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Singh AK, Singh SS, Rathore AS, Singh SP, Mishra G, Awasthi R, Mishra SK, Gautam V, Singh SK. Lipid-Coated MCM-41 Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles Loaded with Berberine Improved Inhibition of Acetylcholine Esterase and Amyloid Formation. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:3737-3753. [PMID: 34297529 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Selective permeability of the blood-brain barrier limits effective treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. In the present study, brain-targeted lipid-coated mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) containing berberine (BBR) were synthesized for the effective treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The study involved synthesis of Mobil Composition of Matter-41 (MCM-41) mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs), BBR loading, and lipid coating of MSNs (MSNs-BBR-L) and in vitro and in vivo characterization of MSNs-BBR-L. The liposomes (for lipid coating) were prepared by the thin-film hydration method. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images indicated 5 nm thickness of the lipid coating. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and TEM results confirmed that the size of synthesized MSNs-BBR-L was in the range of 80-100 nm. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern demonstrated retention of the ordered structure of BBR after encapsulation and lipid coating. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum confirmed the formation of a lipid coat over the MSN particles. MSNs-BBR-L displayed significantly (p < 0.05) higher acetylcholine esterase (AChE) inhibitory activity. The study confirmed significant (p < 0.05) amyloid fibrillation inhibition and decreased the malondialdehyde (MDA) level by MSNs-BBR-L. Pure BBR- and MSNs-BBR-L-treated AD animals showed a significant decrease in the BACE-1 level compared to scopolamine-intoxicated mice. Eight times higher area under the curve for MSNs-BBR-L (2400 ± 27.44 ng h/mL) was recorded compared to the pure BBR (295.5 ± 0.755 ng h/mL). Overall, these results highlight the utility of MSNs-BBR-L as promising drug delivery vehicles for brain delivery of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurag Kumar Singh
- Centre of Experimental Medicine & Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Saumitra Sen Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Aaina Singh Rathore
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Surya Pratap Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Gaurav Mishra
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rajendra Awasthi
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida 201303, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sunil Kumar Mishra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vibhav Gautam
- Centre of Experimental Medicine & Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Santosh Kumar Singh
- Centre of Experimental Medicine & Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Dong Y, Brewer GJ. Global Metabolic Shifts in Age and Alzheimer's Disease Mouse Brains Pivot at NAD+/NADH Redox Sites. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 71:119-140. [PMID: 31356210 PMCID: PMC6839468 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Age and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) share some common features such as cognitive impairments, memory loss, metabolic disturbances, bioenergetic deficits, and inflammation. Yet little is known on how systematic shifts in metabolic networks depend on age and AD. In this work, we investigated the global metabolomic alterations in non-transgenic (NTg) and triple-transgenic (3xTg-AD) mouse brain hippocampus as a function of age by using untargeted Ultrahigh Performance Liquid Chromatography-tandem Mass Spectroscopy (UPLC-MS/MS). We observed common metabolic patterns with aging in both NTg and 3xTg-AD brains involved in energy-generating pathways, fatty acids oxidation, glutamate, and sphingolipid metabolism. We found age-related downregulation of metabolites from reactions in glycolysis that consumed ATP and in the TCA cycle, especially at NAD+/NADH-dependent redox sites, where age- and AD-associated limitations in the free NADH may alter reactions. Conversely, metabolites increased in glycolytic reactions in which ATP is produced. With age, inputs to the TCA cycle were increased including fatty acid β-oxidation and glutamine. Overall age- and AD-related changes were > 2-fold when comparing the declines of upstream metabolites of NAD+/NADH-dependent reactions to the increases of downstream metabolites (p = 10-5, n = 8 redox reactions). Inflammatory metabolites such as ceramides and sphingosine-1-phosphate also increased with age. Age-related decreases in glutamate, GABA, and sphingolipid were seen which worsened with AD genetic load in 3xTg-AD brains, possibly contributing to synaptic, learning- and memory-related deficits. The data support the novel hypothesis that age- and AD-associated metabolic shifts respond to NAD(P)+/NAD(P)H redox-dependent reactions, which may contribute to decreased energetic capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Dong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Gregory J Brewer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.,MIND Institute, Center for Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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Abstract
The joint attack on the body by metabolic acidosis and oxidative stress suggests that treatment in degenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), may require a normalizing of extracellular and intracellular pH with simultaneous supplementation of an antioxidant combination cocktail at a sufficiently high dose. Evidence is also accumulating that combinations of antioxidants may be more effective, taking advantage of synergistic effects of appropriate antioxidants as well as a nutrient-rich diet to prevent and reverse AD. This review focuses on nutritional, nutraceutical and antioxidant treatments of AD, although they can also be used in other chronic degenerative and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Veurink
- Naturels, Armadale, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Surgery, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,Indian Scientific Education and Technology Foundation, Lucknow 226002, India
| | - George Perry
- Department of Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Sandeep Kumar Singh
- Indian Scientific Education and Technology Foundation, Lucknow 226002, India.,Centre of Biomedical Research, SGPGI Campus, Lucknow 226014, India
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Singh AK, Mishra SK, Mishra G, Maurya A, Awasthi R, Yadav MK, Atri N, Pandey PK, Singh SK. Inorganic clay nanocomposite system for improved cholinesterase inhibition and brain pharmacokinetics of donepezil. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2019; 46:8-19. [DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2019.1698594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anurag Kumar Singh
- Centre of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sunil Kumar Mishra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Gaurav Mishra
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
| | - Anand Maurya
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
| | - Rajendra Awasthi
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mukesh Kumar Yadav
- Department of Kayachikitsa, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Neelam Atri
- Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pawan Kumar Pandey
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Santosh Kumar Singh
- Centre of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Srivastava A, Singh J, Singh Yadav SP, Arya P, Kalim F, Rose P, Ashish, Kundu B. The Gelsolin Pathogenic D187N Mutant Exhibits Altered Conformational Stability and Forms Amyloidogenic Oligomers. Biochemistry 2018; 57:2359-2372. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Srivastava
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, IIT Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Jasdeep Singh
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, IIT Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | | | - Prabha Arya
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, IIT Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Fouzia Kalim
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, IIT Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Pooja Rose
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, IIT Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Ashish
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh 160036, India
| | - Bishwajit Kundu
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, IIT Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
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Eugenín J, Vecchiola A, Murgas P, Arroyo P, Cornejo F, von Bernhardi R. Expression Pattern of Scavenger Receptors and Amyloid-β Phagocytosis of Astrocytes and Microglia in Culture are Modified by Acidosis: Implications for Alzheimer’s Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 53:857-73. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-160083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Eugenín
- Laboratory of Neural Systems, Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrea Vecchiola
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paola Murgas
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Arroyo
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisca Cornejo
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rommy von Bernhardi
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Majdi A, Mahmoudi J, Sadigh-Eteghad S, Golzari SE, Sabermarouf B, Reyhani-Rad S. Permissive role of cytosolic pH acidification in neurodegeneration: A closer look at its causes and consequences. J Neurosci Res 2016; 94:879-87. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Majdi
- Neurosciences Research Center; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
| | - Javad Mahmoudi
- Neurosciences Research Center; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
| | - Saeed Sadigh-Eteghad
- Neurosciences Research Center; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
| | - Samad E.J. Golzari
- Cardiovascular Research Center; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
| | - Babak Sabermarouf
- Neurosciences Research Center; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
| | - Siamak Reyhani-Rad
- Department of Laboratory Sciences; Marand Branch, Islamic Azad University; Marand Iran
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Wang J, Xu Y, Lian Z, Zhang J, Zhu T, Li M, Wei Y, Dong B. Does closure of acid-sensing ion channels reduce ischemia/reperfusion injury in the rat brain? Neural Regen Res 2014; 8:1169-79. [PMID: 25206411 PMCID: PMC4107604 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.13.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Acidosis is a common characteristic of brain damage. Because studies have shown that permeable Ca2+-acid-sensing ion channels can mediate the toxic effects of calcium ions, they have become new targets against pain and various intracranial diseases. However, the mechanism associated with expression of these channels remains unclear. This study sought to observe the expression characteristics of permeable Ca2+-acid-sensing ion channels during different reperfusion inflows in rats after cerebral ischemia. The rat models were randomly divided into three groups: adaptive ischemia/reperfusion group, one-time ischemia/reperfusion group, and severe cerebral ischemic injury group. Western blot assays and immunofluorescence staining results exhibited that when compared with the one-time ischemia/reperfusion group, acid-sensing ion channel 3 and Bcl-x/l expression decreased in the adaptive ischemia/reperfusion group. Calmodulin expression was lowest in the adaptive ischemia/reperfusion group. Following adaptive reperfusion, common carotid artery flow was close to normal, and the pH value improved. Results verified that adaptive reperfusion following cerebral ischemia can suppress acid-sensing ion channel 3 expression, significantly reduce Ca2+ influx, inhibit calcium overload, and diminish Ca2+ toxicity. The effects of adaptive ischemia/reperfusion on suppressing cell apoptosis and relieving brain damage were better than that of one-time ischemia/reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yinghui Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Zhigang Lian
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Tingzhun Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Mengkao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yi Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Bin Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, Liaoning Province, China
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Pirchl M, Marksteiner J, Humpel C. Effects of acidosis on brain capillary endothelial cells and cholinergic neurons: relevance to vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Neurol Res 2013; 28:657-64. [PMID: 16945219 DOI: 10.1179/016164106x130371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive brain disorder which is neuropathologically characterized by an increased number of beta-amyloid plaques, tau pathology and synapse loss. Recent research suggests that vascular pathology may be also important for the development and progression of Alzheimer's disease. It is still unknown whether there is a relation between damage of brain capillary endothelial cells (BCEC) and subsequent cholinergic cell death. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of acidosis on cell death of BCEC and cholinergic neurons in an organotypic brain slice model. We show that BCEC were heavily damaged in medium at pH<6.6. Cholinergic neurons incubated in medium pH 6.0 degenerated within 2-3 days and were not rescued by nerve growth factor (NGF). Lactate did not affect the survival of BCEC or cholinergic neurons. Both BCEC and cholinergic cells were not affected at pH 7.4, 7.0 or 6.6. It is concluded that both endothelial cells and cholinergic neurons have a high capacity to compensate for pH changes. At a certain pH, however, the vascular and neuronal cells show the same vulnerability, indicating that a low pH is deleterious for the cerebral microenvironment. Future studies are necessary to explore whether temporary pH changes could be responsible for cerebrovascular damage and cholinergic cell death. Acidosis may play an important role in the development of vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Pirchl
- Laboratory of Experimental Alzheimer's Research, Department of General Psychiatry, Innsbruck Medical University, Austria
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10
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The role of inflammatory processes in Alzheimer's disease. Inflammopharmacology 2012; 20:109-26. [PMID: 22535513 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-012-0130-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
It has become increasingly clear that inflammatory processes play a significant role in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Neuroinflammation is characterized by the activation of astrocytes and microglia and the release of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Vascular inflammation, mediated largely by the products of endothelial activation, is accompanied by the production and the release of a host of inflammatory factors which contribute to vascular, immune, and neuronal dysfunction. The complex interaction of these processes is still only imperfectly understood, yet as the mechanisms continue to be elucidated, targets for intervention are revealed. Although many of the studies to date on therapeutic or preventative strategies for AD have been narrowly focused on single target therapies, there is accumulating evidence to suggest that the most successful treatment strategy will likely incorporate a sequential, multifactorial approach, addressing direct neuronal support, general cardiovascular health, and interruption of deleterious inflammatory pathways.
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Acidosis, acid-sensing ion channels, and neuronal cell death. Mol Neurobiol 2011; 44:350-8. [PMID: 21932071 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-011-8204-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 09/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Acidosis is a common feature of many neuronal diseases and often accompanied with adverse consequences such as pain and neuronal injury. Before the discovery of acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs), protons were usually considered as a modulator of other ion channels, such as voltage-gated calcium channels, N-methyl-D-aspartate, and γ-amino butyric acid(A) receptor channels. Accordingly, the functional effects of acidosis were considered as consequences of modulations of these channels. Since the first cloning of ASICs in 1997, the conventional view on acidosis-mediated pain and cell injury has been dramatically changed. To date, ASICs, which are directly activated by extracellular protons, are shown to mediate most of the acidosis-associated physiological and pathological functions. For example, ASIC1a channels are reported to mediate acidosis-induced ischemic neuronal death. In this article, we will review the possible mechanisms that underlie ASIC1a channel-mediated neuronal death and discuss ASIC1a channel modulators involved in this process.
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Bertrand SJ, Aksenova MV, Aksenov MY, Mactutus CF, Booze RM. Endogenous amyloidogenesis in long-term rat hippocampal cell cultures. BMC Neurosci 2011; 12:38. [PMID: 21569253 PMCID: PMC3112111 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-12-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-term primary neuronal cultures are a useful tool for the investigation of biochemical processes associated with neuronal senescence. Improvements in available technology make it possible to observe maturation of neural cells isolated from different regions of the rodent brain over a prolonged period in vitro. Existing experimental evidence suggests that cellular aging occurs in mature, long-term, primary neuronal cell cultures. However, detailed studies of neuronal development in vitro are needed to demonstrate the validity of long-term cell culture-based models for investigation of the biochemical mechanisms of in vitro neuronal development and senescence. RESULTS In the current study, neuron-enriched hippocampal cell cultures were used to analyze the differentiation and degeneration of hippocampal neurons over a two month time period. The expression of different neuronal and astroglial biomarkers was used to determine the cytochemical characteristics of hippocampal cells in long-term cultures of varying ages. It was observed that the expression of the intermediate filament nestin was absent from cultures older than 21 days in vitro (DIV), and the expression of neuronal or astrocytic markers appeared to replace nestin. Additionally, morphological evaluations of neuronal integrity and Hoescht staining were used to assess the cellular conditions in the process of hippocampal culture development and aging. It was found that there was an increase in endogenous production of Aβ(1-42) and an increase in the accumulation of Congo Red-binding amyloidal aggregates associated with the aging of neurons in primary culture. In vitro changes in the morphology of co-existing astrocytes and cell culture age-dependent degeneration of neurodendritic network resemble features of in vivo brain aging at the cellular level. CONCLUSION In conclusion, this study suggests that long-term primary CNS culture is a viable model for the study of basic mechanisms and effective methods to decelerate the process of neuronal senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Bertrand
- University of South Carolina, Program in Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
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Humpel C. Chronic mild cerebrovascular dysfunction as a cause for Alzheimer's disease? Exp Gerontol 2010; 46:225-32. [PMID: 21112383 PMCID: PMC3070802 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2010.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Revised: 11/17/2010] [Accepted: 11/19/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive chronic disorder and is characterized by β-amyloid plaques and angiopathy, tau pathology, neuronal cell death, and inflammatory responses. The reasons for this disease are not known. This review proposes the hypothesis that a chronic mild longlasting cerebrovascular dysfunction could initiate a cascade of events leading to AD. It is suggested that (vascular) risk factors (e.g. hypercholesterolemia, type 2 diabetes, hyperhomocysteinemia) causes either damage of the cerebrovascular system including silent strokes or causes dysregulation of beta-amyloid clearance at the blood-brain barrier resulting in increased brain beta-amyloid. A cascade of subsequent downstream events may lead to disturbed metabolic changes, and neuroinflammation and tau pathology. The role of NGF on the cell death of cholinergic neurons is discussed. Additional risk factors (e.g. acidosis, metals) contribute to plaque development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Humpel
- Laboratory of Psychiatry and Exp. Alzheimers Research, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Innsbruck Medical University, Austria.
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Lactic acid induces aberrant amyloid precursor protein processing by promoting its interaction with endoplasmic reticulum chaperone proteins. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13820. [PMID: 21072203 PMCID: PMC2972223 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2009] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Lactic acid, a natural by-product of glycolysis, is produced at excess levels in response to impaired mitochondrial function, high-energy demand, and low oxygen availability. The enzyme involved in the production of β-amyloid peptide (Aβ) of Alzheimer's disease, BACE1, functions optimally at lower pH, which led us to investigate a potential role of lactic acid in the processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP). Methodology/Principal Findings Lactic acid increased levels of Aβ40 and 42, as measured by ELISA, in culture medium of human neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y), whereas it decreased APP metabolites, such as sAPPα. In cell lysates, APP levels were increased and APP was found to interact with ER-chaperones in a perinuclear region, as determined by co-immunoprecipitation and fluorescence microscopy studies. Lactic acid had only a very modest effect on cellular pH, did increase the levels of ER chaperones Grp78 and Grp94 and led to APP aggregate formation reminiscent of aggresomes. Conclusions/Significance These findings suggest that sustained elevations in lactic acid levels could be a risk factor in amyloidogenesis related to Alzheimer's disease through enhanced APP interaction with ER chaperone proteins and aberrant APP processing leading to increased generation of amyloid peptides and APP aggregates.
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Autoantibodies to the adenosine triphosphate synthase play a pathogenetic role in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2010; 33:753-66. [PMID: 20594618 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2010.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2010] [Revised: 05/10/2010] [Accepted: 05/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
It has become evident that an autoimmune component could play a role in Alzheimer's disease (AD) onset and/or progression. The aim of this study was to identify neuronal antigenic targets specifically recognized by serum autoantibodies and to investigate their cellular effects and their possible pathogenetic role. We identified, by an immunoproteomic approach using mouse brain proteins, the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase β subunit as a new autoantigen in AD. Using an ELISA assay we found that serum anti-ATP synthase autoantibodies were present in 38% of patients with AD, but in no age-matched healthy subjects or in patients with Parkinson's disease or atherosclerosis. Analytical cytology studies, using SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell line, showed that ATP synthase autoantibodies were capable of inducing the inhibition of ATP synthesis, alterations of mitochondrial homeostasis and cell death by apoptosis. These findings suggest that autoantibodies specific to ATP synthase can exert a pathogenetic role via a mechanism that brings into play the impairment of the extracellular ATP homeostasis and the alteration of mitochondrial function triggering cell death by apoptosis.
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Veurink G, Fuller SJ, Atwood CS, Martins RN. ReviewGenetics, lifestyle and the roles of amyloid β and oxidative stress in Alzheimer’s disease. Ann Hum Biol 2009; 30:639-67. [PMID: 14675907 DOI: 10.1080/03014460310001620144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews a wide range of recent studies that have linked AD-associated biochemical and physiological changes with oxidative stress and damage. Some of these changes include disruptions in metal ion homeostasis, mitochondrial damage, reduced glucose metabolism, decreased intracellular pH and inflammation. Although the changes mentioned above are associated with oxidative stress, in most cases, a cause and effect relationship is not clearcut, as many changes are interlinked. Increases in the levels of Abeta peptides, the main protein components of the cerebral amyloid deposits of AD, have been demonstrated to occur in inherited early-onset forms of AD, and as a result of certain environmental and genetic risk factors. Abeta peptides have been shown to exhibit superoxide dismutase activity, producing hydrogen peroxide which may be responsible for the neurotoxicity exhibited by this peptide in vitro. This review also discusses the biochemical aspects of oxidative stress, antioxidant defence mechanisms, and possible antioxidant therapeutic measures which may be effective in counteracting increased levels of oxidative stress. In conclusion, this review provides support for the theory that damage caused by free radicals and oxidative stress is a primary cause of the neurodegeneration seen in AD with Abeta postulated as an initiator of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Veurink
- The Sir James McCusker Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Hollywood Private Hospital, Perth, Australia
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Reduction of β-amyloid-induced neurotoxicity on hippocampal cell cultures by moderate acidosis is mediated by transforming growth factor β. Neuroscience 2009; 158:1338-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2008] [Revised: 10/13/2008] [Accepted: 11/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Diniz JAP, dos Santos ZA, Braga MAG, Dias ÁLB, da Silva DEA, Medeiros DBDA, Barros VLRDS, Chiang JO, Zoghbi KEDF, Quaresma JAS, Takiya CM, Moura Neto V, de Souza W, Vasconcelos PFDC, Diniz CWP. Early and late pathogenic events of newborn mice encephalitis experimentally induced by itacaiunas and curionópolis bracorhabdoviruses infection. PLoS One 2008; 3:e1733. [PMID: 18320052 PMCID: PMC2253828 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2007] [Accepted: 12/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In previous reports we proposed a new genus for Rhabdoviridae and described neurotropic preference and gross neuropathology in newborn albino Swiss mice after Curionopolis and Itacaiunas infections. In the present report a time-course study of experimental encephalitis induced by Itacaiunas and Curionopolis virus was conducted both in vivo and in vitro to investigate cellular targets and the sequence of neuroinvasion. We also investigate, after intranasal inoculation, clinical signs, histopathology and apoptosis in correlation with viral immunolabeling at different time points. Curionopolis and Itacaiunas viral antigens were first detected in the parenchyma of olfactory pathways at 2 and 3 days post-inoculation (dpi) and the first clinical signs were observed at 4 and 8 dpi, respectively. After Curionopolis infection, the mortality rate was 100% between 5 and 6 dpi, and 35% between 8 and 15 dpi after Itacaiunas infection. We identified CNS mice cell types both in vivo and in vitro and the temporal sequence of neuroanatomical olfactory areas infected by Itacaiunas and Curionopolis virus. Distinct virulences were reflected in the neuropathological changes including TUNEL immunolabeling and cytopathic effects, more intense and precocious after intracerebral or in vitro inoculations of Curionopolis than after Itacaiunas virus. In vitro studies revealed neuronal but not astrocyte or microglial cytopathic effects at 2 dpi, with monolayer destruction occurring at 5 and 7 dpi with Curionopolis and Itacaiunas virus, respectively. Ultrastructural changes included virus budding associated with interstitial and perivascular edema, endothelial hypertrophy, a reduced and/or collapsed small vessel luminal area, thickening of the capillary basement membrane, and presence of phagocytosed apoptotic bodies. Glial cells with viral budding similar to oligodendrocytes were infected with Itacaiunas virus but not with Curionopolis virus. Thus, Curionopolis and Itacaiunas viruses share many pathological and clinical features present in other rhabdoviruses but distinct virulence and glial targets in newborn albino Swiss mice brain.
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von Bernhardi R, Ramírez G, Toro R, Eugenín J. Pro-inflammatory conditions promote neuronal damage mediated by Amyloid Precursor Protein and decrease its phagocytosis and degradation by microglial cells in culture. Neurobiol Dis 2007; 26:153-64. [PMID: 17240154 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2006.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2006] [Revised: 12/05/2006] [Accepted: 12/10/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant handling of Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) and beta-amyloid (Abeta), glial activation and inflammation are key events in Alzheimer's disease. We set out to determine the role of inflammation on microglial reactivity against APP. We studied microglia-mediated neurotoxicity, uptake and degradation of a biotinylated APP construct (biotin-APP-C-244). APP, in contrast to Abeta, only induced mild activation of glial cells. However, under pro-inflammatory conditions, APP induced microglial-mediated cytotoxicity. Biotin-APP-C-244 or lipopolysaccharide and interferon-gamma (LPS+IFNgamma), administered separately, did not change reduction metabolism of microglia. However, biotin-APP-C-244+(LPS+IFNgamma) increased microglial reactivity and decreased reduction metabolism by 75% (P<0.001). Biotin-APP-C-244 was readily taken up by microglial cells; 80% was phagocytosed at 2 h. In the presence of LPS+IFNgamma, phagocytosis of biotin-APP-C-244 was reduced at 2 h; and cell damage was evident after 4 h. Our results support our hypothesis that, in neuroinflammation, microglial scavenger function is impaired and reactivity against APP enhanced as an initial step for neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rommy von Bernhardi
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Marcoleta 391, Santiago, Chile.
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Vaucher E, Aumont N, Pearson D, Rowe W, Poirier J, Kar S. Amyloid beta peptide levels and its effects on hippocampal acetylcholine release in aged, cognitively-impaired and -unimpaired rats. J Chem Neuroanat 2001; 21:323-9. [PMID: 11429273 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-0618(01)00120-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Excessive extracellular deposition of amyloid beta (Abeta) peptide in neuritic plaques and degeneration of forebrain cholinergic neurones, which innervate the hippocampus and the neocortex, are the invariant characteristic features of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Studies of the pathological changes that characterize AD, together with several other lines of evidence, indicate that Abeta accumulation in vivo may initiate and/or contribute to the process of neurodegeneration observed in the AD brain. However, the underlying mechanisms by which Abeta peptide influences/causes degeneration of the basal forebrain cholinergic neurones in AD brains remain obscure. We reported earlier that nM concentrations of Abeta-related peptides, under acute conditions, can potently inhibit K+-evoked endogenous acetylcholine (ACh) release from the hippocampus and the cortex but not from striatum in young adult rats (J. Neurosci. 16 (1996) 1034). In the present study, to determine whether the effects of Abeta peptides alter with normal aging and/or cognitive state, we have measured Abeta1-40 levels and the effects of exogenous Abeta1-40 on hippocampal ACh release in young adult as well as aged cognitively-unimpaired (AU) and -impaired (AI) rats. Endogenous levels of Abeta(1-40) in the hippocampus are significantly increased in aged rats. Additionally, 10 nM Abeta1-40 potently inhibited endogenous ACh release from the hippocampus of the three groups of rats, but the time-course of the effects clearly indicate that the cholinergic neurones of AI rats are more sensitive to Abeta peptides than either AU or young adult rats. These results, together with earlier reports, suggest that the processing of the precursor protein of Abeta peptide alters with normal aging and the response of the cholinergic neurones to the peptide possibly varies with the cognitive status of the animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Vaucher
- Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Hospital Research Center, McGill University, Quebec, H4H 1R3, Montreal, Canada
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Hoyer S. Brain glucose and energy metabolism abnormalities in sporadic Alzheimer disease. Causes and consequences: an update. Exp Gerontol 2000; 35:1363-72. [PMID: 11113614 DOI: 10.1016/s0531-5565(00)00156-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
It is discussed that Alzheimer disease does not form a nosologic entity. 5 to 10% of all Alzheimer cases are due to inherited abnormalities on chromosomes 1, or 14, or 21, whereas the majority of 90-95% is sporadic in origin. Age-related changes in the composition of membranes and in glucose/energy metabolism along with a sympathetic tone in the brain are assumed to be cellular/molecular risk factors for this disease. In its pathogenesis, the desensitization of the neuronal insulin receptor similar to non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus may be of pivotal significance. This abnormality along with a reduction in insulin concentration is assumed to induce a cascade-like process of disturbances including decreases in cellular glucose, acetylcholine, cholesterol, and ATP, associated with changes in the metabolism of amino acids and fatty acids. There is evidence that the reductions in the availability of both glucose/energy and insulin contribute to the formation of amyloidogenic derivatives and hyperphosphorylated tau protein. This may indicate that the amyloid cascade hypothesis in not valid for sporadic Alzheimer disease but that the formation of both, amyloidogenic derivatives and hyperphosphorylated tau protein is downstream the origin of this neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hoyer
- Department of Pathochemistry and General Neurochemistry, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 220/221, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Is Low pH the Cause of Brain Damage? Crit Care Med 2000. [DOI: 10.1097/00003246-200006000-00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Biological activities of amyloid precursor protein. ACTA BIOLOGICA HUNGARICA 1998. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03542974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
The age-related susceptibility of the brain to neurodegenerative disease may be inherent in the susceptibility of individual neurons to various stressors. Neurons were isolated from embryonic, young- and old-aged rat hippocampus, cultured in serum-free medium and exposed to lactic acid, glutamate or beta-amyloid. Yields of isolated adult cells were 1 million cells/hippocampus, 12,000 cells/mg tissue, independent of age. For lactic acidosis, there was a non-significant 10% increment in killing of neuron-like cells from old rats compared to young. For glutamate, there was a 5-10% increment in killing of neuron-like cells from old rats compared to young rats and embryonic neurons. For cells exposed to the toxic fragment of beta-amyloid, A beta (25-35), toxicity was age, dose and time-dependent. Maximum toxicity in cells treated for 1 day with 25 microM A beta (25-35) was 16%, 24%, and 33% for embryonic, young and old cells. Similar results were found for A beta (1-40) (LD50 = 2 microM). These results suggest that aging imparts to individual cells an increased susceptibility to toxic substances relevant to neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Brewer
- Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield 62794-9626, USA.
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