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Kerenga BK, McKenna JA, Harvey PJ, Quimbar P, Garcia-Ceron D, Lay FT, Phan TK, Veneer PK, Vasa S, Parisi K, Shafee TMA, van der Weerden NL, Hulett MD, Craik DJ, Anderson MA, Bleackley MR. Salt-Tolerant Antifungal and Antibacterial Activities of the Corn Defensin ZmD32. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:795. [PMID: 31031739 PMCID: PMC6474387 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic microbes are developing resistance to established antibiotics, making the development of novel antimicrobial molecules paramount. One major resource for discovery of antimicrobials is the arsenal of innate immunity molecules that are part of the first line of pathogen defense in many organisms. Gene encoded cationic antimicrobial peptides are a major constituent of innate immune arsenals. Many of these peptides exhibit potent antimicrobial activity in vitro. However, a major hurdle that has impeded their development for use in the clinic is the loss of activity at physiological salt concentrations, attributed to weakening of the electrostatic interactions between the cationic peptide and anionic surfaces of the microbial cells in the presence of salt. Using plant defensins we have investigated the relationship between the charge of an antimicrobial peptide and its activity in media with elevated salt concentrations. Plant defensins are a large class of antifungal peptides that have remarkable stability at extremes of pH and temperature as well as resistance to protease digestion. A search of a database of over 1200 plant defensins identified ZmD32, a defensin from Zea mays, with a predicted charge of +10.1 at pH 7, the highest of any defensin in the database. Recombinant ZmD32 retained activity against a range of fungal species in media containing elevated concentrations of salt. In addition, ZmD32 was active against Candida albicans biofilms as well as both Gram negative and Gram-positive bacteria. This broad spectrum antimicrobial activity, combined with a low toxicity on human cells make ZmD32 an attractive lead for development of future antimicrobial molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bomai K Kerenga
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - James A McKenna
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Peta J Harvey
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Pedro Quimbar
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Donovan Garcia-Ceron
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Fung T Lay
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Thanh Kha Phan
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Prem K Veneer
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Shaily Vasa
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Kathy Parisi
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Thomas M A Shafee
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Nicole L van der Weerden
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Mark D Hulett
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - David J Craik
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Marilyn A Anderson
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Mark R Bleackley
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
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Press NJ, Joly E, Ertl P. Natural product drug delivery: A special challenge? PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2019; 58:157-187. [PMID: 30879474 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmch.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Natural products have a long-standing and critical role in drug development and medical use. The structural and physicochemical properties of natural products, while derived evolutionarily to be effective in living systems, may create challenges in translation to a pharmaceutical product. Molecular complexity, low solubility, functional group reactivity and general instability are among the challenges that typically need to be overcome. This review looks at some of the ways that natural products have been formulated and delivered to enable the successful application of these vitally important medicines to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil J Press
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Emilie Joly
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peter Ertl
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
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Enhancing the buccal mucosal delivery of peptide and protein therapeutics. Pharm Res 2014; 32:1-21. [PMID: 25168518 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-014-1485-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
With continuing advances in biotechnology and genetic engineering, there has been a dramatic increase in the availability of new biomacromolecules, such as peptides and proteins that have the potential to ameliorate the symptoms of many poorly-treated diseases. Although most of these macromolecular therapeutics exhibit high potency, their large molecular mass, susceptibility to enzymatic degradation, immunogenicity and tendency to undergo aggregation, adsorption, and denaturation have limited their ability to be administered via the traditional oral route. As a result, alternative noninvasive routes have been investigated for the systemic delivery of these macromolecules, one of which is the buccal mucosa. The buccal mucosa offers a number of advantages over the oral route, making it attractive for the delivery of peptides and proteins. However, the buccal mucosa still exhibits some permeability-limiting properties, and therefore various methods have been explored to enhance the delivery of macromolecules via this route, including the use of chemical penetration enhancers, physical methods, particulate systems and mucoadhesive formulations. The incorporation of anti-aggregating agents in buccal formulations also appears to show promise in other mucosal delivery systems, but has not yet been considered for buccal mucosal drug delivery. This review provides an update on recent approaches that have shown promise in enhancing the buccal mucosal transport of macromolecules, with a major focus on proteins and peptides.
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Sohi H, Ahuja A, Ahmad FJ, Khar RK. Critical evaluation of permeation enhancers for oral mucosal drug delivery. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2010. [DOI: 10.3109/03639040903117348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Machida K, Mayer BJ. The SH2 domain: versatile signaling module and pharmaceutical target. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2005; 1747:1-25. [PMID: 15680235 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2004.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2004] [Revised: 09/29/2004] [Accepted: 10/11/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The Src homology 2 (SH2) domain is the most prevalent protein binding module that recognizes phosphotyrosine. This approximately 100-amino-acid domain is highly conserved structurally despite being found in a wide variety proteins. Depending on the nature of neighboring protein module(s), such as catalytic domains and other protein binding domains, SH2-containing proteins play many different roles in cellular protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) signaling pathways. Accumulating evidence indicates SH2 domains are highly versatile and exhibit considerable flexibility in how they bind to their ligands. To illustrate this functional versatility, we present three specific examples: the SAP, Cbl and SOCS families of SH2-containing proteins, which play key roles in immune responses, termination of PTK signaling, and cytokine responses. In addition, we highlight current progress in the development of SH2 domain inhibitors designed to antagonize or modulate PTK signaling in human disease. Inhibitors of the Grb2 and Src SH2 domains have been extensively studied, with the aim of targeting the Ras pathway and osteoclastic bone resorption, respectively. Despite formidable difficulties in drug design due to the lability and poor cell permeability of negatively charged phosphorylated SH2 ligands, a variety of structure-based strategies have been used to reduce the size, charge and peptide character of such ligands, leading to the development of high-affinity lead compounds with potent cellular activities. These studies have also led to new insights into molecular recognition by the SH2 domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Machida
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-3301, USA.
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Watnasirichaikul S, Rades T, Tucker IG, Davies NM. In-vitro release and oral bioactivity of insulin in diabetic rats using nanocapsules dispersed in biocompatible microemulsion. J Pharm Pharmacol 2002; 54:473-80. [PMID: 11999123 DOI: 10.1211/0022357021778736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the potential of poly(iso-butyl cyanoacrylate) (PBCA) nanocapsules dispersed in a biocompatible microemulsion to facilitate the absorption of insulin following intragastric administration to diabetic rats. Insulin-loaded PBCA nanocapsules were prepared in-situ in a biocompatible water-in-oil microemulsion by interfacial polymerisation. The microemulsion consisted of a mixture of medium-chain mono-, di- and tri-glycerides as the oil component, polysorbate 80 and sorbitan mono-oleate as surfactants and an aqueous solution of insulin. Resulting nanocapsules were approximately 200 nm in diameter and demonstrated a high efficiency of insulin entrapment (> 80%). In-vitro release studies showed that PBCA nanocapsules could suppress insulin release in acidic media and that release at near neutral conditions could be manipulated by varying the amount of monomer used for polymerisation. Subcutaneous administration of insulin-loaded nanocapsules to diabetic rats demonstrated that the bioactivity of insulin was largely retained following this method of preparing peptide-loaded nanocapsules and that the pharmacodynamic response was dependent on the amount of monomer used for polymerisation. The intragastric administration of insulin-loaded nanocapsules dispersed in the biocompatible microemulsion resulted in a significantly greater reduction in blood glucose levels of diabetic rats than an aqueous insulin solution or insulin formulated in the same microemulsion. This study demonstrates that the formulation of peptides within PBCA nanocapsules that are administered dispersed in a microemulsion can facilitate the oral absorption of encapsulated peptide. Such a system can be prepared in-situ by the interfacial polymerisation of a water-in-oil biocompatible microemulsion.
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Sood A, Panchagnula R. Peroral route: an opportunity for protein and peptide drug delivery. Chem Rev 2001; 101:3275-303. [PMID: 11840987 DOI: 10.1021/cr000700m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Sood
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab 160 062, India
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Veuillez F, Kalia YN, Jacques Y, Deshusses J, Buri P. Factors and strategies for improving buccal absorption of peptides. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2001; 51:93-109. [PMID: 11226816 DOI: 10.1016/s0939-6411(00)00144-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Peptides and polypeptides have important pharmacological properties but only a limited number (e.g. insulin, oxytocin, vasopressin) have been exploited as therapeutics because of problems related to their delivery. The buccal mucosa offers an alternative route to conventional, parenteral administration. Peptides are generally not well absorbed through mucosae because of their molecular size, hydrophilicity and the low permeability of the membrane. Peptide transport across buccal mucosa occurs via passive diffusion and is often accompanied by varying degrees of metabolism. This review describes various approaches to improve the buccal absorption of peptides including the use of penetration enhancers to increase membrane permeability and/or the addition of enzyme inhibitors to increase their stability. Other strategies including molecular modification with bioreversible chemical groups or specific formulations such as bioadhesive delivery systems are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Veuillez
- Pharmapeptides, Centre Interuniversitaire de Recherche et d'Enseignement, Site d'Archamps, Archamps, France
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Lockett T, Reilly W, Manthey M, Wells X, Cameron F, Moghaddam M, Johnston J, Smith K, Francis C, Yang Q, Whittaker R. Tris lipidation: a chemically flexible technology for modifying the delivery of drugs and genes. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2000; 27:563-7. [PMID: 10874519 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1681.2000.03294.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
1. One of the major challenges in the development of pharmaceuticals is their formulation with other materials to give them the desired bioavailability profile when administered into the body. 2. We have developed a flexible platform technology (Tris lipidation) to simply and effectively alter the lipophilicity of drugs. As implied by the name, the technology uses the common buffer Tris as a linker between the drugs of interest and a domain of variable hydrophobicity. 3. We demonstrate, using a mouse melanoma model, that Tris-lipidated conjugates of the widely used cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory drug methotrexate (MTX) display enhanced potency in the local treatment of tumours and reduced systemic toxicity when compared with the unconjugated drug. 4. With genes now being predicted to be the pharmaceuticals of the future, we show that Tris-lipidated cationic peptides can efficiently deliver DNA into (transfect) cells in culture. Furthermore, by comparing the abilities of variants of these Tris-based cationic lipids to transfect cultured cells, we demonstrate that modifications made to variable regions of Tris-lipidated compounds can dramatically alter their delivery profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Lockett
- Sydney Laboratory, North Ryde, New South Wales.
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12
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Di Marzio L, Cinque B, De Simone C, Cifone MG. Effect of the lactic acid bacterium Streptococcus thermophilus on ceramide levels in human keratinocytes in vitro and stratum corneum in vivo. J Invest Dermatol 1999; 113:98-106. [PMID: 10417626 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.1999.00633.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The effects of Streptococcus thermophilus on ceramide levels either in vitro on cultured human keratinocytes or in vivo on stratum corneum, have been investigated. In vitro, Streptococcus thermophilus enhanced the levels of ceramides in keratinocytes in a time-dependent way. The presence of high levels of neutral, glutathione-sensitive, sphingomyelinase in Streptococcus thermophilus could be responsible for the observed ceramide increase. The application of a base cream containing sonicated Streptococcus thermophilus in the forearm skin of 17 healthy volunteers for 7 d also led to a significant and relevant increase of skin ceramide amounts, which could be due to the sphingomyelin hydrolysis through bacterial neutral sphingomyelinase. Indeed, similar results were obtained with a base cream containing purified bacterial neutral sphingomyelinase. In addition, the inhibition of bacterial neutral sphingomyelinase activity through glutathione blocked the skin ceramide increase observed after the treatment. The topical application of a sonicated Streptococcus thermophilus preparation, leading to increased stratum corneum ceramide levels, could thus result in the improvement of lipid barrier and a more effective resistance against xerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Di Marzio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, Coppito, Italy
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13
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Imbert D, Cullander C. Buccal mucosa in vitro experiments. I. Confocal imaging of vital staining and MTT assays for the determination of tissue viability. J Control Release 1999; 58:39-50. [PMID: 10021488 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-3659(98)00143-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Delivery of drugs through the skin and the buccal mucosa has been considered as an alternative to per oral dosing for those substances that are degraded in the gastro-intestinal tract, or are subject to first-pass metabolism in the liver. In the buccal mucosa, contrary to skin, the diffusion barriers are located within living cell layers, hence the physiological state of the tissue is likely to significantly affect in vitro diffusion profiles. In this study, we were interested in assessing the viability of excised buccal mucosa and determining the limits of tissue usage under common in vitro experimental conditions. Using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), we have shown that optical sectioning of samples exposed to calcein AM and ethidium homodimer-1 (used as 'live' and 'dead' cell probes respectively) can be employed to accurately and reliably determine the viability of buccal mucosa biopsies. The results of the CLSM assay were remarkably consistent with that of an MTT assay. In both studies, viability in PBS at 34 degrees C was lost after about 8 h post-mortem, whereas it could be sustained for up to 24 h in KBR.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Imbert
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of California at San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, Box 0446, San Francisco, CA 94143-0446, USA.
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Wells XE, Bender VJ, Francis CL, He-Williams HM, Manthey MK, Moghaddam MJ, Reilly WG, Whittaker RG. Tris and the ready production of drug-fatty acyl conjugates. Drug Dev Res 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2299(199903/04)46:3/4<302::aid-ddr16>3.0.co;2-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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15
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Bak A, Fich M, Larsen BD, Frokjaer S, Friis GJ. N-terminal 4-imidazolidinone prodrugs of Leu-enkephalin: synthesis, chemical and enzymatic stability studies. Eur J Pharm Sci 1999; 7:317-23. [PMID: 9971915 DOI: 10.1016/s0928-0987(98)00044-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Four N-terminal 4-imidazolidinone prodrugs of Leu-enkephalin are prepared and characterized. Their enzymatic and chemical stability are assessed using high-performance liquid chromatography. The prodrug derivatives are shown to degrade stoichiometrically to Leu-enkephalin in phosphate buffer [t1/2 (0.05 M phosphate buffer without KCl): acetone prodrug (II) 930 min; cyclopentanone prodrug (III): 216 min; cyclohexanone prodrug (IV): 432 min; 4-methylcyclohexanone prodrug (V): 792 min]. Furthermore, the prodrugs are shown to afford global stabilization of the Leu-enkephalin molecule towards the enzymes, aminopeptidase N and angiotensin converting enzyme, primarily responsible for degradation of Leu-enkephalin at the blood-brain barrier and in plasma. Therefore, the 4-imidazolidinones, being metabolic stable and bioreversible, may be suitable prodrug candidates for delivery of Leu-enkephalin to important target areas such as the brain, if given intravenously.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bak
- Department of Analytical and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Royal Danish School of Pharmacy, Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
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Lunney EA, Para KS, Rubin JR, Humblet C, Fergus JH, Marks JS, Sawyer TK. Structure-Based Design of a Novel Series of Nonpeptide Ligands That Bind to the pp60src SH2 Domain. J Am Chem Soc 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/ja971794t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Lunney
- Contribution from the Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Parke-Davis Pharmaceutical Research, Division of Warner-Lambert Company, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106
| | - Kimberly S. Para
- Contribution from the Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Parke-Davis Pharmaceutical Research, Division of Warner-Lambert Company, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106
| | - J. Ronald Rubin
- Contribution from the Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Parke-Davis Pharmaceutical Research, Division of Warner-Lambert Company, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106
| | - Christine Humblet
- Contribution from the Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Parke-Davis Pharmaceutical Research, Division of Warner-Lambert Company, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106
| | - James H. Fergus
- Contribution from the Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Parke-Davis Pharmaceutical Research, Division of Warner-Lambert Company, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106
| | - James S. Marks
- Contribution from the Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Parke-Davis Pharmaceutical Research, Division of Warner-Lambert Company, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106
| | - Tomi K. Sawyer
- Contribution from the Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Parke-Davis Pharmaceutical Research, Division of Warner-Lambert Company, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106
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Filipe P, Emerit I, Vassy J, Rigaut JP, Martin E, Freitas J, Fernandes A. Epidermal localization and protective effects of topically applied superoxide dismutase. Exp Dermatol 1997; 6:116-21. [PMID: 9226133 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.1997.tb00157.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Data from the literature, as well as our previous work, indicate a protective effect of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in topical application against UV-induced cutaneous damage. In the present article we show that pre-treatment of the skin with SOD protects against PUVA-induced inflammatory reactions not only in murine, but also in human skin. Using fluorescently labelled Cu,Zn SOD, epifluorescence microscopy and digital image processing, we demonstrate that the FITC fluorescence localizes in the stratum corneum and upper granulosa, as well as in the epidermal cell layer surrounding the lumina of the hair follicles. These findings were similar for murine and human skin. Since autofluorescence was eliminated by a special filter, it can be ascertained that the fluorescence observed in the tissues was due to FITC-labelled SOD.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Filipe
- Oxygen Free Radical Research Group, Université Paris VI, France
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19
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Blondelle SE, Pérez-Payá E, Houghten RA. Synthetic combinatorial libraries: novel discovery strategy for identification of antimicrobial agents. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996; 40:1067-71. [PMID: 8723442 PMCID: PMC163267 DOI: 10.1128/aac.40.5.1067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S E Blondelle
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, San Diego, California 92121, USA.
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20
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Chung FY, Donovan MD. Nasal pre-systemic metabolism of peptide drugs: Substance P metabolism in the sheep nasal cavity. Int J Pharm 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0378-5173(95)04313-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- W Wang
- Biotechnology Unit, Bayer Corp., Berkeley, CA 94701, USA
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22
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Abstract
Bradykinin (BK) and its fragments BK(1-8), BK(1-7), and BK(1-5) were incubated with sheep nasal homogenates to investigate the extent of peptide metabolism within the nasal mucosa. The products for both bradykinin and BK(1-8) degradation were found to be BK(1-7) and BK(1-5). BK(1-7) was metabolized to BK(1-5) alone. The patterns of degradation suggest that the Pro7-Phe8 bond of bradykinin was hydrolyzed first, then BK(1-7) was further hydrolyzed to form BK(1-5). The metabolism of bradykinin in rat nasal homogenates and plasma was also investigated. BK(1-5) was the only metabolite measurable in the rat nasal homogenates, likely due to the activity of an endopeptidase. The reduction in the bradykinin degradation rate resulting from the inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) or carboxypeptidase N indicates that these enzymes participate in mucosal bradykinin metabolism to some degree. In comparison, the products of bradykinin hydrolysis in rat plasma were found to be BK(1-8), BK(1-7), and BK(1-5). These results indicate that the enzyme populations or/and activities vary significantly between different species and between different tissues within the same species. Although significant aminopeptidase activities were detected in the sheep nasal homogenates, bradykinin was not affected by their presence, since the N-terminal sequence of bradykinin is not susceptible to hydrolysis by most aminopeptidases.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Y Chung
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242, USA
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Haseto S, Ouchi H, Isoda T, Mizuma T, Hayashi M, Awazu S. Transport of low and high molecular peptides across rabbit Peyer's patches. Pharm Res 1994; 11:361-4. [PMID: 8008699 DOI: 10.1023/a:1018948617587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The permeability of peptides across rabbit jejunal epithelium (JE) and Peyer's patches (PP) was compared. Kyotorphin (L-tyrosyl-L-arginine) was almost completely hydrolyzed during its membrane transport in both PP and JE, but [D-Arg2]Kyotorphin (L-tyrosyl-D-arginine) was less hydrolyzed in PP than in JE. Since the permeability of intact [D-Arg2]Kyotorphin was almost equal in PP and JE, no superiority of PP to JE was found for dipeptide transport. More intact fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled bovine serum albumin (FITC-BSA) and concanavalin A (FITC-Con A) were transported in PP than in JE. At both absorption sites, the transport of the intact FITC-Con A was superior to that of the intact FITC-BSA. Colchicine significantly reduced the total transport of the intact and degradation forms of both peptides and the reduction ratio was greater in PP than in JE. Accordingly, it was suggested that PP can be used as prominent absorption sites for polypeptides since they have lower peptidase activity and higher endocytosis activity than JE.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Haseto
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Tokyo College of Pharmacy, Japan
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Hoogstraate AJ, Cullander C, Nagelkerke JF, Senel S, Verhoef JC, Junginger HE, Boddé HE. Diffusion rates and transport pathways of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled model compounds through buccal epithelium. Pharm Res 1994; 11:83-9. [PMID: 7511241 DOI: 10.1023/a:1018949828548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterize transport of FITC-labeled dextrans of different molecular weights as model compounds for peptides and proteins through buccal mucosa. The penetration of these dextrans through porcine buccal mucosa (a nonkeratinized epithelium, comparable to human buccal mucosa) was investigated by measuring transbuccal fluxes and by analyzing the distribution of the fluorescent probe in the epithelium, using confocal laser scanning microscopy for visualizing permeation pathways. The results revealed that passage of porcine buccal epithelium by hydrophilic compounds such as the FITC-dextrans is restricted to permeants with a molecular weight lower than 20 kDa. The permeabilities of buccal mucosa for the 4- and 10-kDa FITC-dextran (of the order of 10(-8) cm/sec) were not significantly different from each other or from the much smaller compound FITC. The confocal images of the distribution pattern of FITC-dextrans showed that the paracellular route is the major pathway through buccal epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Hoogstraate
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, The Netherlands
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Rutenber E, Fauman E, Keenan R, Fong S, Furth P, Ortiz de Montellano P, Meng E, Kuntz I, DeCamp D, Salto R. Structure of a non-peptide inhibitor complexed with HIV-1 protease. Developing a cycle of structure-based drug design. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)82261-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Hermens WA. Delivery of hormones: some new concepts. PHARMACEUTISCH WEEKBLAD. SCIENTIFIC EDITION 1992; 14:253-7. [PMID: 1437507 DOI: 10.1007/bf01962547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Some new concepts in the delivery of hormones are described. Transmucosal or transdermal penetration of hormones can be facilitated, often by the use of absorption enhancers. Studies of nasal insulin delivery are described. Recently developed iontophoretic delivery devices can be useful for pulsatile transdermal administration of peptide hormones. A self-regulating delivery system releasing insulin in response to glucose levels is described. A vaginal ring releasing ethinylestradiol and 3-ketodesogestrel is a new concept in long-acting contraception. A nasal estradiol formulation, containing the absorption enhancer dimethyl-beta-cyclodextrin, is an interesting alternative to oral and transdermal delivery of female sex hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- W A Hermens
- Streekziekenhuis Het Nieuwe Spittaal, Zutphen, The Netherlands
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Cserháti T, Szögyi M. Interaction of phospholipids with proteins and peptides. New advances 1990. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1992; 24:525-37. [PMID: 1516725 DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(92)90323-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
1. The review deals with the recent achievements in the study of the various interactions of phospholipids with proteins and peptides. 2. The interactions are classified according to the hydrophobic, hydrophilic or mixed character of the interactive forces. 3. The effect of the interaction on the structure and biological activity of the interacting molecules is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Cserháti
- Central Research Institute for Chemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest
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Lundin S, Pantzar N, Broeders A, Ohlin M, Weström BR. Differences in transport rate of oxytocin and vasopressin analogues across proximal and distal isolated segments of the small intestine of the rat. Pharm Res 1991; 8:1274-80. [PMID: 1796046 DOI: 10.1023/a:1015803813026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The transmural intestinal passage of some oxytocin and vasopressin analogues (oxytocin, OT; [Mpa1, D-Arg8]vasopressin, dDAVP; [Mpa1, Tyr (OMe)2, carba6]oxytocin, carbetocin; [Mpa1, D-Tyr (OEt)2, Thr4, Orn8]vasotocin, antocin II; [Mpa1, D-Tyr (OEt)2, Thr4, desPro7Orn8Gly9NH2]tocinoic acid-NH(CH2)3NH2, desPOG-antocin II-NH(CH2)3NH2) was studied using isolated proximal and distal segments in the rat. All peptides (measured as peptide-like immunoreactivity) displayed a higher transport rate across distal intestinal segments as determined by radioimmunoassay (RIA). The smallest peptide, des POG-antocin II-NH(CH2)3NH2, was transported at the fastest rate. No correlation of lipophilicity with transport rate was observed. Determination of the amount of peptide remaining in the mucosal media at the end of the incubation period by HPLC did not reveal any visible degradation products. However, the large difference in transport rate between [3H]OT and immunoreactive OT indicates mucosal metabolism of this peptide. [3H]d-DAVP was distributed in a larger mucosal volume than the extracellular space marker [3H]inulin, indicating tissue uptake, but was too low (less than 100% of buffer concentration) to make an active transport mechanism likely. The differences in peptide transport rates between proximal and distal intestinal segments are most likely due to a higher distal paracellular permeability despite a decreased absorptive surface area at this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lundin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Lund University, Sweden
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Kinetics, ultrastructural aspects and molecular modelling of transdermal peptide flux enhancement by N-alkylazacycloheptanones. Int J Pharm 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0378-5173(91)90341-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Merkus FW, Verhoef JC, Romeijn SG, Schipper NG. Absorption enhancing effect of cyclodextrins on intranasally administered insulin in rats. Pharm Res 1991; 8:588-92. [PMID: 1866372 DOI: 10.1023/a:1015896405389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The absorption enhancing effect of alpha-, beta-, and gamma-cyclodextrin (CD), dimethyl-beta-cyclodextrin (DM beta CD), and hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HP beta CD) on intranasally administered insulin was investigated in rats. Coadministration of 5% (w/v) DM beta CD to the insulin solution resulted in a high bioavailability, 108.9 +/- 36.4% (mean +/- SD, n = 6), compared to i.v. administration, and a strong decrease in blood glucose levels, to 25% of their initial values. Coadministration of 5% alpha-CD gave rise to an insulin bioavailability of 27.7 +/- 11.5% (mean +/- SD, n = 6) and a decrease in blood glucose to 50% of its initial value. The rate of insulin absorption and the concomitant hypoglycemic response were delayed for the alpha-CD-containing solution as compared to the DM beta CD preparation. The other CDs, HP beta CD (5%), beta-CD (1.8%), and gamma-CD (5%), did not have significant effects on nasal insulin absorption. DM beta CD at a concentration of 5% (w/v) induces ciliostasis as measured on chicken embryo tracheal tissue in vitro, but this effect is reversible. In conclusion, DM beta CD is a potent enhancer of nasal insulin absorption in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- F W Merkus
- Center for Bio-Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leiden University, The Netherlands
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