cchem.2003.80.2.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Biely
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Jeffrey A. Ahlgren
- Fermentation Biotechnology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604. Names are necessary to report factually on available data; however, the USDA neither guarantees nor warrants the standard of the product, and the use of the name by the USDA implies no approval of the product to the exclusion of others that may also be suitable
- Current address: Wyatt Technology Corp., Santa Barbara, CA 93117
| | - Timothy D. Leathers
- Fermentation Biotechnology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604. Names are necessary to report factually on available data; however, the USDA neither guarantees nor warrants the standard of the product, and the use of the name by the USDA implies no approval of the product to the exclusion of others that may also be suitable
- Corresponding author. Phone: 309-681-6377. Fax: 309-681-6427. E-mail:
| | - Richard V. Greene
- Office of International Programs, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705
| | - Michael A. Cotta
- Fermentation Biotechnology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604. Names are necessary to report factually on available data; however, the USDA neither guarantees nor warrants the standard of the product, and the use of the name by the USDA implies no approval of the product to the exclusion of others that may also be suitable
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21
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Saha BC, Dien BS, Bothast RJ. Fuel ethanol production from corn fiber current status and technical prospects. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 1998. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02920129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael K. Dowd
- Commodity Utilization Research Unit, Southern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, 1100 Robert E. Lee Blvd., New Orleans, LA 70124. Mention of trademark or proprietary products does not constitute a guarantee or warranty by the U.S. Department of Agriculture and does not imply its approval to the exclusion of other products that may also be suitable. E-mail:
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