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Del Pozo-Yauner L, Herrera GA, Perez Carreon JI, Turbat-Herrera EA, Rodriguez-Alvarez FJ, Ruiz Zamora RA. Role of the mechanisms for antibody repertoire diversification in monoclonal light chain deposition disorders: when a friend becomes foe. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1203425. [PMID: 37520549 PMCID: PMC10374031 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1203425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The adaptive immune system of jawed vertebrates generates a highly diverse repertoire of antibodies to meet the antigenic challenges of a constantly evolving biological ecosystem. Most of the diversity is generated by two mechanisms: V(D)J gene recombination and somatic hypermutation (SHM). SHM introduces changes in the variable domain of antibodies, mostly in the regions that form the paratope, yielding antibodies with higher antigen binding affinity. However, antigen recognition is only possible if the antibody folds into a stable functional conformation. Therefore, a key force determining the survival of B cell clones undergoing somatic hypermutation is the ability of the mutated heavy and light chains to efficiently fold and assemble into a functional antibody. The antibody is the structural context where the selection of the somatic mutations occurs, and where both the heavy and light chains benefit from protective mechanisms that counteract the potentially deleterious impact of the changes. However, in patients with monoclonal gammopathies, the proliferating plasma cell clone may overproduce the light chain, which is then secreted into the bloodstream. This places the light chain out of the protective context provided by the quaternary structure of the antibody, increasing the risk of misfolding and aggregation due to destabilizing somatic mutations. Light chain-derived (AL) amyloidosis, light chain deposition disease (LCDD), Fanconi syndrome, and myeloma (cast) nephropathy are a diverse group of diseases derived from the pathologic aggregation of light chains, in which somatic mutations are recognized to play a role. In this review, we address the mechanisms by which somatic mutations promote the misfolding and pathological aggregation of the light chains, with an emphasis on AL amyloidosis. We also analyze the contribution of the variable domain (VL) gene segments and somatic mutations on light chain cytotoxicity, organ tropism, and structure of the AL fibrils. Finally, we analyze the most recent advances in the development of computational algorithms to predict the role of somatic mutations in the cardiotoxicity of amyloidogenic light chains and discuss the challenges and perspectives that this approach faces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Del Pozo-Yauner
- Department of Pathology, University of South Alabama-College of Medicine, Mobile, AL, United States
| | - Guillermo A. Herrera
- Department of Pathology, University of South Alabama-College of Medicine, Mobile, AL, United States
| | | | - Elba A. Turbat-Herrera
- Department of Pathology, University of South Alabama-College of Medicine, Mobile, AL, United States
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama-College of Medicine, Mobile, AL, United States
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2
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Sajadi MM, Farshidpour M, Brown EP, Ouyang X, Seaman MS, Pazgier M, Ackerman ME, Robinson H, Tomaras G, Parsons MS, Charurat M, DeVico AL, Redfield RR, Lewis GK. λ Light Chain Bias Associated With Enhanced Binding and Function of Anti-HIV Env Glycoprotein Antibodies. J Infect Dis 2015; 213:156-64. [PMID: 26347575 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The humoral response to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remains incompletely understood. In this report, we describe biased λ light chain use during the HIV Env glycoprotein (Env) response in HIV infection and vaccination. We examined HIV Env binding (and neutralization) in the context of light chain use in subjects with acute HIV infection, chronic HIV infection, and among HIV vaccinees. In all populations tested, there was a λ chain bias for HIV Env binding antibodies, compared with other HIV antigens (such as p24) or tetanus toxoid. In subjects with chronic HIV infection, a λ bias was noted for neutralization, with λ antibodies accounting for up to 90% of all neutralization activity observed. This is the first report of antibody function in a human infection being tied to light chain use. In HIV infection, antibodies expressing λ light chains tended to have longer CDRL3s, increased light chain contact with HIV Env, and less hypermutation in the heavy chain, compared with antibodies using the κ light chain. These data also support an evolutionary model for the understanding the various κ to λ light chain ratios observed across species and suggest that the λ light chain bias against HIV provides the host an advantage in developing a more efficient humoral response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad M Sajadi
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine Department of Medicine, Baltimore VA Medical Center, Maryland
| | - Maham Farshidpour
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine
| | - Eric P Brown
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Xin Ouyang
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine
| | - Michael S Seaman
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Marzena Pazgier
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine
| | | | | | - Georgia Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Matthew S Parsons
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Anthony L DeVico
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine
| | - Robert R Redfield
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine
| | - George K Lewis
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine
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3
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Reiche S, Dwai Y, Bussmann BM, Horn S, Sieg M, Jassoy C. High Inter-Individual Diversity of Point Mutations, Insertions, and Deletions in Human Influenza Virus Nucleoprotein-Specific Memory B Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128684. [PMID: 26086076 PMCID: PMC4472751 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The diversity of virus-specific antibodies and of B cells among different individuals is unknown. Using single-cell cloning of antibody genes, we generated recombinant human monoclonal antibodies from influenza nucleoprotein-specific memory B cells in four adult humans with and without preceding influenza vaccination. We examined the diversity of the antibody repertoires and found that NP-specific B cells used numerous immunoglobulin genes. The heavy chains (HCs) originated from 26 and the kappa light chains (LCs) from 19 different germ line genes. Matching HC and LC chains gave rise to 43 genetically distinct antibodies that bound influenza NP. The median lengths of the CDR3 of the HC, kappa and lambda LC were 14, 9 and 11 amino acids, respectively. We identified changes at 13.6% of the amino acid positions in the V gene of the antibody heavy chain, at 8.4% in the kappa and at 10.6 % in the lambda V gene. We identified somatic insertions or deletions in 8.1% of the variable genes. We also found several small groups of clonal relatives that were highly diversified. Our findings demonstrate broadly diverse memory B cell repertoires for the influenza nucleoprotein. We found extensive variation within individuals with a high number of point mutations, insertions, and deletions, and extensive clonal diversification. Thus, structurally conserved proteins can elicit broadly diverse and highly mutated B-cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Reiche
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Yamen Dwai
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Tishreen University, Latakia, Syria
| | - Bianca M. Bussmann
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Susanne Horn
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael Sieg
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Tishreen University, Latakia, Syria
| | - Christian Jassoy
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- * E-mail:
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4
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Butler JE, Sinkora M. The enigma of the lower gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT). J Leukoc Biol 2013; 94:259-70. [PMID: 23695307 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0313120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Artiodactyls possess GALT that appears in fetal life and is located at the extreme end of the ileum. These IPP contain mostly B cells and involute early in postnatal life. Rabbits have a similarly located lymphoid organ, called the sacculus rotundus. Studies in sheep and rabbits have led to the concept that the lower hindgut GALT represents primary lymphoid tissue for B cells and is necessary for normal B cell development, analogous to the bursa of Fabricius. This review traces the history of the observations and theories that have led to the existing concept concerning the role of lower GALT. We then review recent data from piglets with resected IPP that challenges the concept that the IPP is primary B cell lymphoid tissue and that artiodactyls and rabbits are members of the GALT group in the same context as gallinaceous birds. Eliminating the IPP as the primary lymphoid tissue for B cells leads to the hypothesis that the IPP acts as first-responder mucosal lymphoid tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Butler
- Institute of Microbiology AS CR, v.v.i., Doly 183, 54922 Novy Hradek, Czech Republic.
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5
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Wertz N, Vazquez J, Wells K, Sun J, Butler JE. Antibody repertoire development in fetal and neonatal piglets. XII. Three IGLV genes comprise 70% of the pre-immune repertoire and there is little junctional diversity. Mol Immunol 2013; 55:319-28. [PMID: 23570908 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2013.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
We characterized 239 lambda rearrangements from fetal and germfree (GF) piglets to: (1) determine if transcripts recovered from the earliest sites of B cell lymphogenesis were unique (2) determine what proportion of the genome is used to form the pre-immune repertoire (3) estimate the degree of somatic hypermutation and junctional diversity during ontogeny and (4) test whether piglets maintained germfree in isolators (GF piglets) have a more diversified repertoire than fetal piglets. We show that all expressed lambda genes belong to the IGLV3 and IGLV8 families and only IGLJ2 and IGLJ3 were expressed and used equally throughout fetal and neonatal life. Only genes of the IGLV8 family were used in yolk sac and fetal liver and in these tissues, IGLV8-10 comprised >50%. However, the IGLV8 genes recovered at these early sites of B cell lymphogenesis were recovered at all stages of development. Thus, no unique lambda rearrangement was recovered at the first sites of B cell development. The frequency of somatic hypermutation (SHM) in fetal piglets was ~5.9 per Kb equivalent, mutation were concentrated in CDR regions and did not increase in GF piglets. The average CDR3 length was 30 nt ± 2.7 and did not change in GF piglets. Similar to the heavy chain pre-immune repertoire in this species, three IGLV genes account for ~70% of the repertoire. Unlike the heavy chain repertoire, junctional diversity was very limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Wertz
- Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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6
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Intrinsic bias and public rearrangements in the human immunoglobulin Vλ light chain repertoire. Genes Immun 2013; 14:271-6. [DOI: 10.1038/gene.2013.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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7
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Sun X, Wertz N, Lager K, Sinkora M, Stepanova K, Tobin G, Butler JE. Antibody repertoire development in fetal and neonatal piglets. XXII. λ Rearrangement precedes κ rearrangement during B-cell lymphogenesis in swine. Immunology 2012; 137:149-59. [PMID: 22724577 PMCID: PMC3461396 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2012.03615.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
VDJ and VJ rearrangements, expression of RAG-1, Tdt and VpreB, and the presence of signal joint circles (SJC) were used to identify sites of B-cell lymphogenesis. VDJ, VλJλ but not VκJκ rearrangements or SJC were recovered from yolk sac (YS) at 20 days of gestation (DG) along with strong expression of VpreB and RAG-1 but weak Tdt expression. VλJλ rearrangements but not VκJκ rearrangements were recovered from fetal liver at 30-50 DG. SJC were pronounced in bone marrow at 95 DG where VκJκ rearrangements were first recovered. The VλJλ rearrangements recovered at 20-50 DG used some of the same Vλ and Jλ segments seen in older fetuses and adult animals. Hence the textbook paradigm for the order of light-chain rearrangement does not apply to swine. Consistent with weak Tdt expression in early sites of lymphogenesis, N-region additions in VDJ rearrangements were more frequent at 95 DG. Junctional diversity in VλJλ rearrangement was limited at all stages of development. There was little evidence for B-cell lymphogenesis in the ileal Peyer's patches. The widespread recovery of VpreB transcripts in whole, non-lymphoid tissue was unexpected as was its recovery from bone marrow and peripheral blood monocytes. Based on recovery of SJC, B-cell lymphogenesis continues for at least 5 weeks postpartum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuzhu Sun
- Department of Microbiology and Interdisciplinary Immunology Program, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
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8
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Ying WZ, Allen CE, Curtis LM, Aaron KJ, Sanders PW. Mechanism and prevention of acute kidney injury from cast nephropathy in a rodent model. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:1777-85. [PMID: 22484815 DOI: 10.1172/jci46490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A common renal complication of multiple myeloma is "myeloma kidney," a condition also known as cast nephropathy. The renal lesions (casts) are directly related to the production of monoclonal immunoglobulin free light chains (FLCs), which coprecipitate with Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein (THP) in the lumen of the distal nephron, obstructing tubular fluid flow. Here, we report that analysis of the binding interaction between FLCs and THP demonstrates that the secondary structure and key amino acid residues on the complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) of FLCs are critically important determinants of the molecular interaction with THP. The findings permitted development of a cyclized competitor peptide that demonstrated strong inhibitory capability in the binding of FLCs to THP in vitro. When used in a rodent model of cast nephropathy, this cyclized peptide construct served as an effective inhibitor of intraluminal cast formation and prevented the functional manifestations of acute kidney injury in vivo. These experiments provide proof of concept that intraluminal cast formation is integrally involved in the pathogenesis of acute kidney injury from cast nephropathy. Further, the data support a clinically relevant approach to the management of renal failure in the setting of multiple myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Zhong Ying
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research and Training Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-0007, USA
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9
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Munshaw S, Kepler TB. SoDA2: a Hidden Markov Model approach for identification of immunoglobulin rearrangements. Bioinformatics 2010; 26:867-72. [PMID: 20147303 PMCID: PMC2844993 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btq056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION The inference of pre-mutation immunoglobulin (Ig) rearrangements is essential in the study of the antibody repertoires produced in response to infection, in B-cell neoplasms and in autoimmune disease. Often, there are several rearrangements that are nearly equivalent as candidates for a given Ig gene, but have different consequences in an analysis. Our aim in this article is to develop a probabilistic model of the rearrangement process and a Bayesian method for estimating posterior probabilities for the comparison of multiple plausible rearrangements. RESULTS We have developed SoDA2, which is based on a Hidden Markov Model and used to compute the posterior probabilities of candidate rearrangements and to find those with the highest values among them. We validated the software on a set of simulated data, a set of clonally related sequences, and a group of randomly selected Ig heavy chains from Genbank. In most tests, SoDA2 performed better than other available software for the task. Furthermore, the output format has been redesigned, in part, to facilitate comparison of multiple solutions. AVAILABILITY SoDA2 is available online at https://hippocrates.duhs.duke.edu/soda. Simulated sequences are available upon request.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supriya Munshaw
- Center for Computational Immunology, Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Program, Duke University, Durham, NC 27705, USA
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Ghiotto F, Fais F, Albesiano E, Sison C, Valetto A, Gaidano G, Reinhardt J, Kolitz JE, Rai K, Allen SL, Ferrarini M, Chiorazzi N. Similarities and differences between the light and heavy chain Ig variable region gene repertoires in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Mol Med 2007. [PMID: 17380195 DOI: 10.2119/2006-00080.ghiotto] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Analyses of Ig V(H)DJ(H) rearrangements expressed by B-CLL cells have provided insights into the antigen receptor repertoire of B-CLL cells and the maturation stages of B-lymphocytes that give rise to this disease. However, less information is available about the L chain V gene segments utilized by B-CLL cells and to what extent their characteristics resemble those of the H chain. We analyzed the V(L) and J(L) gene segments of 206 B-CLL patients, paying particular attention to frequency of use and association, mutation status, and LCDR3 characteristics. Approximately 40% of B-CLL cases express V(L) genes that differ significantly from their germline counterparts. Certain genes were virtually always mutated and others virtually never. In addition, preferential pairing of specific V(L) and J(L) segments was found. These findings are reminiscent of the expressed VH repertoire in B-CLL. However unlike the V(H) repertoire, V(L) gene use was not significantly different than that of normal B-lymphocytes. In addition, Vkappa genes that lie more upstream on the germline locus were less frequently mutated than those at the 3' end of the locus; this was not the case for Vlambda genes and is not for V(H) genes. These similarities and differences between the IgH and IgL V gene repertoires expressed in B-CLL suggest some novel features while also reinforcing concepts derived from studies of the IgH repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Ghiotto
- Department of Medicine, North Shore University Hospital, Manhasset, NY, USA.
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11
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Chaiamnuay S, Bridges SL. The role of B cells and autoantibodies in rheumatoid arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 12:203-16. [PMID: 16102949 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2005.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we will review B lymphocyte development and function, then discuss the role of B cells in RA, including immune complex formation; the K/BxN mouse model of RA; toll-like receptors; B cells as antigen presenting cells; germinal center-like structures in RA synovium; and influence on T cell activation, leukocyte infiltration, and angiogenesis. With regard to autoantibody production, we will focus on rheumatoid factor (RF) and anti-CCP antibodies, particularly mechanisms of their production; sensitivity and specificity in RA; and their roles as prognostic factors. Other autoantibodies will be discussed, as will treatment implications and future areas of investigation related to B cells and autoantibodies in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumapa Chaiamnuay
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, 1530 3rd Avenue South, LHRB 412, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-0007, USA
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12
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Stamatopoulos K, Belessi C, Hadzidimitriou A, Smilevska T, Kalagiakou E, Hatzi K, Stavroyianni N, Athanasiadou A, Tsompanakou A, Papadaki T, Kokkini G, Paterakis G, Saloum R, Laoutaris N, Anagnostopoulos A, Fassas A. Immunoglobulin light chain repertoire in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 2005; 106:3575-83. [PMID: 16076869 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-04-1511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin kappa (IGK) and immunoglobulin lambda (IGL) light chain repertoire was analyzed in 276 chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cases and compared with the relevant repertoires from normal, autoreactive, and neoplastic cells. Twenty-one functional IGKV genes were used in IGKV-J rearrangements of 179 kappa-CLL cases; the most frequent genes were IGKV3-20(A27), IGKV1-39/1D-39(O2/O12), IGKV1-5(L12), IGKV4-1(B3), and IGKV2-30(A17); 90 (50.3%) of 179 IGK sequences were mutated (similarity < 98%). Twenty functional IGLV genes were used in IGLV-J rearrangements of 97 lambda-CLL cases; the most frequent genes were IGLV3-21(VL2-14), IGLV2-8(VL1-2), and IGLV2-14(VL1-4); 44 of 97 IGL sequences (45.4%) were mutated. Subsets with "CLL-biased" homologous complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) were identified: (1) IGKV2-30-IGKJ2, 7 sequences with homologous kappa CDR3 (KCDR3), 5 of 7 associated with homologous IGHV4-34 heavy chains; (2) IGKV1-39/1D-39-IGKJ1/4, 4 unmutated sequences with homologous KCDR3, 2 of 4 associated with homologous IGHV4-39 heavy chains; (3) IGKV1-5-IGKJ1/3, 4 sequences with homologous KCDR3, 2 of 4 associated with unmutated nonhomologous IGHV4-39 heavy chains; (4) IGLV1-44-IGLJ2/3, 2 sequences with homologous lambda CDR3 (LCDR3), associated with homologous IGHV4-b heavy chains; and (5) IGLV3-21-IGLJ2/3, 9 sequences with homologous LCDR3, 3 of 9 associated with homologous IGHV3-21 heavy chains. The existence of subsets that comprise given IGKV-J/IGLV-J domains associated with IGHV-D-J domains that display homologous CDR3 provides further evidence for the role of antigen in CLL pathogenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Complementarity Determining Regions/genetics
- Female
- Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte, Heavy Chain/genetics
- Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte, Light Chain/genetics
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/genetics
- Immunoglobulin kappa-Chains/genetics
- Immunoglobulin lambda-Chains/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/mortality
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Somatic Hypermutation, Immunoglobulin/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Kostas Stamatopoulos
- Hematology Department and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation (HCT) Unit, G. Papanicolaou Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Paraproteinemic renal diseases comprise a group of renal disorders that are difficult to manage, in part because of subtleties in the clinical presentation and confusion regarding diagnosis and appropriate therapy. Often, nephrologists make the diagnosis of the underlying plasma cell dyscrasia following renal biopsy. This review seeks to provide a greater understanding of the mechanism of disease and recent approaches to the management of patients who have AL-amyloidosis, monoclonal light-chain and light and heavy-chain deposition disease [termed ML(H)CDD], and cast nephropathy. All three renal lesions are caused by deposition of immunoglobulin light chains. This review seeks to provide a greater understanding of the mechanism of disease and recent approaches to the management of these patients. RECENT FINDINGS The immunoglobulin light chain takes the center stage in the pathogenesis of AL-amyloidosis, ML(H)CDD and cast nephropathy. Modifications in the variable domain are responsible for the affinity of the light chain for a given segment of the nephron and the subsequent toxic manifestations. Therapy aimed at eradicating the offending clone of plasma cells that secrete the monoclonal light chain should be beneficial, but this hypothesis lacks confirmation. Four nonrandomized studies have now demonstrated clinical benefit, including return of renal function, of high-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell transplantation (HDT/SCT) in the treatment of patients who have AL-amyloidosis or ML(H)CDD. SUMMARY While randomized trials are lacking, the data support the clinical efficacy of more aggressive treatments designed to reduce the plasma cell clone responsible for these renal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Sanders
- Division of nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1530 Third Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35294-0007, USA.
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Fleurant M, Changchien L, Chen CT, Flajnik MF, Hsu E. Shark Ig Light Chain Junctions Are as Diverse as in Heavy Chains. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:5574-82. [PMID: 15494507 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.9.5574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We have characterized a small family of four genes encoding one of the three nurse shark Ig L chain isotypes, called NS5. All NS5 cDNA sequences are encoded by three loci, of which two are organized as conventional clusters, each consisting of a V and J gene segment that can recombine and one C region exon; the third contains a germline-joined VJ in-frame and the fourth locus is a pseudogene. This is the second nurse shark L chain type where both germline-joined and split V-J organizations have been found. Since there are only two rearranging Ig loci, it was possible for the first time to examine junctional diversity in defined fish Ig genes, comparing productive vs nonproductive rearrangements. N region addition was found to be considerably more extensive in length and in frequency than any other vertebrate L chain so far reported and rivals that in H chain. We put forth the speculation that the unprecedented efficiency of N region addition (87-93% of NS5 sequences) may be a result not only of simultaneous H and L chain rearrangement in the shark but also of processing events that afford greater accessibility of the V or J gene coding ends to terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marshall Fleurant
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, State University of New York Health Science Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
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15
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Thai TH, Kearney JF. Distinct and opposite activities of human terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase splice variants. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:4009-19. [PMID: 15356150 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.6.4009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Evidence for potential human TdT (hTdT) isoforms derived from hTdT genomic sequences led us to identify the short isoform (hTdTS), as well as mature long transcripts containing exon XII (hTdTL1) and another including exon VII (hTdTL2) in lymphoid cells. Normal B and T lymphocytes express exclusively hTdTS and hTdTL2, whereas hTdTL1 expression appears to be restricted to transformed lymphoid cell lines. In in vitro recombination and primer assays, both long isoforms were shown to have 3'-->5' exonuclease activity. Overexpression of hTdTS or hTdTL2 greatly reduced the efficiency of recombination, which was reverted to normal levels by the simultaneous expression of both enzymes. Therefore, alternative splicing may prevent the adverse effects of unchecked elongation or diminution of coding ends during V(D)J recombination, thus affecting the survival of a B or T cell precursor during receptor gene rearrangements. Finally, the newly discovered hTdT isoforms should be considered in future screening of human leukemias.
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Affiliation(s)
- To-Ha Thai
- Division of Developmental and Clinical Immunology, University of Alabama, Birmingham 35294, USA
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16
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van Dongen JJM, Langerak AW, Brüggemann M, Evans PAS, Hummel M, Lavender FL, Delabesse E, Davi F, Schuuring E, García-Sanz R, van Krieken JHJM, Droese J, González D, Bastard C, White HE, Spaargaren M, González M, Parreira A, Smith JL, Morgan GJ, Kneba M, Macintyre EA. Design and standardization of PCR primers and protocols for detection of clonal immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor gene recombinations in suspect lymphoproliferations: report of the BIOMED-2 Concerted Action BMH4-CT98-3936. Leukemia 2004; 17:2257-317. [PMID: 14671650 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2403202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2308] [Impact Index Per Article: 115.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In a European BIOMED-2 collaborative study, multiplex PCR assays have successfully been developed and standardized for the detection of clonally rearranged immunoglobulin (Ig) and T-cell receptor (TCR) genes and the chromosome aberrations t(11;14) and t(14;18). This has resulted in 107 different primers in only 18 multiplex PCR tubes: three VH-JH, two DH-JH, two Ig kappa (IGK), one Ig lambda (IGL), three TCR beta (TCRB), two TCR gamma (TCRG), one TCR delta (TCRD), three BCL1-Ig heavy chain (IGH), and one BCL2-IGH. The PCR products of Ig/TCR genes can be analyzed for clonality assessment by heteroduplex analysis or GeneScanning. The detection rate of clonal rearrangements using the BIOMED-2 primer sets is unprecedentedly high. This is mainly based on the complementarity of the various BIOMED-2 tubes. In particular, combined application of IGH (VH-JH and DH-JH) and IGK tubes can detect virtually all clonal B-cell proliferations, even in B-cell malignancies with high levels of somatic mutations. The contribution of IGL gene rearrangements seems limited. Combined usage of the TCRB and TCRG tubes detects virtually all clonal T-cell populations, whereas the TCRD tube has added value in case of TCRgammadelta(+) T-cell proliferations. The BIOMED-2 multiplex tubes can now be used for diagnostic clonality studies as well as for the identification of PCR targets suitable for the detection of minimal residual disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J M van Dongen
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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17
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Zhang Z, Wu X, Limbaugh BH, Bridges SL. Expression of recombination-activating genes and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase and secondary rearrangement of immunoglobulin kappa light chains in rheumatoid arthritis synovial tissue. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 2001; 44:2275-84. [PMID: 11665968 DOI: 10.1002/1529-0131(200110)44:10<2275::aid-art390>3.0.co;2-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lymphocytic infiltrates in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovium often resemble lymphoid follicles and contain clonally related Ig transcripts, suggesting in situ antigen-dependent B cell selection. Recent reports have shown expression of recombination-activating genes (RAGs) and concurrent secondary rearrangement of Ig genes in normal peripheral lymphoid organs (receptor revision). We sought to determine if RAG-mediated receptor revision of Ig kappa light chains occurs in B cells within the RA synovium. Because we previously reported enhanced N-region addition at V(L)-J(L) joins in clonally expanded light-chain transcripts from RA synovium, we also sought expression of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT), which is normally expressed only in B cell precursors or immature B cells. METHODS Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect RAG and TdT transcripts from unselected and B cell-enriched synovial and peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from 12 RA patients. Activity of RAG protein was sought using ligation-mediated PCR to detect recombination intermediates, and immunohistochemistry was performed to identify RAG+ cells within synovia. RESULTS We found evidence of RAG-mediated secondary Ig kappa light chain rearrangements in about one-third of RA synovia. TdT expression was found in several samples, but did not correlate with RAG expression. CONCLUSION RAG-mediated secondary Ig rearrangements of kappa light chains may contribute to the local production of antibodies to autoantigens (e.g., rheumatoid factor) or exogenous antigens, or it may represent a failed attempt at immune tolerance. TdT expression suggests the presence of immature B cells in RA synovia. These findings have important implications for the local generation of antibodies in RA and other chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Zhang
- The University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham VA Medical Center, USA
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18
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Meffre E, Chiorazzi M, Nussenzweig MC. Circulating human B cells that express surrogate light chains display a unique antibody repertoire. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:2151-6. [PMID: 11489999 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.4.2151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Circulating human B cells that coexpress V-preB and conventional L chains (V-preB+L+ B cells) are a recently described subset of B cells that express Abs with features of self-reactivity. Initial analysis of V-preB+L+ B cells was limited to Ig-kappa and to the small, underused VH5 family. To determine whether Abs commonly expressed by V-preB+L+ B cells show similar features, we analyzed Ig H chains from three highly expressed VH families, VH1, VH3, and VH4, and Ig-lambda. We find that VH1 and VH3 Abs expressed by V-preB+L+ B cells resemble VH5 in that they display increased JH6 use, long CDR3s, and an increased frequency of D-D fusions. Abs in all three of these VH families also show skewed D reading frame use resulting in predominance of hydrophobic amino acids, which are counterselected in conventional B cells. Like Ig-kappa genes, the Ig-lambda genes in V-preB+L+ B cells show long CDR3s, but they differ from Ig-kappa genes in that they display no evidence of receptor editing. We conclude that a large number of H and L chain Abs expressed by V-preB+L+ B cells display features associated with self-reactive Abs.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Meffre
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA
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19
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Abstract
Despite many years of investigation, there remain many unanswered fundamental questions on the role of B cells in RA. Why is RF found in the sera of 80% of patients with RA and often in other chronic inflammatory diseases? What signals lead B lymphocytes to migrate into the subsynovial lining of joints? Does receptor revision in synovium play a role in the generation of autoantibodies in RA? What is the relative contribution of B-cell inhibition on the salutary effect of medications for RA? Can targeting autoreactive B cells, in conjunction with other therapies, provide therapeutic benefit in RA? We are hopeful that through continued basic, clinical, and translational research, these questions can be answered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Zhang
- Division of Developmental and Clinical Immunology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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20
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Ying WZ, Sanders PW. Mapping the binding domain of immunoglobulin light chains for Tamm-Horsfall protein. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2001; 158:1859-66. [PMID: 11337384 PMCID: PMC1891942 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64142-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cast nephropathy, or myeloma kidney, is a potentially reversible cause of chronic renal failure. In this condition, filtered light chains bind to a common site on Tamm-Horsfall protein (THP), which is produced by cells of the thick ascending limb of the loop of HENLE: Subsequent aggregation of these proteins produces casts that obstruct tubule fluid flow and results in renal failure. In the present study, we used the yeast two-hybrid system to determine the site of interaction of light chains with THP. The third complementarity-determining region (CDR3) of both kappa and lambda light chains interacted with THP. These findings were confirmed in a series of competition studies using a synthetic peptide that corresponded to the CDR3 region and purified THP and light chains. Variations in the CDR3 sequence of the light chain affected binding. Thus, the current studies increase our understanding of the process of cast formation and provide an opportunity to develop strategies that may inhibit this interaction and prevent the clinical manifestations of myeloma kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Z Ying
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research and Training Center, Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Cell Adhesion and Matrix Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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21
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Semrad TJ, Kenny TP, Malyj W, Robbins DL. Mutational analysis of immunoglobulin germline derived Vlambda4A light chains in rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Immunol 2001; 99:276-82. [PMID: 11318599 DOI: 10.1006/clim.2001.5006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In order to better characterize the expression of a family of light chains previously expressed in IgM rheumatoid factors, we studied the usage and somatic mutational pattern of the Vlambda4A light chain gene in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. We sequenced 11 different transcripts of Vlambda4A from the synovial tissue of three different RA patients. For comparison, we found 8 rearranged transcripts of Vlambda4A from 4 normal peripheral blood lymphocyte libraries and 1 rearranged transcript from a non-RA con-A-resistant hybridoma in GenBank. A previously undescribed polymorphism of Vlambda4A was noted. Furthermore, conserved replacement mutations in the complementary determining regions, common silent mutations around these replacement mutations, and two subsets of mutated sequences were detected in multiple RA patients. These mutation patterns also correlated with observed consistencies in the rearrangements of the Vlambda4A/Jlambda junction. These data suggest that there is clonal expansion of Vlambda4A light chains in the RA synovium in response to a RA-specific antigen or as the result of an idiotypic response in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Semrad
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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