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Basaran B, Turk H. The levels, single and multiple health risk assessment of 23 metals in enteral nutrition formulas. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 192:114914. [PMID: 39127122 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Enteral nutrition formulas are products that provide macro and micronutrients to patients who cannot receive their nutrition orally. In this study, the levels of 23 metals known to have potential health risks were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry in a total of 28 enteral nutrition formula. Metal exposure was calculated according to three different daily energy intake scenarios (Scenario 1 = 50% oral nutrition + 50% enteral nutrition formula, Scenario 2 = 25% oral nutrition + 75% enteral nutrition formula and Scenario 3 = 100% enteral nutrition formula) and evaluated in terms of non-carcinogenic health risks. The mean levels of Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mo, Se, Li, Be, V, As, Sr, Ag, Cd, Sb, Ba, La, Hg and Pb in the samples analyzed were determined 12,000 ± 3300, 64 ± 1.6, 10 ± 13, 1300 ± 400, 8500 ± 2500, 75 ± 30, 61 ± 21, 0.34 ± 0.36, 0.05 ± 0.08, 7.3 ± 2, 1.6 ± 0.6, 457 ± 166, 0.02 ± 0.1, 0.14 ± 0.12, 0.01 ± 0.1, 74 ± 103, 0.63 ± 0.4, 0.05 ± 0.03 and 0.14 ± 0.7 μg/L. These metals were considered safe in terms of non-carcinogenic health risks when analyzed individually. However, when the target hazard quotient values of all metals were evaluated together, hazard index values were higher than the reference value of 1, for both men and women, indicating potential health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burhan Basaran
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, 53100, Türkiye.
| | - Hulya Turk
- Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum, 25240, Türkiye
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2
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Gupta DK, Kumar S, Wani MY. MOF magic: zirconium-based frameworks in theranostic and bio-imaging applications. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:2691-2710. [PMID: 38419476 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb02562d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have garnered substantial scientific interest across diverse fields, spanning gas storage, catalysis, biotechnology, and more. Zirconium, abundant in nature and biologically relevant, offers an appealing combination of high content and low toxicity. Consequently, Zr-based MOFs have emerged as promising materials with significant potential in biomedical applications. These MOFs serve as effective nanocarriers for controlled drug delivery, particularly for challenging antitumor and retroviral drugs in cancer and AIDS treatment. Additionally, they exhibit prowess in bio-imaging applications. Beyond drug delivery, Zr-MOFs are notable for their mechanical, thermal, and chemical stability, making them increasingly relevant in engineering. The rising demand for stable, non-toxic Zr-MOFs facilitating facile nanoparticle formation, especially in drug delivery and imaging, is noteworthy. This review focuses on biocompatible zirconium-based metal-organic frameworks (Zr-MOFs) for controlled delivery in treating diseases like cancer and AIDS. These MOFs play a key role in theranostic approaches, integrating diagnostics and therapy. Additionally, their utility in bio-imaging underscores their versatility in advancing medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh K Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, U.P. Rajarshi Tandon Open University, Prayagraj-211021, UP, India
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Functional Polymer Material Lab, Department of Chemistry, Harcourt Butler Technical University, Kanpur-208002, UP, India.
| | - Mohmmad Younus Wani
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Jeddah, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
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Mourya D, Dubey K, Jha S, Maurya R, Pandey AK. In Vitro Effects of Zirconia Nanoparticles: Uptake, Genotoxicity, and Mutagenicity in V-79 cells. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024; 202:927-940. [PMID: 37440118 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03739-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Zirconia nanoparticles are used in various industrial and biomedical applications such as dental implants, thermal barrier sprays, and fuel cells. The interaction of nanoparticles with the environment and humans is inevitable. Despite the enormous application potential of these nanoparticles, there are still some gaps in the literature regarding potential toxicological mechanisms and the genotoxicity of zirconia nanoparticles. The lung is one of the main exposure routes to nanomaterials; therefore, the present study was designed to determine the genotoxic and mutagenic effect of zirconia NPs in V-79 lung cells. Zirconia nanoparticles showed significant internalization in cells at 100 μg/mL and 150 μg/mL concentrations. Zirconia nanoparticles showed low cytotoxicity and were found to generate ROS in V-79 cells. In alkaline comet assay, zirconia nanoparticles (10 μg/mL, 50 μg/mL, and 100 μg/mL) exposed cells exhibited significant DNA strand breaks, while the neutral comet assay, which was used for double-strand break assessment, only revealed significant damage at 100 μg/mL. Chromosomal aberration induced by zirconia nanoparticles mainly resulted in the generation of gaps, few fragments, and breaks which signifies the low clastogenic activity of these nanoparticles in the V-79 cell line. In MN assay, zirconia nanoparticles resulted in no significant micronuclei induction at any given concentration. In the HPRT mutation assay, the particle shows a dose-dependent increase in the mutant frequency. It is evident from the result that zirconia nanoparticles cause dose-dependent cytotoxicity and genotoxicity, but still, more studies are needed to evaluate the clastogenic potential and the possible mechanism involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durgesh Mourya
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
- Nanomaterial Toxicology Laboratory, Drug and Chemical Toxicology Group (FEST), CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, P.O. Box 80, Lucknow-226001, India
| | - Kavita Dubey
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
- Nanomaterial Toxicology Laboratory, Drug and Chemical Toxicology Group (FEST), CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, P.O. Box 80, Lucknow-226001, India
| | - Shambhavi Jha
- Nanomaterial Toxicology Laboratory, Drug and Chemical Toxicology Group (FEST), CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, P.O. Box 80, Lucknow-226001, India
| | - Renuka Maurya
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
- Nanomaterial Toxicology Laboratory, Drug and Chemical Toxicology Group (FEST), CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, P.O. Box 80, Lucknow-226001, India
| | - Alok Kumar Pandey
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, VishvigyanBhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India.
- Nanomaterial Toxicology Laboratory, Drug and Chemical Toxicology Group (FEST), CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, P.O. Box 80, Lucknow-226001, India.
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Van Hai L, Nhu Ngoc D, Mai Khanh P, Van Tuan L, Nhat Dinh V, Viet Nam N. Effect of coating time on the formation of coating layer and degradation behavior of hydroxyapatite coated ZK60 alloy. J Appl Biomater Funct Mater 2024; 22:22808000241251564. [PMID: 38912599 DOI: 10.1177/22808000241251564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aims to investigate the effect of coating time on the formation of hydroxyapatite (HA) coating layer on ZK60 substrate and understand the biodegradation behavior of the coated alloy for biodegradable implant applications. METHODS Biodegradable ZK60 alloy was coated by HA layer for different times of 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 h by chemical conversion method. After coating, all the coated specimens were used for immersion test in Hanks' solution to understand the effect of coating time on the degradation behavior of the alloy. The degradation rate of the coated alloy was evaluated by Mg2+ ion quantification and pH change during immersion test. The microstructure of the coating layer was examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) before and after immersion to understand the degradation behavior of the coated alloy. RESULTS HA coating layers were formed successfully on surface of ZK60 specimens after 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 h with different microstructure. Optimal coating quality was observed at 1 or 2 h, characterized by well-formed and uniform HA layers. However, extending the coating duration to 4 h led to the formation of cracks within the HA layer, accompanied by Mg(OH)2. Specimens coated for 1 and 2 h exhibited the lowest degradation rates, while specimens coated for 0.5 and 4 h showed the highest degradation rates. Furthermore, analysis of degradation products revealed the predominance of calcium phosphates formed on the surface of specimens coated for 1 and 2 h. Conversely, specimens coated for 0.5 and 4 h exhibited Mg(OH)2 as the primary degradation product, suggesting a less effective corrosion barrier under these conditions. CONCLUSION The HA layer formed after 2 h demonstrated as the most effective coating layer for enhancing the corrosion resistance of the ZK60 alloy for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Van Hai
- 103 Military Hospital, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Do Nhu Ngoc
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Pham Mai Khanh
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Le Van Tuan
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Vu Nhat Dinh
- 103 Military Hospital, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Viet Nam
- Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, 108 Military Central Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam
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Öztürk Ö, Lessl AL, Höhn M, Wuttke S, Nielsen PE, Wagner E, Lächelt U. Peptide nucleic acid-zirconium coordination nanoparticles. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14222. [PMID: 37648689 PMCID: PMC10469198 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40916-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ideal drug carriers feature a high loading capacity to minimize the exposure of patients with excessive, inactive carrier materials. The highest imaginable loading capacity could be achieved by nanocarriers, which are assembled from the therapeutic cargo molecules themselves. Here, we describe peptide nucleic acid (PNA)-based zirconium (Zr) coordination nanoparticles which exhibit very high PNA loading of [Formula: see text] w/w. This metal-organic hybrid nanomaterial class extends the enormous compound space of coordination polymers towards bioactive oligonucleotide linkers. The architecture of single- or double-stranded PNAs was systematically varied to identify design criteria for the coordination driven self-assembly with Zr(IV) nodes at room temperature. Aromatic carboxylic acid functions, serving as Lewis bases, and a two-step synthesis process with preformation of [Formula: see text] turned out to be decisive for successful nanoparticle assembly. Confocal laser scanning microscopy confirmed that the PNA-Zr nanoparticles are readily internalized by cells. PNA-Zr nanoparticles, coated with a cationic lipopeptide, successfully delivered an antisense PNA sequence for splicing correction of the [Formula: see text]-globin intron mutation IVS2-705 into a functional reporter cell line and mediated splice-switching via interaction with the endogenous mRNA splicing machinery. The presented PNA-Zr nanoparticles represent a bioactive platform with high design flexibility and extraordinary PNA loading capacity, where the nucleic acid constitutes an integral part of the material, instead of being loaded into passive delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özgür Öztürk
- Department of Pharmacy and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), LMU Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Department of Genetic and Bio Engineering, Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University, Antalya, Türkiye
| | - Anna-Lina Lessl
- Department of Pharmacy and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), LMU Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Miriam Höhn
- Department of Pharmacy and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), LMU Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Wuttke
- Basque Center for Materials (BCMaterials), Leioa, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Peter E Nielsen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ernst Wagner
- Department of Pharmacy and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), LMU Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrich Lächelt
- Department of Pharmacy and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), LMU Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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6
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Supplemental mineral ions for bone regeneration and osteoporosis treatment. ENGINEERED REGENERATION 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.engreg.2023.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
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Abstract
Living systems are built from a small subset of the atomic elements, including the bulk macronutrients (C,H,N,O,P,S) and ions (Mg,K,Na,Ca) together with a small but variable set of trace elements (micronutrients). Here, we provide a global survey of how chemical elements contribute to life. We define five classes of elements: those that are (i) essential for all life, (ii) essential for many organisms in all three domains of life, (iii) essential or beneficial for many organisms in at least one domain, (iv) beneficial to at least some species, and (v) of no known beneficial use. The ability of cells to sustain life when individual elements are absent or limiting relies on complex physiological and evolutionary mechanisms (elemental economy). This survey of elemental use across the tree of life is encapsulated in a web-based, interactive periodic table that summarizes the roles chemical elements in biology and highlights corresponding mechanisms of elemental economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaleigh A Remick
- Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, New York, NY, United States
| | - John D Helmann
- Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, New York, NY, United States.
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Bellouard M, de la GrandMaison GL, Cappy J, Grimaldi L, Lontsi-Djeagou A, Alvarez JC. Trace elements repartition in body fluids, hair and organs in an autopsied population evaluated by ICP-MS high resolution. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 95:103978. [PMID: 36155229 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2022.103978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to metals and trace elements (TE) is universal and can cause toxicity in case of excessive exposure. We evaluated the concentrations and tissue distribution of 39 TE using high-resolution ICP-MS after total mineralization by microwave in twenty autopsied French subjects. We found a globally homogeneous distribution of TE in the body, with some accumulations in agents, involved in respiratory pathologies and classified as carcinogens, in the lungs. The liver, an organ of metabolism, appeared to concentrate Co, Fe, La, Mn, Mo, Pb and Zn. Fe seemed to accumulate in the spleen, the organ of hematopoiesis. The kidney showed high concentrations of some TE, which can cause nephrotoxicity. The use of microwave mineralization and high-resolution ICP-MS allowed accurate quantification and a very high sensitivity, without spectral interferences. The results obtained in this study could be used to support the interpretation of post-mortem metal concentrations in tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Bellouard
- Toxicology laboratory, Raymond Poincaré hospital, AP-HP, Garches, France; MasSpecLab Platform, UMR1173, Inserm, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | | | - Julien Cappy
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, AP-HP, Garches, France
| | - Lamiae Grimaldi
- Paris Ouest Research Clinic Unit, Ambroise Paré hospital, AP-HP, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Albine Lontsi-Djeagou
- Paris Ouest Research Clinic Unit, Ambroise Paré hospital, AP-HP, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Jean-Claude Alvarez
- Toxicology laboratory, Raymond Poincaré hospital, AP-HP, Garches, France; MasSpecLab Platform, UMR1173, Inserm, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France.
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9
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Kumar S, Maji S, Sundararajan K. Method to Eliminate Fluoride Interference in the Spectrophotometric Estimation of Zirconium: Application to U-Zr Alloys. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 76:635-643. [PMID: 35188410 DOI: 10.1177/00037028221085318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In the estimation of Zr using the ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometric technique, fluoride interference is a decade-old unsolved problem. The process of repeated fuming with strong acids is often used to remove fluoride from the solution in order to estimate Zr using spectrophotometry analysis. For the first time, in this work, a simple use of AlCl3 is reported as a suppressing reagent to eliminate the interference of fluoride in the estimation of Zr. Xylenol orange in HCl medium is used as a complexing reagent. Linearity in the datum acquired from absorbance at 551 nm (λmax) is achieved over the concentration range 0.25-4.5 µg mL-1 of Zr with a molar absorptivity of 35<thinsp>030 L·mol-1·cm-1 and Sandell's sensitivity of 0.003 µg·cm-2. Zr is quantified in the variety of U-Zr alloys and various water samples using spectrophotometric detection with a classical univariate calibration with suppressing of fluoride interference through AlCl3. Results from this novel analytical method herein developed for the first time are compared with those achieved from gravimetric analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satendra Kumar
- Materials Chemistry and Metal Fuel Cycle Group, 29937Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Siuli Maji
- Materials Chemistry and Metal Fuel Cycle Group, 29937Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam, India
| | - Kalyansundaram Sundararajan
- Materials Chemistry and Metal Fuel Cycle Group, 29937Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
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10
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Gawne PJ, Man F, Blower PJ, T M de Rosales R. Direct Cell Radiolabeling for in Vivo Cell Tracking with PET and SPECT Imaging. Chem Rev 2022; 122:10266-10318. [PMID: 35549242 PMCID: PMC9185691 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The arrival of cell-based therapies is a revolution in medicine. However, its safe clinical application in a rational manner depends on reliable, clinically applicable methods for determining the fate and trafficking of therapeutic cells in vivo using medical imaging techniques─known as in vivo cell tracking. Radionuclide imaging using single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) or positron emission tomography (PET) has several advantages over other imaging modalities for cell tracking because of its high sensitivity (requiring low amounts of probe per cell for imaging) and whole-body quantitative imaging capability using clinically available scanners. For cell tracking with radionuclides, ex vivo direct cell radiolabeling, that is, radiolabeling cells before their administration, is the simplest and most robust method, allowing labeling of any cell type without the need for genetic modification. This Review covers the development and application of direct cell radiolabeling probes utilizing a variety of chemical approaches: organic and inorganic/coordination (radio)chemistry, nanomaterials, and biochemistry. We describe the key early developments and the most recent advances in the field, identifying advantages and disadvantages of the different approaches and informing future development and choice of methods for clinical and preclinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Gawne
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, U.K
| | - Francis Man
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, U.K.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 9NH, U.K
| | - Philip J Blower
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, U.K
| | - Rafael T M de Rosales
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, U.K
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Zheng F, Yang X, Li J, Tian Z, Xiao B, Yi S, Duan L. Coordination with zirconium: A facile approach to improve the mechanical properties and thermostability of gelatin hydrogel. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 205:595-603. [PMID: 35217081 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.02.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The poor mechanical property and thermostability restricted applications of gelatin hydrogel. Herein, a facile and inexpensive approach of immerging cooling induced gelatin hydrogels into Zr(SO4)2 dilute solution was applied to overcome these shortages. After this treatment, the micropores in hydrogel decreased to tens of microns while the water content slightly decreased. XPS results revealed that the coordination bonds formed between amino or carboxyl groups of gelatins and Zr4+. After immerging in 0.06 M Zr4+ solution, mechanical tests showed that the elastic modulus, compressive modulus and compressive strength of hydrogel were about 400, 1192 and 476 kPa, respectively, which were approximate 100, 11 and 5 times larger than those of pure gelatin. The DSC data indicated that the thermoreversible temperature of triple helix structure in gelatin was improved from about 30 °C to 55 °C. More importantly, the rheological temperature sweep test revealed that hydrogels with 0.06 M Zr4+ treatment can maintain the hydrogel state without melting even at 80 °C. CCK-8 tests and Calcein-AM/PI double-stain experiments demonstrated Zr4+ coordination was non-cytotoxic. These promising data indicated this nontoxic method was efficient and had potential to fabricate gelatin related materials for further application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Xiao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Jiao Li
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401147, PR China
| | - Zhenhua Tian
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, PR China
| | - Bo Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Shixiong Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Lian Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China.
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12
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Parsaei M, Akhbari K. MOF-801 as a Nanoporous Water-Based Carrier System for In Situ Encapsulation and Sustained Release of 5-FU for Effective Cancer Therapy. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:5912-5925. [PMID: 35377632 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Nanoporous metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have been gaining a reputation for their drug delivery applications. In the current work, MOF-801 was successfully prepared by a facile, cost-efficient, and environmentally friendly approach through the reaction of ZrCl4 and fumaric acid as organic linkers to deliver 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). The prepared nanostructure was fully characterized by a series of analytical techniques including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, UV-vis spectroscopy, 1H NMR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, high-performance liquid chromatography, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis. MOF-801 could be used for the delivery of the anticancer drug 5-FU due to its high surface area, suitable pore size, and biocompatible ingredients. Based on in vitro loading and release studies, a high 5-FU loading capacity and pH-dependent drug release behavior were observed. Moreover, the interactions between the structure of MOFs and 5-FU were investigated through Monte Carlo simulation calculations. An in vitro cytotoxicity test was done, and the results indicated that 5-FU@MOF-801 was more potent than 5-FU on SW480 cancerous cells, indicating the highlighted role of this drug delivery system. Finally, the kinetics of drug release was investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mozhgan Parsaei
- School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran 14155-6455, Iran
| | - Kamran Akhbari
- School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran 14155-6455, Iran
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13
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Karthik PE, Rajan H, Jothi VR, Sang BI, Yi SC. Electronic wastes: A near inexhaustible and an unimaginably wealthy resource for water splitting electrocatalysts. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 421:126687. [PMID: 34332482 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
E-wastes comprise complex combinations of potentially toxic elements that cause detrimental effects of the environmental contamination; besides their posing threat, most of the products also contain valuable and recoverable materials (Li, Au, Ag, W, Se, Te, etc.), which make them distinct from other forms of industrial wastes. Most of these value-added elements which are primarily employed in electronic goods are disposed of by incineration and land-filling. This is a serious issue besides just environmental pollution, as IUPAC recognized that such ignorance of or poor attention to e-waste recycling has put several elements in the periodic table to the list of endangered elements. Recycling these wastes utilized for electrocatalytic water splitting to produce H2. These recovered e-wastes materials are used as electrocatalysts for the water-splitting, additives to enhance reaction kinetics, and substrate electrodes as well. Recycling and recovery of value-added materials in the view of applying them to electrocatalytic water splitting with endangered elements' perspective have not been covered by any recent review so far. Hence, this review is dedicated to discussing the opportunities available with recycling e-wastes, types of value-added materials that can be recovered for water splitting, strategies exploited, and prospects are discussed in details.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pitchiah Esakki Karthik
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Hashikaa Rajan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Vasanth Rajendiran Jothi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung-In Sang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Chul Yi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea; Department of Hydrog en and Fuel cell technology, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Chen M, Wang M, Liu C, Yang T, Zhou X, You Y. A reusable fluorescence Eu-based coordination polymer for the detection of Zr 4+ ions in aqueous media. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj03658d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A fluorescence coordination polymer [Eu(L)1.5(phen)(H2O)] (1, H2L = 9,10-anthracenedicarboxylic acid) was prepared. 1 represents a fluorescence turn-off sensing material for Zr4+ ions with an excellent detection performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Chen
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ming Wang
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Cheng Liu
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xinhui Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yujian You
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
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15
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Elsheikh NA. Comparative optimization of Be/Zr(BH4)4 and Be/Be(BH4)2 as 252Cf source shielding assemblies: Effect on landmine detection by neutron backscattering technique. NUCLEAR ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.net.2022.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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16
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Vázquez SM, Endepols H, Fischer T, Tawadros SG, Hohberg M, Zimmermanns B, Dietlein F, Neumaier B, Drzezga A, Dietlein M, Schomäcker K. Translational Development of a Zr-89-Labeled Inhibitor of Prostate-specific Membrane Antigen for PET Imaging in Prostate Cancer. Mol Imaging Biol 2021; 24:115-125. [PMID: 34370181 PMCID: PMC8760230 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-021-01632-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Purpose We present here a Zr-89-labeled inhibitor of prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) as a complement to the already established F-18- or Ga-68-ligands. Procedures The precursor PSMA-DFO (ABX) was used for Zr-89-labeling. This is not an antibody, but a peptide analogue of the precursor for the production of [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617. The ligand [89Zr]Zr-PSMA-DFO was compared with [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 and [18F]F-JK-PSMA-7 in vitro by determination of the Kd value, cellular uptake, internalization in LNCaP cells, biodistribution studies with LNCaP prostate tumor xenografts in mice, and in vivo by small-animal PET imaging in LNCaP tumor mouse models. A first-in-human PET was performed with [89Zr]Zr-PSMA-DFO on a patient presenting with a biochemical recurrence after brachytherapy and an ambiguous intraprostatic finding with [18F]F-JK-PSMA-7 but histologically benign cells in a prostate biopsy 7 months previously. Results [89Zr]Zr-PSMA-DFO was prepared with a radiochemical purity ≥ 99.9% and a very high in vitro stability for up to 7 days at 37 °C. All radiotracers showed similar specific cellular binding and internalization, in vitro and comparable tumor uptake in biodistribution experiments during the first 5 h. The [89Zr]Zr-PSMA-DFO achieved significantly higher tumor/background ratios in LNCaP tumor xenografts (tumor/blood: 309 ± 89, tumor/muscle: 450 ± 38) after 24 h than [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 (tumor/blood: 112 ± 57, tumor/muscle: 58 ± 36) or [18F]F-JK-PSMA-7 (tumor/blood: 175 ± 30, tumor/muscle: 114 ± 14) after 4 h (p < 0.01). Small-animal PET imaging demonstrated in vivo that tumor visualization with [89Zr]Zr-PSMA-DFO is comparable to [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 or [18F]F-JK-PSMA-7 at early time points (1 h p.i.) and that PET scans up to 48 h p.i. clearly visualized the tumor at late time points. A late [89Zr]Zr-PSMA-DFO PET scan on a patient with biochemical recurrence (BCR) had demonstrated intensive tracer accumulation in the right (SUVmax 13.25, 48 h p.i.) and in the left prostate lobe (SUV max 9.47), a repeat biopsy revealed cancer cells on both sides. Conclusion [89Zr]Zr-PSMA-DFO is a promising PSMA PET tracer for detection of tumor areas with lower PSMA expression and thus warrants further clinical evaluation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11307-021-01632-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Muñoz Vázquez
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Heike Endepols
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62 50937, Cologne, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Institute of Radiochemistry and Experimental Molecular Imaging, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62 50937, Cologne, Germany.,Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Nuclear Chemistry (INM-5), Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße 52428, Jülich, Germany
| | - Thomas Fischer
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Samir-Ghali Tawadros
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Center for Experimental Medicine (CEM), University of Cologne, Robert-Koch-Straße 10 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Melanie Hohberg
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Beate Zimmermanns
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Felix Dietlein
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62 50937, Cologne, Germany.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bernd Neumaier
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Institute of Radiochemistry and Experimental Molecular Imaging, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62 50937, Cologne, Germany.,Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Nuclear Chemistry (INM-5), Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße 52428, Jülich, Germany
| | - Alexander Drzezga
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Markus Dietlein
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Klaus Schomäcker
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62 50937, Cologne, Germany.
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17
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Highly selective phenanthroline based light-up fluorescent probe for monitoring Zr(IV) in aqueous medium. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2020.108406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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18
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Montes L, Pavón E, Cota A, Alba MD. Zirconium retention for minimizing environmental risk: Role of counterion and clay mineral. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 267:128914. [PMID: 33213875 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Zr(IV) together with U(IV) are the major components of high-level radionuclide waste (HLRW) and spent nuclear fuel (SNF) from nuclear power plants. Thus, their retention in the waste disposal is of great importance for the environmental risk control. Here, the influence of clay minerals on the retention of Zr(IV), as component of the nuclear waste and as chemical analogues of U(IV), has been evaluated. Three clay minerals, two bentonites and one saponite, were hydrothermally treated with three zirconium salts. A structural study at long-range order by X-ray diffraction and short-range order by NMR was performed to evaluate the generation of new zirconium phases and degradation of the clay minerals. Three immobilization mechanisms were observed: i) cation exchange of ZrO2+ or Zr4+ by clay minerals, ii) the precipitation/crystallization of ZrO2, and, iii) the chemical interaction of zirconium with the clay minerals, with the formation of zirconium silicates.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Montes
- Instituto Ciencia de Los Materiales de Sevilla (CSIC-US), Avda. Americo Vespucio, 49, 41092, Sevilla, Spain
| | - E Pavón
- Instituto Ciencia de Los Materiales de Sevilla (CSIC-US), Avda. Americo Vespucio, 49, 41092, Sevilla, Spain; Departamento de Física de La Materia Condensada, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Reina Mercedes S/n, 41012, Sevilla, Spain
| | - A Cota
- Laboratorio de Rayos-X. CITIUS. Universidad de Sevilla. Avda, Reina Mercedes 4, 41012, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Maria D Alba
- Instituto Ciencia de Los Materiales de Sevilla (CSIC-US), Avda. Americo Vespucio, 49, 41092, Sevilla, Spain.
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19
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Tanaka H, Ochii Y, Moroto Y, Ibaraki T, Ogawara KI. Development of Novel Bead Milling Technology with Less Metal Contamination by pH Optimization of the Suspension Medium. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2021; 69:81-85. [PMID: 33390524 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c20-00623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To develop novel contamination-less bead milling technology without impairing grinding efficiency, we investigated the effect of the formulation properties on the grinding efficiency and the metal contamination generated during the grinding process. Among the various formulations tested, the combination of polyvinylpyrrolidone and sodium dodecyl sulfate was found to be suitable for efficiently pulverizing phenytoin. However, this stabilization system included a relatively strong acid, which raised the concern of possible corrosion of the zirconia beads. An evaluation of the process clearly demonstrated that acidic pH promoted bead dissolution, suggesting that this could be suppressed by controlling the pH of the suspension. Among the various pH values tested, the metal contamination generated during the grinding process could be significantly reduced in the optimized pH range without significant differences in the particle size of the phenytoin suspension after pulverization. In addition, the contamination reduction by pH optimization in the presence of physical contact among the beads was approximately 10-times larger than that without bead contact, suggesting that pH optimization could suppress not only bead dissolution but also the wear caused by bead collisions during the grinding process. These findings show that pH optimization is a simple but effective approach to reducing metal contamination during the grinding process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Tanaka
- Formulation R&D Laboratory, CMC R&D Division, Shionogi & Co., Ltd.,Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Kobe Pharmaceutical University
| | - Yuya Ochii
- Formulation R&D Laboratory, CMC R&D Division, Shionogi & Co., Ltd
| | - Yasushi Moroto
- Formulation R&D Laboratory, CMC R&D Division, Shionogi & Co., Ltd
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20
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Einkauf JD, Ortega LH, McDeavitt SM, Burns JD. Ion-Exchange Kinetics of Alpha-Zirconium Phosphate Nanoplatelets for Application in Targeted Alpha Therapy. SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND ION EXCHANGE 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/07366299.2020.1780699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D. Einkauf
- Center for Nuclear Security Science & Policy Initiatives, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Luis H. Ortega
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Sean M. McDeavitt
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
- Nuclear Engineering and Science Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Jonathan D. Burns
- Nuclear Engineering and Science Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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21
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Jarai BM, Stillman Z, Attia L, Decker GE, Bloch ED, Fromen CA. Evaluating UiO-66 Metal-Organic Framework Nanoparticles as Acid-Sensitive Carriers for Pulmonary Drug Delivery Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:38989-39004. [PMID: 32805901 PMCID: PMC7719435 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c10900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Developing novel drug carriers for pulmonary delivery is necessary to achieve higher efficacy and consistency for treating pulmonary diseases while limiting off-target side effects that occur from alternative routes of administration. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have recently emerged as a class of materials with characteristics well-suited for pulmonary drug delivery, with chemical tunability, high surface area, and pore size, which will allow for efficient loading of therapeutic cargo and deep lung penetration. UiO-66, a zirconium and terephthalic acid-based MOF, has displayed notable chemical and physical stability and potential biocompatibility; however, its feasibility for use as a pulmonary drug delivery vehicle has yet to be examined. Here, we evaluate the use of UiO-66 nanoparticles (NPs) as novel pulmonary drug delivery vehicles and assess the role of missing linker defects in their utility for this application. We determined that missing linker defects result in differences in NP aerodynamics but have minimal effects on the loading of model and therapeutic cargo, cargo release, biocompatibility, or biodistribution. This is a critical result, as it indicates the robust consistency of UiO-66, a critical feature for pulmonary drug delivery, which is plagued by inconsistent dosage because of variable properties. Not only that, but UiO-66 NPs also demonstrate pH-dependent stability, with resistance to degradation in extracellular conditions and breakdown in intracellular environments. Furthermore, the carriers exhibit high biocompatibility and low cytotoxicity in vitro and are well-tolerated in in vivo murine evaluations of orotracheally administered NPs. Following pulmonary delivery, UiO-66 NPs remain localized to the lungs before clearance over the course of seven days. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of using UiO-66 NPs as a novel platform for pulmonary drug delivery through their tunable NP properties, which allow for controlled aerodynamics and internalization-dependent cargo release while displaying remarkable pulmonary biocompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bader M. Jarai
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
| | - Zachary Stillman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
| | - Lucas Attia
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
| | - Gerald E. Decker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
| | - Eric D. Bloch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
| | - Catherine A. Fromen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
- corresponding author. Catherine A. Fromen, PhD, , 150 Academy St., Newark, DE 19716, (302) 831-3649
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22
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Santos JH, Quimque MTJ, Macabeo APG, Corpuz MJAT, Wang YM, Lu TT, Lin CH, Villaflores OB. Enhanced Oral Bioavailability of the Pharmacologically Active Lignin Magnolol via Zr-Based Metal Organic Framework Impregnation. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12050437. [PMID: 32397364 PMCID: PMC7285002 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12050437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioavailability plays an important role in drug activity in the human body, as certain drug amounts should be present to elicit activity. However, low bioavailability of drugs leads to negligible use for human benefit. In this study, the diversely active neolignan, magnolol, was impregnated onto a Zr-based organometallic framework [Uio-66(Zr)] to increase its low bioavailability (4–5%) and to test its potential acute oral toxicity. Synthesis of Uio-66(Zr) was done through the solvothermal method while simple impregnation at different time points was used to incorporate magnolol. The loading capacity of Uio-66(Zr) at 36 h was found to be significantly higher at 72.16 ± 2.15% magnolol than in other incubation time. Based on the OECD 425 (limit test), toxicity was not observed at 2000 mg kg−1 dose of mag@Uio-66(Zr) in female Sprague Dawley rats. The area under the curve (AUC) at 0–720 min of mag@Uio-66(Zr) was significantly higher than the AUC of free magnolol. Moreover, relative bioavailability increased almost two-folds using Uio-66(Zr). Unconjugated magnolol was found in the liver, kidney, and brain of rats in all treatment groups. Collectively, Uio-66(Zr) provided a higher magnolol bioavailability when used as drug carrier. Thus, utilization of Uio-66(Zr) as drug carrier is of importance for maximal use for poorly soluble and lowly bioavailable drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua H. Santos
- The Graduate School, University of Santo Tomas, España Blvd., Manila 1015, Philippines; (J.H.S.); (M.J.-A.T.C.)
- Phytochemistry Laboratory, Research Center for the Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Santo Tomas, España Blvd., Manila 1015, Philippines
| | - Mark Tristan J. Quimque
- Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology, Tibanga, Iligan City 9200, Philippines;
- Laboratory for Organic Reactivity, Discovery and Synthesis (LORDS), Research Center for the Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Santo Tomas, España Blvd., Manila 1015, Philippines;
| | - Allan Patrick G. Macabeo
- Laboratory for Organic Reactivity, Discovery and Synthesis (LORDS), Research Center for the Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Santo Tomas, España Blvd., Manila 1015, Philippines;
| | - Mary Jho-Anne T. Corpuz
- The Graduate School, University of Santo Tomas, España Blvd., Manila 1015, Philippines; (J.H.S.); (M.J.-A.T.C.)
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Research Center for the Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Santo Tomas, España Blvd., Manila 1015, Philippines
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santo Tomas, España Blvd., Manila 1015, Philippines
| | - Yun-Ming Wang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Bioengineering, Center for Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-devices (IDS2B), National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan;
| | - Tsai-Te Lu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan;
| | - Chia-Her Lin
- College of Science, Chung Yuan Christian University, Zhongli District, Taoyuan City 320, Taiwan;
| | - Oliver B. Villaflores
- The Graduate School, University of Santo Tomas, España Blvd., Manila 1015, Philippines; (J.H.S.); (M.J.-A.T.C.)
- Phytochemistry Laboratory, Research Center for the Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Santo Tomas, España Blvd., Manila 1015, Philippines
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santo Tomas, España Blvd., Manila 1015, Philippines
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +63-2-8406-1611 (local 4056)
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23
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Uemoto Y, Kondo K, Niwa T. Cryo-milling using a spherical sugar: Contamination-free media milling technology. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 136:104934. [PMID: 31125681 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Milling beads experience wear upon repeated use. And milling beads made of material that is safe when ingested have not yet been developed. The present report describes the development and characteristics of spherical d-mannitol (SDM) beads, which would be safe when ingested. The model drug phenytoin was dispersed in liquid nitrogen along with SDM and the materials were agitated at high speed. The effects of the amount of beads, agitation speed, and milling time on phenytoin particle size, yield, and bead fractures were investigated using a central composite experimental design. The diameter of milled phenytoin particles decreased significantly as the amount of SDM beads and agitation speed increased. In contrast, no difference was found in the diameter with milling time. Although the fractured SDM ratio increased slightly at higher agitation speeds, the SDM was not broken and was durable enough for milling. This milling technique was applicable not only to phenytoin but also to other drug substances. Bead durability and applicability indicated that SDM can be used as wet milling beads that are considered safe for use if ingested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Uemoto
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan.
| | - Keita Kondo
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Niwa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan
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24
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Ali MS, Metwally AA, Fahmy RH, Osman R. Nanodiamonds: Minuscule gems that ferry antineoplastic drugs to resistant tumors. Int J Pharm 2019; 558:165-176. [PMID: 30641180 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.12.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Remarkable efforts are currently devoted to the area of nanodiamonds (NDs) research due to their superior properties viz: biocompatibility, minute size, inert core, and tunable surface chemistry. The use of NDs for the delivery of anticancer drugs has been at the forefront of NDs applications owing to their ability to increase chemosensitivity, sustain drug release, and minimize drug side effects. Accelerated steps towards the move of NDs from bench side to bedside have been recently witnessed. In this review, the effects of NDs production and purification techniques on NDs' final properties are discussed. Special concern is given to studies focusing on NDs use for anticancer drug delivery, stability enhancement and mediated targeted delivery. The aim of this review is to put the results of studies oriented towards NDs-mediated anticancer drug delivery side by side such that the reader can assess the potential use of NDs in clinics and follow up the upcoming results of clinical testing of NDs on animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moustafa S Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, 6th of October City, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Abdelkader A Metwally
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Health Sciences Center, Kuwait University, Kuwait
| | - Rania H Fahmy
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Egypt; Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, 6th of October City, Giza, Egypt
| | - Rihab Osman
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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25
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Jayasinghe‐Arachchige VM, Hu Q, Sharma G, Paul TJ, Lundberg M, Quinonero D, Parac‐Vogt TN, Prabhakar R. Hydrolysis of chemically distinct sites of human serum albumin by polyoxometalate: A hybrid QM/MM (ONIOM) study. J Comput Chem 2018; 40:51-61. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.25528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Qiaoyu Hu
- Department of Chemistry University of Miami Coral Gables Florida 33146
| | - Gaurav Sharma
- Department of Chemistry University of Miami Coral Gables Florida 33146
| | - Thomas J. Paul
- Department of Chemistry University of Miami Coral Gables Florida 33146
| | - Marcus Lundberg
- Department of Chemistry ‐ Ångström Laboratory Uppsala University 751 21, Uppsala Sweden
| | - David Quinonero
- Department of Chemistry Universitat de les Illes Balears Palma de Mallorca Spain
| | | | - Rajeev Prabhakar
- Department of Chemistry University of Miami Coral Gables Florida 33146
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26
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Zhang J, Li H, Wang W, Huang H, Pei J, Qu H, Yuan G, Li Y. The degradation and transport mechanism of a Mg-Nd-Zn-Zr stent in rabbit common carotid artery: A 20-month study. Acta Biomater 2018; 69:372-384. [PMID: 29369807 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mg-based stent is a promising candidate of the next generation fully degradable vascular stents. The latest progress includes the CE approval of the Magmaris ® WE43 based drug eluting stent. However, so far, the long term (more than 1 year implantation) in vivo degradation and the physiological effects caused by the degradation products were still unclear. In this study, a 20 month observation was carried out after the bare Mg-Nd-Zn-Zr (abbr. JDBM) stent prototype was implanted into the common carotid artery of New Zealand white rabbit in order to evaluate its safety, efficacy and especially degradation behavior. The degradation of the main second phase Mg12Nd was also studied. Results showed that the bare JDBM stent had good safety and efficacy with a complete re-endothelialization within 28 days. The JDBM stent struts were mostly replaced in situ by degradation products in 4 month. The important finding was that the volume and Ca concentration of the degradation products decreased in the long term, eliminating the clinicians' concern of possible vessel calcification. In addition, the alloying elements Mg and Zn in the stent could be safely metabolized as continuous enrichment in any of the main organs were not detected although Nd and Zr showed an abrupt increase in spleen and liver after 1 month implantation. Collectively, the long term in vivo results showed the rapid re-endothelialization of JDBM stent and the long term safety of the degradation products, indicating its great potential as the backbone of the fully degradable vascular stent. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Mg-based stent is a promising candidate of the next generation fully degradable stents, especially after the recent market launch of one of its kind (Magmaris). However the fundamental question about the long term degradation and metabolic mechanism of Mg-based stent and its degradation products remain unanswered. We implanted our patented Mg-Nd-Zn-Zr bare stent into the common carotid artery of rabbits and conducted a 20 months observation. We found that the Ca containing degradation products could be further degraded in vivo. All the alloying elements showed no continuous enrichment in the main organs of rabbits. These findings eliminate the clinicians' concern of possible vessel calcification and element enrichment after the implantation of Mg alloy based stents to some extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Light Alloy Net Forming and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composite, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; Med-X Research Institute, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Haiyan Li
- Med-X Research Institute, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Wu Wang
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Hua Huang
- National Engineering Research Center of Light Alloy Net Forming and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composite, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jia Pei
- National Engineering Research Center of Light Alloy Net Forming and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composite, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Haiyun Qu
- Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Guangyin Yuan
- National Engineering Research Center of Light Alloy Net Forming and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composite, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Yongdong Li
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China.
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McInnes LE, Rudd SE, Donnelly PS. Copper, gallium and zirconium positron emission tomography imaging agents: The importance of metal ion speciation. Coord Chem Rev 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Flame atomic absorption determination of zirconium in glass and refractory bricks after coprecipitation with aluminium hydroxide. JOURNAL OF TAIBAH UNIVERSITY FOR SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtusci.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Zhang T, Sharma G, Paul TJ, Hoffmann Z, Prabhakar R. Effects of Ligand Environment in Zr(IV) Assisted Peptide Hydrolysis. J Chem Inf Model 2017; 57:1079-1088. [PMID: 28398040 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.6b00781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this DFT study, activities of 11 different N2O4, N2O3, and NO2 core containing Zr(IV) complexes, 4,13-diaza-18-crown-6 (I'N2O4), 1,4,10-trioxa-7,13-diazacyclopentadecane (I'N2O3), and 2-(2-methoxy)ethanol (I'NO2), respectively, and their analogues in peptide hydrolysis have been investigated. Based on the experimental information, these molecules were created by altering protonation states (singly protonated, doubly protonated, or doubly deprotonated) and number of their ligands. The energetics of the I'N2O4, and I'NO2 and their analogues predicted that both stepwise and concerted mechanisms occurred either with similar barriers, or the latter was more favorable than the former. They also showed that the doubly deprotonated form hydrolyzed the peptide bond with substantially lower barriers than the barriers for other protonation states. For NO2 core possessing complexes, Zr-(NO2)(OHH)(H2O/OH)n for n = 1-3, the hydroxyl group containing molecules were found to be more reactive than their water ligand possessing counterparts. The barriers for these complexes reduced with an increase in the coordination number (6-8) of the Zr(IV) ion. Among all 11 molecules, the NO2 core possessing and two hydroxyl group containing I'DNO2-2H complex was found to be the most reactive complex with a barrier of 28.9 kcal/mol. Furthermore, barriers of 27.5, 28.9, and 32.0 kcal/mol for hydrolysis of Gly-Glu (negative), Gly-Gly (neutral), and Gly-Lys (positive) substrates, respectively, by this complex were in agreement with experiments. The activities of these complexes were explained in terms of basicity of their ligand environment and nucleophilicity of the Zr(IV) center using metal-ligand distances, charge on the metal ion, and the metal-nucleophile distance as parameters. These results provide a deeper understanding of the functioning of these complexes and will help design Zr(IV)-based synthetic metallopeptidases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami , Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Gaurav Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami , Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Thomas J Paul
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami , Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Zachary Hoffmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami , Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Rajeev Prabhakar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami , Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
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Andrei M, Galateanu B, Hudita A, Costache M, Osiceanu P, Calderon Moreno JM, Drob SI, Demetrescu I. Electrochemical comparison and biological performance of a new CoCrNbMoZr alloy with commercial CoCrMo alloy. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2015; 59:346-355. [PMID: 26652383 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 09/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A new CoCrNbMoZr alloy, with Nb and Zr content is characterized from the point of view of surface features, corrosion resistance and biological performance in order to be proposed as dental restorative material. Its properties are discussed in comparison with commercial Heraenium CE alloy based on Co, Cr and Mo as well. The microstructure of both alloys was revealed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The composition and thickness of the alloy native passive films were identified by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The surface characteristics were analyzed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and contact angle techniques. The quantity of ions released from alloys in artificial saliva was evaluated with inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) measurements. The electrochemical stability was studied in artificial Carter-Brugirard saliva, performing open circuit potentials, polarization resistances and corrosion currents and rates. The biological performance of the new alloy was tested in vitro in terms of human adipose stem cells (hASCs) morphology, viability and proliferation status. The new alloy is very resistant to the attack of the aggressive ions from the artificial saliva. The surface properties, the roughness and wettabiliy sustain the cell behavior. The comparison of the new alloy behavior with that of existing commercial CoCrMo alloy showed the superior properties of the new metallic biomaterial.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Andrei
- Department of General Chemistry, University Politehnica Bucharest, Spl. Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - B Galateanu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bucharest, 91-95 Spl. Independentei, Bucharest 050095, Romania; Institute of Life Sciences, Vasile Goldis Western University of Arad, 86 Rebreanu, 310414 Arad, Romania
| | - A Hudita
- Department of General Chemistry, University Politehnica Bucharest, Spl. Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - M Costache
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bucharest, 91-95 Spl. Independentei, Bucharest 050095, Romania
| | - P Osiceanu
- Institute of Physical Chemistry "Ilie Murgulescu" of Romanian Academy, Spl. Independentei 202, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - J M Calderon Moreno
- Institute of Physical Chemistry "Ilie Murgulescu" of Romanian Academy, Spl. Independentei 202, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - S I Drob
- Institute of Physical Chemistry "Ilie Murgulescu" of Romanian Academy, Spl. Independentei 202, 060021 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - I Demetrescu
- Department of General Chemistry, University Politehnica Bucharest, Spl. Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
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31
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Li M, Yaragudi N, Afolabi A, Dave R, Bilgili E. Sub-100nm drug particle suspensions prepared via wet milling with low bead contamination through novel process intensification. Chem Eng Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2015.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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32
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Chen Y, Roohani-Esfahani SI, Lu Z, Zreiqat H, Dunstan CR. Zirconium ions up-regulate the BMP/SMAD signaling pathway and promote the proliferation and differentiation of human osteoblasts. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0113426. [PMID: 25602473 PMCID: PMC4300214 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Zirconium (Zr) is an element commonly used in dental and orthopedic implants either as zirconia (ZrO2) or in metal alloys. It can also be incorporated into calcium silicate-based ceramics. However, the effects of in vitro culture of human osteoblasts (HOBs) with soluble ionic forms of Zr have not been determined. In this study, primary culture of human osteoblasts was conducted in the presence of medium containing either ZrCl4 or Zirconium (IV) oxynitrate (ZrO(NO3)2) at concentrations of 0, 5, 50 and 500 µM, and osteoblast proliferation, differentiation and calcium deposition were assessed. Incubation of human osteoblast cultures with Zr ions increased the proliferation of human osteoblasts and also gene expression of genetic markers of osteoblast differentiation. In 21 and 28 day cultures, Zr ions at concentrations of 50 and 500 µM increased the deposition of calcium phosphate. In addition, the gene expression of BMP2 and BMP receptors was increased in response to culture with Zr ions and this was associated with increased phosphorylation of SMAD1/5. Moreover, Noggin suppressed osteogenic gene expression in HOBs co-treated with Zr ions. In conclusion, Zr ions appear able to induce both the proliferation and the differentiation of primary human osteoblasts. This is associated with up-regulation of BMP2 expression and activation of BMP signaling suggesting this action is, at least in part, mediated by BMP signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjuan Chen
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Research Unit, School of AMME, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Seyed-Iman Roohani-Esfahani
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Research Unit, School of AMME, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - ZuFu Lu
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Research Unit, School of AMME, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Hala Zreiqat
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Research Unit, School of AMME, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Colin R. Dunstan
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Research Unit, School of AMME, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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33
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Zirconium ions up-regulate the BMP/SMAD signaling pathway and promote the proliferation and differentiation of human osteoblasts. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 25602473 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113426.ecollection] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Zirconium (Zr) is an element commonly used in dental and orthopedic implants either as zirconia (ZrO2) or in metal alloys. It can also be incorporated into calcium silicate-based ceramics. However, the effects of in vitro culture of human osteoblasts (HOBs) with soluble ionic forms of Zr have not been determined. In this study, primary culture of human osteoblasts was conducted in the presence of medium containing either ZrCl4 or Zirconium (IV) oxynitrate (ZrO(NO3)2) at concentrations of 0, 5, 50 and 500 µM, and osteoblast proliferation, differentiation and calcium deposition were assessed. Incubation of human osteoblast cultures with Zr ions increased the proliferation of human osteoblasts and also gene expression of genetic markers of osteoblast differentiation. In 21 and 28 day cultures, Zr ions at concentrations of 50 and 500 µM increased the deposition of calcium phosphate. In addition, the gene expression of BMP2 and BMP receptors was increased in response to culture with Zr ions and this was associated with increased phosphorylation of SMAD1/5. Moreover, Noggin suppressed osteogenic gene expression in HOBs co-treated with Zr ions. In conclusion, Zr ions appear able to induce both the proliferation and the differentiation of primary human osteoblasts. This is associated with up-regulation of BMP2 expression and activation of BMP signaling suggesting this action is, at least in part, mediated by BMP signaling.
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34
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Díaz A, González ML, Pérez RJ, David A, Mukherjee A, Báez A, Clearfield A, Colón JL. Direct intercalation of cisplatin into zirconium phosphate nanoplatelets for potential cancer nanotherapy. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:11456-11463. [PMID: 24072038 PMCID: PMC4140787 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr02206d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We report the use of zirconium phosphate (ZrP) nanoplatelets for the encapsulation of the anticancer drug cisplatin and its delivery to tumor cells. Cisplatin was intercalated into ZrP by direct ion exchange and was tested in vitro for cytotoxicity in the human breast cancer (MCF-7) cell line. The structural characterization of the intercalated cisplatin in ZrP suggests that during the intercalation process, the chloride ligands of the cisplatin complex were substituted by phosphate groups within the layers. Consequently, a new phosphate phase with the platinum complex directly bound to ZrP (cisPt@ZrP) is produced with an interlayer distance of 9.3 Å. The in vitro release profile of the intercalated drug upon a pH stimulus shows that at low pH under lysosomal conditions the platinum complex is released with simultaneous hydrolysis of the zirconium phosphate material, while at higher pH the complex is not released. Experiments with the MCF-7 cell line show that cisPt@ZrP reduced the cell viability up to 40%. The cisPt@ZrP intercalation product is envisioned as a future nanotherapy agent against cancer. Taking advantage of the shape and sizes of the ZrP particles and controlled release of the drug at low pH, it is intended to exploit the enhanced permeability and retention effect of tumors, as well as their intrinsic acidity, for the destruction of malignant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustín Díaz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, PO Box 23346, Río Piedras, PR 00931-3346, USA. Tel: (1) 787 764-0000 xt. 3220;
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, PO Box 30012, College Station, TX 77842-3012, USA. Tel: (1) 979 845-2936;
| | - Millie L. González
- Departments of Pharmacology and Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, PO Box 365067, San Juan, PR 00936-5067, USA. Tel: (1) 787 758-2525 xt 1366;
| | - Riviam J. Pérez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, PO Box 23346, Río Piedras, PR 00931-3346, USA. Tel: (1) 787 764-0000 xt. 3220;
| | - Amanda David
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, PO Box 23346, Río Piedras, PR 00931-3346, USA. Tel: (1) 787 764-0000 xt. 3220;
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, PO Box 30012, College Station, TX 77842-3012, USA. Tel: (1) 979 845-2936;
| | - Atashi Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, PO Box 30012, College Station, TX 77842-3012, USA. Tel: (1) 979 845-2936;
| | - Adriana Báez
- Departments of Pharmacology and Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, PO Box 365067, San Juan, PR 00936-5067, USA. Tel: (1) 787 758-2525 xt 1366;
| | - Abraham Clearfield
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, PO Box 30012, College Station, TX 77842-3012, USA. Tel: (1) 979 845-2936;
| | - Jorge L. Colón
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, PO Box 23346, Río Piedras, PR 00931-3346, USA. Tel: (1) 787 764-0000 xt. 3220;
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Screening on binary Zr-1X (X = Ti, Nb, Mo, Cu, Au, Pd, Ag, Ru, Hf and Bi) alloys with good in vitro cytocompatibility and magnetic resonance imaging compatibility. Acta Biomater 2013; 9:9578-87. [PMID: 23928334 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the microstructures, mechanical properties, corrosion behaviors, in vitro cytocompatibility and magnetic susceptibility of Zr-1X alloys with various alloying elements, including Ti, Nb, Mo, Cu, Au, Pd, Ag, Ru, Hf and Bi, were systematically investigated to explore their potential use in biomedical applications. The experimental results indicated that annealed Zr-1X alloys consisted entirely or primarily of α phase. The alloying elements significantly increased the strength and hardness of pure Zr and had a relatively slight influence on elastic modulus. Ru was the most effective enhancing element and Zr-1Ru alloy had the largest elongation. The results of electrochemical corrosion indicated that adding various elements to Zr improved its corrosion resistance, as indicated by the reduced corrosion current density. The extracts of the studied Zr-1X alloys produced no significant deleterious effects on osteoblast-like cells (MG 63), indicating good in vitro cytocompatibility. All except for Zr-1Ag alloy showed decreased magnetic susceptibility compared to pure Zr, and Zr-1Ru alloy had the lowest magnetic susceptibility value, being comparable to that of α' phase Zr-Mo alloy and Zr-Nb alloy and far lower than that of Co-Cr alloy and Ti-6Al-4V alloy. Among the experimental Zr-1X alloys, Zr-1Ru alloy possessing high strength coupled with good ductility, good in vitro cytocompatibility and low magnetic susceptibility may be a good candidate alloy for medical devices within a magnetic resonance imaging environment.
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Lin X, Tan L, Zhang Q, Yang K, Hu Z, Qiu J, Cai Y. The in vitro degradation process and biocompatibility of a ZK60 magnesium alloy with a forsterite-containing micro-arc oxidation coating. Acta Biomater 2013; 9:8631-42. [PMID: 23261923 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2012.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Revised: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Magnesium has attracted much attention as a class of biodegradable metallic biomaterials. In this study, a silicate electrolyte-based micro-arc oxidation (MAO) treatment was adopted to prepare forsterite-containing MAO coatings on a ZK60 magnesium alloy in order to decrease the degradation rate and increase the biological property of the alloy. Four anodization voltages were chosen to prepare the MAO coatings. The cell experiment showed a cytotoxicity of grade 0 for the MAO-coated alloy to L929 cells and the hemolytic ratio was dramatically decreased for the MAO-coated alloy compared with the bare one. The corrosion resistance and the degradation behavior of the MAO-coated ZK60 alloy were studied using drop tests, electrochemical measurements and immersion tests. The results indicate that the MAO coating could effectively decrease the initial degradation rate of the alloy. The corrosion resistance of MAO coating was increased with the elevation of the preparation voltage. A degradation model for ZK60 alloy with a forsterite-containing MAO coating was proposed. Based on the model, the MAO-coated alloy experiences destruction and restoration simultaneously, and the coating fails in a peeling-off mode.
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37
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Lin X, Tan L, Wang Q, Zhang G, Zhang B, Yang K. In vivo degradation and tissue compatibility of ZK60 magnesium alloy with micro-arc oxidation coating in a transcortical model. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2013; 33:3881-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2013.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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38
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Wester M, Simonis F, Gerritsen KG, Boer WH, Wodzig WK, Kooman JP, Joles JA. A regenerable potassium and phosphate sorbent system to enhance dialysis efficacy and device portability: an in vitro study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2013; 28:2364-71. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gft205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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39
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Reifenrath J, Angrisani N, Erdmann N, Lucas A, Waizy H, Seitz JM, Bondarenko A, Meyer-Lindenberg A. Degrading magnesium screws ZEK100: biomechanical testing, degradation analysis and soft-tissue biocompatibility in a rabbit model. Biomed Mater 2013; 8:045012. [DOI: 10.1088/1748-6041/8/4/045012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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40
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Shahid M, Ferrand E, Schreck E, Dumat C. Behavior and impact of zirconium in the soil-plant system: plant uptake and phytotoxicity. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2013; 221:107-127. [PMID: 23090631 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-4448-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Zirconium (Zr) is a transition metal that has both stable and radioactive isotopes.This metal has gained significant attention as a major pollutant of concern, partly because it has been prominent in the debate concerning the growing anthropogenic pressure on the environment. Its numerous past and present uses have induced significant soil and water pollution. Zr is generally considered to have low mobility in soils. The behavior of Zr particularly depends on the characteristics of the media in which it exists, and even its presence in the biosphere as a contaminate may affect its behavior. In this chapter, we describe the relationship between the behavior of Zrand its speciation in soils, its uptake and accumulation by plants, its translocation and toxicity inside plants, and mechanisms by which plants detoxify it.Zr is abundant and occurs naturally in the earth's crust. Zr emissions to the atmosphere are increasing from anthropogenic activities such as its use in industry and nuclear reactors. Zr forms various complexes with soil components, which reduces its soil mobility and phytoavailabilty. The mobility and phytoavailabilty of Zr in soil depend on its speciation and the physicochemical properties of soil that include soil pH, texture, and organic contents. Despite having low soil mobility and phytoavailability,amounts of Zr are absorbed by plants, mainly through the root system and can thereby enter the food chain.After plant uptake, Zr mainly accumulates in root cells. Zr does not have any known essential function in plant or animal metabolism. Although little published data are available, we conclude that the phytotoxicity of Zr is generally low.Notwithstanding, Zr can significantly reduce plant growth and can affect plantenzyme activity. When exposed to Zr-induced toxicity, plants possess numerous defense mechanisms to cope with the toxicity. Such strategies include Zr sequestration in plant roots and activation of various antioxidants. Because Zr may have impact on the biosphere, we believe it deserves to be evaluated in supplementary studies that will enhance the understanding of its behavior in soil-plant systems.
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41
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Juhnke M, Märtin D, John E. Generation of wear during the production of drug nanosuspensions by wet media milling. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2012; 81:214-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2012.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Revised: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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42
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Díaz A, Saxena V, González J, David A, Casañas B, Carpenter C, Batteas JD, Colón JL, Clearfield A, Hussain MD. Zirconium phosphate nano-platelets: a novel platform for drug delivery in cancer therapy. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:1754-6. [PMID: 22218458 DOI: 10.1039/c2cc16218k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Doxorubicin was intercalated into novel zirconium phosphate nano-platelets (ZrP). The obtained doxorubicin intercalated ZrP nano-platelets had an impressive 34.9% (w/w) drug loading. We used this material to deliver doxorubicin to breast cancer cells (MCF-7). Cellular studies with MCF-7 cells showed higher uptake and cytotoxicity of doxorubicin loaded ZrP compared to free doxorubicin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustín Díaz
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, PO Box 30012, College Station, TX 77842-3012, USA.
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In vivo biodistribution and accumulation of 89Zr in mice. Nucl Med Biol 2011; 38:675-81. [PMID: 21718943 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2010.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Revised: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The present investigation focuses on the chemical and biological fate of (89)Zr in mice. Electrophoreses of (89)Zr solvated or chelated in different conditions are here presented. The biological fate of mice injected with [(89)Zr]Zr-oxalate, [(89)Zr]Zr-chloride, [(89)Zr]Zr-phosphate, [(89)Zr]Zr-desferrioxamine and [(89)Zr]Zr-citrate is studied with the biodistribution, the clearances and positron emission tomography images. A special focus is also given regarding the quality of (89)Zr bone accumulation. METHODS Electrophoreses were carried out on chromatography paper and read by gamma counting. Then, the solutions were intravenously injected in mice, imaged at different time points and sacrificed. The bones, the epiphysis and the marrow substance were separated and evaluated with gamma counts. RESULTS The clearances of [(89)Zr]Zr-chloride and [(89)Zr]Zr-oxalate reached 20% of injected dose (ID) after 6 days whereas [(89)Zr]Zr-phosphate was only 5% of ID. [(89)Zr]Zr-citrate and [(89)Zr]Zr-DFO were noticeably excreted after the first day postinjection (p.i.). [(89)Zr]Zr-chloride and [(89)Zr]Zr-oxalate resulted in a respective bone uptake of ∼15% ID/g and∼20% ID/g at 8 h p.i. with minor losses after 6 days. [(89)Zr]Zr-citrate bone uptake was also observed, but [(89)Zr]Zr-phosphate was absorbed in high amounts in the liver and the spleen. The marrow cells were insignificantly radioactive in comparison to the calcified tissues. CONCLUSION Despite the complexity of Zr coordination, the electrophoretic analyses provided detailed evidences of Zr charges either as salts or as complexes. This study also shows that weakly chelated, (89)Zr is a bone seeker and has a strong affinity for phosphate.
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Bae S, Pan XC, Kim SY, Park K, Kim YH, Kim H, Hong YC. Exposures to particulate matter and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and oxidative stress in schoolchildren. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2010; 118:579-83. [PMID: 20368125 PMCID: PMC2854738 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.0901077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2009] [Accepted: 12/14/2009] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Air pollution is known to contribute to respiratory and cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. Oxidative stress has been suggested as one of the main mechanisms for these effects on health. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of exposure to particulate matter (PM) with aerodynamic diameters < or = 10 microm (PM10) and < or = 2.5 microm (PM2.5) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on urinary malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in schoolchildren. METHODS The study population consisted of 120 schoolchildren. The survey and measurements were conducted in four cities--two in China (Ala Shan and Beijing) and two in Korea (Jeju and Seoul)--between 4 and 9 June 2007. We measured daily ambient levels of PM and their metal components at the selected schools during the study period. We also measured urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) and 2-naphthol, to assess PAH exposure, and MDA, to assess oxidative stress. Measurements were conducted once a day for 5 consecutive days. We constructed a linear mixed model after adjusting for individual variables to estimate the effects of PM and PAH on oxidative stress. RESULTS We found statistically significant increases in urinary MDA levels with ambient PM concentrations from the current day to the 2 previous days (p < 0.0001). Urinary 1-OHP level also showed a positive association with urinary MDA level, which was statistically significant with or without PM in the model (p < 0.05). Outdoor PM and urinary 1-OHP were synergistically associated with urinary MDA levels. Some metals bound to PM10 (aluminum, iron, strontium, magnesium, silicon, arsenic, barium, zinc, copper, and cadmium) and PM2.5 (magnesium, iron, strontium, arsenic, cadmium, zinc, aluminum, mercury, barium, and copper) also had significant associations with urinary MDA level. CONCLUSION Exposure to PM air pollution and PAHs was associated with oxidative stress in schoolchildren.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanghyuk Bae
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Xiao-Chuan Pan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China
| | - Su-Young Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
| | - Kwangsik Park
- College of Pharmacy, Dongduk Women’s University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoon-Hee Kim
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ho Kim
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yun-Chul Hong
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
- Address correspondence to Y.-C. Hong, Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, 103 Daehakro, Jongrogu, Seoul, 110-44, Republic of Korea. Telephone: 82-2-740-8394. Fax: 82-2-747-4830. E-mail:
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Roming M, Lünsdorf H, Dittmar KEJ, Feldmann C. ZrO(HPO(4))(1-x)(FMN)(x): quick and easy synthesis of a nanoscale luminescent biomarker. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 49:632-7. [PMID: 20029854 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200902893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Roming
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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Roming M, Lünsdorf H, Dittmar K, Feldmann C. ZrO(HPO4)1âx(FMN)x: schnelle und einfache Synthese eines nanoskaligen Lumineszenzbiomarkers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200902893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Wang F, Liu X, Li G, Li D, Dong S. Selective electrodissolution of inorganic ions/DNA multilayer film for tunable DNA release. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1039/b812940a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Wang F, Wang J, Zhai Y, Li G, Li D, Dong S. Layer-by-layer assembly of biologically inert inorganic ions/DNA multilayer films for tunable DNA release by chelation. J Control Release 2008; 132:65-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2008.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2008] [Revised: 08/15/2008] [Accepted: 08/20/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Wang F, Li D, Li G, Liu X, Dong S. Electrodissolution of Inorganic Ions/DNA Multilayer Film for Tunable DNA Release. Biomacromolecules 2008; 9:2645-52. [DOI: 10.1021/bm800766t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, Peopleʼs Republic of China, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10039, Peopleʼs Republic of China
| | - Dan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, Peopleʼs Republic of China, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10039, Peopleʼs Republic of China
| | - Gaiping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, Peopleʼs Republic of China, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10039, Peopleʼs Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, Peopleʼs Republic of China, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10039, Peopleʼs Republic of China
| | - Shaojun Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, Peopleʼs Republic of China, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10039, Peopleʼs Republic of China
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