1
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Gan HW, Cerbone M, Dattani MT. Appetite- and Weight-Regulating Neuroendocrine Circuitry in Hypothalamic Obesity. Endocr Rev 2024; 45:309-342. [PMID: 38019584 PMCID: PMC11074800 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnad033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Since hypothalamic obesity (HyOb) was first described over 120 years ago by Joseph Babinski and Alfred Fröhlich, advances in molecular genetic laboratory techniques have allowed us to elucidate various components of the intricate neurocircuitry governing appetite and weight regulation connecting the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, brainstem, adipose tissue, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract. On a background of an increasing prevalence of population-level common obesity, the number of survivors of congenital (eg, septo-optic dysplasia, Prader-Willi syndrome) and acquired (eg, central nervous system tumors) hypothalamic disorders is increasing, thanks to earlier diagnosis and management as well as better oncological therapies. Although to date the discovery of several appetite-regulating peptides has led to the development of a range of targeted molecular therapies for monogenic obesity syndromes, outside of these disorders these discoveries have not translated into the development of efficacious treatments for other forms of HyOb. This review aims to summarize our current understanding of the neuroendocrine physiology of appetite and weight regulation, and explore our current understanding of the pathophysiology of HyOb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoong-Wei Gan
- Department of Endocrinology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Great Ormond Street, London WC1N 3JH, UK
- Genetics & Genomic Medicine Research & Teaching Department, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute for Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Manuela Cerbone
- Department of Endocrinology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Great Ormond Street, London WC1N 3JH, UK
- Genetics & Genomic Medicine Research & Teaching Department, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute for Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Mehul Tulsidas Dattani
- Department of Endocrinology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Great Ormond Street, London WC1N 3JH, UK
- Genetics & Genomic Medicine Research & Teaching Department, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute for Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
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2
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Alesi V, Dentici ML, Genovese S, Loddo S, Bellacchio E, Orlando V, Di Tommaso S, Catino G, Calacci C, Calvieri G, Pompili D, Ubertini G, Dallapiccola B, Capolino R, Novelli A. Homozygous HESX1 and COL1A1 Gene Variants in a Boy with Growth Hormone Deficiency and Early Onset Osteoporosis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020750. [PMID: 33451138 PMCID: PMC7828579 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on a patient born to consanguineous parents, presenting with Growth Hormone Deficiency (GHD) and osteoporosis. SNP-array analysis and exome sequencing disclosed long contiguous stretches of homozygosity and two distinct homozygous variants in HESX1 (Q6H) and COL1A1 (E1361K) genes. The HESX1 variant was described as causative in a few subjects with an incompletely penetrant dominant form of combined pituitary hormone deficiency (CPHD). The COL1A1 variant is rare, and so far it has never been found in a homozygous form. Segregation analysis showed that both variants were inherited from heterozygous unaffected parents. Present results further elucidate the inheritance pattern of HESX1 variants and recommend assessing the clinical impact of variants located in C-terminal propeptide of COL1A1 gene for their potential association with rare recessive and early onset forms of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viola Alesi
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Translational Cytogenomics Research Unit, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy; (S.G.); (S.L.); (V.O.); (S.D.T.); (G.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (D.P.); (A.N.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Maria Lisa Dentici
- Medical Genetics Unit, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy; (M.L.D.); (B.D.); (R.C.)
| | - Silvia Genovese
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Translational Cytogenomics Research Unit, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy; (S.G.); (S.L.); (V.O.); (S.D.T.); (G.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (D.P.); (A.N.)
| | - Sara Loddo
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Translational Cytogenomics Research Unit, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy; (S.G.); (S.L.); (V.O.); (S.D.T.); (G.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (D.P.); (A.N.)
| | - Emanuele Bellacchio
- Department of Research Laboratories, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy;
| | - Valeria Orlando
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Translational Cytogenomics Research Unit, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy; (S.G.); (S.L.); (V.O.); (S.D.T.); (G.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (D.P.); (A.N.)
| | - Silvia Di Tommaso
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Translational Cytogenomics Research Unit, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy; (S.G.); (S.L.); (V.O.); (S.D.T.); (G.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (D.P.); (A.N.)
| | - Giorgia Catino
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Translational Cytogenomics Research Unit, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy; (S.G.); (S.L.); (V.O.); (S.D.T.); (G.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (D.P.); (A.N.)
| | - Chiara Calacci
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Translational Cytogenomics Research Unit, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy; (S.G.); (S.L.); (V.O.); (S.D.T.); (G.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (D.P.); (A.N.)
| | - Giusy Calvieri
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Translational Cytogenomics Research Unit, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy; (S.G.); (S.L.); (V.O.); (S.D.T.); (G.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (D.P.); (A.N.)
| | - Daniele Pompili
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Translational Cytogenomics Research Unit, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy; (S.G.); (S.L.); (V.O.); (S.D.T.); (G.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (D.P.); (A.N.)
| | | | - Bruno Dallapiccola
- Medical Genetics Unit, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy; (M.L.D.); (B.D.); (R.C.)
| | - Rossella Capolino
- Medical Genetics Unit, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy; (M.L.D.); (B.D.); (R.C.)
| | - Antonio Novelli
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Translational Cytogenomics Research Unit, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy; (S.G.); (S.L.); (V.O.); (S.D.T.); (G.C.); (C.C.); (G.C.); (D.P.); (A.N.)
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Abstract
The development of the anterior pituitary gland occurs in distinct sequential developmental steps, leading to the formation of a complex organ containing five different cell types secreting six different hormones. During this process, the temporal and spatial expression of a cascade of signaling molecules and transcription factors plays a crucial role in organ commitment, cell proliferation, patterning, and terminal differentiation. The morphogenesis of the gland and the emergence of distinct cell types from a common primordium are governed by complex regulatory networks involving transcription factors and signaling molecules that may be either intrinsic to the developing pituitary or extrinsic, originating from the ventral diencephalon, the oral ectoderm, and the surrounding mesenchyme. Endocrine cells of the pituitary gland are organized into structural and functional networks that contribute to the coordinated response of endocrine cells to stimuli; these cellular networks are formed during embryonic development and are maintained or may be modified in adulthood, contributing to the plasticity of the gland. Abnormalities in any of the steps of pituitary development may lead to congenital hypopituitarism that includes a spectrum of disorders from isolated to combined hormone deficiencies including syndromic disorders such as septo-optic dysplasia. Over the past decade, the acceleration of next-generation sequencing has allowed for rapid analysis of the patient genome to identify novel mutations and novel candidate genes associated with hypothalmo-pituitary development. Subsequent functional analysis using patient fibroblast cells, and the generation of stem cells derived from patient cells, is fast replacing the need for animal models while providing a more physiologically relevant characterization of novel mutations. Furthermore, CRISPR-Cas9 as the method for gene editing is replacing previous laborious and time-consuming gene editing methods that were commonly used, thus yielding knockout cell lines in a fraction of the time. © 2020 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 10:389-413, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyriaki S Alatzoglou
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - Louise C Gregory
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - Mehul T Dattani
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London (UCL), London, UK
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Parkin K, Kapoor R, Bhat R, Greenough A. Genetic causes of hypopituitarism. Arch Med Sci 2020; 16:27-33. [PMID: 32051702 PMCID: PMC6963153 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2020.91285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypopituitarism in neonates is rare, but has life-threatening complications if untreated. This review describes the features of hypopituitarism and the evidence for which infants in whom a genetic cause should be suspected. Importantly, neonates are often asymptomatic or present with non-specific symptoms. Hypopituitarism can be due to abnormal gland development as a result of genetic defects, which result from mutations in gene coding for transcription factors which regulate pituitary development. The mutations can be divided into those causing isolated hypopituitarism or those causing syndromes with associated hypopituitarism. The latter involve mutations in transcription factors which regulate pituitary, as well as extra-pituitary development. There is a paucity of evidence as to which patients should be investigated for genetic mutations, but detailed clinical and biochemical phenotyping with magnetic resonance imaging of the pituitary gland could help target those in whom genetic investigations would be most appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Parkin
- King’s College London, Guy’s King’s and St Thomas School of Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ritika Kapoor
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ravindra Bhat
- Neonatal Intensive Care Centre, King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Women and Children’s Health, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Greenough
- Department of Women and Children’s Health, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, United Kingdom
- Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King’s College London, United Kingdom
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre based at Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College London, United Kingdom
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5
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Gergics P. Pituitary Transcription Factor Mutations Leading to Hypopituitarism. EXPERIENTIA SUPPLEMENTUM (2012) 2019; 111:263-298. [PMID: 31588536 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-25905-1_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Congenital pituitary hormone deficiency is a disabling condition. It is part of a spectrum of disorders including craniofacial midline developmental defects ranging from holoprosencephaly through septo-optic dysplasia to combined and isolated pituitary hormone deficiency. The first genes discovered in the human disease were based on mouse models of dwarfism due to mutations in transcription factor genes. High-throughput DNA sequencing technologies enabled clinicians and researchers to find novel genetic causes of hypopituitarism for the more than three quarters of patients without a known genetic diagnosis to date. Transcription factor (TF) genes are at the forefront of the functional analysis of novel variants of unknown significance due to the relative ease in in vitro testing in a research lab. Genetic testing in hypopituitarism is of high importance to the individual and their family to predict phenotype composition, disease progression and to avoid life-threatening complications such as secondary adrenal insufficiency.This chapter aims to highlight our current understanding about (1) the contribution of TF genes to pituitary development (2) the diversity of inheritance and phenotype features in combined and select isolated pituitary hormone deficiency and (3) provide an initial assessment on how to approach variants of unknown significance in human hypopituitarism. Our better understanding on how transcription factor gene variants lead to hypopituitarism is a meaningful step to plan advanced therapies to specific genetic changes in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Gergics
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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6
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Wijetilleka S, Khan M, Mon A, Sharma D, Joseph F, Sinha A, Das K, Vora J. Cranial diabetes insipidus with pituitary stalk lesions. QJM 2016; 109:703-708. [PMID: 27131387 DOI: 10.1093/qjmed/hcw052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S Wijetilleka
- From the Department of Endocrinology, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool L7 8XP, UK
| | - M Khan
- From the Department of Endocrinology, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool L7 8XP, UK
| | - A Mon
- From the Department of Endocrinology, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool L7 8XP, UK
| | - D Sharma
- From the Department of Endocrinology, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool L7 8XP, UK
| | - F Joseph
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Countess of Chester NHS Foundation Trust, Chester CH2 1UL, UK
| | | | - K Das
- Department of Neuroradiology, Walton Centre of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Liverpool L9 7LJ, UK
| | - J Vora
- From the Department of Endocrinology, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool L7 8XP, UK
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7
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Avbelj Stefanija M, Kotnik P, Bratanič N, Žerjav Tanšek M, Bertok S, Bratina N, Battelino T, Trebušak Podkrajšek K. Novel Mutations in HESX1 and PROP1 Genes in Combined Pituitary Hormone Deficiency. Horm Res Paediatr 2016; 84:153-8. [PMID: 26111865 DOI: 10.1159/000433468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The HESX1 gene is essential in forebrain development and pituitary organogenesis, and its mutations are the most commonly identified genetic cause of septo-optic dysplasia (SOD). The PROP1 gene is involved in anterior pituitary cell lineage specification and is commonly implicated in non-syndromic combined pituitary hormone deficiency (CPHD). We aimed to assess the involvement of HESX1 and PROP1 mutations in a cohort of patients with SOD and CPHD. METHODS Six patients with sporadic SOD and 16 patients with CPHD from 14 pedigrees were screened for mutations in HESX1 and PROP1 genes by exon sequencing. Half of the CPHD patients had variable associated clinical characteristics, such as hearing loss, orofacial cleft, kidney disorder or developmental delay. Novel variants were evaluated in silico and verified in SNP databases. RESULTS A novel heterozygous p.Glu102Gly mutation in the HESX1 gene and a novel homozygous p.Arg121Thr mutation in the PROP1 gene were detected in 2 pedigrees with CPHD. A small previously reported deletion in PROP1 c.301_302delAG was detected in a separate patient with CPHD, in heterozygous state. No mutations were identified in patients with SOD. CONCLUSIONS Our results expand the spectrum of mutations implicated in CPHD. The frequency of 15% of the PROP1 mutations in CPHD was low, likely due to the clinical heterogeneity of the cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Avbelj Stefanija
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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De Rienzo F, Mellone S, Bellone S, Babu D, Fusco I, Prodam F, Petri A, Muniswamy R, De Luca F, Salerno M, Momigliano-Richardi P, Bona G, Giordano M. Frequency of genetic defects in combined pituitary hormone deficiency: a systematic review and analysis of a multicentre Italian cohort. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2015; 83:849-60. [PMID: 26147833 DOI: 10.1111/cen.12849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Combined pituitary hormonal deficiency (CPHD) can result from mutations within genes that encode transcription factors. This study evaluated the frequency of mutations in these genes in a cohort of 144 unrelated Italian patients with CPHD and estimated the overall prevalence of mutations across different populations using a systematic literature review. MATERIAL AND METHODS A multicentre study of adult and paediatric patients with CPHD was performed. The PROP1, POU1F1, HESX1, LHX3 and LHX4 genes were analysed for the presence of mutations using direct sequencing. We systematically searched PubMed with no date restrictions for studies that reported genetic screening of CPHD cohorts. We only considered genetic screenings with at least 10 individuals. Data extraction was conducted in accordance with the guidelines set by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). RESULTS Global mutation frequency in Italian patients with CPHD was 2·9% (4/136) in sporadic cases and 12·5% (1/8) in familial cases. The worldwide mutation frequency for the five genes calculated from 21 studies was 12·4%, which ranged from 11·2% in sporadic to 63% in familial cases. PROP1 was the most frequently mutated gene in sporadic (6·7%) and familial cases (48·5%). CONCLUSION The frequency of defects in genes encoding pituitary transcription factors is quite low in Italian patients with CPHD and other western European countries, especially in sporadic patients. The decision of which genes should be tested and in which order should be guided by hormonal and imaging phenotype, the presence of extrapituitary abnormalities and the frequency of mutation for each gene in the patient-referring population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca De Rienzo
- Unit of Paediatrics, Department of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Simona Mellone
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont and IRCAD, Novara, Italy
| | - Simonetta Bellone
- Unit of Paediatrics, Department of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Deepak Babu
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont and IRCAD, Novara, Italy
| | - Ileana Fusco
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont and IRCAD, Novara, Italy
| | - Flavia Prodam
- Unit of Paediatrics, Department of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Antonella Petri
- Unit of Paediatrics, Department of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Ranjith Muniswamy
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont and IRCAD, Novara, Italy
| | - Filippo De Luca
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Mariacarolina Salerno
- Paediatric Section, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Gianni Bona
- Unit of Paediatrics, Department of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Mara Giordano
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont and IRCAD, Novara, Italy
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Castinetti F, Reynaud R, Quentien MH, Jullien N, Marquant E, Rochette C, Herman JP, Saveanu A, Barlier A, Enjalbert A, Brue T. Combined pituitary hormone deficiency: current and future status. J Endocrinol Invest 2015; 38:1-12. [PMID: 25200994 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-014-0141-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Over the last two decades, the understanding of the mechanisms involved in pituitary ontogenesis has largely increased. Since the first description of POU1F1 human mutations responsible for a well-defined phenotype without extra-pituitary malformation, several other genetic defects of transcription factors have been reported with variable degrees of phenotype-genotype correlations. However, to date, despite the identification of an increased number of genetic causes of isolated or multiple pituitary deficiencies, the etiology of most (80-90 %) congenital cases of hypopituitarism remains unsolved. Identifying new etiologies is of importance as a post-natal diagnosis to better diagnose and treat the patients (delayed pituitary deficiencies, differential diagnosis of a pituitary mass on MRI, etc.), and as a prenatal diagnosis to decrease the risk of early death (undiagnosed corticotroph deficiency for instance). The aim of this review is to summarize the main etiologies and phenotypes of combined pituitary hormone deficiencies, associated or not with extra-pituitary anomalies, and to suggest how the identification of such etiologies could be improved in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Castinetti
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille CRN2M UMR 7286, cedex 15, 13344, Marseille, France.
- APHM, Hôpital Timone Adultes, Service d'Endocrinologie, Diabète et Maladies Métaboliques, cedex 5, 13385, Marseille, France.
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares d'Origine Hypophysaire DEFHY, cedex 15, 13385, Marseille, France.
| | - R Reynaud
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille CRN2M UMR 7286, cedex 15, 13344, Marseille, France
- APHM, Hôpital Timone Enfants, Service de Pédiatrie multidisciplinaire, cedex 5, 13385, Marseille, France
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares d'Origine Hypophysaire DEFHY, cedex 15, 13385, Marseille, France
| | - M-H Quentien
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille CRN2M UMR 7286, cedex 15, 13344, Marseille, France
- APHM, Hôpital Timone Adultes, Service d'Endocrinologie, Diabète et Maladies Métaboliques, cedex 5, 13385, Marseille, France
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares d'Origine Hypophysaire DEFHY, cedex 15, 13385, Marseille, France
| | - N Jullien
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille CRN2M UMR 7286, cedex 15, 13344, Marseille, France
| | - E Marquant
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille CRN2M UMR 7286, cedex 15, 13344, Marseille, France
- APHM, Hôpital Timone Enfants, Service de Pédiatrie multidisciplinaire, cedex 5, 13385, Marseille, France
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares d'Origine Hypophysaire DEFHY, cedex 15, 13385, Marseille, France
| | - C Rochette
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille CRN2M UMR 7286, cedex 15, 13344, Marseille, France
- APHM, Hôpital Timone Adultes, Service d'Endocrinologie, Diabète et Maladies Métaboliques, cedex 5, 13385, Marseille, France
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares d'Origine Hypophysaire DEFHY, cedex 15, 13385, Marseille, France
| | - J-P Herman
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille CRN2M UMR 7286, cedex 15, 13344, Marseille, France
| | - A Saveanu
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille CRN2M UMR 7286, cedex 15, 13344, Marseille, France
- APHM, Hôpital Timone Adultes, Service d'Endocrinologie, Diabète et Maladies Métaboliques, cedex 5, 13385, Marseille, France
- APHM, Hôpital de la Conception, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, 13005, Marseille, France
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares d'Origine Hypophysaire DEFHY, cedex 15, 13385, Marseille, France
| | - A Barlier
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille CRN2M UMR 7286, cedex 15, 13344, Marseille, France
- APHM, Hôpital Timone Adultes, Service d'Endocrinologie, Diabète et Maladies Métaboliques, cedex 5, 13385, Marseille, France
- APHM, Hôpital de la Conception, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, 13005, Marseille, France
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares d'Origine Hypophysaire DEFHY, cedex 15, 13385, Marseille, France
| | - A Enjalbert
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille CRN2M UMR 7286, cedex 15, 13344, Marseille, France
- APHM, Hôpital de la Conception, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, 13005, Marseille, France
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares d'Origine Hypophysaire DEFHY, cedex 15, 13385, Marseille, France
| | - T Brue
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille CRN2M UMR 7286, cedex 15, 13344, Marseille, France
- APHM, Hôpital Timone Adultes, Service d'Endocrinologie, Diabète et Maladies Métaboliques, cedex 5, 13385, Marseille, France
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares d'Origine Hypophysaire DEFHY, cedex 15, 13385, Marseille, France
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10
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Newbern K, Natrajan N, Kim HG, Chorich L.P, Halvorson L, Cameron RS, Layman LC. Identification of HESX1 mutations in Kallmann syndrome. Fertil Steril 2013; 99:1831-7. [PMID: 23465708 PMCID: PMC3888813 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.01.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether HESX1 mutations are present in patients with idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH)/Kallmann syndrome (KS). DESIGN Polymerase chain reaction-based DNA sequencing was performed on 217 well-characterized IHH/KS patients. Putative missense mutations were analyzed by sorting intolerant from tolerant (SIFT) and Clustal Ω. SETTING Academic medical center. PATIENT(S) Two hundred seventeen patients with IHH/KS and 192 controls. INTERVENTION(S) Deoxyribonucleic acid was extracted from patients and controls; genotype/phenotype comparisons were made. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Deoxyribonucleic acid sequence of HESX1, SIFT analysis, and ortholog alignment. RESULT(S) Two novel heterozygous missense mutations (p.H42Y and p.V75L) and previously reported heterozygous missense mutation p.Q6H in HESX1 were identified in 3 of 217 patients (1.4%). All were males with KS. Both p.Q6H and p.H42Y were predicted to be deleterious by SIFT, whereas p.V75L was conserved in 8 of 9 species. No other IHH/KS gene mutations were present. CONCLUSION(S) HESX1 mutations may cause KS in addition to more severe phenotypes. Our findings expand the phenotypic spectrum of HESX1 mutations in humans, thereby broadening its role in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayce Newbern
- Section of Reproductive Endocrinology, Infertility, & Genetics, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, GA
| | | | - Hyung-Goo Kim
- Section of Reproductive Endocrinology, Infertility, & Genetics, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, GA
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics; Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, GA
| | - Lynn .P. Chorich
- Section of Reproductive Endocrinology, Infertility, & Genetics, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, GA
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics; Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, GA
| | - Lisa Halvorson
- Section of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Texas Southwest, Dallas, TX
| | - Richard S. Cameron
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics; Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, GA
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, GA
| | - Lawrence C. Layman
- Section of Reproductive Endocrinology, Infertility, & Genetics, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, GA
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics; Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, GA
- Neuroscience Program; Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, GA
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Vivenza D, Godi M, Faienza MF, Mellone S, Moia S, Rapa A, Petri A, Bellone S, Riccomagno S, Cavallo L, Giordano M, Bona G. A novel HESX1 splice mutation causes isolated GH deficiency by interfering with mRNA processing. Eur J Endocrinol 2011; 164:705-13. [PMID: 21325470 DOI: 10.1530/eje-11-0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mutations in HESX1 represent a rare cause of GH deficiency (GHD) associated with a broad spectrum of other anomalies. We searched for causative mutations in a cohort of 244 Italian patients affected by combined and isolated GHD (IGHD). METHODS The HESX1 gene-coding region and exon-intron boundaries were screened by denaturing HPLC scanning. RESULTS A novel mutation adjacent to the invariant donor splice site of intron 2 (c.357+3G>A) was identified at the heterozygous state in an IGHD patient. The in vitro and in vivo mRNA analysis of the wild-type HESX1 allele revealed the presence of the whole cDNA and two isoforms lacking exon 2 and exons 2-3 respectively. The mutant HESX1 allele yielded only two splicing products, the whole cDNA and the cDNA missing exons 2-3, whereas the mRNA lacking exon 2 was absent. An in vitro assay demonstrated that the exon 2-deleted mRNA, predicting a prematurely truncated protein, is subjected to nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD). CONCLUSIONS The c.357+3G>A mutation prevents the generation of one of the alternative isoforms normally produced by the wild-type allele, predicting a truncated HESX1 protein. The mutation is likely to cause IGHD in the heterozygous patient by interfering with the downregulation of HESX1 expression mediated by alternative splicing and NMD. Our results open new insight into the mechanism of HESX1 regulation suggesting that the coupling of alternative splicing and NMD might play a fundamental role in directing the HESX1 expression, and that the alteration of this process might lead to severe consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Vivenza
- Laboratorio di Oncologia Ospedale Santa Croce e Carle, 12100 Cuneo, Italy
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12
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McCabe MJ, Alatzoglou KS, Dattani MT. Septo-optic dysplasia and other midline defects: the role of transcription factors: HESX1 and beyond. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 25:115-24. [PMID: 21396578 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2010.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Septo-optic dysplasia (SOD) is a highly heterogeneous condition comprising variable phenotypes including midline and forebrain abnormalities, optic nerve and pituitary hypoplasia. Most instances of SOD are sporadic and several aetiologies including drug and alcohol abuse have been suggested to account for the pathogenesis of the condition. However, a number of familial cases have been described with an increasing number of mutations in developmental transcription factors including HESX1, SOX2, SOX3 and OTX2 being implicated in its aetiology. These factors are essential for normal forebrain/pituitary development, and disruptions to these genes could account for the features observed in SOD and other midline disorders. The variable phenotypes observed within the condition are most likely due to the varying contributions of genetic and environmental factors. This review will discuss the current knowledge about SOD. Further study of these and other novel factors may shed light on the complex aetiology of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark James McCabe
- Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, UK.
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Kelberman D, Rizzoti K, Lovell-Badge R, Robinson ICAF, Dattani MT. Genetic regulation of pituitary gland development in human and mouse. Endocr Rev 2009; 30:790-829. [PMID: 19837867 PMCID: PMC2806371 DOI: 10.1210/er.2009-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Normal hypothalamopituitary development is closely related to that of the forebrain and is dependent upon a complex genetic cascade of transcription factors and signaling molecules that may be either intrinsic or extrinsic to the developing Rathke's pouch. These factors dictate organ commitment, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation within the anterior pituitary. Abnormalities in these processes are associated with congenital hypopituitarism, a spectrum of disorders that includes syndromic disorders such as septo-optic dysplasia, combined pituitary hormone deficiencies, and isolated hormone deficiencies, of which the commonest is GH deficiency. The highly variable clinical phenotypes can now in part be explained due to research performed over the last 20 yr, based mainly on naturally occurring and transgenic animal models. Mutations in genes encoding both signaling molecules and transcription factors have been implicated in the etiology of hypopituitarism, with or without other syndromic features, in mice and humans. To date, mutations in known genes account for a small proportion of cases of hypopituitarism in humans. However, these mutations have led to a greater understanding of the genetic interactions that lead to normal pituitary development. This review attempts to describe the complexity of pituitary development in the rodent, with particular emphasis on those factors that, when mutated, are associated with hypopituitarism in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kelberman
- Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom
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