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Toba H, Lindsey ML. Extracellular matrix roles in cardiorenal fibrosis: Potential therapeutic targets for CVD and CKD in the elderly. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 193:99-120. [PMID: 30149103 PMCID: PMC6309764 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Whereas hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia are age-related risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and chronic kidney disease (CKD), aging alone is an independent risk factor. With advancing age, the heart and kidney gradually but significantly undergo inflammation and subsequent fibrosis, which eventually results in an irreversible decline in organ physiology. Through cardiorenal network interactions, cardiac dysfunction leads to and responds to renal injury, and both facilitate aging effects. Thus, a comprehensive strategy is needed to evaluate the cardiorenal aging network. Common hallmarks shared across systems include extracellular matrix (ECM) accumulation, along with upregulation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) including MMP-9. The wide range of MMP-9 substrates, including ECM components and inflammatory cytokines, implicates MMP-9 in a variety of pathological and age-related processes. In particular, there is strong evidence that inflammatory cell-derived MMP-9 exacerbates cardiorenal aging. This review explores the potential therapeutic targets against CVD and CKD in the elderly, focusing on ECM and MMP roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroe Toba
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Pathological Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Merry L Lindsey
- Mississippi Center for Heart Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, and Research Service, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA.
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Kuchakulla M, Masterson T, Arora H, Kulandavelu S, Ramasamy R. Effect of nitroso-redox imbalance on male reproduction. Transl Androl Urol 2018; 7:968-977. [PMID: 30505735 PMCID: PMC6256041 DOI: 10.21037/tau.2018.08.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are byproducts of normal metabolic processes. They are necessary for normal cellular function and are kept in balance by antioxidant mechanisms. Alterations in levels of ROS and RNS can lead to nitroso-redox imbalance that in turn can negatively affect male reproduction. Strategies to decrease ROS/RNS involve evasion of exposures (smoking, meat intake, pollution, calorie-dense diet), managing lifestyle, and increasing the consumption of antioxidants (vitamin C, vitamin E, alpha-lipoic acid, taurine, quercetin). Targeted therapies focusing on nitroso-redox imbalance can be critical for treatment of male reproductive dysfunction. This review outlines endogenous and exogenous sources of ROS/RNS, adverse effect on male reproduction, and strategies to control nitroso-redox imbalance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Kuchakulla
- 1Department of Urology, 2The Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Thomas Masterson
- 1Department of Urology, 2The Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Himanshu Arora
- 1Department of Urology, 2The Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Shathiyah Kulandavelu
- 1Department of Urology, 2The Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Ranjith Ramasamy
- 1Department of Urology, 2The Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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Liao JC, Lin KH, Cheng HY, Wu JB, Hsieh MT, Peng WH. Actinidia rubricaulisAttenuates Hepatic Fibrosis Induced by Carbon Tetrachloride in Rats. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2012; 35:81-8. [PMID: 17265553 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x07004643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant activity and hepatoprotective effect of ethanol extracts of Actinidia rubricaulis (AR) on chronic liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride ( CCl4) in rats. CCl4(20%, 0.5 ml/rat) was given twice a week for 8 weeks, and animals received AR throughout the entire experimental period. AR reduced the elevated levels of serum glutamate-oxalate-transaminase (sGOT) and glutamate-pyruvate-transaminase (sGPT) caused by CCl4at weeks 1,3,6, and 8. The biochemical data were consistent with those of the histological observations. The AR extract recovered the CCl4-induced liver injury and showed antioxidant effect in assays of antioxidant enzyme activity, such as SOD, GSH-Px and GSH-Rd. Based on these results, we suggest that the hepatoprotective effect of the AR is related to its antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Chun Liao
- Graduated Institute of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
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Hsieh PC, Ho YL, Huang GJ, Huang MH, Chiang YC, Huang SS, Hou WC, Chang YS. Hepatoprotective Effect of the Aqueous Extract of Flemingia macrophylla on Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Acute Hepatotoxicity in Rats Through Anti-Oxidative Activities. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2012; 39:349-65. [DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x11008877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the protective effect of the aqueous extract of Flemingia macrophylla (AFM) against hepatic injury induced by CCl4. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were detected as biomarkers in the blood to indicate hepatic injury. Product of lipid peroxidation (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and reduced glutathione (GSH) contents were evaluated for oxidative stress in hepatic injury. Moreover, histopathological observation was assayed for the degree of hepatic injury. After oral administration of AFM, 0.5 g/kg and 1.0 g/kg doses significantly decreased ALT and AST, attenuated the histopathology of hepatic injury, ameliorated oxidative stress in hepatic tissue, and increased the activities of CAT, SOD and GSH-Px. The hepatoprotective effect of daidzein and genistein were consistent to that of AFM. This study demonstrated for the first time that AFM has hepatoprotective effect on acute liver injuries induced by CCl4, and the results suggested that the effect of AFM against CCl4-induced liver damage was related to antioxidant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Chow Hsieh
- Institute of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ling Ho
- Department of Nursing, Hung Kuang University, Taichung 433, Taiwan
| | - Guan-Jhong Huang
- Institute of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsing Huang
- Department of Cosmetic Science, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 707, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chen Chiang
- Institute of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Shyh-Shyun Huang
- Institute of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chi Hou
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacognosy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Shiun Chang
- Institute of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
- Chinese Crude Drug Pharmacy, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
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Chang TN, Ho YL, Huang GJ, Huang SS, Chen CJ, Hsieh PC, Chiang YC, Chang YS. Hepatoprotective effect of Crossostephium chinensis (L.) Makino in rats. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2011; 39:503-21. [PMID: 21598418 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x11008993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The hepatoprotective potential of Crossostephium chinensis (L.) Makino water extract (CCW) on carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)) induced liver damage was evaluated in preventive and curative rat models. Not only were indicators of hepatic damage including GPT, GOT, lipid peroxides and TBARS were examined, the activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, GPx) and GSH were examined as well. The results showed that CCW (0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 g/kg) significantly reduced the elevated levels of GPT and GOT by CCl(4) administration (p < 0.05). TBARS level was dramatically reduced, and SOD, CAT, GPx and GSH activities were significantly increased. In addition, CCW decreased NO production and TNF-α activation in CCl(4)-treated rats. Therefore, we speculate that CCW protects against acute liver damage through its radical scavenging ability. CCW inhibited the expression of MMP-9 protein, indicating that MMP-9 played an important role in the development of CCl(4)-induced chronic liver damage in rats. In LC-MS-MS analysis, the chromatograms of CCW with good hepatoprotective activities were established. Scopoletin may be an important bioactive compound in CCW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tien-Ning Chang
- School of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Pharmacy, Taiwan
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Ghanim H, Sia CL, Abuaysheh S, Korzeniewski K, Patnaik P, Marumganti A, Chaudhuri A, Dandona P. An antiinflammatory and reactive oxygen species suppressive effects of an extract of Polygonum cuspidatum containing resveratrol. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010; 95:E1-8. [PMID: 20534755 PMCID: PMC2936054 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2010-0482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resveratrol have been shown to exert an antiinflammatory and antiaging effects in vitro and in animal models. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to investigate the effect of a Polygonum cuspidatum extract (PCE) containing resveratrol on oxidative and inflammatory stress in normal subjects. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Two groups (10 each) of normal-weight healthy subjects were randomized to placebo or PCE containing 40 mg resveratrol daily for 6 wk. Fasting blood samples were obtained prior to and after treatment at 1, 3, and 6 wk. Mononuclear cells were prepared for reactive oxygen species generation, RNA isolation, nuclear extract, and total cell homogenate preparation. Indices of oxidative and inflammatory stress, suppressor of cytokine signaling-3, phosphotyrosine phosphatase-1B, jun-N-terminal kinase-1, and inhibitor of kappaB-kinase-beta were measured by RT-PCR and Western blotting. RESULTS The extract induced a significant reduction in reactive oxygen species generation, the expression of p47(phox), intranuclear nuclear factor-kappaB binding, and the expression of jun-N-terminal kinase-1, inhibitor of kappaB-kinase-beta, phosphotyrosine phosphatase-1B, and suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 in mononuclear cells when compared with the baseline and the placebo. PCE intake also suppressed plasma concentrations of TNF-alpha, IL-6, and C-reactive protein. There was no change in these indices in the control group given placebo. CONCLUSIONS The PCE-containing resveratrol has a comprehensive suppressive effect on oxidative and inflammatory stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Husam Ghanim
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, State University of New York at Buffalo and Kaleida Health, Buffalo, New York 14209, USA
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Arul D, Jayakumar M, Prahalathan P, Subramanian P. Circadian patterns of antioxidant and lipid peroxidation status in daytime food restricted rats. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/09291010802568947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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8
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Gene regulatory changes in yeast during life extension by nutrient limitation. Exp Gerontol 2010; 45:621-31. [PMID: 20178842 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2010.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2010] [Revised: 02/11/2010] [Accepted: 02/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Genetic analyses aimed at identification of the pathways and downstream effectors of calorie restriction (CR) in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae suggest the importance of central metabolism for the extension of replicative life span by CR. However, the limited gene expression studies to date are not informative, because they have been conducted using cells grown in batch culture which markedly departs from the conditions under which yeasts are grown during life span determinations. In this study, we have examined the gene expression changes that occur during either glucose limitation or elimination of nonessential-amino acids, both of which enhance yeast longevity, culturing cells in a chemostat at equilibrium, which closely mimics conditions they encounter during life span determinations. Expression of 59 genes was examined quantitatively by real-time, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), and the physiological state of the cultures was monitored. Extensive gene expression changes were detected, some of which were common to both CR regimes. The most striking of these was the induction of tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and retrograde response target genes, which appears to be at least partially due to the up-regulation of the HAP4 gene. These gene regulatory events portend an increase in the generation of biosynthetic intermediates necessary for the production of daughter cells, which is the measure of yeast replicative life span.
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Westbrook R, Bonkowski MS, Strader AD, Bartke A. Alterations in oxygen consumption, respiratory quotient, and heat production in long-lived GHRKO and Ames dwarf mice, and short-lived bGH transgenic mice. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2009; 64:443-51. [PMID: 19286975 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/gln075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) signaling influences longevity in mice, with decreased GH signaling associated with longer life span and increased GH signaling with shortened life span. A proposed mechanism through which GH signaling influences life span postulates that decreased GH signaling lowers metabolic rate, thus slowing aging by decreasing production of damaging free radicals. The influence of altered GH signaling on metabolism was tested by monitoring oxygen consumption (VO(2)), respiratory quotient (RQ), and heat production in long-lived GH receptor knockout (GHRKO) and Ames dwarf mice, and short-lived bovine GH-overexpressing transgenic (bGH TG) mice. Intriguingly, both GHRKO and Ames dwarf mice have increased VO(2) and heat per gram body weight, and decreased RQ, whereas bGH TG mice have decreased VO(2) and heat per gram body weight and increased RQ. In conclusion, decreased GH signaling associates with increased metabolism per body weight and may beneficially affect mitochondrial flexibility by increasing the capacity for fat oxidation; generally, GH excess produces opposite metabolic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reyhan Westbrook
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatric Research, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, 801 North Rutledge Street, Springfield, IL 62794-9628, USA.
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10
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Redman LM, Ravussin E. Endocrine alterations in response to calorie restriction in humans. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2009; 299:129-36. [PMID: 19007855 PMCID: PMC3856718 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2008.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2008] [Accepted: 10/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on research involving calorie restriction (CR) in humans and the resulting changes observed in endocrine and neuroendocrine systems. Special emphasis is given to the clinical science studies designed to investigate the effects of controlled, high-quality, energy-restricted diets on both biomarkers of longevity and on the development of chronic diseases of human aging. Prolonged CR has been shown to extend both the median and maximal lifespan in a variety of lower species such as yeast, worms, fish, rats and mice. The biological mechanisms of this lifespan extension via CR are not fully elucidated, but possibly involve significant alterations in energy metabolism, oxidative damage, insulin sensitivity and functional changes in both neuroendocrine and autonomic nervous systems. Most of the difficulty in characterizing the systemic endocrine and neuroendocrine changes with aging and CR is due to the limited capability to collect large and multiple blood samples from small animals, which are usually shorter lived, and hence the most studied. Ongoing studies of prolonged CR in humans are now making it possible to analyze changes in the "biomarkers of aging" to unravel some of the mechanisms of its anti-aging phenomenon. With the incremental expansion of research endeavors in the area of energy restriction, data on the effects of CR in non-human primates and human subjects are becoming more accessible. Detailed analyses from controlled human trials involving long-term CR will allow investigators to link observed alterations from body composition and endocrine systems down to changes in molecular pathways and gene expression, with their possible effects on aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne M Redman
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, United States.
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11
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Druzhyna NM, Wilson GL, LeDoux SP. Mitochondrial DNA repair in aging and disease. Mech Ageing Dev 2008; 129:383-90. [PMID: 18417187 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2008.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2008] [Revised: 02/29/2008] [Accepted: 03/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are organelles which, according to the endosymbiosis theory, evolved from purpurbacteria approximately 1.5 billion years ago. One of the unique features of mitochondria is that they have their own genome. Mitochondria replicate and transcribe their DNA semiautonomously. Like nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is constantly exposed to DNA damaging agents. Regarding the repair of mtDNA, the prevailing concept for many years was that mtDNA molecules suffering an excess of damage would simply be degraded to be replaced by newly generated successors copied from undamaged genomes. However, evidence now clearly shows that mitochondria contain the machinery to repair the damage to their genomes caused by certain endogenous or exogenous damaging agents. The link between mtDNA damage and repair to aging, neurodegeneration, and carcinogenesis-associated processes is the subject of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadiya M Druzhyna
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of South Alabama, 307 University Boulevard, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
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Chang HY, Peng WH, Sheu MJ, Huang GJ, Tseng MC, Lai MT, Ho YL, Chang YS. Hepatoprotective and Antioxidant Effects of Ethanol Extract from Phellinus merrillii on carbon tetrachloride-induced liver damage. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2008; 35:793-804. [PMID: 17963319 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x07005272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the hepatoprotective and antioxidant capacities of ethanol extract of Phellinus merrillii (PM) on carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity. In high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis, the finger print chromatogram of PM was established. Both hispolon and PM showed a similar peak at the retention time of 6 min. This implied that PM did contain the active ingredient of hispolon. Treatment with PM (0.5, 1 and 2 g/kg) prior to the administration of carbon tetrachloride (1.5 ml/kg in olive oil, 20%) significantly prevented the increased serum alanine aminotransferase (s-GOT) and serum aspartate aminotransferase (s-GPT) in a dose-dependent manner. We also found that the incidences of ballooning degeneration, necrosis and portal triaditis were lowered in the group pretreated with PM. Carbon tetrachloride induces up-regulation of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD) (86.6%), catalase (58.8%) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx)(64.7%) in the liver. Pretreatment with PM significantly reduced the all these antioxidant enzyme activities. Therefore, we verified that ethanol extract of PM has the hepatoprotective and antioxidant capacities on rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng-Yuan Chang
- Institute of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 404, Taiwan
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Abstract
It has long been held that food restriction extends the life span of rodents and other species by decreasing caloric intake and slowing the rate of aging. Recent findings challenge these concepts. This review assesses these controversial issues. The conclusion is that caloric restriction underlies the life extension of rats, but not of Drosophila. Mortality characteristics show that food restriction slows the rate of aging of rats and, in some studies, of mice. However, in other mouse studies and in Drosophila, mortality characteristics have been interpreted as indicating that it delays the start but does not slow the rate of aging; the author believes that this interpretation is faulty. These differences in mortality responses to food restriction provide a potentially powerful tool for uncovering basic mechanisms underlying its life-prolonging action. A hypothesis is presented for use in the search for these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Masoro
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Health Science at San Antonio, TX, USA.
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Ramkumar KM, Anuradha CV. Short-term dietary restriction modulates liver lipid peroxidation in carbon tetrachloride-intoxicated rats. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2005; 16:245-56. [PMID: 16438391 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp.2005.16.4.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We investigated whether dietary restriction (DR) can protect the liver against the acute toxicity of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). Adult female Wistar rats received a quantum of diet representing 75 and 50 percent of the food intake of control rats fed ad libitum (25% and 50% daily regimen, respectively) for 30 days. A single dose of CCl4 (3 mL kg(-1) b.w.) was administered subcutaneously at the end of the feeding period. Lipid peroxidation, as thiobarbituric acid reactive substance, conjugated dienes, lipid hydroperoxides and the hepatic markers alanine transaminase, aspartic transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase were significantly decreased in food-restricted rats. The enzymic antioxidants superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and the non-enzymic antioxidant glutathione were significantly increased in both groups. The magnitude of liver damage after CCl4 treatment was lower in food-restricted animals than in ad libitum-fed animals. The results suggest that dietary restriction increases the resistance of the liver and protects against oxidative insult produced by an acute dose of CCl4.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Ramkumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar-608 002, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Abstract
The Free Radical/Oxidative Stress Theory of Aging, which was first proposed in 1956, is currently one of the most popular explanations for how aging occurs at the biochemical/molecular level. However, most of the evidence in support of this theory is correlative, e.g., oxidative damage to various biomolecules increases with age, and caloric restriction, which increases life span and retards aging, reduces the age-related increase in oxidative damage to biomolecules. The most direct test of the Free Radical/Oxidative Stress Theory of Aging is to specifically alter the age-related increase in oxidative damage and determine how this alteration affects life span. For the first time, investigators can use genetically altered animals to test directly the role of oxidative damage in aging. In this manuscript, we critically review the past research in this area and discuss potential future research directions in testing the Free Radical/Oxidative Theory of Aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Bokov
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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Ramkumar KM, Rajesh R, Anuradha CV. Food restriction attenuates blood lipid peroxidation in carbon tetrachloride-intoxicated rats. Nutrition 2003; 19:358-62. [PMID: 12679172 DOI: 10.1016/s0899-9007(02)00961-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated whether food restriction offers protection against the toxicity of carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)) and, if so, at what percentage of restriction. METHODS The effects of food restriction (75% and 50% of food intake) and food restriction followed by CCl(4) treatment on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes were studied in female Wistar rats. A single dose of CCl(4) (3 mL/kg of body weight, subcutaneous) was administered at the end of the 30-d feeding period. RESULTS The magnitude of increase in lipid peroxidation was less after CCl(4) treatment in food-restricted animals than in animals fed ad libitum (control), whereas alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase activities in plasma were enhanced due to CCl(4) treatment. The magnitude of increase in the marker enzymes was less in food-restricted animals than in control animals. Erythrocytes from food-restricted rats were more resistant to hydrogen peroxide-induced peroxidation than were those from control rats. The activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione-S-transferase were higher in food-restricted animals. CONCLUSIONS The present results suggested that food restriction can minimize drug-related increases in peroxidation and protect the system against drug toxicity, presumably by induction of antioxidant potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Ramkumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Jeon TI, Lim BO, Yu BP, Lim Y, Jeon EJ, Park DK. Effect of dietary restriction on age-related increase of liver susceptibility to peroxidation in rats. Lipids 2001; 36:589-93. [PMID: 11485162 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-001-0761-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Dietary restriction (DR) increases life span and decreases age-related diseases in experimental animals. It has received a great deal of attention in connection with the relationship between aging, nutrition, and oxidative stress because oxidative injury in several organ systems is a prominent feature in aging. We investigated the possibility that DR can protect vulnerable liver lipids against age-related increases of peroxidation. Male Fischer 344 rats fed ad libitum (AL) or dietarily restricted (maintained on 60% of AL food intake) were killed by decapitation at 4 (young) or 12 mon (adult) of age. Phosphatidylcholine hydroperoxide (PCOOH) concentration of liver was determined using a chemiluminescent high-performance liquid chromatographic method. Liver PCOOH increased with age in adult rats, but less of an increase of PCOOH was seen in DR rats, which is consistent with results on production of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances and oxygen-derived free radicals. No significant differences were found in liver superoxide dismutase and catalase activity between AL and DR groups of young and adult rats. Liver triglyceride and cholesterol contents were lower in DR than AL rats at 12 mon. Fatty acid compositions of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine indicated that the ratio of (20:3n-6 + 20:4n-6)/18:2n-6, an index of linoleic acid (18:2n-6) desaturation, was lower in DR than in AL rats. We concluded that DR suppresses age-related oxidative damage in liver by modulating the amount of lipid as well as fatty acid composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- T I Jeon
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemistry, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
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Abstract
Although philosophers and scientists have long been interested in the aging process, general interest in this fascinating and highly important topic was minimal before the 1960s. In recent decades, however, interest in aging has greatly accelerated, not only since the elderly form an ever-increasing percentage of the population, but because they utilize a significant proportion of the national expenditures. In addition, many people have come to the realization that one can now lead a very happy, active, and productive life well beyond the usual retirement age. Scientifically, aging is an extremely complex, multifactorial process, and numerous aging theories have been proposed; the most important of these are probably the genomic and free radical theories. Although it is abundantly clear that our genes influence aging and longevity, exactly how this takes place on a chemical level is only partially understood. For example, what kinds of genes are these, and what proteins do they control? Certainly they include, among others, those that regulate the processes of somatic maintenance and repair, such as the stress-response systems. The accelerated aging syndromes (i.e., Hutchinson-Gilford, Werner's, and Down's syndromes) are genetically controlled, and studies of them have decidedly increased our understanding of aging. In addition, C. elegans and D. melanogaster are important systems for studying aging. This is especially true for the former, in which the age-1 mutant has been shown to greatly increase the life span over the wild-type strain. This genetic mutation results in increased activities of the antioxidative enzymes, Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase and catalase. Thus, the genomic and free radical theories are closely linked. In addition, trisomy 21 (Down's syndrome) is characterized by a significantly shortened life span; it is also plagued by increased oxidative stress which results in various free radical-related disturbances. Exactly how this extra chromosome results in an increased production of reactive oxygen species is, however, only partially understood. There is considerable additional indirect evidence supporting the free radical theory of aging. Not only are several major age-associated diseases clearly affected by increased oxidative stress (atherosclerosis, cancer, etc.), but the fact that there are numerous natural protective mechanisms to prevent oxyradical-induced cellular damage speaks loudly that this theory has a key role in aging [the presence of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase, among others; various important intrinsic (uric acid, bilirubin, -SH proteins, glutathione, etc.) and extrinsic (vitamins C, E, carotenoids, flavonoids, etc.) antioxidants; and metal chelating proteins to prevent Fenton and Haber-Weiss chemistry]. In addition, a major part of the free radical theory involves the damaging role of reactive oxygen species and various toxins on mitochondria. These lead to numerous mitochondrial DNA mutations which result in a progressive reduction in energy output, significantly below that needed in body tissues. This can result in various signs of aging, such as loss of memory, hearing, vision, and stamina. Oxidative stress also inactivates critical enzymes and other proteins. In addition to these factors, caloric restriction is the only known method that increases the life span of rodents; studies currently underway suggest that this also applies to primates, and presumably to humans. Certainly, oxidative stress plays an important role here, although other, as yet unknown, factors are also presumably involved. Exactly how the other major theories (i.e., immune, neuroendocrine, somatic mutation, error catastrophe) control aging is more difficult to define. The immune and neuroendocrine systems clearly deteriorate with age. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED)
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Knight
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, USA
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Masoro EJ. Influence of caloric intake on aging and on the response to stressors. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 1998; 1:243-257. [PMID: 9644329 DOI: 10.1080/10937409809524554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Reducing the food intake of rodents to well below that of ad libitum fed animals increases the life span. This action, which gerontologists often refer to as the antiaging action of dietary restriction (DR), is due to the slowing of the aging processes. DR also maintains most physiological processes in a youthful state and delays the occurrence and/or slows the progression of age-associated disease processes. This antiaging action of DR results from the reduced intake of calories. Reduction of the body fat content does not play a causal role in the antiaging action of DR, nor does reduction in the metabolic rate. Alterations in the characteristics of carbohydrate metabolism and of oxidative metabolism in response to DR have been found that are of such a nature that they could, at least in part, underlie the antiaging action. Several theories have recently been proposed in regard to the mechanisms responsible for the antiaging action of DR, but none has been tested by rigorously designed studies. Of these theories, the one that seems most promising is based on the fact that DR protects rats and mice of all ages against the damaging actions of acute stressors. This protective action against stressors may play a major role in the antiaging action of DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Masoro
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, USA
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Abstract
Restricting the food intake of mice and rats to well below that of ad libitum-fed animals markedly slows the aging processes. This action is reflected in an increase in longevity, a decrease in the age-associated increase in age-specific mortality rate, the maintenance of the physiological processes in a youthful state even at advanced ages, and the delaying of the onset or slowing of the progression or both of most age-associated diseases. The dietary factor responsible is the reduction in energy (caloric) intake. Many hypotheses have been proposed regarding mechanisms underlying this antiaging action. Hypotheses relating the antiaging action to the retardation of growth and development, the reduction of adipose mass, and the reduction of metabolic rate have been found to be wanting. Two of the proposed hypotheses have some evidence in their support. One involves the altered metabolic characteristics of glucose fuel use and of oxidative metabolism. The other relates to the enhanced ability of the rodents restricted in food intake to cope with challenges, which in turn has been linked to the glucocorticoid system and to the heat-shock protein system.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Masoro
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio 78284-7756, USA
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Shimokawa I, Higami Y, Yu BP, Masoro EJ, Ikeda T. Influence of dietary components on occurrence of and mortality due to neoplasms in male F344 rats. AGING (MILAN, ITALY) 1996; 8:254-62. [PMID: 8904955 DOI: 10.1007/bf03339576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The influence of dietary components on the occurrence of, and mortality from spontaneous neoplasms in male F344 rats was investigated. The dietary regimens studied included restriction of specific dietary components (energy, fat, protein and mineral), as well as different sources of dietary protein (casein, soy protein and lactalbumin). A statistical approach based on contributing causes of death was used to obtain the mortality due to all neoplasms, and the relative onset rate of frequently observed neoplasms, e.g., leukemia, pituitary adenoma, testicular interstitial cell tumor, etc. Only the regimen involving energy restriction reduced the mortality due to all neoplasms. Neither reduction of individual components without energy restriction, nor replacement of casein with soy protein or lactalbumin as the protein source affected mortality. Analyses of the relative onset rate of selected neoplasms also indicated that only a reduction of energy intake suppressed the occurrence of most of these neoplasms. Other dietary regimens, at most, suppressed a few types of neoplasm. It is concluded that a reduction in energy intake is a key dietary factor for the prevention of neoplastic diseases in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Shimokawa
- Department of Pathology, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Japan
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Kim JD, McCarter RJ, Yu BP. Influence of age, exercise, and dietary restriction on oxidative stress in rats. AGING (MILAN, ITALY) 1996; 8:123-9. [PMID: 8737611 DOI: 10.1007/bf03339566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of exercise, dietary restriction (DR) and aging on the formation of reactive oxidant species (ROS), antioxidant defenses, and membrane fluidity. Test were performed on hepatic microsomes, mitochondria, and cytosol from 9- and 20-month-old male Fischer 344 rats, which were divided into four groups: ad libitum fed, sedentary (AS); restricted, sedentary (RS); ad libitum fed, exercised (AE); and restricted, exercised (RE). Results show that both exercise and DR suppressed microsomal ROS production, but not mitochondrial ROS production, which increased with age in all groups. Exercise and DR increased catalase and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities and maintained cytosolic ascorbic acid concentration at high levels. Exercise led to significantly higher levels of cytosolic glutathione (GSH). Activity of cytosolic superoxide dismutase (SOD) remained unchanged, whereas glutathione-s-transferase (GST) activity significantly increased with DR. The fluidity of the mitochondrial membrane from exercised and DR rats deteriorated less with age than the membrane from AS rats. Exercise alone was found to improve fluidity, but was more effective when coupled with DR. These results suggest for the first time that the combination of exercise training and DR is the most effective means of preserving membrane fluidity and suppressing microsomal ROS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Kim
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio 78284-7756, USA
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Byun DS, Venkatraman JT, Yu BP, Fernandes G. Modulation of antioxidant activities and immune response by food restriction in aging Fisher-344 rats. AGING (MILAN, ITALY) 1995; 7:40-8. [PMID: 7599247 DOI: 10.1007/bf03324291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Food restriction delays the loss of several cellular immune functions, retards the onset of many diseases during aging and, consequently, extends life span significantly in laboratory rodents. The present study was undertaken to determine whether the age-associated loss in immune function is linked to changes in microsomal and mitochondrial membranes of spleens in Fischer-344 (F-344) male rats. In this study, we determined cytosolic superoxide dismutase activity (SOD), fluidity and cholesterol content in the splenic microsomal and mitochondrial membranes, and DNA synthesis and IL-2 production in spleen cells from young and old ad libitum-fed (AL) and food restricted (FR) rats. The results show that proliferative response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A (Con-A) was significantly higher in the spleen cells of 18-month- and 24-month-old FR rats, as compared to their age-matched AL controls. Cytosolic SOD activity in the 24-month-old AL rats decreased by 28% as compared to 6-month-old AL rats, whereas in FR old rats, the loss was only 12%, suggesting that food restriction prevents loss in cytosolic SOD activity in spleens. Our data are consistent with the notion that food restriction modulates loss in immune response of splenocytes by maintaining both cytosolic SOD activity and membrane fluidity during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Byun
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio 78284-7874, USA
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Yu BP. Need the free radical theory of aging be linked to the metabolic rate theory? AGING (MILAN, ITALY) 1993; 5:243-4. [PMID: 8280219 DOI: 10.1007/bf03324162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Masoro
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio 78284-7756
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