1
|
Firth G, Blower JE, Bartnicka JJ, Mishra A, Michaels AM, Rigby A, Darwesh A, Al-Salemee F, Blower PJ. Non-invasive radionuclide imaging of trace metal trafficking in health and disease: "PET metallomics". RSC Chem Biol 2022; 3:495-518. [PMID: 35656481 PMCID: PMC9092424 DOI: 10.1039/d2cb00033d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Several specific metallic elements must be present in the human body to maintain health and function. Maintaining the correct quantity (from trace to bulk) and location at the cell and tissue level is essential. The study of the biological role of metals has become known as metallomics. While quantities of metals in cells and tissues can be readily measured in biopsy and autopsy samples by destructive analytical techniques, their trafficking and its role in health and disease are poorly understood. Molecular imaging with radionuclides - positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) - is emerging as a means to non-invasively study the acute trafficking of essential metals between organs, non-invasively and in real time, in health and disease. PET scanners are increasingly widely available in hospitals, and methods for producing radionuclides of some of the key essential metals are developing fast. This review summarises recent developments in radionuclide imaging technology that permit such investigations, describes the radiological and physicochemical properties of key radioisotopes of essential trace metals and useful analogues, and introduces current and potential future applications in preclinical and clinical investigations to study the biology of essential trace metals in health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George Firth
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital London UK
| | - Julia E Blower
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital London UK
| | - Joanna J Bartnicka
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital London UK
| | - Aishwarya Mishra
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital London UK
| | - Aidan M Michaels
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital London UK
| | - Alex Rigby
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital London UK
| | - Afnan Darwesh
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital London UK
| | - Fahad Al-Salemee
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital London UK
| | - Philip J Blower
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital London UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Parrilha GL, dos Santos RG, Beraldo H. Applications of radiocomplexes with thiosemicarbazones and bis(thiosemicarbazones) in diagnostic and therapeutic nuclear medicine. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
3
|
Imaging Hypoxia. Mol Imaging 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816386-3.00074-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
|
4
|
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
Cu(II)-diacetyl-bis(N4-methylthiosemicarbazone) positron emission tomography (CuATSM PET) is a non-invasive imaging technique that can be used to detect hypoxia and inform prognosis in cancer. Hypoxia and oxidative stress are also hallmarks of various age-related diseases. Whether CuATSM PET has a role in the evaluation of hypoxia and oxidative stress in age-related diseases has yet to be established. The aim of this systematic review is to evaluate the utility of CuATSM PET in the diagnosis and management of age-related diseases.
Methods
EMBASE, Medline, Scopus, Web of Science and Psychinfo were systematically searched for articles published between January 1st 1997 and February 13th 2020. We included articles published in English reporting the use of CuATSM PET in the diagnosis and management of age-related diseases in humans or animals.
Results
Nine articles were included describing CuATSM PET measures in neurological and cardiovascular disease. There was higher CuATSM uptake in diseased compared to control subjects in Parkinson’s disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), myocardial ischemia (MI), cardiac dysautonomia and atherosclerosis. Higher CuATSM uptake was seen in diseased compared to control anatomical areas in PD, cerebrovascular disease (CVD), MI and atherosclerosis. CuATSM uptake was associated with disease severity in PD, ALS, CVD and atherosclerosis. An association between CuATSM uptake and disease duration was shown in atherosclerosis.
Conclusion
CuATSM uptake is higher in neurological and cardiovascular diseases and associated with disease severity and duration. Further investigations using CuATSM PET in other age-related diseases are needed.
Collapse
|
5
|
PET Imaging for Oxidative Stress in Neurodegenerative Disorders Associated with Mitochondrial Dysfunction. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9090861. [PMID: 32937849 PMCID: PMC7554831 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9090861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress based on mitochondrial dysfunction is assumed to be the principal molecular mechanism for the pathogenesis of many neurodegenerative disorders. However, the effects of oxidative stress on the neurodegeneration process in living patients remain to be elucidated. Molecular imaging with positron emission tomography (PET) can directly evaluate subtle biological changes, including the redox status. The present review focuses on recent advances in PET imaging for oxidative stress, in particular the use of the Cu-ATSM radioligand, in neurodegenerative disorders associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. Since reactive oxygen species are mostly generated by leakage of excess electrons from an over-reductive state due to mitochondrial respiratory chain impairment, PET with 62Cu-ATSM, the accumulation of which depends on an over-reductive state, is able to image oxidative stress. 62Cu-ATSM PET studies demonstrated enhanced oxidative stress in the disease-related brain regions of patients with mitochondrial disease, Parkinson’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Furthermore, the magnitude of oxidative stress increased with disease severity, indicating that oxidative stress based on mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to promoting neurodegeneration in these diseases. Oxidative stress imaging has improved our insights into the pathological mechanisms of neurodegenerative disorders, and is a promising tool for monitoring further antioxidant therapies.
Collapse
|
6
|
Vigne J, Hyafil F. Inflammation imaging to define vulnerable plaque or vulnerable patient. THE QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE AND MOLECULAR IMAGING : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE ITALIAN ASSOCIATION OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE (AIMN) [AND] THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF RADIOPHARMACOLOGY (IAR), [AND] SECTION OF THE SOCIETY OF RADIOPHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY 2020; 64:21-34. [DOI: 10.23736/s1824-4785.20.03231-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
7
|
Xiao Y, Wang T, Song X, Yang D, Chu Q, Kang YJ. Copper promotion of myocardial regeneration. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2020; 245:911-921. [PMID: 32148090 DOI: 10.1177/1535370220911604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPACT STATEMENT Copper promotes angiogenesis, but the mechanistic insights have not been fully elucidated until recently. In addition, the significance of copper promotion of angiogenesis in myocardial regeneration was increasingly revealed. Copper critically participates in the regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) of angiogenic gene expression. Interestingly, myocardial ischemia causes copper efflux from the heart, leading to suppression of angiogenesis, although HIF-1α, the critical subunit of HIF-1, remains accumulated in the ischemic myocardium. Strategies targeting copper specific delivery to the ischemic myocardium lead to selective activation of HIF-1-regulated angiogenic gene expression. Vascularization of the ischemic myocardium re-establishes the tissue injury microenvironment, and rebuilds the conduit for communication between the tissue injury signals and the remote regenerative responses including stem cells. This process promotes myocardial regeneration. Thus, a simple and effective copper supplementation to the ischemic myocardium would become a novel therapeutic approach to the treatment of patients with ischemic heart diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xiao
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Sichuan University West China Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Sichuan University West China Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Xin Song
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Sichuan University West China Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Dan Yang
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Sichuan University West China Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Qing Chu
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Sichuan University West China Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Y James Kang
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Sichuan University West China Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
- Memphis Institute of Regenerative Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
Noninvasive imaging technologies offer to identify several anatomic and molecular features of high-risk plaques. For the noninvasive molecular imaging of atherosclerotic plaques, nuclear medicine constitutes one of the best imaging modalities, thanks to its high sensitivity for the detection of probes in tissues. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) is currently the most widely used radiopharmaceutical for molecular imaging of atherosclerotic plaques with positron emission tomography. The intensity of FDG uptake in the vascular wall correlates closely with the degree of macrophage infiltration in atherosclerotic plaques. FDG positron emission tomographic imaging has become a powerful tool to identify and monitor noninvasively inflammatory activities in atherosclerotic plaques over time. This review examines how FDG positron emission tomographic imaging has given us deeper insight into the role of inflammation in atherosclerotic plaque progression and discusses perspectives for alternative radiopharmaceuticals to FDG that could provide a more specific and simple identification of high-risk lesions and help improve risk stratification of atherosclerotic patients.
Visual Overview—
An online visual overview is available for this article.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Hyafil
- From the Department of Nuclear Medicine, Bichat University Hospital, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris (F.H.), University Paris 7 René Diderot, France
- INSERM U1148, Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science, DHU FIRE (F.H., J.V.), University Paris 7 René Diderot, France
| | - Jonathan Vigne
- INSERM U1148, Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science, DHU FIRE (F.H., J.V.), University Paris 7 René Diderot, France
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, CHU de Caen Normandie, Normandie University, UNICAEN, France (J.V.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bonnitcha P, Grieve S, Figtree G. Clinical imaging of hypoxia: Current status and future directions. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 126:296-312. [PMID: 30130569 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tissue hypoxia is a key feature of many important causes of morbidity and mortality. In pathologies such as stroke, peripheral vascular disease and ischaemic heart disease, hypoxia is largely a consequence of low blood flow induced ischaemia, hence perfusion imaging is often used as a surrogate for hypoxia to guide clinical diagnosis and treatment. Importantly, ischaemia and hypoxia are not synonymous conditions as it is not universally true that well perfused tissues are normoxic or that poorly perfused tissues are hypoxic. In pathologies such as cancer, for instance, perfusion imaging and oxygen concentration are less well correlated, and oxygen concentration is independently correlated to radiotherapy response and overall treatment outcomes. In addition, the progression of many diseases is intricately related to maladaptive responses to the hypoxia itself. Thus there is potentially great clinical and scientific utility in direct measurements of tissue oxygenation. Despite this, imaging assessment of hypoxia in patients is rarely performed in clinical settings. This review summarises some of the current methods used to clinically evaluate hypoxia, the barriers to the routine use of these methods and the newer agents and techniques being explored for the assessment of hypoxia in pathological processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Bonnitcha
- Northern and Central Clinical Schools, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney University, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Chemical Pathology Department, NSW Health Pathology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia; Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, St Leonards, New South Wales 2065, Australia.
| | - Stuart Grieve
- Sydney Translational Imaging Laboratory, Heart Research Institute, Charles Perkins Centre and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Gemma Figtree
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, St Leonards, New South Wales 2065, Australia; Cardiology Department, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales 2065, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Metzger JM, Moore CF, Boettcher CA, Brunner KG, Fleddermann RA, Matsoff HN, Resnikoff HA, Bondarenko V, Kamp TJ, Hacker TA, Barnhart TE, Lao PJ, Christian BT, Nickles RJ, Gallagher CL, Holden JE, Emborg ME. In vivo imaging of inflammation and oxidative stress in a nonhuman primate model of cardiac sympathetic neurodegeneration. NPJ PARKINSONS DISEASE 2018; 4:22. [PMID: 30038956 PMCID: PMC6045637 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-018-0057-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Loss of cardiac postganglionic sympathetic innervation is a characteristic pathology of Parkinson’s disease (PD). It progresses over time independently of motor symptoms and is not responsive to typical anti-parkinsonian therapies. Cardiac sympathetic neurodegeneration can be mimicked in animals using systemic dosing of the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). As in PD, 6-OHDA-induced neuronal loss is associated with increased inflammation and oxidative stress. To assess the feasibility of detecting changes over time in cardiac catecholaminergic innervation, inflammation, and oxidative stress, myocardial positron emission tomography with the radioligands [11C]meta-hydroxyephedrine (MHED), [11C]PBR28 (PBR28), and [61Cu]diacetyl-bis(N(4))-methylthiosemicarbazone (ATSM) was performed in 6-OHDA-intoxicated adult, male rhesus macaques (n = 10; 50 mg/kg i.v.). The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) agonist pioglitazone, which is known to have anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative stress properties, was administered to five animals (5 mg/kg, PO); the other five were placebo-treated. One week after 6-OHDA, cardiac MHED uptake was significantly reduced in both groups (placebo, 86% decrease; pioglitazone, 82%); PBR28 and ATSM uptake increased in both groups but were attenuated in pioglitazone-treated animals (PBR28 Treatment × Level ANOVA p < 0.002; ATSM Mann–Whitney p = 0.032). At 12 weeks, partial recovery of MHED uptake was significantly greater in the pioglitazone-treated group, dependent on left ventricle circumferential region and axial level (Treatment × Region × Level ANOVA p = 0.034); 12-week MHED uptake significantly correlated with tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity across cardiac anatomy (p < 0.000002). PBR28 and ATSM uptake returned to baseline levels by 12 weeks. These radioligands thus hold potential as in vivo biomarkers of mechanisms of cardiac neurodegeneration and neuroprotection. Three cardiac nerve loss biomarkers enable the visualization of cardiac neurodegeneration and response to neuroprotective treatment. The loss of sympathetic cardiac innervation in patients with PD causes symptoms such as postural hypotension, arrhythmia, and fatigue that do not respond to anti-parkinsonian medications. Marina Emborg and colleagues at University of Wisconsin–Madison, USA, used positron emission tomography with three radioligands to image changes in cardiac innervation, oxidative stress and inflammation in monkeys during neurotoxin-induced PD-like cardiac neurodegeneration. They were able to visualize the recruitment of inflammatory cells and increased production of reactive oxygen species during neurodegeneration as well as observe improvements in response to pioglitazone, a drug that has previously been shown to have neuroprotective effects in animal models of PD. These radioligands could be useful imaging biomarkers of cardiac nerve loss progression in patients with PD or cardiovascular disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeanette M Metzger
- 1Preclinical Parkinson's Research Program, Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA.,2Cellular and Molecular Pathology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
| | - Colleen F Moore
- 3Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
| | - Carissa A Boettcher
- 1Preclinical Parkinson's Research Program, Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
| | - Kevin G Brunner
- 1Preclinical Parkinson's Research Program, Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
| | - Rachel A Fleddermann
- 1Preclinical Parkinson's Research Program, Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
| | - Helen N Matsoff
- 1Preclinical Parkinson's Research Program, Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
| | - Henry A Resnikoff
- 1Preclinical Parkinson's Research Program, Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
| | - Viktoriya Bondarenko
- 1Preclinical Parkinson's Research Program, Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
| | - Timothy J Kamp
- 4Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
| | - Timothy A Hacker
- 4Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
| | - Todd E Barnhart
- 5Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
| | - Patrick J Lao
- 5Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
| | - Bradley T Christian
- 5Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
| | - R Jerry Nickles
- 5Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
| | | | - James E Holden
- 5Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
| | - Marina E Emborg
- 1Preclinical Parkinson's Research Program, Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA.,2Cellular and Molecular Pathology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA.,5Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lledos M, Mirabello V, Sarpaki S, Ge H, Smugowski HJ, Carroll L, Aboagye EO, Aigbirhio FI, Botchway SW, Dilworth JR, Calatayud DG, Plucinski PK, Price GJ, Pascu SI. Synthesis, Radiolabelling and In Vitro Imaging of Multifunctional Nanoceramics. CHEMNANOMAT : CHEMISTRY OF NANOMATERIALS FOR ENERGY, BIOLOGY AND MORE 2018; 4:361-372. [PMID: 29938196 PMCID: PMC5993288 DOI: 10.1002/cnma.201700378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Molecular imaging has become a powerful technique in preclinical and clinical research aiming towards the diagnosis of many diseases. In this work, we address the synthetic challenges in achieving lab-scale, batch-to-batch reproducible copper-64- and gallium-68-radiolabelled metal nanoparticles (MNPs) for cellular imaging purposes. Composite NPs incorporating magnetic iron oxide cores with luminescent quantum dots were simultaneously encapsulated within a thin silica shell, yielding water-dispersible, biocompatible and luminescent NPs. Scalable surface modification protocols to attach the radioisotopes 64Cu (t1/2=12.7 h) and 68Ga (t1/2=68 min) in high yields are reported, and are compatible with the time frame of radiolabelling. Confocal and fluorescence lifetime imaging studies confirm the uptake of the encapsulated imaging agents and their cytoplasmic localisation in prostate cancer (PC-3) cells. Cellular viability assays show that the biocompatibility of the system is improved when the fluorophores are encapsulated within a silica shell. The functional and biocompatible SiO2 matrix represents an ideal platform for the incorporation of 64Cu and 68Ga radioisotopes with high radiolabelling incorporation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Lledos
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Bath, Claverton DownBA2 7AYBathUK
| | | | - Sophia Sarpaki
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Bath, Claverton DownBA2 7AYBathUK
| | - Haobo Ge
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Bath, Claverton DownBA2 7AYBathUK
| | | | - Laurence Carroll
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Commonwealth Building, Hammersmith CampusImperial College LondonDu Cane RoadLondonW12 0NNUK
| | - Eric O. Aboagye
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Commonwealth Building, Hammersmith CampusImperial College LondonDu Cane RoadLondonW12 0NNUK
| | - Franklin I. Aigbirhio
- Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Stanley W. Botchway
- Central Laser Facility, Rutherford Appleton LaboratoryResearch Complex at HarwellSTFC DidcotOX11 0QXUK
| | | | - David G. Calatayud
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Bath, Claverton DownBA2 7AYBathUK
- Department of ElectroceramicsInstituto de Ceramica y Vidrio – CSICKelsen 5, Campus de Cantoblanco28049MadridSpain
| | - Pawel K. Plucinski
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Bath, Claverton DownBA2 7AYBathUK
| | - Gareth J. Price
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Bath, Claverton DownBA2 7AYBathUK
| | - Sofia I. Pascu
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Bath, Claverton DownBA2 7AYBathUK
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Pell VR, Baark F, Mota F, Clark JE, Southworth R. PET Imaging of Cardiac Hypoxia: Hitting Hypoxia Where It Hurts. CURRENT CARDIOVASCULAR IMAGING REPORTS 2018. [PMID: 29515752 PMCID: PMC5830463 DOI: 10.1007/s12410-018-9447-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review In this review, we outline the potential for hypoxia imaging as a diagnostic and prognostic tool in cardiology. We describe the lead hypoxia PET radiotracers currently in development and propose a rationale for how they should most appropriately be screened and validated. Recent Findings While the majority of hypoxia imaging agents has been developed for oncology, the requirements for hypoxia imaging in cardiology are different. Recent work suggests that the bis(thiosemicarbazone) family of compounds may be capable of detecting the subtle degrees of hypoxia associated with cardiovascular syndromes, and that they have the potential to be “tuned” to provide different tracers for different applications. Summary New tracers currently in development show significant promise for imaging evolving cardiovascular disease. Fundamental to their exploitation is their careful, considered validation and characterization so that the information they provide delivers the greatest prognostic insight achievable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria R Pell
- 1School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Friedrich Baark
- 1School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Filipa Mota
- 1School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - James E Clark
- 2School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, BHF Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Richard Southworth
- 1School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Nie X, Randolph GJ, Elvington A, Bandara N, Zheleznyak A, Gropler RJ, Woodard PK, Lapi SE. Imaging of hypoxia in mouse atherosclerotic plaques with (64)Cu-ATSM. Nucl Med Biol 2016; 43:534-542. [PMID: 27372286 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2016.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the United States. The identification of vulnerable plaque at risk of rupture has been a major focus of research. Hypoxia has been identified as a potential factor in the formation of vulnerable plaque, and it is clear that decreased oxygen plays a role in the development of plaque angiogenesis leading to plaque destabilization. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the feasibility of copper-64 labeled diacetyl-bis (N(4)-methylthiosemicarbazone) ((64)Cu-ATSM), a positron-emitting radiopharmaceutical taken up in low-oxygen-tension cells, for the identification of hypoxic and potentially unstable atherosclerotic plaque in a mouse model. METHODS (64)Cu-ATSM PET was performed in 21 atherosclerotic apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE(-/-)) mice, 6 of which were fed high-fat diet (HFD) while the others received standard-chow diet (SCD), and 13 control wild type mice fed SCD. 4 SCD ApoE(-/-) mice and 4 SCD wild type mice also underwent (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose ((18)F-FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) imaging one day prior to (64)Cu-ATSM PET. RESULTS (64)Cu-ATSM uptake was increased in the aortic arch in SCD ApoE(-/-) mice (average aortic arch/muscle (A/M) standardized uptake value ratio 7.5-30min post injection: (5.66±0.23) compared to control mice (A/M SUV ratio 7.5-30min post injection (3.87±0.22), p<0.0001). HFD ApoE(-/-) mice also showed similarly increased aortic arch uptake on PET imaging in comparison to control mice. Immunohistochemistry in both HFD and SCD ApoE(-/-) mice revealed noticeable hypoxia by pimonidazole stain in atherosclerosis which was co-localized to macrophage by CD68 staining. Autoradiography assessment demonstrated the presence of hypoxia by (64)Cu-ATSM uptake correlated with pimonidazole uptake within the ex vivo atherosclerotic aortic arch specimens. A significant increase in (18)F-FDG uptake in the SCD ApoE(-/-) mice in comparison to controls was also observed at delayed time points. CONCLUSION This pre-clinical study suggests that (64)Cu-ATSM is a potential PET tracer for hypoxia imaging in atherosclerosis. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PATIENT CARE While studies in humans are necessary for conclusive data, in the long term, a (64)Cu-ATSM PET imaging strategy could help facilitate the study of plaque biology in human patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Nie
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis
| | | | - Andrew Elvington
- Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis
| | - Nilantha Bandara
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Alexander Zheleznyak
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Robert J Gropler
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Pamela K Woodard
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis; Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease Center, Washington University in St. Louis
| | - Suzanne E Lapi
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Holland JP, Ferdani R, Anderson CJ, Lewis JS. Copper-64 Radiopharmaceuticals for Oncologic Imaging. PET Clin 2016; 4:49-67. [PMID: 27156895 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpet.2009.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The positron emitting radionuclide (64)Cu has a radioactive half-life of 12.7 hours. The decay characteristics of (64)Cu allow for PET images that are comparable in quality to those obtained using (18)F. Given the longer radioactive half-life of (64)Cu compared with (18)F and the versatility of copper chemistry, copper is an attractive alternative to the shorter-lived nuclides for PET imaging of peptides, antibodies, and small molecules that may require longer circulation times. This article discusses a number of copper radiopharmaceuticals, such as Cu-ATSM, that have been translated to the clinic and new developments in copper-based radiopharmaceuticals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason P Holland
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Riccardo Ferdani
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 South Kingshighway Boulevard, Campus Box 8225, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Carolyn J Anderson
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 South Kingshighway Boulevard, Campus Box 8225, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jason S Lewis
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Krasikova RN, Aliev RA, Kalmykov SN. The next generation of positron emission tomography radiopharmaceuticals labeled with non-conventional radionuclides. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
|
16
|
Lapi SE, Lewis JS, Dehdashti F. Evaluation of hypoxia with copper-labeled diacetyl-bis(N-methylthiosemicarbazone). Semin Nucl Med 2015; 45:177-85. [PMID: 25704389 DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Imaging of hypoxia is important in many diseases states in oncology, cardiology, and neurology. The radiopharmaceutical, copper-labeled diacetyl-bis(N-methylthiosemicarbazone), has been used to assess hypoxia in many studies. In particular, copper-labeled diacetyl-bis(N-methylthiosemicarbazone) has been used in oncologic settings to investigate tumor hypoxia and the role of this parameter in response to therapy and outcome. Some groups have conducted imaging studies assessing the role of hypoxia in cardiovascular and neurologic disorders. Additionally, several groups have made significant progress into understanding the mechanism by which this compound accumulates in cells. Multiple preclinical and clinical studies have been conducted, shedding light on the importance of careful image analysis when using this tracer. This review article focuses on the recent preclinical and clinical studies with this tracer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne E Lapi
- Edward Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; The Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Jason S Lewis
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Farrokh Dehdashti
- Edward Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; The Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Furukawa T, Yuan Q, Jin ZH, Aung W, Yoshii Y, Hasegawa S, Endo H, Inoue M, Zhang MR, Fujibayashi Y, Saga T. A limited overlap between intratumoral distribution of 1-(5-fluoro-5-deoxy-α-D-arabinofuranosyl)-2-nitroimidazole and copper-diacetyl-bis[N(4)-methylthiosemicarbazone]. Oncol Rep 2015; 34:1379-87. [PMID: 26134305 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of tumor hypoxia provides valuable information for cancer treatment planning. Two types of PET tracers, nitroimidazole compounds and [62,64Cu] copper-diacetyl-bis[N(4)-methylthio- semicarbazone] (Cu-ATSM), have been used for imaging hypoxic tumors. High accumulation of these tracers in tumors was shown to predict poor prognosis. Both similar and different intratumoral distributions of these PET tracers have been reported with some studies questioning the dependence of the Cu-ATSM accumulation on hypoxia. In the present study, we compared the intratumoral distribution and cellular uptake of 1-(5-fluoro-5-deoxy-α-D-arabinofuranosyl)-2-nitroimidazole (FAZA) and Cu-ATSM. Intratumoral distributions of FAZA and Cu-ATSM compared by double tracer autoradiography in xenografts of 8 cancer cell lines and 3 cancer tissue originated spheroids (CTOSs) showed that only a limited overlap was observed between the regions with high levels of FAZA and Cu-ATSM accumulation in all the xenografts. Immunohistochemistry in the regions enriched with FAZA and Cu-ATSM in xenografts demonstrated that pimonidazole adducts were in regions that accumulated high levels of FAZA, while HIF-1α was in areas enriched with either tracer. In addition, we examined the cellular uptake of FAZA and Cu-ATSM at different levels of oxygen concentration in 4 cell lines and revealed that cellular uptake of FAZA was increased with the decrease of oxygen concentration from 20 to 2 and from 2 to 1%, while the Cu-ATSM uptake increased with the decrease of oxygen concentration from 20 to 2%, but did not increase with the decrease from 2 to 1%. Our findings indicate that intratumoral distributions of FAZA and Cu-ATSM were essentially non-overlapping and although hypoxia affects the buildup of both tracers, the accumulation of Cu-ATSM occurred at milder hypoxia compared to the conditions required for the accumulation of FAZA. Therefore, accumulation levels of FAZA and Cu-ATSM may be considered as independent biomarkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takako Furukawa
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Qinghua Yuan
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Zhao-Hui Jin
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Winn Aung
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yukie Yoshii
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Sumitaka Hasegawa
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroko Endo
- Department of Biochemistry, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Inoue
- Department of Biochemistry, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ming-Rong Zhang
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yasuhisa Fujibayashi
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tsuneo Saga
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
64Cu-ATSM Hypoxia Positron Emission Tomography for Detection of Conduit Ischemia in an Experimental Rat Esophagectomy Model. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131083. [PMID: 26098420 PMCID: PMC4476727 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We designed a hypoxia-imaging modality to detect ischemia of the gastric conduit after esophagectomy. Materials and Methods A rat esophagectomy model was created using 12-16-week-old, 300-350 g male Sprague-Dawley rats. In the operation group (n=6), partial gastric devascularization was performed by ligating the left gastric artery and the short gastric arteries and an esophagogastric anastomosis was performed. In the control group (n=6), the esophageal-gastric junction was incised and suturing was performed without gastric devascularization. Positron emission tomography (PET) images were taken using a microPET rodent model scanner, 24 h after the initial operation, after injection of 200 μCi 64Cu-diacetyl-bis (N4-methylsemicarbazone) (64Cu-ATSM) and pimonidazole 120 mg/kg. After microPET imaging, autoradiography and immunohistochemistry were performed. Results The PET image revealed 64Cu-ATSM uptake at the fundus in the operation group 3 h after 64Cu-ATSM injection. The maximum percentage of the injected dose per gram of tissue was higher in the operation group (0.047±0.015 vs. 0.026±0.006, p=0.021). The fundus/liver ratio was also higher in the operation group (0.541±0.126 vs. 0.278±0.049, p=0.002). Upon autoradiography, 64Cu-ATSM uptake was observed in the fundus in the operation group, and was well-correlated to that observed on the PET image. Upon immunohistochemistry, expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1a and pimonidazole were significantly increased at the fundus and lesser curvature compared to the greater curvature in the operation group. Conclusion Hypoxia PET imaging with 64Cu-ATSM can detect ischemia in a rat esophagectomy model. Further clinical studies are needed to verify whether hypoxia imaging may be useful in humans.
Collapse
|
19
|
Medina RA, Mariotti E, Pavlovic D, Shaw KP, Eykyn TR, Blower PJ, Southworth R. 64Cu-CTS: A Promising Radiopharmaceutical for the Identification of Low-Grade Cardiac Hypoxia by PET. J Nucl Med 2015; 56:921-6. [PMID: 25883129 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.114.148353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The subtle hypoxia underlying chronic cardiovascular disease is an attractive target for PET imaging, but the lead hypoxia imaging agents (64)Cu-2,3-butanedione bis(N4-methylthiosemicarbazone) (ATSM) and (18)F-fluoromisonidazole are trapped only at extreme levels of hypoxia and hence are insufficiently sensitive for this purpose. We have therefore sought an analog of (64)Cu-ATSM better suited to identify compromised but salvageable myocardium, and we validated it using parallel biomarkers of cardiac energetics comparable to those observed in chronic cardiac ischemic syndromes. METHODS Rat hearts were perfused with aerobic buffer for 20 min, followed by a range of hypoxic buffers (using a computer-controlled gas mixer) for 45 min. Contractility was monitored by intraventricular balloon, energetics by (31)P nuclear MR spectroscopy, lactate and creatine kinase release spectrophotometrically, and hypoxia-inducible factor 1-α by Western blotting. RESULTS We identified a key hypoxia threshold at a 30% buffer O2 saturation that induces a stable and potentially survivable functional and energetic compromise: left ventricular developed pressure was depressed by 20%, and cardiac phosphocreatine was depleted by 65.5% ± 14% (P < 0.05 vs. control), but adenosine triphosphate levels were maintained. Lactate release was elevated (0.21 ± 0.067 mmol/L/min vs. 0.056 ± 0.01 mmol/L/min, P < 0.05) but not maximal (0.46 ± 0.117 mmol/L/min), indicating residual oxidative metabolic capacity. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-α was elevated but not maximal. At this key threshold, (64)Cu-2,3-pentanedione bis(thiosemicarbazone) (CTS) selectively deposited significantly more (64)Cu than any other tracer we examined (61.8% ± 9.6% injected dose vs. 29.4% ± 9.5% for (64)Cu-ATSM, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION The hypoxic threshold that induced survivable metabolic and functional compromise was 30% O2. At this threshold, only (64)Cu-CTS delivered a hypoxic-to-normoxic contrast of 3:1, and it therefore warrants in vivo evaluation for imaging chronic cardiac ischemic syndromes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo A Medina
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Erika Mariotti
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Davor Pavlovic
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Karen P Shaw
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Thomas R Eykyn
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Philip J Blower
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Richard Southworth
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; and
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Shaughnessy F, Mariotti E, Shaw KP, Eykyn TR, Blower PJ, Siow R, Southworth R. Modification of intracellular glutathione status does not change the cardiac trapping of (64)Cu(ATSM). EJNMMI Res 2014; 4:40. [PMID: 26055939 PMCID: PMC4883992 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-014-0040-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The trapping mechanisms of the PET hypoxia imaging agent copper(II)-diacetyl-bis(N4-methylthiosemicarbazone) (64Cu(ATSM)) remain unresolved, although its reduction prior to dissociation may be mediated by intracellular thiols. Glutathione (GSH) is the most abundant intracellular thiol, and its redox status changes in cancer cells and ischaemic myocardium (two prime applications for 64Cu(ATSM) PET). We therefore investigated whether modification of intracellular GSH content affects the hypoxia selectivity of 64Cu(ATSM). Methods Isolated rat hearts (n = five per group) were perfused with aerobic buffer (equilibrated with 95%O2/5%CO2) for 15 min, then hypoxic buffer (95%N2/5%CO2) for 20 min. Cardiac glutathione was depleted by buthionine sulphoximine (BSO, 4 mmol/kg/ 48 h intraperitoneal), or augmented by N-acetyl cysteine (NAC, 4 mmol/L) in the perfusion buffer. Cardiac 64Cu retention from three 2-MBq bolus injections of 64Cu(ATSM) before and during hypoxia was then monitored by NaI detectors. Results Cardiac GSH content was elevated by NAC and depleted by BSO (from 7.9 ± 2.0 to 59.3 ± 8.3 nmol/mg and 3.7 ± 1.0 nmol/mg protein, respectively; p < 0.05). Hypoxia did not affect cardiac GSH content in any group. During normoxia, tracer washed out bi-exponentially, with 13.1% ± 1.7% injected dose being retained; this was not affected by GSH augmentation or depletion. Hypoxia significantly increased tracer retention (to 59.1% ± 6.3%, p < 0.05); this effect was not modified by GSH augmentation or depletion. Conclusion Modification of GSH levels had no impact upon the pharmacokinetics or hypoxia selectivity of 64Cu(ATSM). While thiols may yet prove essential for the intracellular trapping of 64Cu(ATSM), they are not the determinants of its hypoxia selectivity. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13550-014-0040-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Shaughnessy
- Division of Imaging Sciences, The Rayne Institute, St. Thomas' Hospital, King's College London, Lambeth Palace Rd., London, SE1 7EH, UK,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
The copper radioisotopes: a systematic review with special interest to 64Cu. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:786463. [PMID: 24895611 PMCID: PMC4033511 DOI: 10.1155/2014/786463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Copper (Cu) is an important trace element in humans; it plays a role as a cofactor for numerous enzymes and other proteins crucial for respiration, iron transport, metabolism, cell growth, and hemostasis. Natural copper comprises two stable isotopes, (63)Cu and (65)Cu, and 5 principal radioisotopes for molecular imaging applications ((60)Cu, (61)Cu, (62)Cu, and (64)Cu) and in vivo targeted radiation therapy ((64)Cu and (67)Cu). The two potential ways to produce Cu radioisotopes concern the use of the cyclotron or the reactor. A noncopper target is used to produce noncarrier-added Cu thanks to a chemical separation from the target material using ion exchange chromatography achieving a high amount of radioactivity with the lowest possible amount of nonradioactive isotopes. In recent years, Cu isotopes have been linked to antibodies, proteins, peptides, and nanoparticles for preclinical and clinical research; pathological conditions that influence Cu metabolism such as Menkes syndrome, Wilson disease, inflammation, tumor growth, metastasis, angiogenesis, and drug resistance have been studied. We aim to discuss all Cu radioisotopes application focusing on (64)Cu and in particular its form (64)CuCl2 that seems to be the most promising for its half-life, radiation emissions, and stability with chelators, allowing several applications in oncological and nononcological fields.
Collapse
|
22
|
Handley MG, Medina RA, Mariotti E, Kenny GD, Shaw KP, Yan R, Eykyn TR, Blower PJ, Southworth R. Cardiac hypoxia imaging: second-generation analogues of 64Cu-ATSM. J Nucl Med 2014; 55:488-94. [PMID: 24421288 PMCID: PMC6214505 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.113.129015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Myocardial hypoxia is an attractive target for diagnostic and prognostic imaging, but current approaches are insufficiently sensitive for clinical use. The PET tracer copper(II)-diacetyl-bis(N4-methylthiosemicarbazone) ((64)Cu-ATSM) has promise, but its selectivity and sensitivity could be improved by structural modification. We have therefore evaluated a range of (64)Cu-ATSM analogs for imaging hypoxic myocardium. METHODS Isolated rat hearts (n = 5/group) were perfused with normoxic buffer for 30 min and then hypoxic buffer for 45 min within a custom-built triple-γ-detector system to quantify radiotracer infusion, hypoxia-dependent cardiac uptake, and washout. A 1-MBq bolus of each candidate tracer (and (18)F-fluoromisonidazole for comparative purposes) was injected into the arterial line during normoxia, and during early and late hypoxia, and their hypoxia selectivity and pharmacokinetics were evaluated. The in vivo pharmacokinetics of promising candidates in healthy rats were then assessed by PET imaging and biodistribution. RESULTS All tested analogs exhibited hypoxia sensitivity within 5 min. Complexes less lipophilic than (64)Cu-ATSM provided significant gains in hypoxic-to-normoxic contrast (14:1 for (64)Cu-2,3-butanedione bis(thiosemicarbazone) (ATS), 17:1 for (64)Cu-2,3-pentanedione bis(thiosemicarbazone) (CTS), 8:1 for (64)Cu-ATSM, P < 0.05). Hypoxic first-pass uptake was 78.2% ± 7.2% for (64)Cu-ATS and 70.7% ± 14.5% for (64)Cu-CTS, compared with 63.9% ± 11.7% for (64)Cu-ATSM. Cardiac retention of (18)F-fluoromisonidazole increased from 0.44% ± 0.17% during normoxia to 2.24% ± 0.08% during hypoxia. In vivo, normoxic cardiac retention of (64)Cu-CTS was significantly lower than that of (64)Cu-ATSM and (64)Cu-ATS (0.13% ± 0.02% vs. 0.25% ± 0.04% and 0.24% ± 0.03% injected dose, P < 0.05), with retention of all 3 tracers falling to less than 0.7% injected dose within 6 min. (64)Cu-CTS also exhibited lower uptake in liver and lung. CONCLUSION (64)Cu-ATS and (64)Cu-CTS exhibit better cardiac hypoxia selectivity and imaging characteristics than the current lead hypoxia tracers, (64)Cu-ATSM and (18)F-fluoromisonidazole.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell G Handley
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Zeglis BM, Houghton JL, Evans MJ, Viola-Villegas N, Lewis JS. Underscoring the influence of inorganic chemistry on nuclear imaging with radiometals. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:1880-99. [PMID: 24313747 PMCID: PMC4151561 DOI: 10.1021/ic401607z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Over the past several decades, radionuclides have matured from largely esoteric and experimental technologies to indispensible components of medical diagnostics. Driving this transition, in part, have been mutually necessary advances in biomedical engineering, nuclear medicine, and cancer biology. Somewhat unsung has been the seminal role of inorganic chemistry in fostering the development of new radiotracers. In this regard, the purpose of this Forum Article is to more visibly highlight the significant contributions of inorganic chemistry to nuclear imaging by detailing the development of five metal-based imaging agents: (64)Cu-ATSM, (68)Ga-DOTATOC, (89)Zr-transferrin, (99m)Tc-sestamibi, and (99m)Tc-colloids. In a concluding section, several unmet needs both in and out of the laboratory will be discussed to stimulate conversation between inorganic chemists and the imaging community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian M. Zeglis
- Department of Radiology and the Program in Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States
| | - Jacob L. Houghton
- Department of Radiology and the Program in Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States
| | - Michael J. Evans
- Department of Radiology and the Program in Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States
| | - Nerissa Viola-Villegas
- Department of Radiology and the Program in Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States
| | - Jason S. Lewis
- Department of Radiology and the Program in Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Valtorta S, Belloli S, Sanvito F, Masiello V, Di Grigoli G, Monterisi C, Fazio F, Picchio M, Moresco RM. Comparison of 18F-fluoroazomycin-arabinofuranoside and 64Cu-diacetyl-bis(N4-methylthiosemicarbazone) in preclinical models of cancer. J Nucl Med 2013; 54:1106-12. [PMID: 23699667 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.112.111120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hypoxic regions are present in different types of cancer and are a negative prognostic factor for disease progression and response to therapy. (18)F-fluoroazomycin-arabinofuranoside ((18)F-FAZA) and (64)Cu-diacetyl-bis(N4-methylthiosemicarbazone) ((64)Cu-ATSM) have been widely used to visualize hypoxic regions in preclinical and clinical studies. Although both these radioligands have high signal-to-noise ratios, (64)Cu-ATSM may be suitable for use in in vivo imaging and as a radiotherapeutic agent. Despite encouraging results suggesting that it may have a role as a prognostic tracer, (64)Cu-ATSM was recently shown to display cell line-dependent kinetics of oxygen-dependent uptake. We set out to evaluate the kinetics of (64)Cu-ATSM distribution in different cancer models, using (18)F-FAZA as the gold standard. METHODS (18)F-FAZA and (64)Cu-ATSM uptake were compared ex vivo using dual-tracer autoradiography and in vivo using PET in different xenograft mouse models (FaDu, EMT-6, and PC-3). (18)F-FAZA uptake was compared with (64)Cu-ATSM uptake in PET studies acquired at early (2 h after injection) and delayed time points (24 h after injection). To evaluate the presence of hypoxia and copper pumps, the tumors from animals submitted to PET were harvested and analyzed by an immunohistochemical technique, using antibodies against carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) and copper pumps (Ctr1 and ATP7B). RESULTS (64)Cu-ATSM showed a higher tumor-to-muscle ratio than did (18)F-FAZA. In the FaDu mouse model, radioactivity distribution profiles were overlapping irrespective of the hypoxic agent injected or the time of (64)Cu acquisition. Conversely, in the EMT-6 and PC-3 models there was little similarity between the early and delayed (64)Cu-ATSM images, and both the radiotracers showed a heterogeneous distribution. The microscopic analysis revealed that (18)F-FAZA-positive areas were also positive for CAIX immunostaining whereas immunolocalization for copper pumps in the 3 models was not related to radioactivity distribution. CONCLUSION The results of this study confirm the cell-dependent distribution and retention kinetics of (64)Cu-ATSM and underline the need for proper validation of animal models and PET acquisition protocols before exploration of any new clinical applications.
Collapse
|
25
|
Szymański P, Frączek T, Markowicz M, Mikiciuk-Olasik E. Development of copper based drugs, radiopharmaceuticals and medical materials. Biometals 2012; 25:1089-112. [PMID: 22914969 PMCID: PMC3496555 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-012-9578-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Copper is one of the most interesting elements for various biomedical applications. Copper compounds show vast array of biological actions, including anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative, biocidal and other. It also offers a selection of radioisotopes, suitable for nuclear imaging and radiotherapy. Quick progress in nanotechnology opened new possibilities for design of copper based drugs and medical materials. To date, copper has not found many uses in medicine, but number of ongoing research, as well as preclinical and clinical studies, will most likely lead to many novel applications of copper in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Szymański
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Analysis, Medical University of Lodz, Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151, Lodz, Poland.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Cutler CS, Hennkens HM, Sisay N, Huclier-Markai S, Jurisson SS. Radiometals for Combined Imaging and Therapy. Chem Rev 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/cr3003104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cathy S. Cutler
- University of Missouri Research Reactor Center, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United
States
| | - Heather M. Hennkens
- University of Missouri Research Reactor Center, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United
States
| | - Nebiat Sisay
- University of Missouri Research Reactor Center, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United
States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United
States
| | - Sandrine Huclier-Markai
- Laboratoire Subatech,
UMR 6457, Ecole des Mines de Nantes/Université de Nantes/CNRS-IN2P3, 4 Rue A. Kastler, BP 20722, F-44307
Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Silvia S. Jurisson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United
States
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
PURPOSE [⁶²Cu]-diacetyl-bis(N4-methlythiosemicarbazone) (Cu-ATSM) was used to delineate hypoxic tissue in head-and-neck cancer, and its distribution was compared with that of ¹⁸F-FDG. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty patients with head-and-neck cancer underwent Cu-ATSM and FDG PET within a 1 week interval. Accumulation of tracer for each PET image was converted to SUV. After coregisteration of PET images with individual anatomic images, multiple small ROIs were drawn on the tumor mass and applied to both PET images. SUV values were obtained for all ROIs (SUV(roi)), and the SUV(roi) regression lines between Cu-ATSM and FDG of each tumor were determined. RESULTS The SUV mean of Cu-ATSM was lower than that of FDG for both squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and adenocarcinoma (P < 0.05). In 27 patients with SCC, Cu-ATSM accumulated higher in the peripheral region than in the center of the tumor, and FDG showed the other tendency. Thus, the relationship of the SUV(roi) for Cu-ATSM and FDG showed a negative correlation in SCC. However, 3 adenocarcinoma cases showed similar and homogenous accumulation in the tumor mass with a positive SUV(roi) correlation for the 2 tracers. The regression slope means were -0.12 ± 0.08 for SCC (n = 27) and 0.28 ± 0.12 (n = 3) for adenocarcinoma. CONCLUSION In patients with head-and-neck cancer, intratumoral distribution of Cu-ATSM and FDG showed a negative correlation in SCC and a positive correlation in adenocarcinoma. The 2 tracers represented different pathophysiological microenvironments in different tumors, suggesting that noninvasive hypoxic tissue imaging with Cu-ATSM would be beneficial in the pretreatment evaluation of head-and-neck cancer.
Collapse
|
28
|
An impaired mitochondrial electron transport chain increases retention of the hypoxia imaging agent diacetylbis(4-methylthiosemicarbazonato)copperII. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 109:47-52. [PMID: 22173633 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1116227108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiolabeled diacetylbis(4-methylthiosemicarbazonato)copper(II) [Cu(II)(atsm)] is an effective positron-emission tomography imaging agent for myocardial ischemia, hypoxic tumors, and brain disorders with regionalized oxidative stress, such as mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, and lactic acidosis with stroke-like episodes (MELAS) and Parkinson's disease. An excessively elevated reductive state is common to these conditions and has been proposed as an important mechanism affecting cellular retention of Cu from Cu(II)(atsm). However, data from whole-cell models to demonstrate this mechanism have not yet been provided. The present study used a unique cell culture model, mitochondrial xenocybrids, to provide whole-cell mechanistic data on cellular retention of Cu from Cu(II)(atsm). Genetic incompatibility between nuclear and mitochondrial encoded subunits of the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) in xenocybrid cells compromises normal function of the ETC. As a consequence of this impairment to the ETC we show xenocybrid cells upregulate glycolytic ATP production and accumulate NADH. Compared to control cells the xenocybrid cells retained more Cu after being treated with Cu(II)(atsm). By transfecting the cells with a metal-responsive element reporter construct the increase in Cu retention was shown to involve a Cu(II)(atsm)-induced increase in intracellular bioavailable Cu specifically within the xenocybrid cells. Parallel experiments using cells grown under hypoxic conditions confirmed that a compromised ETC and elevated NADH levels contribute to increased cellular retention of Cu from Cu(II)(atsm). Using these cell culture models our data demonstrate that compromised ETC function, due to the absence of O(2) as the terminal electron acceptor or dysfunction of individual components of the ETC, is an important determinant in driving the intracellular dissociation of Cu(II)(atsm) that increases cellular retention of the Cu.
Collapse
|
29
|
Production of 61Cu using natural cobalt target and its separation using ascorbic acid and common anion exchange resin. Appl Radiat Isot 2011; 70:365-8. [PMID: 22093183 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2011.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Revised: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
(61)Cu was produced by (nat)Co(α, xn)(61)Cu reaction. (61)Cu production yield was 89.5 MBq/μAh (2.42 mCi/μAh) at the end of irradiation (EOI). A simple radiochemical separation method using anion exchange resin and ascorbic acid has been employed to separate the product radionuclide from inactive target material and co-produced non-isotopic impurities. The radiochemical separation yield was about 90%. Radiochemical purity of (61)Cu was >99% 1 h after EOI. Final product was suitable for making complex with N(2)S(2) type of ligands.
Collapse
|
30
|
Shokeen M, Wadas TJ. The development of copper radiopharmaceuticals for imaging and therapy. Med Chem 2011; 7:413-29. [PMID: 21711219 PMCID: PMC8259694 DOI: 10.2174/157340611796799177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The increasing use of positron emission tomography in preclinical and clinical settings has widened the demand for radiopharmaceuticals with high specificity that can image biological phenomena in vivo. While many PET tracers have been developed from small organic molecules labeled with carbon-11 or fluorine-18, the short half-lives of these radionuclides preclude their incorporation into radiotracers, which can be used to image biological processes that are not induced immediately after system perturbation. Additionally, the continuing development of targeted agents, such as antibodies and nanoparticles, which undergo extended circulation, require that radionuclides with half-lives that are complimentary to the biological half-lives of these molecules be developed. Copper radionuclides have received considerable attention since they offer a variety of half-lives and decay energies and because the coordination chemistry of cooper and its role in biology is well understood. However, in addition to the radiometal chelate, a successful copper based radiopharmaceutical depends upon the chemical structure of the entire radiotracer, which may include a biologically important molecule and a chemical linker that can be used to deliver the copper radionuclide to a specific target and modulate its in vivo properties, respectively. This review discusses the development of copper radiopharmaceuticals and the importance of factors such as chemical structure on their pharmacokinetics in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monica Shokeen
- Division of Radiological Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8225, 510 S. Kingshighway Blvd., Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Thaddeus J. Wadas
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd., Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Handley MG, Medina RA, Nagel E, Blower PJ, Southworth R. PET imaging of cardiac hypoxia: opportunities and challenges. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2011; 51:640-50. [PMID: 21781973 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2011.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Revised: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial hypoxia is a major factor in the pathology of cardiac ischemia and myocardial infarction. Hypoxia also occurs in microvascular disease and cardiac hypertrophy, and is thought to be a prime determinant of the progression to heart failure, as well as the driving force for compensatory angiogenesis. The non-invasive delineation and quantification of hypoxia in cardiac tissue therefore has the potential to be an invaluable experimental, diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for applications in cardiology. However, at this time there are no validated methodologies sufficiently sensitive or reliable for clinical use. PET imaging provides real-time spatial information on the biodistribution of injected radiolabeled tracer molecules. Its inherent high sensitivity allows quantitative imaging of these tracers, even when injected at sub-pharmacological (≥pM) concentrations, allowing the non-invasive investigation of biological systems without perturbing them. PET is therefore an attractive approach for the delineation and quantification of cardiac hypoxia and ischemia. In this review we discuss the key concepts which must be considered when imaging hypoxia in the heart. We summarize the PET tracers which are currently available, and we look forward to the next generation of hypoxia-specific PET imaging agents currently being developed. We describe their potential advantages and shortcomings compared to existing imaging approaches, and what is needed in terms of validation and characterization before these agents can be exploited clinically.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M G Handley
- Division of Imaging Sciences & Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, The Rayne Institute, 4th Floor Lambeth Wing, St. Thomas' Hospital, Lambeth Palace Rd., London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
El-Azony KM. Improving the separation of Cu(II) from Zn(II) based on an anion exchanger for the preparation a 62Zn/62Cu generator. Appl Radiat Isot 2011; 69:1176-80. [PMID: 21514831 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2011.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Revised: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 04/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A separation procedure of (64,67)Cu(II) from (65)Zn(II) was studied for serving (62)Zn/(62)Cu generator preparation. The distribution coefficients of (65)Zn(II) and (64,67)Cu(II) ions from homogeneous medium of hydrochloric acid and acetone onto De-Acidite FF anion exchanger were investigated. Both hydrochloric acid and acetone concentrations are important factors that affect the separation process. Effects of decreasing the HCl concentration from 0.2 to 0.04 M, increasing the acetone concentration from 5% to 80% and different acetone concentrations (5-97%) in 0.2M HCl were also studied on the separation of (64,67)Cu(II) from (65)Zn(II). The exchange capacity of Zn(II) on the De-Acidite FF matrix was obtained as 3.8 meq/g and the(64,67)Cu(II) elution efficiency was 92.5% using 20 ml of 0.2M HCl-60% acetone with flow rate of 2 ml/min.The radionuclidic purity and radiochemical purity of the eluted (64,67)Cu(II) were examined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K M El-Azony
- Radioactive Isotopes and Generators Department, Hot Laboratories Centre, Cairo, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Evans CE, Mattock K, Humphries J, Saha P, Ahmad A, Waltham M, Patel A, Modarai B, Porter L, Premaratne S, Smith A. Techniques of assessing hypoxia at the bench and bedside. Angiogenesis 2011; 14:119-24. [PMID: 21327472 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-011-9205-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Tissues require an adequate supply of oxygen in order to maintain normal cell function. Low oxygen tension (hypoxia) is characteristic of a number of conditions, including cancer, atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, critical limb ischaemia, peripheral vascular disease, and ischaemic heart disease. Tissue hypoxia is found in tumours, atherosclerotic plaque, and ischaemic myocardium. There is a growing interest in methods to detect and assess hypoxia, given that hypoxia is important in the progression of these diseases. Hypoxia can be assessed at the level of the whole organ, tissue, or cell, using both invasive and non-invasive methods, and by a range of immunohistochemical, biochemical, or imaging techniques. This review describes and critiques current methods of assessing hypoxia that are used at the bench and in clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C E Evans
- Academic Department of Surgery, St Thomas' Hospital, King's College London, BHF Centre of Research Excellence and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at King's Health Partners, London, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Isozaki M, Kiyono Y, Arai Y, Kudo T, Mori T, Maruyama R, Kikuta KI, Okazawa H. Feasibility of 62Cu-ATSM PET for evaluation of brain ischaemia and misery perfusion in patients with cerebrovascular disease. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2011; 38:1075-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s00259-011-1734-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
35
|
Michalski MH, Chen X. Molecular imaging in cancer treatment. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2010; 38:358-77. [PMID: 20661557 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-010-1569-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2010] [Accepted: 07/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The success of cancer therapy can be difficult to predict, as its efficacy is often predicated upon characteristics of the cancer, treatment, and individual that are not fully understood or are difficult to ascertain. Monitoring the response of disease to treatment is therefore essential and has traditionally been characterized by changes in tumor volume. However, in many instances, this singular measure is insufficient for predicting treatment effects on patient survival. Molecular imaging allows repeated in vivo measurement of many critical molecular features of neoplasm, such as metabolism, proliferation, angiogenesis, hypoxia, and apoptosis, which can be employed for monitoring therapeutic response. In this review, we examine the current methods for evaluating response to treatment and provide an overview of emerging PET molecular imaging methods that will help guide future cancer therapies.
Collapse
|
36
|
Wadas TJ, Wong EH, Weisman GR, Anderson CJ. Coordinating radiometals of copper, gallium, indium, yttrium, and zirconium for PET and SPECT imaging of disease. Chem Rev 2010; 110:2858-902. [PMID: 20415480 PMCID: PMC2874951 DOI: 10.1021/cr900325h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 671] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thaddeus J Wadas
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 S. Kingshighway Blvd., Campus Box 8225 St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Lohith TG, Kudo T, Demura Y, Umeda Y, Kiyono Y, Fujibayashi Y, Okazawa H. Pathophysiologic correlation between 62Cu-ATSM and 18F-FDG in lung cancer. J Nucl Med 2009; 50:1948-53. [PMID: 19910425 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.109.069021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The purpose of this study was to delineate the differences in intratumoral uptake and tracer distribution of (62)Cu-diacetyl-bis(N(4)-methylthiosemicarbazone) ((62)Cu-ATSM), a well-known hypoxic imaging tracer, and (18)F-FDG in patients with lung cancer of pathohistologically different types. METHODS Eight patients with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and 5 with adenocarcinoma underwent (62)Cu-ATSM and (18)F-FDG PET within a 1-wk interval. For (62)Cu-ATSM PET, 10-min static data acquisition was started at 10 min after a 370- to 740-MBq tracer injection. After image reconstruction, (62)Cu-ATSM and (18)F-FDG images were coregistered, and multiple small regions of interest were drawn on tumor lesions of the 2 images to obtain standardized uptake values (SUVs). The regression lines were determined between SUVs for (62)Cu-ATSM and (18)F-FDG in each tumor. The slope values were compared between SCC and adenocarcinoma to observe pathohistologic differences in intratumoral distribution of the tracers. RESULTS SUVs for (62)Cu-ATSM were lower than those for (18)F-FDG in both SCC and adenocarcinoma. SCC tumors showed high (62)Cu-ATSM and low (18)F-FDG uptakes in the peripheral region of tumors but low (62)Cu-ATSM and high (18)F-FDG uptakes toward the center (spatial mismatching). The relationship of SUVs for the 2 tracers was negatively correlated with a mean regression slope of -0.07 +/- 0.05. On the other hand, adenocarcinoma tumors had a spatially similar distribution of (62)Cu-ATSM and (18)F-FDG, with positive regression slopes averaging 0.24 +/- 0.13. The regression slopes for (62)Cu-ATSM and (18)F-FDG differed significantly between SCC and adenocarcinoma (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION The intratumoral distribution patterns of (62)Cu-ATSM and (18)F-FDG were different between SCC and adenocarcinoma in lung cancers, indicating that intratumoral regions of high glucose metabolism and hypoxia could differ with the pathohistologic type of lung cancer. The identification of regional biologic characteristics in tumors such as hypoxia, energy metabolism, and proliferation could play a significant role in the clinical diagnosis and therapy planning for non-small cell lung cancer patients.
Collapse
|
38
|
Fukumura T, Okada K, Szelecsényi F, Kovács Z, Suzuki K. Practical production of 61Cu using natural Co target and its simple purification with a chelating resin for 61Cu-ATSM. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2009. [DOI: 10.1524/ract.92.4.209.35593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Copper-61 (T1/2=3.41 h) produced via the 59Co(α,2n)61Cu nuclear reaction using natural Co target was isolated from the irradiated target by two methods developed here and applied for preparation of (61Cu-ATSM) (61Cu-diacetyl-bis(N4-methylthiosemicarbazone)), known as an imaging agent of hypoxic tissue. A commercially available cobalt disk (thickness: 125 μm) was irradiated with 40 MeV (37.9 MeV on target) α particles, then treated with conc. HNO3, and the 61Cu was separated by two different methods, i.e. a two column method using a cation and an anion exchange column; and a one column method using a column packed with chelating resin, Chelex 100. Both separation methods gave satisfactory results, though the latter method was superior because of the simplicity of the apparatus, the separation procedure and somewhat shorter processing time. Around 1.1 GBq of 61Cu2+ were obtained with >95% yield (decay corrected) from Co target at 10 μA for 1 h irradiation, and with the radionuclidic purity of >98% (EOS). The only radionuclidic impurity in the isolated 61Cu2+ solution was identified to be 60Cu at EOS but no radionuclidic impurity was observed after 50 hours. The solution of 61Cu-ATSM was prepared in >85% radiochemical yield with >95% radiochemical purity.
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
Hypoxia imaging has applications in functional recovery in ischemic events such as stroke and myocardial ischemia, but especially in tumors in which hypoxia can be predictive of treatment response and overall prognosis. Recently there has been development of imaging agents utilizing positron emission tomography for non-invasive imaging of hypoxia. Many of these PET agents have come to the forefront of hypoxia imaging. Halogenated PET nitroimidazole imaging agents labeled with (18)F (t(1/2) = 110 m) and (124)I (t(1/2) = 110 m) have been under investigation for the last 25 years, with radiometal agents ((64)Cu-ATSM) being developed more recently. This review focuses on these positron emission tomography imaging agents for hypoxia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne E. Lapi
- Assistant Professor, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO
| | - Thomas F. Voller
- Research Laboratory Manager, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO
| | - Michael J. Welch
- Professor, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Blower PJ, Went MJ, Martin KE, Smith GE. Imaging hypoxiain vivo by controlling the electrochemistry of copper radionuclide complexes. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.1195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|
41
|
Welch MJ, Laforest R, Lewis JS. Production of non-standard PET radionuclides and the application of radiopharmaceuticals labeled with these nuclides. ERNST SCHERING RESEARCH FOUNDATION WORKSHOP 2006:159-81. [PMID: 17172155 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-49527-7_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The field of positron emission tomography (PET) has expanded dramatically over recent years. In spite of this expansion the large majority of clinical studies are carried out utilizing one radiopharmaceutical-2-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose. Many research groups are developing novel radiopharmaceuticals. A major emphasis is on other agents labeled with 18F. Several other positron emitting radionuclides can be prepared in high yields in small biomedical cyclotrons. Some of these have half-lives that make delivery significantly easier than the delivery of 18F compounds. These radionuclides include: 64Cu (half life 12.7 h), 76Br (half life 16.2 h), 86Y (half life 14.74 h) and 124I (half life 4.2 days). The method of production of these and other 'non-standard' PET radionuclides will be discussed and the method of labeling radiopharmaceuticals with these radionuclides described. Several of these radiopharmaceuticals have been studied in animal models as well and a limited number translated to the human situation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M J Welch
- Department of Radiology, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Burgman P, O'Donoghue JA, Lewis JS, Welch MJ, Humm JL, Ling CC. Cell line-dependent differences in uptake and retention of the hypoxia-selective nuclear imaging agent Cu-ATSM. Nucl Med Biol 2006; 32:623-30. [PMID: 16026709 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2005.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2004] [Revised: 05/04/2005] [Accepted: 05/05/2005] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cu-diacetyl-bis(N(4)-methylthiosemicarbazone) [Cu-ATSM] is a potential marker for tumor hypoxia that has been under evaluation for clinical use. In this study, we examined the mechanisms underlying the uptake of (64)Cu in cells incubated with (64)Cu-ATSM. METHODS The in vitro uptake of (64)Cu was determined as a function of oxygenation conditions and incubation time with (64)Cu-ATSM using four and two tumor cell lines of human origin and rodent origin, respectively. Additionally, the rate of (64)Cu efflux and Cu-ATSM metabolism was determined. RESULTS (64)Cu accumulation is rapid during the first 0.5-1 h of incubation. It is highest in anoxic cells but is also significant in normoxic cells. After this initial period, the level of intracellular (64)Cu varies depending on the cell line and the oxygenation conditions and, in some circumstances, may decrease. During the first 0.5-1 h, the ratio of (64)Cu levels between anoxic and normoxic cells is approximately 2:10 and that between hypoxic (0.5% O(2)) and normoxic cells is approximately 1:2.5, depending on the cell line. These ratios generally decrease at longer times. The (64)Cu-ATSM compound was found to be metabolized during incubation in a manner dependent on oxygenation conditions. Within 2 h under anoxic conditions, (64)Cu-ATSM could no longer be detected, although 60-90% of the amount of (64)Cu added as (64)Cu-ATSM was present in the medium. Non-ATSM (64)Cu was taken up by the cells, albeit at a much slower rate. Efflux rates of (64)Cu were found to be cell line dependent and appeared to be inversely correlated with the final (64)Cu uptake levels under anoxic conditions. CONCLUSION The uptake and retention of (64)Cu and their relation to oxygenation conditions were found to be cell line dependent. Given the complexities in the oxygen dependence and cell line-dependent kinetics of uptake and retention of Cu following exposure to Cu-ATSM, the clinical utility of this compound may be disease site specific.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Burgman
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Obata A, Yoshimoto M, Kasamatsu S, Naiki H, Takamatsu S, Kashikura K, Furukawa T, Lewis JS, Welch MJ, Saji H, Yonekura Y, Fujibayashi Y. Intra-tumoral distribution of (64)Cu-ATSM: a comparison study with FDG. Nucl Med Biol 2003; 30:529-34. [PMID: 12831991 DOI: 10.1016/s0969-8051(03)00047-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
(64)Cu-labeled diacetyl-bis(N(4)-methylthiosemicarbazone) ((64)Cu-ATSM) is a promising agent for internal radiation therapy and imaging of hypoxic tissues. In the present study, the intra-tumoral distribution of (64)Cu-ATSM was investigated by comparing it to that of [(18)F]FDG and histological findings. VX2 tumors were implanted into Japanese white rabbits subcutaneously. (64)Cu-ATSM and [(18)F]FDG were co-injected intravenously and the tumor was dissected and cut into 1 mm thick slices 1 h after the injection. The uptake of (64)Cu-ATSM and [(18)F]FDG was measured using a dual-tracer autoradiographic technique. Histological cell biology was estimated from the optical microscopy of tumor sections. The major accumulation of (64)Cu-ATSM was observed around the outer rim of the tumor masses which consisted mainly of active cells and expected to be hypoxic. [(18)F]FDG was distributed more widely with highest levels in the inner regions where pre-necrotic cells were mainly observed. (64)Cu-ATSM appears to be useful for the detection of hypoxic but active tumor cell regions in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Obata
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo, 606-8151 Kyoto, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
|
45
|
Obata A, Yoshimi E, Waki A, Lewis JS, Oyama N, Welch MJ, Saji H, Yonekura Y, Fujibayashi Y. Retention mechanism of hypoxia selective nuclear imaging/radiotherapeutic agent cu-diacetyl-bis(N4-methylthiosemicarbazone) (Cu-ATSM) in tumor cells. Ann Nucl Med 2001; 15:499-504. [PMID: 11831397 DOI: 10.1007/bf02988502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The retention mechanism of the novel imaging/radiotherapeutic agent, Cu-diacetyl-bis(N4-methylthiosemicarbazone) (Cu-ATSM) in tumor cells was clarified in comparison with that in normal tissue in vitro. With Cu-ATSM and reversed phase HPLC analysis, the reductive metabolism of Cu-ATSM in subcellular fractions obtained from Ehrlich ascites tumor cells was examined. As a reference, mouse brain was used. To determine the contribution of enzymes in the retention mechanisms, and specific inhibitor studies were performed. In subcellular fractions of tumor cells, Cu-ATSM was reduced mainly in the microsome/cytosol fraction rather than in the mitochondria. This finding was completely different from that found in normal brain cells. The reduction process in the microsome/cytosol was heat-sensitive and enhanced by adding exogenous NAD(P)H, an indication of enzymatic reduction of Cu-ATSM in tumor cells. Among the known bioreductive enzymes, NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase and NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase in microsome played a major role in the reductive retention of Cu-ATSM in tumors. This enzymatic reduction was enhanced by the induction of hypoxia. Radiocopper labeled Cu-ATSM provides useful information for the detection of hypoxia as well as the microsomal bioreductive enzyme expression in tumor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Obata
- Biomedical Imaging Research Center, Fukui Medical University, Matsuoka, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|