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Pérez-Arana GM, González-Domínguez Á, Visiedo F, Gómez AD, Bancalero-de Los Reyes J, Camacho-Ramírez A, Ribelles-García A, Almorza-Gomar D, Gracia-Romero M, Casar-García J, Prada-Oliveira JA. Somatostatin: a possible mediator of the long-term effects of experimental vertical gastrectomy on glucose metabolism in rats? J Gastrointest Surg 2024; 28:923-932. [PMID: 38574966 DOI: 10.1016/j.gassur.2024.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sleeve gastrectomy (SG) is one of the most commonly performed bariatric surgeries. SG treats type 2 diabetes mellitus better than several drugs. The mechanisms that underlie this phenomenon are not clear. This study proposed that somatostatin (SST) isoforms SST-14 and SST-28 are key in the carbohydrate after SG. METHODS Surgeries were performed on 3 groups of Wistar rats: the fasting, surgery control, and SG groups. Plasma levels of glucose, insulin, SST-14, and SST-28 were measured at 2 survival periods after surgery. Islet SST receptor (SSTR) and cell populations were studied. We performed a pasireotide (SST-28 analogue) infusion assay in another group of rats to confirm the influence of SST-28 plasma levels on the delta-cell population. RESULTS This study found an elevation in the insulin response after SG in animals but a decrease in the insulin response over the long term with a loss of beta-cell mass. An increase in duodenal SST-28-producing cells in the duodenum and a loss of pancreatic SST-14-producing cells were observed after SG in animals but not in controls. The expression of SSTR type 5 in delta-cell populations from each group and the ability of the pasireotide infusion assay to decrease the delta-cell population indicated the effect of SST-28 plasma levels on delta-cell maintenance. CONCLUSION After SG initiates a compensatory response in the duodenum, beta-cell mass is depleted after loss of the brake that regulates SST-14 at the paracrine level in a nonobese, normoglycemic rat model. This was an experimental model, with no clinical translation to the human clinic, with a preliminary importance regarding new pathophysiologic perspectives or pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo-Martín Pérez-Arana
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain; Institute for Biomedical Science Research and Innovation (INIBICA), University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Álvaro González-Domínguez
- Institute for Biomedical Science Research and Innovation (INIBICA), University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Francisco Visiedo
- Institute for Biomedical Science Research and Innovation (INIBICA), University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | | | | | - Alonso Camacho-Ramírez
- Institute for Biomedical Science Research and Innovation (INIBICA), University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain; Surgery Unit, Puerta del Mar University Hospital, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | | | - David Almorza-Gomar
- Institute for Biomedical Science Research and Innovation (INIBICA), University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain; Department of Operative Statistic and Research, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | | | - Juan Casar-García
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - José-Arturo Prada-Oliveira
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain; Institute for Biomedical Science Research and Innovation (INIBICA), University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain.
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Sun T, Wang C, Huo L, Wang Y, Liu K, Wei C, Zhao H, Chen S, Ren L. Serum Cortistatin Level in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Its Relationship with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Int J Gen Med 2023; 16:631-639. [PMID: 36851999 PMCID: PMC9960706 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s396315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate serum cortistatin (CST) levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients with or without non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and to examine the relationship between CST and NAFLD. Methods A total of 90 T2DM patients, which included 56 NAFLD patients (referred to as DM+NAFLD group) and 34 patients without NAFLD (DM-only group), and 83 non-diabetes individuals that included 39 NAFLD patients (NAFLD-only group) and 44 without NAFLD that acted as the normal-control group (NC group). The differences in the serum CST levels between the groups were compared, and the correlations between CST and other variables were calculated by applying both correlational analysis and multiple linear regression analysis. Results The mean serum CST levels were significantly lower in the DM+NAFLD and DM groups than in the NC group (P < 0.05). In addition, the CST levels were lower in the DM group relative to that in the NAFLD group (P < 0.05). However, no statistical difference was noted in the serum CST between diabetic patients with and without NAFLD (P > 0.05). Similarly, in the non-diabetic group, the serum CST level was not significantly different between individuals with and without NAFLD (P > 0.05). Furthermore, the serum CST levels were negatively associated with the levels of total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and insulin cell function index (HOMA-β). Conversely, the serum CST levels were positively associated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). The data obtained through multiple linear regression implied that LDL-C and HOMA-β, but not HOMA-IR, were closely related to serum CST levels. Conclusion T2DM was related to decreased serum CST. However, serum CST was correlated with HOMA-β in T2DM patients, while HOMA-IR was not. There was no correlation between CST and NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China.,North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijing Huo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yichao Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Changmei Wei
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Hang Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuchun Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Luping Ren
- Department of Endocrinology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
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Pérez-Arana GM, Díaz-Gómez A, Bancalero-de Los Reyes J, Camacho-Ramírez A, Ribelles-García A, Almorza-Gomar D, Gracia-Romero M, Mateo-Gavira I, Prada-Oliveira JA. Somatostatin: From a supporting actor to the protagonist to explain the long-term effect of sleeve gastrectomy on glucose metabolism. Ann Anat 2023; 246:152044. [PMID: 36586517 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2022.152044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bariatric/metabolic surgery has become the most effective treatment against type 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The role of many gastrointestinal hormones in T2DM has been proposed, but the pathophysiological models described vary greatly depending on the anatomical rearrangements after surgery. We focus on somatostatin as a common factor in two of the most commonly performed surgical procedures in a healthy rodent model. We performed sleeve gastrectomy (SG) and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and also an experimental surgery without gastric involvement (intestinal resection of 50 % jejunum-ileum portion -IR50 %). METHODS We used five groups of Wistar rats: fasting control, sham-operated, SG-operated, RYGB-operated and IR50-operated. We analysed several parameters 4 and 23 weeks after surgery: plasma SST-14/28 fractions, plasma glucose, insulin release and SST-producing cell expression in the duodenum and pancreatic islets. RESULTS Numerous SST-producing cells in the duodenum but a low number in the pancreas and a long-term loss of glucose tolerance were observed in SG and RYGB animals. Additionally, a high plasma SST-28 fraction was found in animals after SG but not after RYGB. Finally, IR50 animals showed no differences versus controls. CONCLUSIONS In our SG model the amplitude of insulin response after metabolic surgeries, is mediated by SST-28 plasma levels derived from the proportional compensatory effect of gastric SST-producing tissue ablation. In addition, a strong compensatory response to the surgical loss of gastric SST-producing cells, leads to long-term loss of insulin production after SG but not in the others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo-Martín Pérez-Arana
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Cadiz, Spain; Institute for Biomedical Science Research and Innovation (INIBICA), University of Cadiz, Spain.
| | | | | | - Alonso Camacho-Ramírez
- Surgery Unit, Puerta del Mar University Hospital, University of Cadiz, Spain; Institute for Biomedical Science Research and Innovation (INIBICA), University of Cadiz, Spain
| | | | - David Almorza-Gomar
- Institute for Biomedical Science Research and Innovation (INIBICA), University of Cadiz, Spain; Operative Statistic and Research Department, University of Cádiz, Spain
| | | | - Isabel Mateo-Gavira
- Endocrine and Nutrition Service, Puerta del Mar University Hospital, University of Cadiz, Spain
| | - José-Arturo Prada-Oliveira
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Cadiz, Spain; Institute for Biomedical Science Research and Innovation (INIBICA), University of Cadiz, Spain.
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Vázquez-Borrego MC, Gahete MD, Martínez-Fuentes AJ, Fuentes-Fayos AC, Castaño JP, Kineman RD, Luque RM. Multiple signaling pathways convey central and peripheral signals to regulate pituitary function: Lessons from human and non-human primate models. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 463:4-22. [PMID: 29253530 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The anterior pituitary gland is a key organ involved in the control of multiple physiological functions including growth, reproduction, metabolism and stress. These functions are controlled by five distinct hormone-producing pituitary cell types that produce growth hormone (somatotropes), prolactin (lactotropes), adrenocorticotropin (corticotropes), thyrotropin (thyrotropes) and follicle stimulating hormone/luteinizing hormone (gonadotropes). Classically, the synthesis and release of pituitary hormones was thought to be primarily regulated by central (neuroendocrine) signals. However, it is now becoming apparent that factors produced by pituitary hormone targets (endocrine and non-endocrine organs) can feedback directly to the pituitary to adjust pituitary hormone synthesis and release. Therefore, pituitary cells serve as sensors to integrate central and peripheral signals in order to fine-tune whole-body homeostasis, although it is clear that pituitary cell regulation is species-, age- and sex-dependent. The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive, general overview of our current knowledge of both central and peripheral regulators of pituitary cell function and associated intracellular mechanisms, focusing on human and non-human primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Vázquez-Borrego
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - M D Gahete
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - A J Martínez-Fuentes
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - A C Fuentes-Fayos
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - J P Castaño
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - R D Kineman
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Research and Development Division, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - R M Luque
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), 14004 Cordoba, Spain.
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Chen W, Fu Y, Yin X, Liu Y. Circulating levels of cortistatin are correlated with metabolic parameters in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus. Peptides 2017; 94:86-90. [PMID: 28526556 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cortistatin (CST) is a recently discovered cyclic neuropeptide with multiple bioactive effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between plasma CST and various metabolic markers in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). For this study, 60 patients with newly diagnosed T2DM and 38 age- and gender-matched healthy controls were recruited. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG), serum insulin and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels and a blood lipid profile were obtained with commercially available diagnostic reagents. CST plasma levels were determined using an enzyme immunoassay kit. The results showed that the plasma levels of CST were substantially lower in patients with newly diagnosed T2DM compared with the healthy controls. Plasma CST levels were positively correlated with high-density lipoprotein and negatively related to FPG, serum insulin, the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and HbA1c in all subjects. Further analysis showed that CST levels were positively correlated with systolic blood pressure and negatively correlated with FPG, serum insulin, HOMA-IR and HbA1c in patients with newly diagnosed T2DM. Moreover, logistic regression analyses indicated that plasma CST was correlated with newly diagnosed T2DM. In conclusion, patients with newly diagnosed T2DM had significantly lower plasma levels of CST than healthy controls, and plasma CST was associated with glucose metabolism and insulin resistance, indicating a potential role of CST in the development of T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjia Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yu Fu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Xinhua Yin
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China.
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6
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Ibáñez-Costa A, Luque RM, Castaño JP. Cortistatin: A new link between the growth hormone/prolactin axis, stress, and metabolism. Growth Horm IGF Res 2017; 33:23-27. [PMID: 28157571 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Cortistatin is a neuropeptide originally identified in cortical brain regions, which displays a high structural and functional homology with somatostatin. However, cortistatin possesses distinct, unique functions, in the immune and central nervous systems, and it also shows specific endocrine effects, particularly on pituitary growth hormone, prolactin and adrenocorticotropin axes. Somatostatin and cortistatin bind similarly to the five native somatostatin receptors, sst1-sst5, whereas both compounds bind differentially to the recently discovered truncated variants of the sst subtype 5 (sst5TMD4, sst5TMD5); moreover, only cortistatin is able to bind other non-sst receptors (GHS-R and MrgX2). The non-overlapping tissue-specific distribution of each neuropeptide, together with the differential receptor binding profile, may be the cause of the singular effects of cortistatin. In this review we have provided and overview of the role of cortistatin on pituitary function by summarizing: 1) Its direct effect on pituitary cells using in vitro primary cultures derived from different species (from chicken to human); 2) Its putative physiological role revealed by in vivo assays, enabling to explore cortistatin effects on growth hormone, prolactin and adrenocorticotropin axes; and 3) The information provided by studying cortistatin knock-out mice. Altogether, these studies provide compelling evidence that cortistatin is a singular regulator of endocrine function, distinct from somatostatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Ibáñez-Costa
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain; Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Raúl M Luque
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain; Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Justo P Castaño
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain; Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain.
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7
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Feelders RA, Hofland LJ, van Aken MO, Neggers SJ, Lamberts SWJ, de Herder WW, van der Lely AJ. Medical therapy of acromegaly: efficacy and safety of somatostatin analogues. Drugs 2009; 69:2207-26. [PMID: 19852525 DOI: 10.2165/11318510-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Acromegaly is a chronic disease with signs and symptoms due to growth hormone (GH) excess. The most frequent cause of acromegaly is a GH-producing pituitary adenoma. Chronic GH excess is accompanied by long-term complications of the locomotor (arthrosis) and cardiovascular (atherosclerosis, cardiomyopathy) systems and is, when untreated, associated with an increased mortality. The aim of treatment of acromegaly is to improve symptoms, to achieve local tumour mass control, and to decrease morbidity and mortality. Treatment options include surgery, medical therapy and radiotherapy. Transsphenoidal surgery is the first choice of treatment when a definitive cure can be achieved, particularly in the case of microadenomas and when decompression of surrounding structures (optic chiasm, ophthalmic motor nerves) is indicated. Primary medical therapy has been increasingly applied in recent years, especially when a priori chances of surgical cure are low (because of adenoma size and localization) and in patients with advanced age and/or serious co-morbidity. In addition, preoperative primary medical therapy may result in tumour shrinkage, facilitating tumour resection, and may reduce perioperative complications due to GH excess. Within the spectrum of medical therapy, long-acting somatostatin analogues (somatostatins) are considered as first-line treatment. Treatment with somatostatin analogues results in GH control in approximately 60% of patients. In addition, somatostatin analogues induce tumour shrinkage in 30-50% of patients, particularly when applied as primary therapy. Prolonged treatment with somatostatin analogues appears to be safe and is usually well tolerated. The currently available somatostatin analogues, octreotide and lanreotide, seem to be equally effective; however, this should still be evaluated in prospective, randomized trials evaluating efficacy with respect to GH control and tumour shrinkage. In patients with an insufficient clinical and biochemical response to somatostatin analogues, combination therapy with dopamine receptor agonists or the GH receptor antagonist pegvisomant usually leads to disease control. New developments in the medical therapy of acromegaly include the universal somatostatin receptor agonist pasireotide, which has a broader affinity for all somatostatin receptor (sst) subtypes compared with the currently available somatostatin analogues with preferential affinity for the sst2 receptor, and chimeric compounds that interact with both somatostatin and dopamine receptors with synergizing effects on GH secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Feelders
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Moaeen-ud-Din M, Malik N, Guo YL, Ali A, Babar ME. Cortistatin vaccination--a solution to growth hormone deficiency. Med Hypotheses 2009; 73:1053-4. [PMID: 19560289 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2009.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2009] [Revised: 04/17/2009] [Accepted: 05/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cortistatin and somatostatin are neuropeptides which have inhibitory effects on growth hormone through common five receptors. Although, both have inhibitory effects but, only cortistatin has direct inhibitory effects on growth hormone secretagogue and is more potent inhibitor of growth hormone than somatostatin. This control of growth hormone can be manipulated through immunoneutralization of cortistatin through cortistatin DNA vaccine rather than antibodies application. A DNA vaccine of cortistatin can be produced using recombinant DNA technology in a eukaryotic expression system and will serve as a tool not to only alleviate the growth hormone deficiency problems in human but, can also be used to improve growth rate in farm animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Moaeen-ud-Din
- Functional Genomics Lab, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.
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Broglio F, Grottoli S, Arvat E, Ghigo E. Endocrine actions of cortistatin: in vivo studies. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2008; 286:123-7. [PMID: 18281148 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2007.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2007] [Revised: 12/11/2007] [Accepted: 12/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cortistatin (CST) shares high structural homology with somatostatin (SST) and binds all SST-receptors (SST-R) subtypes with similar affinity. However, CST actions, tissue expression patterns and regulation do not fully overlap with those of SST, and, moreover, CST, but not SST, also binds and activates proadrenomedullin N-terminal peptide receptor (MrgX2) and shows binding affinity to ghrelin receptor (GHS-R1a). Several studies performed to clarify the endocrine actions of CST, compared with SST, showed that, in humans, CST and SST share the same endocrine actions, i.e. inhibition of GH and insulin secretion in physiological conditions and in acromegaly. A similar inhibitory effect on PRL and ACTH secretion was shown in acromegaly, prolactinoma or in Cushing's disease. This identity of endocrine actions by CST and SST suggests that SST-R activation by CST overrides any other independent action of this peptide mediated by other receptors. Thus, in terms of endocrine actions, CST can well be considered a natural alternative to SST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Broglio
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Turin, Torino, Italy.
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Hofland LJ. Somatostatin and somatostatin receptors in Cushing's disease. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2008; 286:199-205. [PMID: 18221833 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2007.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2007] [Revised: 10/04/2007] [Accepted: 10/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cushing's disease is caused by an ACTH secreting pituitary adenoma. Surgery is the treatment of choice and cure rates between 60 and 90% are reported. For patients in which surgery fails, effective medical treatment options are needed. Somatostatin (SS) receptors (sst) are expressed on normal and tumoral corticotroph cells. However, the role of somatostatin and in particular the current clinically available sst(2)-preferring SS analogs in the regulation of normal ACTH secretion, as well as in lowering ACTH and cortisol hypersecretion in patients with Cushing's disease, has been shown to be limited. Recent studies have provided renewed insights into the expression of sst subtypes, as well as into the functional role of SS-analogs in the regulation of ACTH secretion by corticotroph tumors. Sst(2) and sst(5) seem the predominantly expressed sst in corticotroph adenoma cells and targeting both these receptors with a new generation of multiligand SS analogs showed promising effects in terms of lowering ACTH release and urinary free cortisol (UFC) levels in patients with Cushing's disease. In this review an overview of the current insights into the role of SS and sst in the regulation of normal and pathological ACTH secretion is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo J Hofland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Prodam F, Benso A, Gramaglia E, Lucatello B, Riganti F, van der Lely AJ, Deghenghi R, Muccioli G, Ghigo E, Broglio F. Cortistatin-8, a synthetic cortistatin-derived ghrelin receptor ligand, does not modify the endocrine responses to acylated ghrelin or hexarelin in humans. Neuropeptides 2008; 42:89-93. [PMID: 18061663 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2007.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2007] [Revised: 08/30/2007] [Accepted: 09/21/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Cortistatin (CST), a neuropeptide with high structural homology with somatostatin (SST), binds all SST receptor (SST-R) subtypes but, unlike SST, also shows high binding affinity to ghrelin receptor (GHS-R1a). CST exerts the same endocrine activities of SST in humans, suggesting that the activation of the SST-R might mask the potential interaction with ghrelin system. CST-8, a synthetic CST-analogue devoid of any binding affinity to SST-R but capable to bind the GHS-R1a, has been reported able to exert antagonistic effects on ghrelin actions either in vitro or in vivo in animals. We studied the effects of CST-8 (2.0 microg/kg i.v. as a bolus or 2.0 microg/kg/h i.v. as infusion) on both spontaneous and ghrelin- or hexarelin- (1.0 microg/kg i.v. as bolus) stimulated GH, PRL, ACTH and cortisol secretion in 6 normal volunteers. During saline, no change occurred in GH and PRL levels while a spontaneous ACTH and cortisol decrease was observed. As expected, both ghrelin and hexarelin stimulated GH, PRL, ACTH and cortisol secretion (p<0.05). CST-8, administered either as bolus or as continuous infusion, did not modify both spontaneous and ghrelin- or hexarelin-stimulated GH, PRL, ACTH and cortisol secretion. In conclusion, CST-8 seems devoid of any modulatory action on either spontaneous or ghrelin-stimulated somatotroph, lactotroph and corticotroph secretion in humans in vivo. These negative results do not per se exclude that, even at these doses, CST-8 might have some neuroendocrine effects after prolonged treatment or that, at higher doses, may be able to effectively antagonize ghrelin action in humans. However, these data strongly suggest that CST-8 is not a promising candidate as GHS-R1a antagonist for human studies to explore the functional interaction between ghrelin and cortistatin systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Prodam
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Turin, Corso Dogliotti 14, 10126 Turin, Italy
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Broglio F, Papotti M, Muccioli G, Ghigo E. Brain-gut communication: cortistatin, somatostatin and ghrelin. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2007; 18:246-51. [PMID: 17632010 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2007.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2007] [Revised: 05/29/2007] [Accepted: 06/20/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although cortistatin (CST) shares great structural homology with somatostatin (SST) and binds to all SST receptor subtypes with similar affinity, these neurohormones have divergent biological roles, as evidenced by their different patterns of tissue expression and biological actions. Moreover, CST, but not SST, can bind to the proadrenomedullin N-terminal peptide (PAMP) receptor MrgX2 and type 1a growth hormone secretagogue (GHS) receptor (GHSR-1a), also known as the 'ghrelin' receptor. These findings suggest that CST-specific actions could be mediated by the GHSR-1a and CST might represent a link between the ghrelin and the SST systems. Here, we review the data leading to this working hypothesis and discuss the in vitro, in vivo and clinical implications of potential SST-receptor-independent, GHSR-1a-mediated neuroendocrine and metabolic effects of CST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Broglio
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Turin, corso Dogliotti 14, 10126 Turin, Italy.
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Gottero C, Prodam F, Destefanis S, Benso A, Gauna C, Me E, Filtri L, Riganti F, Van Der Lely AJ, Ghigo E, Broglio F. Cortistatin-17 and -14 exert the same endocrine activities as somatostatin in humans. Growth Horm IGF Res 2004; 14:382-387. [PMID: 15336231 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2004.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2004] [Revised: 04/27/2004] [Accepted: 04/28/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cortistatin (CST) is a neuropeptide, which binds with high affinity all somatostatin (SS) receptor subtypes and shows high structural homology with SS itself. A receptor specific for CST only, i.e., not recognized by SS, has been recently described in agreement with data reporting that not all CST actions are shared by SS. Interestingly, CST but not SS also binds ghrelin receptor (GHS-R1a) in vitro, suggesting a potential interplay between CST and ghrelin system. The aim of this study was to investigate in humans the endocrine and metabolic activities of human CST-17 in comparison with rat CST-14 that has previously been shown to exert the same endocrine actions of SS in healthy volunteers. To this aim, in six healthy male volunteers (age [median, 3rd-97th centiles]: 28.5; 23.6-34.3 years; Body Mass Index: 23.5; 21.0-25.1 kg/m(2)), we studied the effects of human CST-17 (2.0 microg/kg/h iv over 120 min), rat CST-14 (2.0 microg/kg/h iv over 120 min) and SS-14 (2.0 microg/kg/h iv over 120 min) on: (a) spontaneous GH, ACTH, PRL, cortisol, insulin and glucose levels; (b) the GH responses to GHRH (1.0 microg/kg iv at 0 min); (c) the GH, PRL, ACTH, cortisol, insulin and glucose responses to ghrelin (1.0 microg/kg iv at 0 min). CST-17 inhibited (p < 0.01) basal GH secretion to the same extent of CST-14 and SS-14. Spontaneous PRL, ACTH and cortisol secretion were not significantly modified by CST-17, CST-14 or SS-14. CST-17 as well as CST-14 and SS-14 also inhibited (p < 0.05) spontaneous insulin secretion to a similar extent. None of these peptides modified glucose levels. The GH response to GHRH was inhibited to the same extent by CST-17 (p < 0.01), CST-14 (p < 0.01) and SS-14 (p < 0.05 ). The ghrelin-induced GH response was higher than that elicited by GHRH (p < 0.01) and inhibited by CST-17 (p < 0.05) as well as by CST-14 (p < 0.05) and SS-14 (p < 0.01). The PRL, ACTH and cortisol responses to ghrelin were unaffected by CST-17, CST-14 or SS-14. On the other hand, the inhibitory effect of ghrelin on insulin levels was abolished by CST-17, CST-14 or SS-14 (p < 0.05) that, in turn, did not modify the ghrelin-induced increase in glucose levels. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that human CST-17 and rat CST-14 exert the same endocrine activities of SS in humans. The endocrine actions of human and rat CST therefore are likely to reflect activation of classical SS receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Gottero
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Turin, c.so Dogliotti 14, 10126 Turin, Italy
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