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Persaud AK, Bernier MC, Massey MA, Agrawal S, Kaur T, Nayak D, Xie Z, Weadick B, Raj R, Hill K, Abbott N, Joshi A, Anabtawi N, Bryant C, Somogyi A, Cruz-Monserrate Z, Amari F, Coppola V, Sparreboom A, Baker SD, Unadkat JD, Phelps MA, Govindarajan R. Increased renal elimination of endogenous and synthetic pyrimidine nucleosides in concentrative nucleoside transporter 1 deficient mice. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3175. [PMID: 37264059 PMCID: PMC10235067 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38789-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Concentrative nucleoside transporters (CNTs) are active nucleoside influx systems, but their in vivo roles are poorly defined. By generating CNT1 knockout (KO) mice, here we identify a role of CNT1 in the renal reabsorption of nucleosides. Deletion of CNT1 in mice increases the urinary excretion of endogenous pyrimidine nucleosides with compensatory alterations in purine nucleoside metabolism. In addition, CNT1 KO mice exhibits high urinary excretion of the nucleoside analog gemcitabine (dFdC), which results in poor tumor growth control in CNT1 KO mice harboring syngeneic pancreatic tumors. Interestingly, increasing the dFdC dose to attain an area under the concentration-time curve level equivalent to that achieved by wild-type (WT) mice rescues antitumor efficacy. The findings provide new insights into how CNT1 regulates reabsorption of endogenous and synthetic nucleosides in murine kidneys and suggest that the functional status of CNTs may account for the optimal action of pyrimidine nucleoside analog therapeutics in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash K Persaud
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Matthew C Bernier
- Campus Chemical Instrument Center Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Michael A Massey
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- The Center for Life Sciences Education, College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Shipra Agrawal
- Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Tejinder Kaur
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Debasis Nayak
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Zhiliang Xie
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Brenna Weadick
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Ruchika Raj
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Kasey Hill
- Pharmacoanalytic Shared Resource (PhASR), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA
| | - Nicole Abbott
- Pharmacoanalytic Shared Resource (PhASR), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA
| | - Arnav Joshi
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Nadeen Anabtawi
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Claire Bryant
- Center for Clinical & Translational Research, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Arpad Somogyi
- Campus Chemical Instrument Center Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Zobeida Cruz-Monserrate
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Foued Amari
- Genetically Engineered Mouse Modeling Core, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Vincenzo Coppola
- Genetically Engineered Mouse Modeling Core, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Alex Sparreboom
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Sharyn D Baker
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Jashvant D Unadkat
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Translational Therapeutics, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Mitch A Phelps
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Pharmacoanalytic Shared Resource (PhASR), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA
| | - Rajgopal Govindarajan
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
- Translational Therapeutics, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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Dai R, Li J, Wu J, Fu Q, Yan J, Zhong G, Wang C, Chen X, Chen P. Genetic and clinical determinants of mizoribine pharmacokinetics in renal transplant recipients. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2020; 77:45-53. [PMID: 32803290 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-020-02936-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
AIM Mizoribine (MZR) is an immunosuppressant for the prevention of allograft rejection in Asian countries, but the great variability in pharmacokinetics (PK) limits its clinical use. This study was to explore genetic and clinical factors that affect the MZR PK process. METHODS Blood samples and clinical data were collected from 60 Chinese renal transplant recipients. MZR plasma concentration was measured at pre-dose (0 h) and 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, and 12 h post-dose by high performance liquid chromatography with an ultraviolet detector. PK parameters were calculated by non-compartmental analysis. High-throughput sequenced single nucleotide polymorphism was applied screening possible genetic factors. RESULTS Extensive inter-individual MZR PK differences were reflected in the process of elimination (ke, CL/F, MRT and t1/2) and intestinal absorption (Cmax and Tmax), as well as in the dose-normalized exposure (AUC0-12h/D). From 146 SNPs within 39 genes screened, AUC0-12h/D was found higher in recipients with CREB1 rs11904814 TT than with G allele carriers (3.135 ± 0.928 versus 2.084 ± 0.379 μg h ml-1 mg-1, p = 0.007). Recipients with SLC28A3 rs10868138 TT had lower t1/2 as compared to C allele carriers (0.728 ± 0.189 versus 0.951 ± 0.196 h, p = 0.001). Serum creatinine (SCr) explained 35.5% of C0/D variability (p < 0.001). Pure effects of genotypes CREB1 and SLC28A3 were 13.7% (p = 0.004) and 17.5% (p = 0.001) for AUC0-12h/D and t1/2, respectively. When additionally taking SCr into models, CREB1 and SLC28A3 genotypes explained 20.0% (p = 0.038) and 46.5% (p < 0.001) of AUC0-12h/D and t1/2 variability, respectively. CONCLUSION CREB1 and SLC28A3 genotypes, as well as SCr, are identified as determinants in predicting inter-individual MZR PK differences in renal transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Dai
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No.58, Zhong Shan Er Lu, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingjie Li
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No.58, Zhong Shan Er Lu, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Fu
- Organ Transplant Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiajia Yan
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No.58, Zhong Shan Er Lu, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoping Zhong
- Organ Transplant Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Changxi Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No.58, Zhong Shan Er Lu, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Pan Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No.58, Zhong Shan Er Lu, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
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Kim K, Lim KM, Shin HJ, Seo DB, Noh JY, Kang S, Chung HY, Shin S, Chung JH, Bae ON. Inhibitory effects of black soybean on platelet activation mediated through its active component of adenosine. Thromb Res 2013; 131:254-61. [PMID: 23332980 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Revised: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Owing to the beneficial health effects on human cardiovascular system, soybeans and soy-related products have been a focus of intensive research. Soy isoflavones are known to be primarily responsible for the soy-related biological effects including anti-platelet activity but its in vivo relevancy has not been fully verified. Here we compared the role of adenosine, an active ingredient abundant in black soybean (BB) extract, in the anti-platelet effects of BB, to that of soy isoflavones. At the concentrations existing in BB, isoflavones such as genistein and daidzein could not attenuate collagen-induced platelet aggregation, however, adenosine significantly inhibited platelet aggregation with an equivalent potency to BB, suggesting that adenosine may be the major bioactive component. Consistently, the anti-aggregatory effects of BB disappeared after treatment of adenosine receptor antagonists. The effects of BB are mediated by adenosine through intracellular cAMP and subsequent attenuation of calcium mobilization. Of note, adenosine and BB significantly reduced platelet fibrinogen binding and platelet adhesion, other critical events for platelet activation, which were not affected by isoflavones. Taken together, we demonstrated that adenosine might be the major active ingredient for BB-induced anti-platelet activity, which will shed new light on the roles of adenosine as a bioactive compound in soybeans and soy-related food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keunyoung Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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Jackson EK, Cheng D, Jackson TC, Verrier JD, Gillespie DG. Extracellular guanosine regulates extracellular adenosine levels. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2012; 304:C406-21. [PMID: 23242185 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00212.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this investigation was to test the hypothesis that extracellular guanosine regulates extracellular adenosine levels. Rat preglomerular vascular smooth muscle cells were incubated with adenosine, guanosine, or both. Guanosine (30 μmol/l) per se had little effect on extracellular adenosine levels. Extracellular adenosine levels 1 h after addition of adenosine (3 μmol/l) were 0.125 ± 0.020 μmol/l, indicating rapid disposition of extracellular adenosine. Extracellular adenosine levels 1 h after addition of adenosine (3 μmol/l) plus guanosine (30 μmol/l) were 1.173 ± 0.061 μmol/l, indicating slow disposition of extracellular adenosine. Cell injury increased extracellular levels of endogenous adenosine and guanosine, and the effects of cell injury on endogenous extracellular adenosine were modulated by altering the levels of endogenous extracellular guanosine with exogenous purine nucleoside phosphorylase (converts guanosine to guanine) or 8-aminoguanosine (inhibits purine nucleoside phosphorylase). Extracellular guanosine also slowed the disposition of extracellular adenosine in rat preglomerular vascular endothelial cells, mesangial cells, cardiac fibroblasts, and kidney epithelial cells and in human aortic and coronary artery vascular smooth muscle cells and coronary artery endothelial cells. The effects of guanosine on adenosine levels were not mimicked or attenuated by 5-iodotubericidin (adenosine kinase inhibitor), erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)-adenine (adenosine deaminase inhibitor), 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide (guanine deaminase inhibitor), aristeromycin (S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase inhibitor), low sodium (inhibits concentrative nucleoside transporters), S-(4-nitrobenzyl)-6-thioinosine [inhibits equilibrative nucleoside transporter (ENT) type 1], zidovudine (inhibits ENT type 2), or acadesine (known modulator of adenosine levels). Guanosine also increases extracellular inosine, uridine, thymidine, and cytidine, yet decreases extracellular uric acid. In conclusion, extracellular guanosine regulates extracellular adenosine levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin K Jackson
- Dept. of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, 100 Technology Drive, Rm. 514, Univ. of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.
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Involvement of Multiple Transporters-mediated Transports in Mizoribine and Methotrexate Pharmacokinetics. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2012; 5:802-36. [PMID: 24280676 PMCID: PMC3763673 DOI: 10.3390/ph5080802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2012] [Revised: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mizoribine is administered orally and excreted into urine without being metabolized. Many research groups have reported a linear relationship between the dose and peak serum concentration, between the dose and AUC, and between AUC and cumulative urinary excretion of mizoribine. In contrast, a significant interindividual variability, with a small intraindividual variability, in oral bioavailability of mizoribine is also reported. The interindividual variability is mostly considered to be due to the polymophisms of transporter genes. Methotrexate (MTX) is administered orally and/or by parenteral routes, depending on the dose. Metabolic enzymes and multiple transporters are involved in the pharmacokinetics of MTX. The oral bioavailability of MTX exhibits a marked interindividual variability and saturation with increase in the dose of MTX, with a small intraindividual variability, where the contribution of gene polymophisms of transporters and enzymes is suggested. Therapeutic drug monitoring of both mizoribine and MTX is expected to improve their clinical efficacy in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.
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Mori N, Yokooji T, Kamio Y, Murakami T. Study on intestinal absorption sites of mizoribine and ribavirin, substrates for concentrative nucleoside transporter(s), in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 628:214-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2009] [Revised: 11/14/2009] [Accepted: 11/23/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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7
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Liao SF, Alman MJ, Vanzant ES, Miles ED, Harmon DL, McLeod KR, Boling JA, Matthews JC. Basal expression of nucleoside transporter mRNA differs among small intestinal epithelia of beef steers and is differentially altered by ruminal or abomasal infusion of starch hydrolysate. J Dairy Sci 2008; 91:1570-84. [PMID: 18349250 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2007-0763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In ruminants, microbial-derived nucleic acids are a major source of N and are absorbed as nucleosides by small intestinal epithelia. Although the biochemical activities of 2 nucleoside transport systems have been described for cattle, little is known regarding the regulation of their gene expression. This study was conducted to test 2 hypotheses: (1) the small intestinal epithelia of beef cattle differentially express mRNA for 3 concentrative (CNT1, 2, 3) and 2 equilibrative (ENT1, 2) nucleoside transporters (NT), and (2) expression of these NT is responsive to small intestine luminal supply of rumen-derived microbes (hence, nucleosides), energy (cornstarch hydrolysate, SH), or both. Eighteen ruminally and abomasally catheterized Angus steers (260 +/- 17 kg of BW) were fed an alfalfa cube-based diet at 1.33x NE(m) requirement. Six steers in each of 3 periods were blocked by BW (heavy vs. light). Within each block, 3 steers were randomly assigned to 3 treatments (n = 6): ruminal and abomasal water infusion (control), ruminal SH infusion/abomasal water infusion, or ruminal water infusion/abomasal SH infusion. The dosage of SH infusion amounted to 20% of ME intake. After a 14-or 16-d infusion period, steers were slaughtered, and duodenal, jejunal, and ileal epithelia were harvested for total RNA extraction and the relative amounts of mRNA expressed were determined using real-time RT-PCR quantification methodologies. All 5 NT mRNA were found expressed by each epithelium, but their abundance differed among epithelia. Specifically, jejunal expression of all 5 NT mRNA was higher than that by the ileum, whereas jejunal expression of CNT1, CNT3, and ENT1 mRNA was higher, or tended to be higher, than duodenal expression. Duodenal expression of CNT2, CNT3, and ENT2 mRNA was higher than ileal expression. With regard to SH infusion treatments, ruminal infusion increased duodenal expression of CNT3 (67%), ENT1 (51%), and ENT2 (39%) mRNA and ileal expression of CNT3 (210%) and ENT2 (65%) mRNA. Abomasal infusion increased (54%) ileal expression of ENT2 mRNA and tended to increase (50%) jejunal ENT2 mRNA expression. This study has uniquely characterized the pattern of NT mRNA expression by growing beef cattle and found that the mRNA abundance for CNT3, ENT1, and ENT2 in small intestinal epithelia can be increased by increasing the luminal supply of nucleotides (CNT3, ENT1, ENT2) or glucose (ENT2).
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Affiliation(s)
- S F Liao
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
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Govindarajan R, Endres CJ, Whittington D, LeCluyse E, Pastor-Anglada M, Tse CM, Unadkat JD. Expression and hepatobiliary transport characteristics of the concentrative and equilibrative nucleoside transporters in sandwich-cultured human hepatocytes. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2008; 295:G570-80. [PMID: 18635603 PMCID: PMC2536788 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00542.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that both the concentrative (hCNT) and equilibrative (hENT) nucleoside transporters are expressed in the human liver (21). Here we report a study that investigated the expression of these transporters (transcripts and proteins) and their role in the hepatobiliary transport of nucleosides/nucleoside drugs using sandwich-cultured human hepatocytes. In the hepatic tissue, the rank order of the mRNA expression of the transporters was hCNT1 approximately hENT1>hENT2 approximately hCNT2>hCNT3. In sandwich-cultured hepatocytes, the mRNA expression of hCNT2 and hENT2 was comparable to that in hepatic tissue, whereas the expression of corresponding transporters in the two-dimensional hepatocyte cultures was lower. Colocalization studies demonstrated predominant localization of these transporters at the sinusoidal membrane and of hENT1, hCNT1, and hCNT2 at the canalicular membrane. In the sandwich-cultured hepatocytes, ENTs were the major contributors to the transport of thymidine (hENT1, 63%; hENT2, 23%) or guanosine (hENT1, 53%; hENT2, 24%) into the hepatocytes followed by hCNT1 (10%) for thymidine or hCNT2 (23%) for guanosine. Although ribavirin was predominately transported (89%) into the hepatocytes by hENT1, fialuridine (FIAU) was transported by both hENT1 (30%) and hCNTs (61%). The extensively metabolized natural nucleosides were not effluxed into the bile, whereas significant biliary-efflux was observed of FIAU (19%), ribavirin (30%), and formycin B (35%). We conclude that the hepatic activity of hENT1 and hCNT1/2 transporters will determine the in vivo hepatic distribution and therefore the efficacy and/or toxicity of nucleoside drugs used to treat hepatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajgopal Govindarajan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; CellzDirect, Pittsboro, North Carolina; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB) University of Barcelona and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Spain; and Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Christopher J. Endres
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; CellzDirect, Pittsboro, North Carolina; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB) University of Barcelona and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Spain; and Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Dale Whittington
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; CellzDirect, Pittsboro, North Carolina; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB) University of Barcelona and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Spain; and Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Edward LeCluyse
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; CellzDirect, Pittsboro, North Carolina; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB) University of Barcelona and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Spain; and Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Marçal Pastor-Anglada
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; CellzDirect, Pittsboro, North Carolina; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB) University of Barcelona and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Spain; and Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Chung-Ming Tse
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; CellzDirect, Pittsboro, North Carolina; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB) University of Barcelona and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Spain; and Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jashvant D. Unadkat
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; CellzDirect, Pittsboro, North Carolina; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB) University of Barcelona and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Spain; and Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Mori N, Yokooji T, Kamio Y, Murakami T. Characterization of intestinal absorption of mizoribine mediated by concentrative nucleoside transporters in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 586:52-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2007] [Revised: 02/05/2008] [Accepted: 02/14/2008] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Compensatory effects of the human nucleoside transporters on the response to nucleoside-derived drugs in breast cancer MCF7 cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2008; 75:639-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2007.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2007] [Revised: 10/02/2007] [Accepted: 10/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Altered Expression of Nucleoside Transporter Genes (SLC28 and SLC29) in Adipose Tissue from HIV-1–Infected Patients. Antivir Ther 2007. [DOI: 10.1177/135965350701200601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Nucleoside transporter proteins (NTs) encoded by members of the SLC28 and SLC29 gene families contribute to nucleoside and nucleobase recycling but also modulate extracellular adenosine levels and thus adenosine-regulated metabolic targets. Methods We have examined the expression pattern of NT-encoding genes in human adipose tissue and we have further analysed whether the mRNA related to these genes show changes in their amounts associated with either HIV-1 infection, highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) or development of HIV-1-associated lipodystrophy syndrome (HALS). Results Human adipocytes express SLC28A1, SLC28A2 and SLC28A3 (encoding hCNT1, hCNT2 and hCNT3, respectively) and SLC29A1 and SLC29A2 (encoding hENT1 and hENT2, respectively). HIV-1 infection, prior to HAART and HALS development, is associated with the upregulation of the mRNA levels of the genes encoding hCNT1, hCNT3 and hENT2. The increase in the mRNA amounts for the former two genes may be due to the action of tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), a cytokine with enhanced expression in adipose tissue following HIV-1 infection, as the effect is also observed in human adipocytes in culture after treatment with TNF-α. HAART and HALS development are associated with the upregulation of the mRNA levels encoding hCNT2 and hENT1, and further enhancement of hCNT1, hCNT3 and hENT2 gene expression. Conclusions These data suggest that selected genes of the SLC28 and SLC29 families are not only targets of HIV-1 infection, but might also contribute to the development of adipose tissue alterations leading to lipodystrophy.
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Rodríguez-Serrano F, Marchal JA, Ríos A, Martínez-Amat A, Boulaiz H, Prados J, Perán M, Caba O, Carrillo E, Hita F, Aránega A. Exogenous nucleosides modulate proliferation of rat intestinal epithelial IEC-6 cells. J Nutr 2007; 137:879-84. [PMID: 17374648 DOI: 10.1093/jn/137.4.879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Exogenous nucleotides are considered semiessential nutritional components that play an important role in intestinal development, maintenance, and recovery from tissue damage. Nucleosides (NS) are the best-absorbed chemical form of nucleotides in the intestinal epithelium. The aim of this work was to clarify, at the cellular level, the effects described in vivo. Under conditions of high intracellular availability of NS, we studied the effects of 2 NS mixtures on the NS uptake and intracellular distribution and on the proliferation, morphology, viability, and cell-cycle phase distribution of rat intestinal epithelial cell line 6. Purine and pyrimidine NS showed a similar uptake profile, but the intracellular incorporation of guanosine was greater than that of uridine, without differences in intracellular distribution. Proliferation assays demonstrated that IEC-6 cell proliferation is increased by a mixture containing thymidine but decreased by one containing uridine. In fact, the antiproliferative effect started at 75 micromol/L, which indicated that it may not be correct to consider concentrations of uridine >75 micromol/L as physiological. Interestingly, these effects were not related to increased cell necrosis or apoptosis or to changed cell morphology but rather to a reduced S-phase and increased G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle. In summary, our results suggest that NS molecules are well-absorbed by rat intestinal epithelial cell line 6 cells, whose proliferation can be promoted or inhibited (according to the NS mixtures used) by a mechanism that is not dependent on the toxicity of the mixtures.
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Larráyoz IM, Fernández-Nistal A, Garcés A, Gorraitz E, Lostao MP. Characterization of the rat Na+/nucleoside cotransporter 2 and transport of nucleoside-derived drugs using electrophysiological methods. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2006; 291:C1395-404. [PMID: 16837649 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00110.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The Na+-dependent nucleoside transporter 2 (CNT2) mediates active transport of purine nucleosides and uridine as well as therapeutic nucleoside analogs. We used the two-electrode voltage-clamp technique to investigate rat CNT2 (rCNT2) transport mechanism and study the interaction of nucleoside-derived drugs with the transporter expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. The kinetic parameters for sodium, natural nucleosides, and nucleoside derivatives were obtained as a function of membrane potential. For natural substrates, apparent affinity ( K0.5) was in the low micromolar range (12–34) and was voltage independent for hyperpolarizing membrane potentials, whereas maximal current ( Imax) was voltage dependent. Uridine and 2′-deoxyuridine analogs modified at the 5-position were substrates of rCNT2. Lack of the 2′-hydroxyl group decreased affinity but increased Imax. Increase in the size and decrease in the electronegativity of the residue at the 5-position affected the interaction with the transporter by decreasing both affinity and Imax. Fludarabine and formycin B were also transported with higher Imaxthan uridine and moderate affinity (102 ± 10 and 66 ± 6 μM, respectively). Analysis of the pre-steady-state currents revealed a half-maximal activation voltage of about −39 mV and a valence of about −0.8. K0.5for Na+was 2.3 mM at −50 mV and decreased at hyperpolarizing membrane potentials. The Hill coefficient was 1 at all voltages. Direct measurements of radiolabeled nucleoside fluxes with the charge associated showed a ratio of two positive inward charges per nucleoside, suggesting a stoichiometry of two Na+per nucleoside. This discrepancy in the number of Na+molecules that bind rCNT2 may indicate a low degree of cooperativity between the Na+binding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio M Larráyoz
- Department of Physiology and Nutrition, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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14
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Aymerich I, Pastor-Anglada M, Casado FJ. Long term endocrine regulation of nucleoside transporters in rat intestinal epithelial cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 124:505-12. [PMID: 15504900 PMCID: PMC2234001 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.200409086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We studied the regulation of nucleoside transporters in intestinal epithelial cells upon exposure to either differentiating or proliferative agents. Rat intestinal epithelial cells (line IEC-6) were incubated in the presence of differentiating (glucocorticoids) or proliferative (EGF and TGF-α) agents. Nucleoside uptake rates and nucleoside transporter protein and mRNA levels were assessed. The signal transduction pathways used by the proliferative stimuli were analyzed. We found that glucocorticoids induce an increase in sodium-dependent, concentrative nucleoside transport rates and in protein and mRNA levels of both rCNT2 and rCNT1, with negligible effects on the equilibrative transporters. EGF and TGF-α induce an increase in the equilibrative transport rate, mostly accounted for by an increase in rENT1 activity and mRNA levels, rENT2 mRNA levels remaining unaltered. This effect is mimicked by another proliferative stimulus that functions as an in vitro model of epithelial wounding. Here, rENT1 activity and mRNA levels are also increased, although the signal transduction pathways used by the two stimuli are different. We concluded that differentiation of rat intestinal epithelial cells is accompanied by increased mature enterocyte features, such as concentrative nucleoside transport (located at the brush border membrane of the enterocyte), thus preparing the cell for its ultimate absorptive function. A proliferative stimulus induces the equilibrative nucleoside activities (mostly through ENT1) known to be located at the basolateral membrane, allowing the uptake of nucleosides from the bloodstream for the increased demands of the proliferating cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivette Aymerich
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda Diagonal, 645, 08071 Barcelona, Spain
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15
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Lu H, Chen C, Klaassen C. TISSUE DISTRIBUTION OF CONCENTRATIVE AND EQUILIBRATIVE NUCLEOSIDE TRANSPORTERS IN MALE AND FEMALE RATS AND MICE. Drug Metab Dispos 2004; 32:1455-61. [PMID: 15371301 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.104.001123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Concentrative nucleoside transporters (Cnts) and equilibrative nucleoside transporters (Ents) have essential physiological functions and are important in disposition of anticancer and antiviral nucleoside analogs. Information on tissue distribution of Cnts and Ents in rodents is sparse. Thus, the present study aimed to determine the distribution of Cnt1-3 and Ent1-3 transcripts in 19 tissues of Sprague-Dawley rats and C57BL/6 mice of both genders. These six transcripts were quantified using the branched DNA signal amplification assay. Cnt1 transcripts were highest in small intestine, followed by kidney and testes, with similar expression in both species. Cnt2 mRNA was expressed highest in the small intestine of both rats and mice, intermediate in liver of rats but not in mice, and lower in thymus and spleen of both species. Cnt3 mRNA has marked species differences, with the highest expression in lung of rats but uterus of mice. Ent1 mRNA was most highly expressed in testes and lung of both species. Ent1 mRNA was highly expressed in liver and pituitary of mice, but not in rats. Ent2 mRNA was highly expressed in testes and brain of both species. Ent3 mRNA was highest in kidney, followed by testes, in both species. Significant gender differences were observed in kidney (mouse) and heart (rat). These studies demonstrate that in general, tissue distribution of Cnt and Ent is similar in rats and mice. However, a few important species and gender differences do exist, which could be responsible for related differences in efficacy and toxicity of substrates for these transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160-7417, USA
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16
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Cano-Soldado P, Larráyoz IM, Molina-Arcas M, Casado FJ, Martinez-Picado J, Lostao MP, Pastor-Anglada M. Interaction of Nucleoside Inhibitors of HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase with the Concentrative Nucleoside Transporter-1 (Slc28A1). Antivir Ther 2004. [DOI: 10.1177/135965350400900617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Human concentrative nucleoside transporter-1 (hCNT1) (SLC28A1) is a widely expressed, high-affinity, pyrimi-dine-preferring, nucleoside transporter implicated in the uptake of naturally occurring pyrimidine nucleosides as well as a variety of derivatives used in anticancer treatment. Its putative role in the uptake of other pyrimidine nucleoside analogues with antiviral properties has not been studied in detail to date. Here, using a hCNT1 stably transfected cell line and the two-electrode voltage-clamp technique, we have assessed the interaction of selected pyrimidine-based antiviral drugs, inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase such as zidovudine (AZT), stavudine (d4T), lamivudine (3TC) and zalcitabine (ddC), with hCNT1. hCNT1 transports AZT and d4T with low affinity, whereas 3TC and ddC are not translocated, the latter being able to bind the transporter protein. Selectivity appears to rely mostly upon the presence of a hydroxyl group in the 3′-position of the ribose ring. Thus, hCNT1 cannot be considered a broad-selectivity pyrimidine nucleoside carrier; in fact, very slight changes in substrate structure provoke a dramatic shift in selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Cano-Soldado
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ignacio M Larráyoz
- Departamento de Fisiología y Nutrición, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Míriam Molina-Arcas
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - F Javier Casado
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Martinez-Picado
- IrsiCaixa Foundation, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - M Pilar Lostao
- Departamento de Fisiología y Nutrición, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Marçal Pastor-Anglada
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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17
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Noji T, Karasawa A, Kusaka H. Adenosine uptake inhibitors. Eur J Pharmacol 2004; 495:1-16. [PMID: 15219815 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2004] [Revised: 04/30/2004] [Accepted: 05/10/2004] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine is a purine nucleoside and modulates a variety of physiological functions by interacting with cell-surface adenosine receptors. Under several adverse conditions, including ischemia, trauma, stress, seizures and inflammation, extracellular levels of adenosine are increased due to increased energy demands and ATP metabolism. Increased adenosine could protect against excessive cellular damage and organ dysfunction. Indeed, several protective effects of adenosine have been widely reported (e.g., amelioration of ischemic heart and brain injury, seizures and inflammation). However, the effects of adenosine itself are insufficient because extracellular adenosine is rapidly taken up into adjacent cells and subsequently metabolized. Adenosine uptake inhibitors (nucleoside transport inhibitors) could retard the disappearance of adenosine from the extracellular space by blocking adenosine uptake into cells. Therefore, it is expected that adenosine uptake inhibitors will have protective effects in various diseases, by elevating extracellular adenosine levels. Protective or ameliorating effects of adenosine uptake inhibitors in ischemic cardiac and cerebral injury, organ transplantation, seizures, thrombosis, insomnia, pain, and inflammatory diseases have been reported. Preclinical and clinical results indicate the possibility of therapeutic application of adenosine uptake inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Noji
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Kyowa Hakko Kogyo Co., Ltd., 1188 Shimotogari, Nagaizumi, Sunto, Shizuoka 411-8731, Japan.
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18
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Schulz CA, Mehta MP, Badie B, McGinn CJ, Robins HI, Hayes L, Chappell R, Volkman J, Binger K, Arzoomanian R, Simon K, Alberti D, Feierabend C, Tutsch KD, Kunugi KA, Wilding G, Kinsella TJ. Continuous 28-day iododeoxyuridine infusion and hyperfractionated accelerated radiotherapy for malignant glioma: a phase I clinical study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2004; 59:1107-15. [PMID: 15234045 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2003.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2003] [Revised: 11/25/2003] [Accepted: 12/04/2003] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the maximal tolerated dose of a continuous 28-day iododeoxyuridine (IUdr) infusion combined with hyperfractionated accelerated radiotherapy (HART); to analyze the percentage of IUdr-thymidine replacement in peripheral granulocytes as a surrogate marker for IUdr incorporation into tumor cells; to measure the steady-state serum IUdr levels; and to assess the feasibility of continuous IUdr infusion and HART in the management of malignant glioma. METHODS AND MATERIALS Patients were required to have biopsy-proven malignant glioma. Patients received 100 (n = 4), 200 (n = 3), 300 (n = 3), 400 (n = 6), 500 (n = 4), 625 (n = 5), or 781 (n = 6) mg/m(2)/d of IUdr by continuous infusion for 28 days. HART was started 7 days after IUdr initiation. The total dose was 70 Gy (1.2 Gy b.i.d. for 25 days with a 10-Gy boost [2.0 Gy for 5 Saturdays]). Weekly assays were performed to determine the percentage of IUdr-DNA replacement in granulocytes and serum IUdr levels using standard high performance liquid chromatography methods. Standard Phase I toxicity methods were used. RESULTS Between June 1994 and August 1999, 31 patients were enrolled. No patient had Grade 3 or worse HART toxicity. Grade 3 or greater IUdr toxicity predominantly included neutropenia (n = 3), thrombocytopenia (n = 3), and elevated liver function studies (n = 3). The maximal tolerated dose was 625 mg/m(2)/d. Thymidine replacement in the peripheral granulocytes peaked at 3 weeks and increased with the dose (maximal thymidine replacement 4.9%). The steady-state plasma IUdr level increased with the dose (maximum, 1.5 microM). CONCLUSION In our study, continuous long-term IUdr i.v. infusion had a maximal tolerated dose of 625 mg/m(2)/d. Granulocyte incorporation data verified the concept that prolonged IUdr infusion results in IUdr-DNA replacement that corresponds to a high degree of cell labeling. IUdr steady-state plasma levels increased with increasing dose and attained levels needed for clinical radiosensitization. Continuous IUdr infusion and HART were both feasible and well tolerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig A Schulz
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin Medical School, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53792, USA
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Larráyoz IM, Casado FJ, Pastor-Anglada M, Lostao MP. Electrophysiological Characterization of the Human Na+/Nucleoside Cotransporter 1 (hCNT1) and Role of Adenosine on hCNT1 Function. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:8999-9007. [PMID: 14701834 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m311940200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that the human Na(+)/nucleoside transporter pyrimidine-preferring 1 (hCNT1) is electrogenic and transports gemcitabine and 5'-deoxy-5-fluorouridine, a precursor of the active drug 5-fluorouracil. Nevertheless, a complete electrophysiological characterization of the basic properties of hCNT1-mediated translocation has not been performed yet, and the exact role of adenosine in hCNT1 function has not been addressed either. In the present work we have used the two-electrode voltage clamp technique to investigate hCNT1 transport mechanism and study the kinetic properties of adenosine as an inhibitor of hCNT1. We show that hCNT1 exhibits presteady-state currents that disappear upon the addition of adenosine or uridine. Adenosine, a purine nucleoside described as a substrate of the pyrimidine-preferring transporters, is not a substrate of hCNT1 but a high affinity blocker able to inhibit uridine-induced inward currents, the Na(+)-leak currents, and the presteady-state currents, with a K(i) of 6.5 microM. The kinetic parameters for uridine, gemcitabine, and 5'-deoxy-5-fluorouridine were studied as a function of membrane potential; at -50 mV, K(0.5) was 37, 18, and 245 microM, respectively, and remained voltage-independent. I(max) for gemcitabine was voltage-independent and accounts for approximately 40% that for uridine at -50 mV. Maximal current for 5'-DFUR was voltage-dependent and was approximately 150% that for uridine at all membrane potentials. K(0.5)(Na(+)) for Na(+) was voltage-independent at hyperpolarized membrane potentials (1.2 mM at -50 mV), whereas I(max)(Na(+)) was voltage-dependent, increasing 2-fold from -50 to -150 mV. Direct measurements of (3)H-nucleoside or (22)Na fluxes with the charge-associated revealed a ratio of two positive inward charges per nucleoside and one Na(+) per positive inward charge, suggesting a stoichiometry of two Na(+)/nucleoside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio M Larráyoz
- Departamento de Fisiología y Nutrición, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona 31080, Spain
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