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Salvati KA, Ritger ML, Davoudian PA, O’Dell F, Wyskiel DR, Souza GMPR, Lu AC, Perez-Reyes E, Drake JC, Yan Z, Beenhakker MP. OUP accepted manuscript. Brain 2022; 145:2332-2346. [PMID: 35134125 PMCID: PMC9337815 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolism regulates neuronal activity and modulates the occurrence of epileptic seizures. Here, using two rodent models of absence epilepsy, we show that hypoglycaemia increases the occurrence of spike-wave seizures. We then show that selectively disrupting glycolysis in the thalamus, a structure implicated in absence epilepsy, is sufficient to increase spike-wave seizures. We propose that activation of thalamic AMP-activated protein kinase, a sensor of cellular energetic stress and potentiator of metabotropic GABAB-receptor function, is a significant driver of hypoglycaemia-induced spike-wave seizures. We show that AMP-activated protein kinase augments postsynaptic GABAB-receptor-mediated currents in thalamocortical neurons and strengthens epileptiform network activity evoked in thalamic brain slices. Selective thalamic AMP-activated protein kinase activation also increases spike-wave seizures. Finally, systemic administration of metformin, an AMP-activated protein kinase agonist and common diabetes treatment, profoundly increased spike-wave seizures. These results advance the decades-old observation that glucose metabolism regulates thalamocortical circuit excitability by demonstrating that AMP-activated protein kinase and GABAB-receptor cooperativity is sufficient to provoke spike-wave seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A Salvati
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Epilepsy Research Laboratory and Weil Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Matthew L Ritger
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Pasha A Davoudian
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- MD-PhD Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Finnegan O’Dell
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Daniel R Wyskiel
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - George M P R Souza
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Adam C Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Edward Perez-Reyes
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Joshua C Drake
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- The Robert M. Berne Center for Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Zhen Yan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- The Robert M. Berne Center for Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Mark P Beenhakker
- Correspondence to: Mark P. Beenhakker Department of Pharmacology University of Virginia School of Medicine Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA E-mail:
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Mariani CL, Nye CJ, Ruterbories L, Tokarz DA, Green L, Lau J, Zidan N, Early PJ, Muñana KR, Olby NJ, Lee CS, Guevar J. Cerebrospinal fluid lactate concentrations in dogs with seizure disorders. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:2562-2570. [PMID: 33135819 PMCID: PMC7694838 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) lactate concentrations increase after seizure activity in many human patients independent of the underlying disease process. The effect of seizure activity on CSF lactate concentration in dogs is unknown. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES Cerebrospinal fluid lactate concentration is unaffected by seizure activity in dogs and is more dependent on the underlying disease process causing the seizures. ANIMALS One-hundred eighteen client-owned dogs with seizure disorders. METHODS Case series. Cerebrospinal fluid lactate concentration was determined using a commercially available lactate monitor. Seizure semiology, time from last seizure to CSF collection, number of seizures within the 72 hours preceding CSF collection, and clinical diagnosis were recorded. RESULTS Dogs with focal seizures had higher CSF lactate concentrations than did those with generalized seizures (P = .03). No differences in lactate concentrations were found among dogs with single seizures, cluster seizures or status epilepticus (P = .12), among dogs with CSF collection at different time points after the last seizure activity (P = .39) or among dogs having different numbers of seizures within the 72 hours preceding CSF collection (P = .42). A significant difference (P = .001) was found in CSF lactate concentrations among diagnostic groups, and dogs with inflammatory and neoplastic disease had higher concentrations than did dogs with idiopathic or unknown epilepsy. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Cerebrospinal fluid lactate concentration is minimally affected by seizure activity in dogs and increased concentrations are more likely associated with the underlying disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L Mariani
- Comparative Neuroimmunology and Neuro-oncology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.,Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Carolyn J Nye
- Comparative Neuroimmunology and Neuro-oncology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Laura Ruterbories
- Comparative Neuroimmunology and Neuro-oncology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Debra A Tokarz
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lauren Green
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jeanie Lau
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Natalia Zidan
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Peter J Early
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.,Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Karen R Muñana
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.,Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Natasha J Olby
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.,Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Chun-Sheng Lee
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Julien Guevar
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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Bifidobacterium adolescentis as a key member of the human gut microbiota in the production of GABA. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14112. [PMID: 32839473 PMCID: PMC7445748 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70986-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the principal inhibitory neurotransmitter playing a key role in anxiety and depression disorders in mammals. Recent studies revealed that members of the gut microbiota are able to produce GABA modulating the gut–brain axis response. Among members of the human gut microbiota, bifidobacteria are well known to establish many metabolic and physiologic interactions with the host. In this study, we performed genome analyses of more than 1,000 bifidobacterial strains publicly available revealing that Bifidobacterium adolescentis taxon might represent a model GABA producer in human gastrointestinal tract. Moreover, the in silico screening of human/animal metagenomic datasets showed an intriguing association/correlation between B. adolescentis load and mental disorders such as depression and anxiety. Interestingly, in vitro screening of 82 B. adolescentis strains allowed identifying two high GABA producers, i.e. B. adolescentis PRL2019 and B. adolescentis HD17T2H, which were employed in an in vivo trial in rats. Feeding Groningen rats with a supplementation of B. adolescentis strains, confirmed the ability of these microorganisms to stimulate the in vivo production of GABA highlighting their potential implication in gut–brain axis interactions.
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Oses JP, Müller AP, Strogulski NR, Moreira JD, Böhmer AE, Hansel G, Carteri RB, Busnello JV, Kopczynski A, Rodolphi MS, Souza DO, Portela LV. Sustained elevation of cerebrospinal fluid glucose and lactate after a single seizure does not parallel with mitochondria energy production. Epilepsy Res 2019; 152:35-41. [PMID: 30875635 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Generalized seizures trigger excessive neuronal firing that imposes large demands on the brain glucose/lactate availability and utilization, which synchronization requires an integral mitochondrial oxidative capability. We investigated whether a single convulsive crisis affects brain glucose/lactate availability and mitochondrial energy production. Adult male Wistar rats received a single injection of pentylentetrazol (PTZ, 60 mg/kg, i.p.) or saline. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of glucose and lactate, mitochondrial respirometry, [14C]-2-deoxy-D-glucose uptake, glycogen content and cell viability in hippocampus were measured. CSF levels of glucose and lactate (mean ± SD) in control animals were 68.08 ± 11.62 mg/dL and 1.17 ± 0.32 mmol/L, respectively. Tonic-clonic seizures increased glucose levels at 10 min (96.25 ± 13.19) peaking at 60 min (113.03 ± 16.34) returning to control levels at 24 h (50.12 ± 12.81), while lactate increased at 10 min (3.23 ± 1.57) but returned to control levels at 360 min after seizures (1.58 ± 0.21). The hippocampal [14C]-2-deoxy-D-glucose uptake, glycogen content, and cell viability decreased up to 60 min after the seizures onset. Also, an uncoupling between mitochondrial oxygen consumption and ATP synthesis via FoF1-ATP synthase was observed at 10 min, 60 min and 24 h after seizures. In summary, after a convulsive seizure glucose and lactate levels immediately rise within the brain, however, considering the acute impact of this metabolic crisis, mitochondria are not able to increase energy production thereby affecting cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Pierre Oses
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Bioquímica, Laboratório de Neurotrauma e Biomarcadores, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Pastoris Müller
- Unidade de Ciências da Saúde, Laboratório de Bioquímica e Fisiologia do Exercício Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense-UNESC, Av. Universitária, 1105 - Bairro Universitário, CEP 88806-000, Criciúma, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Nathan Ryzewski Strogulski
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Bioquímica, Laboratório de Neurotrauma e Biomarcadores, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Julia D Moreira
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Bioquímica, Laboratório de Neurotrauma e Biomarcadores, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Departamento de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Ana Elisa Böhmer
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Bioquímica, Laboratório de Neurotrauma e Biomarcadores, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Gisele Hansel
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Bioquímica, Laboratório de Neurotrauma e Biomarcadores, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Randhall Bruce Carteri
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Bioquímica, Laboratório de Neurotrauma e Biomarcadores, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - João Vicente Busnello
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Afonso Kopczynski
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Bioquímica, Laboratório de Neurotrauma e Biomarcadores, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Salimen Rodolphi
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Bioquímica, Laboratório de Neurotrauma e Biomarcadores, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Diogo Onofre Souza
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Bioquímica, Laboratório de Neurotrauma e Biomarcadores, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Luis Valmor Portela
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Bioquímica, Laboratório de Neurotrauma e Biomarcadores, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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5
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Abstract
Glucose is the long-established, obligatory fuel for brain that fulfills many critical functions, including ATP production, oxidative stress management, and synthesis of neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, and structural components. Neuronal glucose oxidation exceeds that in astrocytes, but both rates increase in direct proportion to excitatory neurotransmission; signaling and metabolism are closely coupled at the local level. Exact details of neuron-astrocyte glutamate-glutamine cycling remain to be established, and the specific roles of glucose and lactate in the cellular energetics of these processes are debated. Glycolysis is preferentially upregulated during brain activation even though oxygen availability is sufficient (aerobic glycolysis). Three major pathways, glycolysis, pentose phosphate shunt, and glycogen turnover, contribute to utilization of glucose in excess of oxygen, and adrenergic regulation of aerobic glycolysis draws attention to astrocytic metabolism, particularly glycogen turnover, which has a high impact on the oxygen-carbohydrate mismatch. Aerobic glycolysis is proposed to be predominant in young children and specific brain regions, but re-evaluation of data is necessary. Shuttling of glucose- and glycogen-derived lactate from astrocytes to neurons during activation, neurotransmission, and memory consolidation are controversial topics for which alternative mechanisms are proposed. Nutritional therapy and vagus nerve stimulation are translational bridges from metabolism to clinical treatment of diverse brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald A Dienel
- Department of Neurology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock, Arkansas ; and Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico , Albuquerque, New Mexico
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6
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Jin C, Gao L, Li Y, Wu S, Lu X, Yang J, Cai Y. Lanthanum damages learning and memory and suppresses astrocyte–neuron lactate shuttle in rat hippocampus. Exp Brain Res 2017; 235:3817-3832. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-017-5102-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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7
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Kaczor PT, Mozrzymas JW. Key Metabolic Enzymes Underlying Astrocytic Upregulation of GABAergic Plasticity. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:144. [PMID: 28559800 PMCID: PMC5432623 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
GABAergic plasticity is recognized as a key mechanism of shaping the activity of the neuronal networks. However, its description is challenging because of numerous neuron-specific mechanisms. In particular, while essential role of glial cells in the excitatory plasticity is well established, their involvement in GABAergic plasticity only starts to emerge. To address this problem, we used two models: neuronal cell culture (NC) and astrocyte-neuronal co-culture (ANCC), where we chemically induced long-term potentiation at inhibitory synapses (iLTP). iLTP could be induced both in NC and ANCC but in ANCC its extent was larger. Importantly, this functional iLTP manifestation was accompanied by an increase in gephyrin puncta size. Furthermore, blocking astrocyte Krebs cycle with fluoroacetate (FA) in ANCC prevented enhancement of both mIPSC amplitude and gephyrin puncta size but this effect was not observed in NC, indicating a key role in neuron-astrocyte cross-talk. Blockade of monocarboxylate transport with α-Cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (4CIN) abolished iLTP both in NC and ANCC and in the latter model prevented also enlargement of gephyrin puncta. Similarly, blockade of glycogen phosphorylase with BAYU6751 prevented enlargement of gephyrin puncta upon iLTP induction. Finally, block of glutamine synthetase with methionine sulfoxide (MSO) nearly abolished mIPSC increase in both NMDA stimulated cell groups but did not prevent enlargement of gephyrin puncta. In conclusion, we provide further evidence that GABAergic plasticity is strongly regulated by astrocytes and the underlying mechanisms involve key metabolic enzymes. Considering the strategic role of GABAergic interneurons, the plasticity described here indicates possible mechanism whereby metabolism regulates the network activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Przemysław T Kaczor
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Neurobiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of WrocławWrocław, Poland
| | - Jerzy W Mozrzymas
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Neurobiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of WrocławWrocław, Poland.,Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Biophysics, Wrocław Medical UniversityWrocław, Poland
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8
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Winkler U, Seim P, Enzbrenner Y, Köhler S, Sicker M, Hirrlinger J. Activity-dependent modulation of intracellular ATP in cultured cortical astrocytes. J Neurosci Res 2017; 95:2172-2181. [PMID: 28151554 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Brain function is absolutely dependent on an appropriate supply of energy. A shortfall in supply-as occurs, for instance, following stroke-can lead rapidly to irreversible damage to this vital organ. While the consequences of pathophysiological energy depletion have been well documented, much less is known about the physiological energy dynamics of brain cells, although changes in the intracellular concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the major energy carrier of cells, have been postulated to contribute to cellular signaling. To address this issue more closely, we have investigated intracellular ATP in cultured primary cortical astrocytes by time-lapse microscopy using a genetically encoded fluorescent sensor for ATP. The cytosolic ATP sensor signal decreased after application of the neurotransmitter glutamate in a manner dependent on both glutamate concentration and glutamate transporter activity, but independent of glutamate receptors. The application of dopamine did not affect ATP levels within astrocytes. These results confirm that intracellular ATP levels in astrocytes do indeed respond to changes in physiological activity and pave the way for further studies addressing factors that affect regulation of ATP. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Winkler
- Carl-Ludwig-Institute for Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Pauline Seim
- Carl-Ludwig-Institute for Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Yvonne Enzbrenner
- Carl-Ludwig-Institute for Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Susanne Köhler
- Carl-Ludwig-Institute for Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marit Sicker
- Carl-Ludwig-Institute for Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Johannes Hirrlinger
- Carl-Ludwig-Institute for Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
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9
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Dexamethasone Alters the Appetite Regulation via Induction of Hypothalamic Insulin Resistance in Rat Brain. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:7483-7496. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0251-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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10
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Parthenolide, an NF-κB Inhibitor Ameliorates Diabetes-Induced Behavioural Deficit, Neurotransmitter Imbalance and Neuroinflammation in Type 2 Diabetes Rat Model. Neuromolecular Med 2016; 19:101-112. [PMID: 27553015 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-016-8434-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is associated with behavioural and neurochemical alterations. In this manuscript, we are reporting the beneficial effects of parthenolide, an NF-κB inhibitor on behavioural and neurochemical deficits in type 2 diabetic rat model. Diabetes was induced by high-fat diet followed by low dose of streptozotocin (35 mg/kg). Elevated plus maze, open-field, MWM and passive avoidance test paradigm were used to assess behavioural and cognitive deficits. Three-week treatment of parthenolide (0.25 and 0.50 mg/kg; i.p.) attenuated diabetes-induced alteration in cognitive function in Morris water maze and passive avoidance test. Anxiety-like behaviour was also reduced by parthenolide treatment. Moreover, TNF-α and IL-6 levels were significantly decreased in cortex and hippocampus of parthenolide-treated rats. Three-week parthenolide treatment also toned down the alteration of GABA and glutamate homoeostasis. Results of this study corroborate the involvement of neuroinflammation in the development of behavioural and neurochemical deficits in diabetic animals and point towards the therapeutic potential of parthenolide in diabetes-induced alteration of learning, memory and anxiety behaviour.
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11
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Zhang Y, Xue Y, Meng S, Luo Y, Liang J, Li J, Ai S, Sun C, Shen H, Zhu W, Wu P, Lu L, Shi J. Inhibition of Lactate Transport Erases Drug Memory and Prevents Drug Relapse. Biol Psychiatry 2016; 79:928-39. [PMID: 26293178 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drug memories that associate drug-paired stimuli with the effects of abused drugs contribute to relapse. Exposure to drug-associated contexts causes consolidated drug memories to be in a labile state, during which manipulations can be given to impair drug memories. Although substantial evidence demonstrates the crucial role of neuronal signaling in addiction, little is known about the contribution of astrocyte-neuron communication. METHODS Rats were trained for cocaine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) or self-administration and microinjected with the glycogen phosphorylation inhibitor 1,4-dideoxy-1,4-imino-D-arabinitol into the basolateral amygdala (BLA) immediately after retrieval. The concentration of lactate was measured immediately after retrieval via microdialysis, and the CPP score and number of nosepokes were recorded 24 hours later. Furthermore, we used antisense oligodeoxynucleotides to disrupt the expression of astrocytic lactate transporters (monocarboxylate transporters 1 and 2) in the BLA after retrieval, tested the expression of CPP 1 day later, and injected L-lactate into the BLA 15 minutes before retrieval to rescue the effects of the oligodeoxynucleotides. RESULTS Injection of 1,4-dideoxy-1,4-imino-D-arabinitol into the BLA immediately after retrieval prevented the subsequent expression of cocaine-induced CPP, decreased the concentration of lactate in the BLA, and reduced the number of nosepokes for cocaine self-administration. Disrupting the expression of monocarboxylate transporters 1 and 2 in the BLA also caused subsequent deficits in the expression of cocaine-induced CPP, which was rescued by pretreatment with L-lactate. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that astrocyte-neuron lactate transport in the BLA is critical for the reconsolidation of cocaine memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory on Drug Dependence Research, Beijing, China
| | - Yanxue Xue
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory on Drug Dependence Research, Beijing, China
| | - Shiqiu Meng
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory on Drug Dependence Research, Beijing, China
| | - Yixiao Luo
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory on Drug Dependence Research, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Liang
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory on Drug Dependence Research, Beijing, China
| | - Jiali Li
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory on Drug Dependence Research, Beijing, China
| | - Sizhi Ai
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory on Drug Dependence Research, Beijing, China
| | - Chengyu Sun
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory on Drug Dependence Research, Beijing, China
| | - Haowei Shen
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory on Drug Dependence Research, Beijing, China
| | - Weili Zhu
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory on Drug Dependence Research, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Wu
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory on Drug Dependence Research, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Lu
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory on Drug Dependence Research, Beijing, China; Institute of Mental Health/Peking University Sixth Hospital and Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Beijing, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and Peking University-International Data Group/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Shi
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory on Drug Dependence Research, Beijing, China.
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12
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Chowen JA, Argente-Arizón P, Freire-Regatillo A, Frago LM, Horvath TL, Argente J. The role of astrocytes in the hypothalamic response and adaptation to metabolic signals. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 144:68-87. [PMID: 27000556 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamus is crucial in the regulation of homeostatic functions in mammals, with the disruption of hypothalamic circuits contributing to chronic conditions such as obesity, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and infertility. Metabolic signals and hormonal inputs drive functional and morphological changes in the hypothalamus in attempt to maintain metabolic homeostasis. However, the dramatic increase in the incidence of obesity and its secondary complications, such as type 2 diabetes, have evidenced the need to better understand how this system functions and how it can go awry. Growing evidence points to a critical role of astrocytes in orchestrating the hypothalamic response to metabolic cues by participating in processes of synaptic transmission, synaptic plasticity and nutrient sensing. These glial cells express receptors for important metabolic signals, such as the anorexigenic hormone leptin, and determine the type and quantity of nutrients reaching their neighboring neurons. Understanding the mechanisms by which astrocytes participate in hypothalamic adaptations to changes in dietary and metabolic signals is fundamental for understanding the neuroendocrine control of metabolism and key in the search for adequate treatments of metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Chowen
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación la Princesa, CIBER de Obesidad Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN). Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Pilar Argente-Arizón
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación la Princesa, CIBER de Obesidad Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN). Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandra Freire-Regatillo
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación la Princesa, CIBER de Obesidad Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN). Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura M Frago
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación la Princesa, CIBER de Obesidad Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN). Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tamas L Horvath
- Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Jesús Argente
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación la Princesa, CIBER de Obesidad Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN). Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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13
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Juhász C, Hu J, Xuan Y, Chugani HT. Imaging increased glutamate in children with Sturge-Weber syndrome: Association with epilepsy severity. Epilepsy Res 2016; 122:66-72. [PMID: 26970949 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sturge-Weber syndrome (SWS) is strongly associated with epilepsy. Brain tissue studies have suggested that epileptic activity in SWS is driven by glutamatergic synaptic activity. Here, we used proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) to test if glutamate (GLU) concentrations are increased in the affected hemisphere and if such increases are associated with severity of epilepsy in children with SWS. We also studied the metabolic correlates of MRSI abnormalities, using glucose positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. METHODS 3T MRI and glucose PET were performed in 10 children (age: 7-78 months) with unilateral SWS and a history of epilepsy. MRSI data were acquired from the affected (ipsilateral) and non-affected (contralateral) hemispheres. GLU, N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA) and creatine (Cr) were quantified in multiple voxels; GLU/Cr and NAA/Cr ratios were calculated and compared to seizure frequency as well as glucose PET findings. RESULTS The highest GLU/Cr ratios were found in the affected hemisphere in all children except one with severe atrophy. The maximum ipsilateral/contralateral GLU/Cr ratios ranged between 1.0 and 2.5 (mean: 1.6). Mean ipsilateral/contralateral GLU/Cr ratios were highest in the youngest children and showed a strong positive correlation with clinical seizure frequency scores assessed at the time of the scan (r=0.88, p=0.001) and also at follow-up (up to 1 year, r=0.80, p=0.009). GLU increases in the affected hemisphere coincided with areas showing current or previous increases of glucose metabolism on PET in 5 children. NAA/Cr ratios showed no association with clinical seizure frequency. CONCLUSIONS Increased glutamate concentrations in the affected hemisphere, measured by MRSI, are common in young children with unilateral SWS and are associated with frequent seizures. The findings lend support to the role of excess glutamate in SWS-associated epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Juhász
- Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, 3901 Beaubien St., Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Department of Neurology, Wayne State University, 3990 John R. St., Detroit, MI 48201, USA; PET Center and Translational Imaging Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Michigan, 3901 Beaubien St., Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
| | - Jiani Hu
- Department of Radiology, Harper University Hospital, 3990 John R. St., Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Yang Xuan
- Department of Radiology, Harper University Hospital, 3990 John R. St., Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Harry T Chugani
- Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, 3901 Beaubien St., Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Department of Neurology, Wayne State University, 3990 John R. St., Detroit, MI 48201, USA; PET Center and Translational Imaging Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Michigan, 3901 Beaubien St., Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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14
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Preferential reduction of synaptic efficacy in the dentate gyrus of hippocampal slices from aged rats during reduced glucose availability. Neuroscience 2015; 307:262-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.08.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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15
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Olsen GM, Sonnewald U. Glutamate: Where does it come from and where does it go? Neurochem Int 2015; 88:47-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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16
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Cuevas C, Huenchuguala S, Muñoz P, Villa M, Paris I, Mannervik B, Segura-Aguilar J. Glutathione transferase-M2-2 secreted from glioblastoma cell protects SH-SY5Y cells from aminochrome neurotoxicity. Neurotox Res 2014; 27:217-28. [PMID: 25403520 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-014-9500-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
U373MG cells are able to take up aminochrome that induces glutathione transferase M2-2 (GSTM2) expression in a concentration-dependent manner where 100 µM aminochrome increases GSTM2 expression by 2.1-fold (P < 0.001) at 3 h. The uptake of (3)H-aminochrome into U373MG cells was significantly reduced in the presence of 2 µM nomifensine (P < 0.001) 100 µM imipramine (P < 0.001) and 50 mM dopamine (P < 0.001). Interestingly, U373MG cells excrete GSTM2 into the conditioned medium and the excretion was significantly increased (2.7-fold; P < 0.001) when the cells were pretreated with 50 µM aminochrome for 3 h. The U373MG-conditioned medium containing GSTM2 protects SH-SY5Y cells incubated with 10 µM aminochrome. The significant protection provided by U373MG-conditioned medium in SH-SY5Y cells incubated with aminochrome was dependent on GSTM2 internalization into SH-SY5Y cells as evidenced by (i) uptake of (14)C-GSTM2 released from U373MG cells into SH-SY5Y cells, a process inhibited by anti-GSTM2 antiserum; (ii) lack of protection of U373MG-conditioned medium in the presence of anti-GSTM2 antiserum on SH-SY5Y cells treated with aminochrome; and (iii) lack of protection of conditioned medium from U373MGsiGST6 that expresses an siRNA directed against GSTM2 on SH-SY5Y cells treated with aminochrome. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that U373MG cells protect SH-SY5Y cells against aminochrome neurotoxicity by releasing GSTM2 into the conditioned medium and subsequent internalization of GSTM2 into SH-SY5Y cells. These results suggest a new mechanism of protection of dopaminergic neurons mediated by astrocytes by releasing GSTM2 into the intersynaptic space and subsequent internalization into dopaminergic neuron in order to protect these cells against aminochrome neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Cuevas
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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17
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Huenchuguala S, Muñoz P, Zavala P, Villa M, Cuevas C, Ahumada U, Graumann R, Nore BF, Couve E, Mannervik B, Paris I, Segura-Aguilar J. Glutathione transferase mu 2 protects glioblastoma cells against aminochrome toxicity by preventing autophagy and lysosome dysfunction. Autophagy 2014; 10:618-30. [PMID: 24434817 DOI: 10.4161/auto.27720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
U373MG cells constitutively express glutathione S-transferase mu 2 (GSTM2) and exhibit (3)H-dopamine uptake, which is inhibited by 2 µM of nomifensine and 15 µM of estradiol. We generated a stable cell line (U373MGsiGST6) expressing an siRNA against GSTM2 that resulted in low GSTM2 expression (26% of wild-type U373MG cells). A significant increase in cell death was observed when U373MGsiGST6 cells were incubated with 50 µM purified aminochrome (18-fold increase) compared with wild-type cells. The incubation of U373MGsiGST6 cells with 75 µM aminochrome resulted in the formation of autophagic vacuoles containing undigested cellular components, as determined using transmission electron microscopy. A significant increase in autophagosomes was determined by measuring endogenous LC3-II, a significant decrease in cell death was observed in the presence of bafilomycin A 1, and a significant increase in cell death was observed in the presence of trehalose. A significant increase in LAMP2 immunostaining was observed, a significant decrease in bright red fluorescence of lysosomes with acridine orange was observed, and bafilomycin A 1 pretreatment reduced the loss of lysosome acidity. A significant increase in cell death was observed in the presence of lysosomal protease inhibitors. Aggregation of TUBA/α-tubulin (tubulin, α) and SQSTM1 protein accumulation were also observed. Moreover, a significant increase in the number of lipids droplets was observed compared with U373MG cells with normal expression of GSTM2. These results support the notion that GSTM2 is a protective enzyme against aminochrome toxicity in astrocytes and that aminochrome cell death in U373MGsiGST6 cells involves autophagic-lysosomal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Huenchuguala
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology; ICBM-Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas; Faculty of Medicine; University of Chile; Santiago, Chile
| | - Patricia Muñoz
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology; ICBM-Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas; Faculty of Medicine; University of Chile; Santiago, Chile
| | - Patricio Zavala
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology; ICBM-Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas; Faculty of Medicine; University of Chile; Santiago, Chile
| | - Mónica Villa
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology; ICBM-Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas; Faculty of Medicine; University of Chile; Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos Cuevas
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology; ICBM-Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas; Faculty of Medicine; University of Chile; Santiago, Chile
| | - Ulises Ahumada
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology; ICBM-Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas; Faculty of Medicine; University of Chile; Santiago, Chile
| | - Rebecca Graumann
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology; ICBM-Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas; Faculty of Medicine; University of Chile; Santiago, Chile
| | - Beston F Nore
- Laboratory of Medicine; Clinical Research Center-Novum; Karolinska Institutet; Sweden; Department of Medical Biochemistry; School of Medicine; Faculty of Medical Sciences; University of Sulaimani; Ministry of Higher Education and Research; Kurdistan Regional Government; Iraq
| | - Eduardo Couve
- Department of Biology and Environmental sciences; University of Valparaiso; Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Bengt Mannervik
- Department of Neurochemistry; Stockholm University; Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Irmgard Paris
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology; ICBM-Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas; Faculty of Medicine; University of Chile; Santiago, Chile; Department of Basic Sciences; Santo Tomas University; Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Juan Segura-Aguilar
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology; ICBM-Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas; Faculty of Medicine; University of Chile; Santiago, Chile
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Rivera-Angulo AJ, Peña-Ortega F. Isocitrate supplementation promotes breathing generation, gasping, and autoresuscitation in neonatal mice. J Neurosci Res 2013; 92:375-88. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana-Julia Rivera-Angulo
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología; Instituto de Neurobiología; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México-Campus Juriquilla; Querétaro México
| | - Fernando Peña-Ortega
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología; Instituto de Neurobiología; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México-Campus Juriquilla; Querétaro México
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19
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Pre-symptomatic activation of antioxidant responses and alterations in glucose and pyruvate metabolism in Niemann-Pick Type C1-deficient murine brain. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82685. [PMID: 24367541 PMCID: PMC3867386 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Niemann-Pick Type C (NPC) disease is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder caused in most cases by mutations in the NPC1 gene. NPC1-deficiency is characterized by late endosomal accumulation of cholesterol, impaired cholesterol homeostasis, and a broad range of other cellular abnormalities. Although neuronal abnormalities and glial activation are observed in nearly all areas of the brain, the most severe consequence of NPC1-deficiency is a near complete loss of Purkinje neurons in the cerebellum. The link between cholesterol trafficking and NPC pathogenesis is not yet clear; however, increased oxidative stress in symptomatic NPC disease, increases in mitochondrial cholesterol, and alterations in autophagy/mitophagy suggest that mitochondria play a role in NPC disease pathology. Alterations in mitochondrial function affect energy and neurotransmitter metabolism, and are particularly harmful to the central nervous system. To investigate early metabolic alterations that could affect NPC disease progression, we performed metabolomics analyses of different brain regions from age-matched wildtype and Npc1-/- mice at pre-symptomatic, early symptomatic and late stage disease by 1H-NMR spectroscopy. Metabolic profiling revealed markedly increased lactate and decreased acetate/acetyl-CoA levels in Npc1-/- cerebellum and cerebral cortex at all ages. Protein and gene expression analyses indicated a pre-symptomatic deficiency in the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA, and an upregulation of glycolytic gene expression at the early symptomatic stage. We also observed a pre-symptomatic increase in several indicators of oxidative stress and antioxidant response systems in Npc1-/- cerebellum. Our findings suggest that energy metabolism and oxidative stress may present additional therapeutic targets in NPC disease, especially if intervention can be started at an early stage of the disease.
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20
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Microperfusion of 3-MPA into the brain augments GABA. Epilepsy Behav 2013; 29:478-84. [PMID: 24094842 PMCID: PMC3939839 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2013.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 08/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In vivo effects of microperfusion of a GABA synthesis inhibitor (3-MPA) into the striatum and hippocampus on amino acid concentrations and electrical neuronal activity were investigated. Paradoxical elevations in GABA in the striatum (5-fold in anesthetized and 50-fold in awake rats) and hippocampus (2-fold in anesthetized and 15-fold in awake rats) were documented under steady-state concentrations of 3-MPA along with expected increases in glutamate (a 15-fold increase and a 250-fold increase in the striatum of anesthetized and awake rats, respectively; a 7-fold increase and a 25-fold increase in the hippocampus of anesthetized and awake rats, respectively). There was no clear epileptiform or seizure activity. Explanations for the paradoxical increase in GABA are offered, and emphasis is placed on the dependency of disinhibition on the model in which its effects are studied as well as on the prevailing level of activation of the probed network.
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21
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Abstract
Metabolic signals are used for imaging and spectroscopic studies of brain function and disease and to elucidate the cellular basis of neuroenergetics. The major fuel for activated neurons and the models for neuron–astrocyte interactions have been controversial because discordant results are obtained in different experimental systems, some of which do not correspond to adult brain. In rats, the infrastructure to support the high energetic demands of adult brain is acquired during postnatal development and matures after weaning. The brain's capacity to supply and metabolize glucose and oxygen exceeds demand over a wide range of rates, and the hyperaemic response to functional activation is rapid. Oxidative metabolism provides most ATP, but glycolysis is frequently preferentially up-regulated during activation. Underestimation of glucose utilization rates with labelled glucose arises from increased lactate production, lactate diffusion via transporters and astrocytic gap junctions, and lactate release to blood and perivascular drainage. Increased pentose shunt pathway flux also causes label loss from C1 of glucose. Glucose analogues are used to assay cellular activities, but interpretation of results is uncertain due to insufficient characterization of transport and phosphorylation kinetics. Brain activation in subjects with low blood-lactate levels causes a brain-to-blood lactate gradient, with rapid lactate release. In contrast, lactate flooding of brain during physical activity or infusion provides an opportunistic, supplemental fuel. Available evidence indicates that lactate shuttling coupled to its local oxidation during activation is a small fraction of glucose oxidation. Developmental, experimental, and physiological context is critical for interpretation of metabolic studies in terms of theoretical models.
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22
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Obel LF, Müller MS, Walls AB, Sickmann HM, Bak LK, Waagepetersen HS, Schousboe A. Brain glycogen-new perspectives on its metabolic function and regulation at the subcellular level. FRONTIERS IN NEUROENERGETICS 2012; 4:3. [PMID: 22403540 PMCID: PMC3291878 DOI: 10.3389/fnene.2012.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen is a complex glucose polymer found in a variety of tissues, including brain, where it is localized primarily in astrocytes. The small quantity found in brain compared to e.g., liver has led to the understanding that brain glycogen is merely used during hypoglycemia or ischemia. In this review evidence is brought forward highlighting what has been an emerging understanding in brain energy metabolism: that glycogen is more than just a convenient way to store energy for use in emergencies—it is a highly dynamic molecule with versatile implications in brain function, i.e., synaptic activity and memory formation. In line with the great spatiotemporal complexity of the brain and thereof derived focus on the basis for ensuring the availability of the right amount of energy at the right time and place, we here encourage a closer look into the molecular and subcellular mechanisms underlying glycogen metabolism. Based on (1) the compartmentation of the interconnected second messenger pathways controlling glycogen metabolism (calcium and cAMP), (2) alterations in the subcellular location of glycogen-associated enzymes and proteins induced by the metabolic status and (3) a sequential component in the intermolecular mechanisms of glycogen metabolism, we suggest that glycogen metabolism in astrocytes is compartmentalized at the subcellular level. As a consequence, the meaning and importance of conventional terms used to describe glycogen metabolism (e.g., turnover) is challenged. Overall, this review represents an overview of contemporary knowledge about brain glycogen and its metabolism and function. However, it also has a sharp focus on what we do not know, which is perhaps even more important for the future quest of uncovering the roles of glycogen in brain physiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linea F Obel
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark
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23
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Kann O. The energy demand of fast neuronal network oscillations: insights from brain slice preparations. Front Pharmacol 2012; 2:90. [PMID: 22291647 PMCID: PMC3254178 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2011.00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Fast neuronal network oscillations in the gamma range (30-100 Hz) in the cerebral cortex have been implicated in higher cognitive functions such as sensual perception, working memory, and, perhaps, consciousness. However, little is known about the energy demand of gamma oscillations. This is mainly caused by technical limitations that are associated with simultaneous recordings of neuronal activity and energy metabolism in small neuronal networks and at the level of mitochondria in vivo. Thus recent studies have focused on brain slice preparations to address the energy demand of gamma oscillations in vitro. Here, reports will be summarized and discussed that combined electrophysiological recordings, oxygen sensor microelectrodes, and live-cell fluorescence imaging in acutely prepared slices and organotypic slice cultures of the hippocampus from both, mouse and rat. These reports consistently show that gamma oscillations can be reliably induced in hippocampal slice preparations by different pharmacological tools. They suggest that gamma oscillations are associated with high energy demand, requiring both rapid adaptation of oxidative energy metabolism and sufficient supply with oxygen and nutrients. These findings might help to explain the exceptional vulnerability of higher cognitive functions during pathological processes of the brain, such as circulatory disturbances, genetic mitochondrial diseases, and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Kann
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Heidelberg Heidelberg, Germany. oliver.kann@physiologie
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24
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Newman LA, Korol DL, Gold PE. Lactate produced by glycogenolysis in astrocytes regulates memory processing. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28427. [PMID: 22180782 PMCID: PMC3236748 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 350] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
When administered either systemically or centrally, glucose is a potent enhancer of memory processes. Measures of glucose levels in extracellular fluid in the rat hippocampus during memory tests reveal that these levels are dynamic, decreasing in response to memory tasks and loads; exogenous glucose blocks these decreases and enhances memory. The present experiments test the hypothesis that glucose enhancement of memory is mediated by glycogen storage and then metabolism to lactate in astrocytes, which provide lactate to neurons as an energy substrate. Sensitive bioprobes were used to measure brain glucose and lactate levels in 1-sec samples. Extracellular glucose decreased and lactate increased while rats performed a spatial working memory task. Intrahippocampal infusions of lactate enhanced memory in this task. In addition, pharmacological inhibition of astrocytic glycogenolysis impaired memory and this impairment was reversed by administration of lactate or glucose, both of which can provide lactate to neurons in the absence of glycogenolysis. Pharmacological block of the monocarboxylate transporter responsible for lactate uptake into neurons also impaired memory and this impairment was not reversed by either glucose or lactate. These findings support the view that astrocytes regulate memory formation by controlling the provision of lactate to support neuronal functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori A Newman
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, United States of America.
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25
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Hernández RB, Farina M, Espósito BP, Souza-Pinto NC, Barbosa F, Suñol C. Mechanisms of Manganese-Induced Neurotoxicity in Primary Neuronal Cultures: The Role of Manganese Speciation and Cell Type. Toxicol Sci 2011; 124:414-23. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfr234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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Lund TM, Obel LF, Risa Ø, Sonnewald U. β-Hydroxybutyrate is the preferred substrate for GABA and glutamate synthesis while glucose is indispensable during depolarization in cultured GABAergic neurons. Neurochem Int 2011; 59:309-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2011.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Revised: 05/31/2011] [Accepted: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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27
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Neurochemical and electrophysiological changes induced by paradoxical sleep deprivation in rats. Behav Brain Res 2011; 225:39-46. [PMID: 21729722 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2011] [Revised: 06/12/2011] [Accepted: 06/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The present study aims to investigate the effects of paradoxical sleep deprivation (PSD) on the waking EEG and amino acid neurotransmitters in the hippocampus and cortex of rats. Animals were deprived of paradoxical sleep for 72h by using the multiple platform method. The EEG power spectral analysis was carried out to assess the brain's electrophysiological changes due to sleep deprivation. The concentrations of amino acid neurotransmitters were assessed in the hippocampus and cortex using HPLC. Control data showed slight differences from normal animals in the delta, theta and alpha waves while an increase in the beta wave was obtained. After 24h of PSD, delta relative power increased and the rest of EEG wave's power decreased with respect to control. After 48h and 72h the spectral power analysis showed non-significant changes to control. The amino acid neurotransmitter analysis revealed a significant increase in cortical glutamate, glycine and taurine levels while in the hippocampus, glutamate, aspartate, glutamine and glycine levels increased significantly. Both the waking EEG and neurotransmitter analyses suggest that PSD induced neurochemical and electrophysiological changes that may affect brain proper functionality.
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28
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Ivanov A, Mukhtarov M, Bregestovski P, Zilberter Y. Lactate Effectively Covers Energy Demands during Neuronal Network Activity in Neonatal Hippocampal Slices. FRONTIERS IN NEUROENERGETICS 2011; 3:2. [PMID: 21602909 PMCID: PMC3092068 DOI: 10.3389/fnene.2011.00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Although numerous experimental data indicate that lactate is efficiently used for energy by the mature brain, the direct measurements of energy metabolism parameters during neuronal network activity in early postnatal development have not been performed. Therefore, the role of lactate in the energy metabolism of neurons at this age remains unclear. In this study, we monitored field potentials and contents of oxygen and NAD(P)H in correlation with oxidative metabolism during intense network activity in the CA1 hippocampal region of neonatal brain slices. We show that in the presence of glucose, lactate is effectively utilized as an energy substrate, causing an augmentation of oxidative metabolism. Moreover, in the absence of glucose lactate is fully capable of maintaining synaptic function. Therefore, during network activity in neonatal slices, lactate can be an efficient energy substrate capable of sustaining and enhancing aerobic energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Ivanov
- Faculté de Médecine Timone, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U751, Université de la Méditerranée Marseille, France
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29
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Darbin O, Risso J, Carre E, Lonjon M, Naritoku D. Striatal energetic homeostasis under anaesthetic conditions. Brain Res 2011; 1388:157-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Revised: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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30
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Metabonomic studies of schizophrenia and psychotropic medications: focus on alterations in CNS energy homeostasis. Bioanalysis 2011; 1:1615-26. [PMID: 21083107 DOI: 10.4155/bio.09.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a severe neuropsychiatric disorder with a poorly understood etiology and progression. We and other research groups have found that energy metabolic pathways in the CNS are perturbed in many subjects with this disorder. Antipsychotic drugs that generally target neurotransmission are currently used for clinical management of the disorder, although these can also have marked effects on energy metabolism in the CNS and periphery. Recent proteomic and metabonomic studies have shown that molecular pathways associated with brain energy metabolism are altered in both the disorder and by antipsychotic treatments. This review focuses on discussion of these molecular alterations. Increased knowledge in this area could facilitate biomarker identification and drug discovery based on improving brain energy metabolism in this debilitating disorder.
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Bersier MG, Peña C, Arnaiz GRDL. Changes in Na+, K+-ATPase activity and alpha 3 subunit expression in CNS after administration of Na+, K+-ATPase inhibitors. Neurochem Res 2010; 36:297-303. [PMID: 21080065 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-010-0317-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/01/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The expression of Na(+), K(+)-ATPase α3 subunit and synaptosomal membrane Na(+), K(+)-ATPase activity were analyzed after administration of ouabain and endobain E, respectively commercial and endogenous Na(+), K(+)-ATPase inhibitors. Wistar rats received intracerebroventricularly ouabain or endobain E dissolved in saline solution or Tris-HCl, respectively or the vehicles (controls). Two days later, animals were decapitated, cerebral cortex and hippocampus removed and crude and synaptosomal membrane fractions were isolated. Western blot analysis showed that Na(+), K(+)-ATPase α3 subunit expression increased roughly 40% after administration of 10 or 100 nmoles ouabain in cerebral cortex but remained unaltered in hippocampus. After administration of 10 μl endobain E (1 μl = 28 mg tissue) Na(+), K(+)-ATPase α3 subunit enhanced 130% in cerebral cortex and 103% in hippocampus. The activity of Na(+), K(+)-ATPase in cortical synaptosomal membranes diminished or increased after administration of ouabain or endobain E, respectively. It is concluded that Na(+), K(+)-ATPase inhibitors modify differentially the expression of Na(+), K(+)-ATPase α3 subunit and enzyme activity, most likely involving compensatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Geraldina Bersier
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias Prof E De Robertis, CONICET-UBA, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Benarroch EE. Glycogen metabolism: metabolic coupling between astrocytes and neurons. Neurology 2010; 74:919-23. [PMID: 20231669 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0b013e3181d3e44b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
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The cytosolic redox state of astrocytes: Maintenance, regulation and functional implications for metabolite trafficking. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 63:177-88. [PMID: 19883686 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2009.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2009] [Revised: 10/24/2009] [Accepted: 10/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes have important functions in the metabolism of the brain. These cells provide neurons with metabolic substrates for energy production as well as with precursors for neurotransmitter and glutathione synthesis. Both the metabolism of astrocytes and the subsequent supply of metabolites from astrocytes to neurons are strongly affected by alterations in the cellular redox state. The cytosolic redox state of astrocytes depends predominantly on the ratios of the oxidised and reduced partners of the redox pairs NADH/NAD(+), NADPH/NADP(+) and GSH/GSSG. The NADH/NAD(+) pair is predominately in the oxidised state to accept electrons that are produced during glycolysis. In contrast, the redox pairs NADPH/NADP(+) and GSH/GSSG are biased towards the reduced state under unstressed conditions to provide electrons for reductive biosyntheses and antioxidative processes, respectively. In this review article we describe the metabolic processes that maintain the redox pairs in their desired redox states in the cytosol of astrocytes and discuss the consequences of alterations of the normal redox state for the regulation of cellular processes and for metabolite trafficking from astrocytes to neurons.
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Radwan NM, El Hay Ahmed NA, Ibrahim KM, Khedr ME, Aziz MA, Khadrawy YA. Effect of infrared laser irradiation on amino acid neurotransmitters in an epileptic animal model induced by pilocarpine. Photomed Laser Surg 2009; 27:401-9. [PMID: 19025405 DOI: 10.1089/pho.2008.2275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of daily laser irradiation on the levels of amino acid neurotransmitters in the cortex and hippocampus in an epileptic animal model induced by pilocarpine. BACKGROUND DATA It has been claimed that at specific wavelengths and energy densities, laser irradiation is a novel and useful tool for the treatment of peripheral and central nervous system injuries and disorders. MATERIALS AND METHODS Adult male albino rats were divided into three groups: control rats, pilocarpinized rats (epileptic animal model), and pilocarpinized rats treated daily with laser irradiation (90 mW at 830 nm) for 7 d. The following parameters were assayed in cortex and hippocampus: amino acid neurotransmitters (excitatory: glutamic acid and aspartate; and inhibitory: gamma-aminobutyric acid [GABA], glycine, and taurine) by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), glucose content, and the activity of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), using a spectrophotometer. RESULTS Significant increases in the concentrations of glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine, and taurine were recorded in the cortices of pilocarpinized rats, and they returned to initial levels after laser treatment. In the hippocampus, a moderate increase in aspartate accompanied by a significant increase in glycine were observed in the epileptic animal model, and these dropped to near-control values after laser treatment. In addition, a significant increase in cortical AST activity and a significant decrease in ALT activity and glucose content were obtained in the pilocarpinized animals and pilocarpinized rats treated with laser irradiation. In the hippocampus, significant decreases in the activity of AST and ALT and glucose content were recorded in the epileptic animals and in the epileptic animals treated with laser irradiation. CONCLUSION Based on the results obtained in this study, it may be suggested that nearinfrared laser irradiation may reverse the neurochemical changes in amino acid neurotransmitters induced by pilocarpine.
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Zurich M, Monnet-Tschudi F. Contribution of in vitro neurotoxicology studies to the elucidation of neurodegenerative processes. Brain Res Bull 2009; 80:211-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2009.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2009] [Revised: 06/16/2009] [Accepted: 06/17/2009] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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McLoughlin GA, Ma D, Tsang TM, Jones DNC, Cilia J, Hill MD, Robbins MJ, Benzel IM, Maycox PR, Holmes E, Bahn S. Analyzing the effects of psychotropic drugs on metabolite profiles in rat brain using 1H NMR spectroscopy. J Proteome Res 2009; 8:1943-52. [PMID: 19714815 DOI: 10.1021/pr800892u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of action of standard drug treatments for psychiatric disorders remains fundamentally unknown, despite intensive investigation in academia and the pharmaceutical industry. So far, little is known about the effects of psychotropic medications on brain metabolism in either humans or animals. In this study, we investigated the effects of a range of psychotropic drugs on rat brain metabolites. The drugs investigated were haloperidol, clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone, aripiprazole (antipsychotics); valproate, carbamazapine (mood stabilizers) and phenytoin (antiepileptic drug). The relative concentrations of endogenous metabolites were determined using high-resolution proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy. The results revealed that different classes of psychotropic drugs modulated a range of metabolites, where each drug induced a distinct neurometabolic profile. Some common responses across several drugs or within a class of drug were also observed. Antipsychotic drugs and mood stabilizers, with the exception of olanzapine, consistently increased N-acetylaspartate (NAA) levels in at least one brain area, suggesting a common therapeutic response on increased neuronal viability. Most drugs also altered the levels of several metabolites associated with glucose metabolism, neurotransmission (including glutamate and aspartate) and inositols. The heterogenic pharmacological response reflects the functional and physiological diversity of the therapeutic interventions, including side effects. Further study of these metabolites in preclinical models should facilitate the development of novel drug treatments for psychiatric disorders with improved efficacy and side effect profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard A McLoughlin
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Division of SORA, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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Nelson PT, Smith CD, Abner EA, Schmitt FA, Scheff SW, Davis GJ, Keller JN, Jicha GA, Davis D, Wang-Xia W, Hartman A, Katz DG, Markesbery WR. Human cerebral neuropathology of Type 2 diabetes mellitus. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2009; 1792:454-69. [PMID: 18789386 PMCID: PMC2834412 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2008.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2008] [Revised: 08/09/2008] [Accepted: 08/14/2008] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The cerebral neuropathology of Type 2 diabetes (CNDM2) has not been positively defined. This review includes a description of CNDM2 research from before the 'Pubmed Era'. Recent neuroimaging studies have focused on cerebrovascular and white matter pathology. These and prior studies about cerebrovascular histopathology in diabetes are reviewed. Evidence is also described for and against the link between CNDM2 and Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. To study this matter directly, we evaluated data from University of Kentucky Alzheimer's Disease Center (UK ADC) patients recruited while non-demented and followed longitudinally. Of patients who had come to autopsy (N = 234), 139 met inclusion criteria. These patients provided the basis for comparing the prevalence of pathological and clinical indices between well-characterized cases with (N = 50) or without (N = 89) the premortem diagnosis of diabetes. In diabetics, cerebrovascular pathology was more frequent and Alzheimer-type pathology was less frequent than in non-diabetics. Finally, a series of photomicrographs demonstrates histopathological features (including clinical-radiographical correlation) observed in brains of persons that died after a history of diabetes. These preliminary, correlative, and descriptive studies may help develop new hypotheses about CNDM2. We conclude that more work should be performed on human material in the context of CNDM2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter T Nelson
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging and Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0230, USA.
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Sickmann HM, Walls AB, Schousboe A, Bouman SD, Waagepetersen HS. Functional significance of brain glycogen in sustaining glutamatergic neurotransmission. J Neurochem 2009; 109 Suppl 1:80-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.05915.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Schmidt S, Richter M, Montag D, Sartorius T, Gawlik V, Hennige AM, Scherneck S, Himmelbauer H, Lutz SZ, Augustin R, Kluge R, Ruth P, Joost HG, Schürmann A. Neuronal functions, feeding behavior, and energy balance in Slc2a3+/- mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2008; 295:E1084-94. [PMID: 18780771 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.90491.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Homozygous deletion of the gene of the neuronal glucose transporter GLUT3 (Slc2a3) in mice results in embryonic lethality, whereas heterozygotes (Slc2a3+/-) are viable. Here, we describe the characterization of heterozygous mice with regard to neuronal function, glucose homeostasis, and, since GLUT3 might be a component of the neuronal glucose-sensing mechanism, food intake and energy balance. Levels of GLUT3 mRNA and protein in brain were reduced by 50% in Slc2a3+/- mice. Electrographic features examined by electroencephalographic recordings give evidence for slightly but significantly enhanced cerebrocortical activity in Slc2a3+/- mice. In addition, Slc2a3+/- mice were slightly more sensitive to an acoustic startle stimulus (elevated startle amplitude and reduced prepulse inhibition). However, systemic behavioral testing revealed no other functional abnormalities, e.g., in coordination, reflexes, motor abilities, anxiety, learning, and memory. Furthermore, no differences in body weight, blood glucose, and insulin levels were detected between wild-type and Slc2a3+/- littermates. Food intake as monitored randomly or after intracerebroventricular administration of 2-deoxyglucose or d-glucose, or food choice for carbohydrates/fat was not affected in Slc2a3+/- mice. Taken together, our data indicate that, in contrast to Slc2a1, a single allele of Slc2a3 is sufficient for maintenance of neuronal energy supply, motor abilities, learning and memory, and feeding behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Schmidt
- Department of Pharmacology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
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