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Tailoring Lignin-Based Spherical Particles as a Support for Lipase Immobilization. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12091031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignin-based spherical particles have recently gained popularity due to their characteristic and the usage of biopolymeric material. In this study, lignin-based spherical particles were prepared using choline chloride at different pH values, ranging from 2 to 10. Their dispersive, microstructural, and physicochemical properties were studied by a variety of techniques, including scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and zeta potential analysis. The best results were obtained for the particles prepared at pH 5 and 7, which had a spherical shape without a tendency to form aggregates and agglomerates. The lignin-based spherical particles were used for the immobilization of lipase, a model enzyme capable of catalyzing a wide range of transformations. It was shown that the highest relative activity of immobilized lipase was obtained after 24 h of immobilization at 30 °C and pH 7, using 100 mg of the support. Moreover, the immobilized lipase exhibited enhanced stability under harsh process conditions, and demonstrated high reusability, up to 87% after 10 cycles, depending on the support used. In the future, the described approach to enzyme immobilization based on lignin spheres may play a significant role in the catalytic synthesis of organic and fine chemicals, with high utility value.
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2
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Li Y, Guan X, Chaffey PK, Ruan Y, Ma B, Shang S, Himmel ME, Beckham GT, Long H, Tan Z. Carbohydrate-binding module O-mannosylation alters binding selectivity to cellulose and lignin. Chem Sci 2020; 11:9262-9271. [PMID: 34123172 PMCID: PMC8163390 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc01812k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Improved understanding of the effect of protein glycosylation is expected to provide the foundation for the design of protein glycoengineering strategies. In this study, we examine the impact of O-glycosylation on the binding selectivity of a model Family 1 carbohydrate-binding module (CBM), which has been shown to be one of the primary sub-domains responsible for non-productive lignin binding in multi-modular cellulases. Specifically, we examine the relationship between glycan structure and the binding specificity of the CBM to cellulose and lignin substrates. We find that the glycosylation pattern of the CBM exhibits a strong influence on the binding affinity and the selectivity between both cellulose and lignin. In addition, the large set of binding data collected allows us to examine the relationship between binding affinity and the correlation in motion between pairs of glycosylation sites. Our results suggest that glycoforms displaying highly correlated motion in their glycosylation sites tend to bind cellulose with high affinity and lignin with low affinity. Taken together, this work helps lay the groundwork for future exploitation of glycoengineering as a tool to improve the performance of industrial enzymes. Improved understanding of the effect of protein glycosylation is expected to provide the foundation for the design of protein glycoengineering strategies.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaohao Li
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College Beijing 100050 China .,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder CO 80303 USA
| | - Xiaoyang Guan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder CO 80303 USA
| | - Patrick K Chaffey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder CO 80303 USA
| | - Yuan Ruan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder CO 80303 USA
| | - Bo Ma
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College Beijing 100050 China
| | - Shiying Shang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Michael E Himmel
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory Golden CO 80401 USA
| | - Gregg T Beckham
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory Golden CO 80401 USA
| | - Hai Long
- Computational Science Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory Golden CO 80401 USA
| | - Zhongping Tan
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College Beijing 100050 China
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Røjel N, Kari J, Sørensen TH, Badino SF, Morth JP, Schaller K, Cavaleiro AM, Borch K, Westh P. Substrate binding in the processive cellulase Cel7A: Transition state of complexation and roles of conserved tryptophan residues. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:1454-1463. [PMID: 31848226 PMCID: PMC7008363 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellobiohydrolases effectively degrade cellulose and are of biotechnological interest because they can convert lignocellulosic biomass to fermentable sugars. Here, we implemented a fluorescence-based method for real-time measurements of complexation and decomplexation of the processive cellulase Cel7A and its insoluble substrate, cellulose. The method enabled detailed kinetic and thermodynamic analyses of ligand binding in a heterogeneous system. We studied WT Cel7A and several variants in which one or two of four highly conserved Trp residues in the binding tunnel had been replaced with Ala. WT Cel7A had on/off-rate constants of 1 × 105 m-1 s-1 and 5 × 10-3 s-1, respectively, reflecting the slow dynamics of a solid, polymeric ligand. Especially the off-rate constant was many orders of magnitude lower than typical values for small, soluble ligands. Binding rate and strength both were typically lower for the Trp variants, but effects of the substitutions were moderate and sometimes negligible. Hence, we propose that lowering the activation barrier for complexation is not a major driving force for the high conservation of the Trp residues. Using so-called Φ-factor analysis, we analyzed the kinetic and thermodynamic results for the variants. The results of this analysis suggested a transition state for complexation and decomplexation in which the reducing end of the ligand is close to the tunnel entrance (near Trp-40), whereas the rest of the binding tunnel is empty. We propose that this structure defines the highest free-energy barrier of the overall catalytic cycle and hence governs the turnover rate of this industrially important enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanna Røjel
- Institut for Naturvidenskab og Miljo, Roskilde University, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Jeppe Kari
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Silke F Badino
- Institut for Naturvidenskab og Miljo, Roskilde University, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - J Preben Morth
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kay Schaller
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Kim Borch
- Novozymes A/S, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Peter Westh
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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4
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Badino SF, Kari J, Christensen SJ, Borch K, Westh P. Direct kinetic comparison of the two cellobiohydrolases Cel6A and Cel7A from Hypocrea jecorina. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2017; 1865:1739-1745. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2017.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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5
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Sørensen TH, Cruys-Bagger N, Borch K, Westh P. Free Energy Diagram for the Heterogeneous Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Glycosidic Bonds in Cellulose. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:22203-11. [PMID: 26183776 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.659656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Kinetic and thermodynamic data have been analyzed according to transition state theory and a simplified reaction scheme for the enzymatic hydrolysis of insoluble cellulose. For the cellobiohydrolase Cel7A from Hypocrea jecorina (Trichoderma reesei), we were able to measure or collect relevant values for all stable and activated complexes defined by the reaction scheme and hence propose a free energy diagram for the full heterogeneous process. For other Cel7A enzymes, including variants with and without carbohydrate binding module (CBM), we obtained activation parameters for the association and dissociation of the enzyme-substrate complex. The results showed that the kinetics of enzyme-substrate association (i.e. formation of the Michaelis complex) was almost entirely entropy-controlled and that the activation entropy corresponded approximately to the loss of translational and rotational degrees of freedom of the dissolved enzyme. This implied that the transition state occurred early in the path where the enzyme has lost these degrees of freedom but not yet established extensive contact interactions in the binding tunnel. For dissociation, a similar analysis suggested that the transition state was late in the path where most enzyme-substrate contacts were broken. Activation enthalpies revealed that the rate of dissociation was far more temperature-sensitive than the rates of both association and the inner catalytic cycle. Comparisons of one- and two-domain variants showed that the CBM had no influence on the transition state for association but increased the free energy barrier for dissociation. Hence, the CBM appeared to promote the stability of the complex by delaying dissociation rather than accelerating association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trine Holst Sørensen
- From Roskilde University, NSM, Research Unit for Functional Biomaterials, 1 Universitetsvej, Building 28, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark and
| | - Nicolaj Cruys-Bagger
- From Roskilde University, NSM, Research Unit for Functional Biomaterials, 1 Universitetsvej, Building 28, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark and
| | - Kim Borch
- Novozymes A/S, Krogshøjvej 36, DK-2880 Bagsværd, Denmark
| | - Peter Westh
- From Roskilde University, NSM, Research Unit for Functional Biomaterials, 1 Universitetsvej, Building 28, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark and
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Nishijima H, Nozaki K, Mizuno M, Arai T, Amano Y. Extra tyrosine in the carbohydrate-binding module of Irpex lacteus Xyn10B enhances its cellulose-binding ability. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2015; 79:738-46. [PMID: 25560084 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2014.996203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The xylanase (Xyn10B) that strongly adsorbs on microcrystalline cellulose was isolated from Driselase. The Xyn10B contains a Carbohydrate-binding module family 1 (CBM1) (IrpCBMXyn10B) at N-terminus. The canonical essential aromatic residues required for cellulose binding were conserved in IrpCBMXyn10B; however, its adsorption ability was markedly higher than that typically observed for the CBM1 of an endoglucanase from Trametes hirsuta (ThCBMEG1). An analysis of the CBM-GFP fusion proteins revealed that the binding capacity to cellulose (7.8 μmol/g) and distribution coefficient (2.0 L/μmol) of IrpCBMXyn10B-GFP were twofold higher than those of ThCBMEG1-GFP (3.4 μmol/g and 1.2 L/μmol, respectively), used as a reference structure. Besides the canonical aromatic residues (W24-Y50-Y51) of typical CBM1-containing proteins, IrpCBMXyn10B had an additional aromatic residue (Y52). The mutation of Y52 to Ser (IrpCBMY52S-GFP) reduced these adsorption parameters to 4.4 μmol/g and 1.5 L/μmol, which were similar to those of ThCBMEG1-GFP. These results indicate that Y52 plays a crucial role in strong cellulose binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroto Nishijima
- a Department of Bioscience & Textile Technology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Technology , Shinshu University , Nagano , Japan
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Greene ER, Himmel ME, Beckham GT, Tan Z. Glycosylation of Cellulases: Engineering Better Enzymes for Biofuels. Adv Carbohydr Chem Biochem 2015; 72:63-112. [PMID: 26613815 DOI: 10.1016/bs.accb.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose in plant cell walls is the largest reservoir of renewable carbon on Earth. The saccharification of cellulose from plant biomass into soluble sugars can be achieved using fungal and bacterial cellulolytic enzymes, cellulases, and further converted into fuels and chemicals. Most fungal cellulases are both N- and O-glycosylated in their native form, yet the consequences of glycosylation on activity and structure are not fully understood. Studying protein glycosylation is challenging as glycans are extremely heterogeneous, stereochemically complex, and glycosylation is not under direct genetic control. Despite these limitations, many studies have begun to unveil the role of cellulase glycosylation, especially in the industrially relevant cellobiohydrolase from Trichoderma reesei, Cel7A. Glycosylation confers many beneficial properties to cellulases including enhanced activity, thermal and proteolytic stability, and structural stabilization. However, glycosylation must be controlled carefully as such positive effects can be dampened or reversed. Encouragingly, methods for the manipulation of glycan structures have been recently reported that employ genetic tuning of glycan-active enzymes expressed from homogeneous and heterologous fungal hosts. Taken together, these studies have enabled new strategies for the exploitation of protein glycosylation for the production of enhanced cellulases for biofuel production.
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Jalak J, Väljamäe P. Multi-mode binding of Cellobiohydrolase Cel7A from Trichoderma reesei to cellulose. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108181. [PMID: 25265511 PMCID: PMC4180464 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzymatic hydrolysis of recalcitrant polysaccharides like cellulose takes place on the solid-liquid interface. Therefore the adsorption of enzymes to the solid surface is a pre-requisite for catalysis. Here we used enzymatic activity measurements with fluorescent model-substrate 4-methyl-umbelliferyl-β-D-lactoside for sensitive monitoring of the binding of cellobiohydrolase TrCel7A from Trichoderma reesei to bacterial cellulose (BC). The binding at low nanomolar free TrCel7A concentrations was exclusively active site mediated and was consistent with Langmuir's one binding site model with Kd and Amax values of 2.9 nM and 126 nmol/g BC, respectively. This is the strongest binding observed with non-complexed cellulases and apparently represents the productive binding of TrCel7A to cellulose chain ends on the hydrophobic face of BC microfibril. With increasing free TrCel7A concentrations the isotherm gradually deviated from the Langmuir's one binding site model. This was caused by the increasing contribution of lower affinity binding modes that included both active site mediated binding and non-productive binding with active site free from cellulose chain. The binding of TrCel7A to BC was found to be only partially reversible. Furthermore, the isotherm was dependent on the concentration of BC with more efficient binding observed at lower BC concentrations. The phenomenon can be ascribed to the BC concentration dependent aggregation of BC microfibrils with concomitant reduction of specific surface area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Jalak
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Priit Väljamäe
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- * E-mail:
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9
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Ko JK, Ximenes E, Kim Y, Ladisch MR. Adsorption of enzyme onto lignins of liquid hot water pretreated hardwoods. Biotechnol Bioeng 2014; 112:447-56. [PMID: 25116138 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ja Kyong Ko
- Laboratory of Renewable Resources Engineering; Purdue University; West Lafayette Indiana 47907-2022
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering; Purdue University; West Lafayette Indiana 47907-2022
| | - Eduardo Ximenes
- Laboratory of Renewable Resources Engineering; Purdue University; West Lafayette Indiana 47907-2022
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering; Purdue University; West Lafayette Indiana 47907-2022
| | - Youngmi Kim
- Laboratory of Renewable Resources Engineering; Purdue University; West Lafayette Indiana 47907-2022
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering; Purdue University; West Lafayette Indiana 47907-2022
| | - Michael R. Ladisch
- Laboratory of Renewable Resources Engineering; Purdue University; West Lafayette Indiana 47907-2022
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering; Purdue University; West Lafayette Indiana 47907-2022
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering; Purdue University; West Lafayette Indiana 47907-2022
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10
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CBD binding domain fused γ-lactamase from Sulfolobus solfataricus is an efficient catalyst for (-) γ-lactam production. BMC Biotechnol 2014; 14:40. [PMID: 24884655 PMCID: PMC4041915 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-14-40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background γ-lactamase is used for the resolution of γ-lactam which is utilized in the synthesizing of abacavir and peramivir. In some cases, enzymatic method is the most utilized method because of its high efficiency and productivity. The cellulose binding domain (CBD) of cellulose is often used as the bio-specific affinity matrix for enzyme immobilization. Cellulose is cheap and it has excellent chemical and physical properties. Meanwhile, binding between cellulose and CBD is tight and the desorption rarely happened. Results We prepared two fusion constructs of the γ-lactamase gene gla, which was from Sulfolobus solfataricus P2. These two constructs had Cbd (cellulose binding domain from Clostridium thermocellum) fused at amino or carboxyl terminus of the γ-lactamase. These two constructs were heterogeneously expressed in E. coli rosetta (DE3) as two fusion proteins. Both of them were immobilized well on Avicel (microcrystalline cellulose matrix). The apparent kinetic parameters revealed that carboxyl terminus fused protein (Gla-linker-Cbd) was a better catalyst. The Vmax and kcat value of Avicel immobilized Gla-linker-Cbd were 381 U mg-1 and 4.7 × 105 s-1 respectively. And the values of the free Gla-linker-Cbd were 151 U mg-1 and 1.8 × 105 s-1 respectively. These data indicated that the catalytic efficiency of the enzyme was upgraded after immobilization. The immobilized Gla-linker-Cbd had a 10-degree temperature optimum dropping from 80°C to 70°C but it was stable when incubated at 60°C for 48 h. It remained stable in catalyzing 20-batch reactions. After optimization, the immobilized enzyme concentration in transformation was set as 200 mg/mL. We found out that there was inhibition that occurred to the immobilized enzyme when substrate concentration exceeded 60 mM. Finally a 10 mL-volume transformation was conducted, in which 0.6 M substrate was hydrolyzed and the resolution was completed within 9 h with a 99.5% ee value. Conclusions Cellulose is the most abundant and renewable material on the Earth. The absorption between Cbd domain and cellulose is a bio-green process. The cellulose immobilized fusion Gla exhibited good catalytic characters, therefore we think the cellulose immobilized Gla is a promising catalyst for the industrial preparation of (-) - γ-lactam.
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Specificity of O-glycosylation in enhancing the stability and cellulose binding affinity of Family 1 carbohydrate-binding modules. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:7612-7. [PMID: 24821760 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1402518111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of biological turnover of lignocellulosic biomass in nature is conducted by fungi, which commonly use Family 1 carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs) for targeting enzymes to cellulose. Family 1 CBMs are glycosylated, but the effects of glycosylation on CBM function remain unknown. Here, the effects of O-mannosylation are examined on the Family 1 CBM from the Trichoderma reesei Family 7 cellobiohydrolase at three glycosylation sites. To enable this work, a procedure to synthesize glycosylated Family 1 CBMs was developed. Subsequently, a library of 20 CBMs was synthesized with mono-, di-, or trisaccharides at each site for comparison of binding affinity, proteolytic stability, and thermostability. The results show that, although CBM mannosylation does not induce major conformational changes, it can increase the thermolysin cleavage resistance up to 50-fold depending on the number of mannose units on the CBM and the attachment site. O-Mannosylation also increases the thermostability of CBM glycoforms up to 16 °C, and a mannose disaccharide at Ser3 seems to have the largest themostabilizing effect. Interestingly, the glycoforms with small glycans at each site displayed higher binding affinities for crystalline cellulose, and the glycoform with a single mannose at each of three positions conferred the highest affinity enhancement of 7.4-fold. Overall, by combining chemical glycoprotein synthesis and functional studies, we show that specific glycosylation events confer multiple beneficial properties on Family 1 CBMs.
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Chauve M, Huron M, Hudebine D, Decottignies D, Perez S, Ferreira NL. Kinetic Modeling of β-Glucosidases and Cellobiohydrolases Involved in Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Cellulose. Ind Biotechnol (New Rochelle N Y) 2013. [DOI: 10.1089/ind.2013.0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Serge Perez
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), Grenoble, France
- Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales, CNRS, Grenoble, France
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Gao L, Gao F, Zhang D, Zhang C, Wu G, Chen S. Purification and characterization of a new β-glucosidase from Penicillium piceum and its application in enzymatic degradation of delignified corn stover. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 147:658-661. [PMID: 24025854 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.08.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
A new β-glucosidase (Cel3B) was first isolated from cellulytic fungi, designated as PpCel3B. Although PpCel3B was classified to GH family 3 based on the homology sequence, PpCel3B had different biological functions in cellulose degradation and signaling molecules production. PpCel3B was constitutive and could form multiple soluble lignocellulose inducers for cellulase and hemicellulase synthesis via high tranglycosylation activity and new enzymatic activity. Moreover, PpCel3B showed apparent synergism with cellulases by removing several inhibitors. Supplementing low doses of PpCel3B (52 μg/g substrate) increased saccharification efficiency of cellulase produced by Trichoderma reesei and Penicillium piceum by 15% and 35%, respectively on delignified corn stover. PpCel3B had important application in boosting cellulase yield and efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Industrial Biological Systems and Bioprocessing Engineering, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Industrial Biological Systems and Bioprocessing Engineering, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Dongyuan Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Industrial Biological Systems and Bioprocessing Engineering, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Can Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Industrial Biological Systems and Bioprocessing Engineering, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Gaihong Wu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Industrial Biological Systems and Bioprocessing Engineering, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Shulin Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Industrial Biological Systems and Bioprocessing Engineering, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China.
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Zheng Y, Zhang S, Miao S, Su Z, Wang P. Temperature sensitivity of cellulase adsorption on lignin and its impact on enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass. J Biotechnol 2013; 166:135-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2013.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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15
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Increased enzyme binding to substrate is not necessary for more efficient cellulose hydrolysis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:10922-7. [PMID: 23784776 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1213426110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Substrate binding is typically one of the rate-limiting steps preceding enzyme catalytic action during homogeneous reactions. However, interfacial-based enzyme catalysis on insoluble crystalline substrates, like cellulose, has additional bottlenecks of individual biopolymer chain decrystallization from the substrate interface followed by its processive depolymerization to soluble sugars. This additional decrystallization step has ramifications on the role of enzyme-substrate binding and its relationship to overall catalytic efficiency. We found that altering the crystalline structure of cellulose from its native allomorph I(β) to III(I) results in 40-50% lower binding partition coefficient for fungal cellulases, but surprisingly, it enhanced hydrolytic activity on the latter allomorph. We developed a comprehensive kinetic model for processive cellulases acting on insoluble substrates to explain this anomalous finding. Our model predicts that a reduction in the effective binding affinity to the substrate coupled with an increase in the decrystallization procession rate of individual cellulose chains from the substrate surface into the enzyme active site can reproduce our anomalous experimental findings.
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Guo J, Catchmark JM. Binding Specificity and Thermodynamics of Cellulose-Binding Modules from Trichoderma reesei Cel7A and Cel6A. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:1268-77. [DOI: 10.1021/bm300810t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Guo
- Intercollege
Graduate Degree Program in Plant Biology, §Department of Agricultural and Biological
Engineering, ‡Center for NanoCellulosics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802,
United States
| | - Jeffrey M. Catchmark
- Intercollege
Graduate Degree Program in Plant Biology, §Department of Agricultural and Biological
Engineering, ‡Center for NanoCellulosics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802,
United States
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Mori Y, Ozasa S, Kitaoka M, Noda S, Tanaka T, Ichinose H, Kamiya N. Aligning an endoglucanase Cel5A from Thermobifida fusca on a DNA scaffold: potent design of an artificial cellulosome. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:6971-3. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc42614a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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18
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Sugimoto N, Igarashi K, Wada M, Samejima M. Adsorption characteristics of fungal family 1 cellulose-binding domain from Trichoderma reesei cellobiohydrolase I on crystalline cellulose: negative cooperative adsorption via a steric exclusion effect. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:14323-14329. [PMID: 22950684 DOI: 10.1021/la302352k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Cellobiohydrolases (CBHs) hydrolyzing crystalline cellulose share a two-domain structure of catalytic domain (CD) and cellulose-binding domain (CBD). To focus on the binding characteristics of CBD, we analyzed the adsorption of fusion protein of fungal family 1 CBD from Trichoderma reesei CBH I and red-fluorescent protein on crystalline and amorphous celluloses. Binding data were better fitted by Hill's model with negative cooperativity than by other adsorption models, suggesting the occurrence of a steric exclusion effect among the fusion molecules on the cellulose surfaces. The degree of negative cooperativity depended on the nature of the cellulose. The significance of this phenomenon for catalysis by intact CBHI is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naohisa Sugimoto
- Department of Biomaterial Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Decomposition of insoluble and hard-to-degrade animal proteins by enzyme E77 and its potential applications. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2012; 166:1758-68. [PMID: 22434349 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-012-9581-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Insoluble and hard-to-degrade animal proteins are group of troublesome proteins, such as collagen, elastin, keratin, and prion proteins that are largely generated by the meat industry and ultimately converted to industrial wastes. We analyzed the ability of the abnormal prion protein-degrading enzyme E77 to degrade insoluble and hard-to-degrade animal proteins including keratin, collagen, and elastin. The results indicate that E77 has a much higher keratinolytic activity than proteinase K and subtilisin. Maximal E77 keratinolytic activity was observed at pH 12.0 and 65 °C. E77 was also adsorbed by keratin in a pH-independent manner. E77 showed lower collagenolytic and elastinolytic specificities than proteinase K and subtilisin. Moreover, E77 treatment did not damage collagens in ovine small intestines but did almost completely remove the muscles. We consider that E77 has the potential ability for application in the processing of animal feedstuffs and sausages.
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Park H, Ahn J, Lee J, Lee H, Kim C, Jung JK, Lee H, Lee EG. Expression, immobilization and enzymatic properties of glutamate decarboxylase fused to a cellulose-binding domain. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 13:358-68. [PMID: 22312257 PMCID: PMC3269691 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13010358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Revised: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli-derived glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of glutamic acid to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), was fused to the cellulose-binding domain (CBD) and a linker of Trichoderma harzianum endoglucanase II. To prevent proteolysis of the fusion protein, the native linker was replaced with a S3N10 peptide known to be completely resistant to E. coli endopeptidase. The CBD-GAD expressed in E. coli was successfully immobilized on Avicel, a crystalline cellulose, with binding capacity of 33 ± 2 nmolCBD-GAD/gAvicel and the immobilized enzymes retained 60% of their initial activities after 10 uses. The results of this report provide a feasible alternative to produce GABA using immobilized GAD through fusion to CBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyemin Park
- Biotechnology Process Engineering Center, KRIBB, Daejeon 305-600, Korea; E-Mails: (H.P.); (J.A.); (J.L.); (H.L.); (C.K.); (J.-K.J.); (H.L.)
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21
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Thermostable Bacterial Endoglucanases Mined from Swiss-Prot Database. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2011; 165:1473-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-011-9368-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Bezerra RMF, Dias AA, Fraga I, Pereira AN. Cellulose hydrolysis by cellobiohydrolase Cel7A shows mixed hyperbolic product inhibition. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2011; 165:178-89. [PMID: 21499786 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-011-9242-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In order to establish which are the contribution of linear (total), hyperbolic (partial) or parabolic inhibitions by cellobiose, and also a special case of substrate inhibition, the kinetics of cellobiohydrolase Cel7A obtained from Trichoderma reesei was investigated. Values of kinetic parameters were estimated employing integrated forms of Michaelis-Menten equations through the use of non-linear regression, and criteria for selecting inhibition models are discussed. With cellobiose added at the beginning of the reaction, it was found that cellulose hydrolysis follows a kinetic model, which takes into account a mixed hyperbolic inhibition, by cellobiose with the following parameter values: K (m) 5.0 mM, K (ic) 0.029 mM, K (iu) 1.1 mM, k (cat) 3.6 h(-1) and k (cat') 0.2 h(-1). Cellulose hydrolysis without initial cellobiose added also follows the same inhibition model with similar values (4.7, 0.029 and 1.5 mM and 3.2 and 0.2 h(-1), respectively). According to Akaike information criterion, more complex models that take into account substrate and parabolic inhibitions do not increase the modulation performance of cellulose hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Manuel Furtado Bezerra
- CITAB - Departamento de Biologia e Ambiente, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Apartado 1013, 5001-801, Vila Real, Portugal.
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Gao D, Chundawat SP, Uppugundla N, Balan V, Dale BE. Binding characteristics of Trichoderma reesei cellulases on untreated, ammonia fiber expansion (AFEX), and dilute-acid pretreated lignocellulosic biomass. Biotechnol Bioeng 2011; 108:1788-800. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.23140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2010] [Revised: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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24
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Jäger G, Wu Z, Garschhammer K, Engel P, Klement T, Rinaldi R, Spiess AC, Büchs J. Practical screening of purified cellobiohydrolases and endoglucanases with α-cellulose and specification of hydrodynamics. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2010; 3:18. [PMID: 20718965 PMCID: PMC2936879 DOI: 10.1186/1754-6834-3-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2010] [Accepted: 08/18/2010] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is important to generate biofuels and society must be weaned from its dependency on fossil fuels. In order to produce biofuels, lignocellulose is pretreated and the resulting cellulose is hydrolyzed by cellulases such as cellobiohydrolases (CBH) and endoglucanases (EG). Until now, the biofuel industry has usually applied impractical celluloses to screen for cellulases capable of degrading naturally occurring, insoluble cellulose. This study investigates how these cellulases adsorb and hydrolyze insoluble α-cellulose - considered to be a more practical substrate which mimics the alkaline-pretreated biomass used in biorefineries. Moreover, this study investigates how hydrodynamics affects cellulase adsorption and activity onto α-cellulose. RESULTS First, the cellulases CBH I, CBH II, EG I and EG II were purified from Trichoderma reesei and CBH I and EG I were utilized in order to study and model the adsorption isotherms (Langmuir) and kinetics (pseudo-first-order). Second, the adsorption kinetics and cellulase activities were studied under different hydrodynamic conditions, including liquid mixing and particle suspension. Third, in order to compare α-cellulose with three typically used celluloses, the exact cellulase activities towards all four substrates were measured.It was found that, using α-cellulose, the adsorption models fitted to the experimental data and yielded parameters comparable to those for filter paper. Moreover, it was determined that higher shaking frequencies clearly improved the adsorption of cellulases onto α-cellulose and thus bolstered their activity. Complete suspension of α-cellulose particles was the optimal operating condition in order to ensure efficient cellulase adsorption and activity. Finally, all four purified cellulases displayed comparable activities only on insoluble α-cellulose. CONCLUSIONS α-Cellulose is an excellent substrate to screen for CBHs and EGs. This current investigation shows in detail, for the first time, the adsorption of purified cellulases onto α-cellulose, the effect of hydrodynamics on cellulase adsorption and the correlation between the adsorption and the activity of cellulases at different hydrodynamic conditions. Complete suspension of the substrate has to be ensured in order to optimize the cellulase attack. In the future, screenings should be conducted with α-cellulose so that proper cellulases are selected to best hydrolyze the real alkaline-pretreated biomass used in biorefineries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gernot Jäger
- AVT-Aachener Verfahrenstechnik, Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Zhuojun Wu
- AVT-Aachener Verfahrenstechnik, Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Garschhammer
- AVT-Aachener Verfahrenstechnik, Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Philip Engel
- AVT-Aachener Verfahrenstechnik, Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Tobias Klement
- AVT-Aachener Verfahrenstechnik, Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Roberto Rinaldi
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Antje C Spiess
- AVT-Aachener Verfahrenstechnik, Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Jochen Büchs
- AVT-Aachener Verfahrenstechnik, Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
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Levine SE, Fox JM, Blanch HW, Clark DS. A mechanistic model of the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose. Biotechnol Bioeng 2010; 107:37-51. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.22789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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26
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Chen M, Qin Y, Liu Z, Liu K, Wang F, Qu Y. Isolation and characterization of a β-glucosidase from Penicillium decumbens and improving hydrolysis of corncob residue by using it as cellulase supplementation. Enzyme Microb Technol 2010; 46:444-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2010.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2009] [Revised: 12/11/2009] [Accepted: 01/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Lopez M, Bizot H, Chambat G, Marais MF, Zykwinska A, Ralet MC, Driguez H, Buléon A. Enthalpic Studies of Xyloglucan−Cellulose Interactions. Biomacromolecules 2010; 11:1417-28. [DOI: 10.1021/bm1002762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marie Lopez
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, rue de la Géraudière, BP 71627, F-44316 Nantes, France, and Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales UPR-CNRS 5301, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble, France
| | - Hervé Bizot
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, rue de la Géraudière, BP 71627, F-44316 Nantes, France, and Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales UPR-CNRS 5301, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble, France
| | - Gérard Chambat
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, rue de la Géraudière, BP 71627, F-44316 Nantes, France, and Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales UPR-CNRS 5301, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble, France
| | - Marie-France Marais
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, rue de la Géraudière, BP 71627, F-44316 Nantes, France, and Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales UPR-CNRS 5301, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble, France
| | - Agata Zykwinska
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, rue de la Géraudière, BP 71627, F-44316 Nantes, France, and Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales UPR-CNRS 5301, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble, France
| | - Marie-Christine Ralet
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, rue de la Géraudière, BP 71627, F-44316 Nantes, France, and Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales UPR-CNRS 5301, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble, France
| | - Hugues Driguez
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, rue de la Géraudière, BP 71627, F-44316 Nantes, France, and Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales UPR-CNRS 5301, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble, France
| | - Alain Buléon
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, rue de la Géraudière, BP 71627, F-44316 Nantes, France, and Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales UPR-CNRS 5301, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble, France
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Chauve M, Mathis H, Huc D, Casanave D, Monot F, Lopes Ferreira N. Comparative kinetic analysis of two fungal beta-glucosidases. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2010; 3:3. [PMID: 20181208 PMCID: PMC2847552 DOI: 10.1186/1754-6834-3-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2009] [Accepted: 02/11/2010] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose is still considered as one of the main limiting steps of the biological production of biofuels from lignocellulosic biomass. It is a complex multistep process, and various kinetic models have been proposed. The cellulase enzymatic cocktail secreted by Trichoderma reesei has been intensively investigated. beta-glucosidases are one of a number of cellulolytic enzymes, and catalyze the last step releasing glucose from the inhibitory cellobiose. beta-glucosidase (BGL1) is very poorly secreted by Trichoderma reesei strains, and complete hydrolysis of cellulose often requires supplementation with a commercial beta-glucosidase preparation such as that from Aspergillus niger (Novozymes SP188). Surprisingly, kinetic modeling of beta-glucosidases lacks reliable data, and the possible differences between native T. reesei and supplemented beta-glucosidases are not taken into consideration, possibly because of the difficulty of purifying BGL1. RESULTS A comparative kinetic analysis of beta-glucosidase from Aspergillus niger and BGL1 from Trichoderma reesei, purified using a new and efficient fast protein liquid chromatography protocol, was performed. This purification is characterized by two major steps, including the adsorption of the major cellulases onto crystalline cellulose, and a final purification factor of 53. Quantitative analysis of the resulting beta-glucosidase fraction from T. reesei showed it to be 95% pure. Kinetic parameters were determined using cellobiose and a chromogenic artificial substrate. A new method allowing easy and rapid determination of the kinetic parameters was also developed. beta-Glucosidase SP188 (Km = 0.57 mM; Kp = 2.70 mM) has a lower specific activity than BGL1 (Km = 0.38 mM; Kp = 3.25 mM) and is also more sensitive to glucose inhibition. A Michaelis-Menten model integrating competitive inhibition by the product (glucose) has been validated and is able to predict the beta-glucosidase activity of both enzymes. CONCLUSIONS This article provides a useful comparison between the activity of beta-glucosidases from two different fungi, and shows the importance of fully characterizing both enzymes. A Michaelis-Menten model was developed, including glucose inhibition and kinetic parameters, which were accurately determined and compared. This model can be further integrated into a cellulose hydrolysis model dissociating beta-glucosidase activity from that of other cellulases. It can also help to define the optimal enzymatic cocktails for new beta-glucosidase activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Chauve
- IFP, Biotechnology Department, Avenue de Bois-Préau 92852 Rueil-Malmaison, France
- IFP, Reaction and Reactor Modeling Department, Rond Point de l'Echangeur 69360 Solaize, France
| | - Hugues Mathis
- IFP, Biotechnology Department, Avenue de Bois-Préau 92852 Rueil-Malmaison, France
| | - Delphine Huc
- IFP, Biotechnology Department, Avenue de Bois-Préau 92852 Rueil-Malmaison, France
| | - Dominique Casanave
- IFP, Reaction and Reactor Modeling Department, Rond Point de l'Echangeur 69360 Solaize, France
| | - Frédéric Monot
- IFP, Biotechnology Department, Avenue de Bois-Préau 92852 Rueil-Malmaison, France
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Bansal P, Hall M, Realff MJ, Lee JH, Bommarius AS. Modeling cellulase kinetics on lignocellulosic substrates. Biotechnol Adv 2009; 27:833-848. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2009.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2009] [Revised: 06/19/2009] [Accepted: 06/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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31
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Adsorption of major endoglucanase from Thermoascus aurantiacus on cellulosic substrates. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-008-9949-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Wang L, Zhang Y, Gao P. A novel function for the cellulose binding module of cellobiohydrolase I. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 51:620-9. [PMID: 18622745 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-008-0088-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2007] [Accepted: 05/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A homogeneous cellulose-binding module (CBM) of cellobiohydrolase I (CBHI) from Trichoderma pseudokoningii S-38 was obtained by the limited proteolysis with papain and a series of chromatographs filtration. Analysis of FT-IR spectra demonstrated that the structural changes result from a weakening and splitting of the hydrogen bond network in cellulose by the action of CBM(CBHI) at 40 degrees C for 24 h. The results of molecular dynamic simulations are consistent with the experimental conclusions, and provide a nanoscopic view of the mechanism that strong and medium H-bonds decreased dramatically when CBM was bound to the cellulose surface. The function of CBM(CBHI) is not only limited to locating intact CBHI in close proximity with cellulose fibrils, but also is involved in the structural disruption at the fibre surface. The present studies provided considerable evidence for the model of the intramolecular synergy between the catalytic domain and their CBMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lushan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
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Hong J, Ye X, Zhang YHP. Quantitative determination of cellulose accessibility to cellulase based on adsorption of a nonhydrolytic fusion protein containing CBM and GFP with its applications. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2007; 23:12535-40. [PMID: 17988165 DOI: 10.1021/la7025686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneous cellulose accessibility is an important substrate characteristic, but all methods for determining cellulose accessibility to the large-size cellulase molecule have some limitations. Characterization of cellulose accessibility to cellulase (CAC) is vital for better understanding of the enzymatic cellulose hydrolysis mechanism (Zhang and Lynd, Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2004, 88, 797-824; 2006, 94, 888-898). Quantitative determination of cellulose accessibility to cellulase (m2/g of cellulose) was established based on the Langmuir adsorption of the fusion protein containing a cellulose-binding module (CBM) and a green fluorescent protein (GFP). One molecule of the recombinant fusion protein occupied 21.2 cellobiose lattices on the 110 face of bacterial cellulose nanofibers. The CAC values of several cellulosic materials -- regenerated amorphous cellulose (RAC), bacterial microcrystalline cellulose (BMCC), Whatman No. 1 filter paper, fibrous cellulose powder (CF1), and microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel) -- were 41.9, 33.5, 9.76, 4.53, and 2.38 m2/g, respectively. The CAC value of amorphous cellulose made from Avicel was 17.6-fold larger than that of crystalline cellulose - Avicel. Avicel enzymatic hydrolysis proceeded with a transition from substrate excess to substrate limited. The declining hydrolysis rates over conversion are mainly attributed to a combination of substrate consumption and a decrease in substrate reactivity. Declining heterogeneous cellulose reactivity is significantly attributed to a loss of CAC where the easily hydrolyzed cellulose fraction is digested first.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiong Hong
- Biological Systems Engineering Department, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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Zhang YHP, Lynd LR. Toward an aggregated understanding of enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose: noncomplexed cellulase systems. Biotechnol Bioeng 2005; 88:797-824. [PMID: 15538721 DOI: 10.1002/bit.20282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 883] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Information pertaining to enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose by noncomplexed cellulase enzyme systems is reviewed with a particular emphasis on development of aggregated understanding incorporating substrate features in addition to concentration and multiple cellulase components. Topics considered include properties of cellulose, adsorption, cellulose hydrolysis, and quantitative models. A classification scheme is proposed for quantitative models for enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose based on the number of solubilizing activities and substrate state variables included. We suggest that it is timely to revisit and reinvigorate functional modeling of cellulose hydrolysis, and that this would be highly beneficial if not necessary in order to bring to bear the large volume of information available on cellulase components on the primary applications that motivate interest in the subject.
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35
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Mitsuiki S, Ichikawa M, Oka T, Sakai M, Moriyama Y, Sameshima Y, Goto M, Furukawa K. Molecular characterization of a keratinolytic enzyme from an alkaliphilic Nocardiopsis sp. TOA-1. Enzyme Microb Technol 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2003.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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36
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Comparison of domains function between cellobiohydrolase I and endoglucanase I from Trichoderma pseudokoningii S-38 by limited proteolysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s1381-1177(03)00070-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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37
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Jørgensen H, Kutter JP, Olsson L. Separation and quantification of cellulases and hemicellulases by capillary electrophoresis. Anal Biochem 2003; 317:85-93. [PMID: 12729604 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2697(03)00052-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cellulases and hemicellulases are two classes of enzymes produced by filamentous fungi and secreted into the cultivation medium. Both classes of enzymes consist of a subset of classes of which the fungi produce several enzymes with varying molecular mass and pI but similar enzymatic activities. Current methods are limited in their ability to quantify all of these enzymes when all are present simultaneously in a mixture. Five different cellulases (two cellobiohydrolases and three endoglucanases) and one hemicellulase (endoxylanase) were separated using capillary electrophoresis (CE) in a fused silica capillary at pH values close to neutral. The improvement of the separation of these six proteins by the addition of alpha,omega-diaminoalkanes with chain lengths from three to seven carbon units was investigated. Dynamically coating the capillary with 1,3-diaminopropane resulted in separation of the six enzymes and the reproducibility of the migration times was between 0.6 and 1.9%. Two cases-quantitative determination of the enzyme concentrations in cultivation samples and investigation of adsorption of the enzymes onto cellulose-demonstrated the advantages and perspectives of CE analysis of these broad groups of enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Jørgensen
- Center for Process Biotechnology, BioCentrum-DTU, Technical University of Denmark, Building 223, DK-2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
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38
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Purification and characterization of five cellulases and one xylanase from Penicillium brasilianum IBT 20888. Enzyme Microb Technol 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(03)00056-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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39
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40
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Kinetic dynamics in heterogeneous enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose: an overview, an experimental study and mathematical modelling. Process Biochem 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-9592(02)00220-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Jung H, Wilson DB, Walker LP. Binding mechanisms for Thermobifida fusca Cel5A, Cel6B, and Cel48A cellulose-binding modules on bacterial microcrystalline cellulose. Biotechnol Bioeng 2002; 80:380-92. [PMID: 12325146 DOI: 10.1002/bit.10375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The family II cellulose-binding modules (CBM) from Thermobifida fusca Cel5A and Cel48A were cloned in the Escherichia coli/Streptomyces shuttle vector pD730, and the plasmids were transformed into Streptomyces lividans TKM31. CBM(Cel5A), and CBM(Cel48A), CBM(Cel6B) were expressed and purified from S. lividans. The molecular masses were determined by mass spectrometry, and the values were 10595 +/- 2, 10915 +/- 2, and 11291 +/- 2 Da for CBM(Cel5A), CBM(Cel6B), and CBM(Cel48A), respectively. Three different binding models (Langmuir, Interstice Penetration, and Interstice Saturation) were tested to describe the binding isotherms of these CBMs on bacterial microcrystalline cellulose (BMCC). The experimental binding isotherms of T. fusca family II CBMs on BMCC are best modeled by the Interstice Saturation model, which includes binding to the constrained interstice surface of BMCC as well as traditional Langmuir binding on the freely accessible surface. The Interstice Saturation model consists of three different steps (Langmuir binding, interstice binding, and interstice saturation). Full reversibility only occurred in the Langmuir region. The irreversibility in the interstice binding and saturation regions probably was caused by interstice entrapment. Temperature shift experiments in different binding regions support the interstice entrapment assumption. There was no systematic difference in binding between the two types of exocellulase CBMs--one that hydrolyzes cellulose from the nonreducing (CBM(Cel6B)) end and one that hydrolyzes cellulose from the reducing end (CBM(Cel48A)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyungil Jung
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, 232 Riley-Robb Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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Banka RR, Mishra S. Adsorption properties of the fibril forming protein from Trichoderma reesei. Enzyme Microb Technol 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(02)00176-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Lynd LR, Weimer PJ, van Zyl WH, Pretorius IS. Microbial cellulose utilization: fundamentals and biotechnology. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2002; 66:506-77, table of contents. [PMID: 12209002 PMCID: PMC120791 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.66.3.506-577.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2307] [Impact Index Per Article: 104.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Fundamental features of microbial cellulose utilization are examined at successively higher levels of aggregation encompassing the structure and composition of cellulosic biomass, taxonomic diversity, cellulase enzyme systems, molecular biology of cellulase enzymes, physiology of cellulolytic microorganisms, ecological aspects of cellulase-degrading communities, and rate-limiting factors in nature. The methodological basis for studying microbial cellulose utilization is considered relative to quantification of cells and enzymes in the presence of solid substrates as well as apparatus and analysis for cellulose-grown continuous cultures. Quantitative description of cellulose hydrolysis is addressed with respect to adsorption of cellulase enzymes, rates of enzymatic hydrolysis, bioenergetics of microbial cellulose utilization, kinetics of microbial cellulose utilization, and contrasting features compared to soluble substrate kinetics. A biological perspective on processing cellulosic biomass is presented, including features of pretreated substrates and alternative process configurations. Organism development is considered for "consolidated bioprocessing" (CBP), in which the production of cellulolytic enzymes, hydrolysis of biomass, and fermentation of resulting sugars to desired products occur in one step. Two organism development strategies for CBP are examined: (i) improve product yield and tolerance in microorganisms able to utilize cellulose, or (ii) express a heterologous system for cellulose hydrolysis and utilization in microorganisms that exhibit high product yield and tolerance. A concluding discussion identifies unresolved issues pertaining to microbial cellulose utilization, suggests approaches by which such issues might be resolved, and contrasts a microbially oriented cellulose hydrolysis paradigm to the more conventional enzymatically oriented paradigm in both fundamental and applied contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee R Lynd
- Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Thayer School of Engineering and Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA.
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Meunier-Goddik L, Penner MH. Enzyme-catalyzed saccharification of model celluloses in the presence of lignacious residues. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 1999; 47:346-51. [PMID: 10563897 DOI: 10.1021/jf980407b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Experiments were designed to determine the relevance of enzyme partitioning, between the cellulose and non-cellulose components of pretreated biomass, with respect to rates of cellulose saccharification in a typical biomass-to-ethanol process. The experimental system included three cellulose preparations (differing in physicochemical properties): a representative lignin-rich noncellulosic residue (prepared from dilute acid-pretreated switchgrass), an acid-extracted lignin preparation, and a complete Trichoderma reesei cellulase preparation. Enzyme-reactor conditions were typical of those commonly used in biomass-to-ethanol studies. The results were found to be dependent on both the lignin and cellulose preparations used. The noncellulosic lignacious residue, when supplemented at up to 40% (w/w) in cellulose-cellulase reaction mixtures, had little effect on rates and extents of cellulose saccharification. Overall, the results suggest that enzyme partitioning between cellulose and the noncellulosic component of a pretreated feedstock is not likely to have a major impact on cellulose saccharification in typical biomass-to-ethanol processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Meunier-Goddik
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-6602, USA
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Medve J, Karlsson J, Lee D, Tjerneld F. Hydrolysis of microcrystalline cellulose by cellobiohydrolase I and endoglucanase II fromTrichoderma reesei: Adsorption, sugar production pattern, and synergism of the enzymes. Biotechnol Bioeng 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0290(19980905)59:5<621::aid-bit13>3.0.co;2-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Riedel K, Ritter J, Bauer S, Bronnenmeier K. The modular cellulase CelZ of the thermophilic bacterium Clostridium stercorarium contains a thermostabilizing domain. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1998; 164:261-7. [PMID: 9682475 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1998.tb13096.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The non-catalytic region of the Clostridium stercorarium cellulase CelZ (Avicelase I) comprises two protein segments (C and C') grouped into different subfamilies of cellulose-binding domain (CBD) family III. The C-terminally located family IIIb domain C was identified as a true cellulose-binding domain responsible for anchoring the CelZ enzyme to cellulose. The family IIIc domain C' immediately adjacent to the catalytic domain was unable to mediate binding to cellulose. A deletion study revealed a lack of independence of this pair of domains: almost the entire C' domain was required to maintain the catalytic activity and the thermostability of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Riedel
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität München, Germany
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