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Brauge T, Mougin J, Ells T, Midelet G. Sources and contamination routes of seafood with human pathogenic Vibrio spp.: A Farm-to-Fork approach. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2024; 23:e13283. [PMID: 38284576 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Vibrio spp., known human foodborne pathogens, thrive in freshwater, estuaries, and marine settings, causing vibriosis upon ingestion. The rising global vibriosis cases due to climate change necessitate a deeper understanding of Vibrio epidemiology and human transmission. This review delves into Vibrio contamination in seafood, scrutinizing its sources and pathways. We comprehensively assess the contamination of human-pathogenic Vibrio in the seafood chain, covering raw materials to processed products. A "Farm-to-Fork" approach, aligned with the One Health concept, is essential for grasping the complex nature of Vibrio contamination. Vibrio's widespread presence in natural and farmed aquatic environments establishes them as potential entry points into the seafood chain. Environmental factors, including climate, human activities, and wildlife, influence contamination sources and routes, underscoring the need to understand the origin and transmission of pathogens in raw seafood. Once within the seafood chain, the formation of protective biofilms on various surfaces in production and processing poses significant food safety risks, necessitating proper cleaning and disinfection to prevent microbial residue. In addition, inadequate seafood handling, from inappropriate processing procedures to cross-contamination via pests or seafood handlers, significantly contributes to Vibrio food contamination, thus warranting attention to reduce risks. Information presented here support the imperative for proactive measures, robust research, and interdisciplinary collaboration in order to effectively mitigate the risks posed by human pathogenic Vibrio contamination, safeguarding public health and global food security. This review serves as a crucial resource for researchers, industrials, and policymakers, equipping them with the knowledge to develop biosecurity measures associated with Vibrio-contaminated seafood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Brauge
- ANSES, Laboratory for Food Safety, Bacteriology and Parasitology of Fishery and Aquaculture Products Unit, Boulogne sur Mer, France
| | - Julia Mougin
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Timothy Ells
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Kentville Research and Development Centre, Kentville, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Graziella Midelet
- ANSES, Laboratory for Food Safety, Bacteriology and Parasitology of Fishery and Aquaculture Products Unit, Boulogne sur Mer, France
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2
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Kapinusova G, Lopez Marin MA, Uhlik O. Reaching unreachables: Obstacles and successes of microbial cultivation and their reasons. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1089630. [PMID: 36960281 PMCID: PMC10027941 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1089630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In terms of the number and diversity of living units, the prokaryotic empire is the most represented form of life on Earth, and yet it is still to a significant degree shrouded in darkness. This microbial "dark matter" hides a great deal of potential in terms of phylogenetically or metabolically diverse microorganisms, and thus it is important to acquire them in pure culture. However, do we know what microorganisms really need for their growth, and what the obstacles are to the cultivation of previously unidentified taxa? Here we review common and sometimes unexpected requirements of environmental microorganisms, especially soil-harbored bacteria, needed for their replication and cultivation. These requirements include resuscitation stimuli, physical and chemical factors aiding cultivation, growth factors, and co-cultivation in a laboratory and natural microbial neighborhood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ondrej Uhlik
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czechia
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3
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A Plasma-Based Decontamination Process Reveals Potential for an in-Process Surface-Sanitation Method. PLASMA 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/plasma5030027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Methods, which use an indirect plasma treatment for the inactivation of microorganisms in foods, claim a vastly growing field of research. This paper presents a method that uses plasma-processed air (PPA) as a sanitizer. In addition to a sanitation concept for the decontamination of produce in the value chain, the presented method offers a possible application as an “in-process” surface sanitation. PPA provides antimicrobial-potent species, which are predominantly reactive nitrogen species (RNS); this has an outstanding groove penetration property. In an experimental approach, surfaces, made from materials, which are frequently used for the construction of food-processing plants, were inoculated with different microorganisms. Listeria monocytogenes (ATCC 15313), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538), Escherichia coli (ATCC 10538), Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium (ATCC 43971), and Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Enteritidis (ATCC 13076) are all microorganisms that frequently appear in foods and possess the risk for cross-contamination from the plant to the produce or vice versa. The contaminated samples were treated for various treatment times (1–5 min) with PPA of different antimicrobial potencies. Subsequently, the microbial load on the specimens was determined and compared with the load of untreated samples. As a result, reduction factors (RF) up to several log10-steps were obtained. Although surface and the bacterial strain showed an influence on the RF, the major influence was seen by a prolongation of the treatment time and an increase in the potency of the PPA.
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4
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Bobe JR, Jutras BL, Horn EJ, Embers ME, Bailey A, Moritz RL, Zhang Y, Soloski MJ, Ostfeld RS, Marconi RT, Aucott J, Ma'ayan A, Keesing F, Lewis K, Ben Mamoun C, Rebman AW, McClune ME, Breitschwerdt EB, Reddy PJ, Maggi R, Yang F, Nemser B, Ozcan A, Garner O, Di Carlo D, Ballard Z, Joung HA, Garcia-Romeu A, Griffiths RR, Baumgarth N, Fallon BA. Recent Progress in Lyme Disease and Remaining Challenges. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:666554. [PMID: 34485323 PMCID: PMC8416313 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.666554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lyme disease (also known as Lyme borreliosis) is the most common vector-borne disease in the United States with an estimated 476,000 cases per year. While historically, the long-term impact of Lyme disease on patients has been controversial, mounting evidence supports the idea that a substantial number of patients experience persistent symptoms following treatment. The research community has largely lacked the necessary funding to properly advance the scientific and clinical understanding of the disease, or to develop and evaluate innovative approaches for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Given the many outstanding questions raised into the diagnosis, clinical presentation and treatment of Lyme disease, and the underlying molecular mechanisms that trigger persistent disease, there is an urgent need for more support. This review article summarizes progress over the past 5 years in our understanding of Lyme and tick-borne diseases in the United States and highlights remaining challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R. Bobe
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Brandon L. Jutras
- Department of Biochemistry, Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | | | - Monica E. Embers
- Tulane University Health Sciences, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Allison Bailey
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mark J. Soloski
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Lyme Disease Research Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | | | - Richard T. Marconi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - John Aucott
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Lyme Disease Research Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Avi Ma'ayan
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - Kim Lewis
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - Alison W. Rebman
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Lyme Disease Research Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Mecaila E. McClune
- Department of Biochemistry, Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Edward B. Breitschwerdt
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | | | - Ricardo Maggi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Frank Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Bennett Nemser
- Steven & Alexandra Cohen Foundation, Stamford, CT, United States
| | - Aydogan Ozcan
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Omai Garner
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Dino Di Carlo
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Zachary Ballard
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Hyou-Arm Joung
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Albert Garcia-Romeu
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Roland R. Griffiths
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Nicole Baumgarth
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases and the Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Brian A. Fallon
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
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5
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Quantitative detection of viable but nonculturable state Escherichia coli O157:H7 by ddPCR combined with propidium monoazide. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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6
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Dong K, Pan H, Yang D, Rao L, Zhao L, Wang Y, Liao X. Induction, detection, formation, and resuscitation of viable but non‐culturable state microorganisms. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2019; 19:149-183. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Dong
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human HealthCollege of Food Science and Nutritional EngineeringChina Agricultural University Beijing China
- College of Food Science and Nutritional EngineeringChina Agricultural University Beijing China
- Key Lab of Fruit and Vegetable ProcessingMinistry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Beijing China
| | - Hanxu Pan
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human HealthCollege of Food Science and Nutritional EngineeringChina Agricultural University Beijing China
- College of Food Science and Nutritional EngineeringChina Agricultural University Beijing China
- Key Lab of Fruit and Vegetable ProcessingMinistry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Beijing China
| | - Dong Yang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human HealthCollege of Food Science and Nutritional EngineeringChina Agricultural University Beijing China
- College of Food Science and Nutritional EngineeringChina Agricultural University Beijing China
- Key Lab of Fruit and Vegetable ProcessingMinistry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Beijing China
| | - Lei Rao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human HealthCollege of Food Science and Nutritional EngineeringChina Agricultural University Beijing China
- College of Food Science and Nutritional EngineeringChina Agricultural University Beijing China
- Key Lab of Fruit and Vegetable ProcessingMinistry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Beijing China
| | - Liang Zhao
- College of Food Science and Nutritional EngineeringChina Agricultural University Beijing China
- Key Lab of Fruit and Vegetable ProcessingMinistry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Beijing China
| | - Yongtao Wang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional EngineeringChina Agricultural University Beijing China
- Key Lab of Fruit and Vegetable ProcessingMinistry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Beijing China
| | - Xiaojun Liao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human HealthCollege of Food Science and Nutritional EngineeringChina Agricultural University Beijing China
- College of Food Science and Nutritional EngineeringChina Agricultural University Beijing China
- Key Lab of Fruit and Vegetable ProcessingMinistry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Beijing China
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7
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Schnabel U, Handorf O, Yarova K, Zessin B, Zechlin S, Sydow D, Zellmer E, Stachowiak J, Andrasch M, Below H, Ehlbeck J. Plasma-Treated Air and Water-Assessment of Synergistic Antimicrobial Effects for Sanitation of Food Processing Surfaces and Environment. Foods 2019; 8:foods8020055. [PMID: 30717375 PMCID: PMC6406376 DOI: 10.3390/foods8020055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The synergistic antimicrobial effects of plasma-processed air (PPA) and plasma-treated water (PTW), which are indirectly generated by a microwave-induced non-atmospheric pressure plasma, were investigated with the aid of proliferation assays. For this purpose, microorganisms (Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, Pectobacterium carotovorum, sporulated Bacillus atrophaeus) were cultivated as monocultures on specimens with polymeric surface structures. Both the distinct and synergistic antimicrobial potential of PPA and PTW were governed by the plasma-on time (5⁻50 s) and the treatment time of the specimens with PPA/PTW (1⁻5 min). In single PTW treatment of the bacteria, an elevation of the reduction factor with increasing treatment time could be observed (e.g., reduction factor of 2.4 to 3.0 for P. carotovorum). In comparison, the combination of PTW and subsequent PPA treatment leads to synergistic effects that are clearly not induced by longer treatment times. These findings have been valid for all bacteria (L. monocytogenes > P. carotovorum = E. coli). Controversially, the effect is reversed for endospores of B. atrophaeus. With pure PPA treatment, a strong inactivation at 50 s plasma-on time is detectable, whereas single PTW treatment shows no effect even with increasing treatment parameters. The use of synergistic effects of PTW for cleaning and PPA for drying shows a clear alternative for currently used sanitation methods in production plants. Highlights: Non-thermal atmospheric pressure microwave plasma source used indirect in two different modes-gaseous and liquid; Measurement of short and long-living nitrite and nitrate in corrosive gas PPA (plasma-processed air) and complex liquid PTW (plasma-treated water); Application of PTW and PPA in single and combined use for biological decontamination of different microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uta Schnabel
- Plasma Bioengineering, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology e.V., Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 2, 17491 Greifswald, Germany.
- School of Food Science and Environmental Health, College of Sciences and Health, Technological University Dublin, Cathal Brugha Street, D01 HV58 Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Oliver Handorf
- Plasma Bioengineering, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology e.V., Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 2, 17491 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Kateryna Yarova
- Plasma Bioengineering, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology e.V., Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 2, 17491 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Björn Zessin
- Plasma Bioengineering, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology e.V., Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 2, 17491 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Susann Zechlin
- Plasma Bioengineering, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology e.V., Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 2, 17491 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Diana Sydow
- Plasma Bioengineering, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology e.V., Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 2, 17491 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Elke Zellmer
- Institute for Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Greifswald, Walter-Rathenau-Straße 49A, 17475 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Jörg Stachowiak
- Plasma Bioengineering, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology e.V., Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 2, 17491 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Mathias Andrasch
- Plasma Bioengineering, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology e.V., Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 2, 17491 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Harald Below
- Institute for Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Greifswald, Walter-Rathenau-Straße 49A, 17475 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Jörg Ehlbeck
- Plasma Bioengineering, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology e.V., Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 2, 17491 Greifswald, Germany.
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8
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Inactivation Kinetics ofVibrio parahaemolyticuson Sand Shrimp(Metapenaeus ensis)by Cinnamaldehyde at 4°C. J FOOD QUALITY 2017. [DOI: 10.1155/2017/5767925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sand shrimp(Metapenaeus ensis), shrimp shell, and shrimp meat were inoculated with a three-strain cocktail ofVibrio parahaemolyticuswith or without the natural antimicrobial cinnamaldehyde (2.5 mg/ml) and were, then, stored at 4°C for up to 25 days and 18 inactivation curves were obtained.V. parahaemolyticuswere inactivated down to the minimum level of detection (2.48 log CFU/g) on thiosulfate citrate bile salts sucrose agar (TCBS) plates within 7 and 10 days with low and high densities ofV. parahaemolyticusinoculation, 4.5 log CFU/g and 8.2 log CFU/g, respectively. With adding cinnamaldehyde, the inactivation process ofV. parahaemolyticuswith low populations, 4.5 log CFU/g, lasted for only 4 days. Therefore, cinnamaldehyde inactivated cells faster as expected. However, unexpectedly, in shrimp meat cases, cells have much more persistence of over even 25 days before entering the minimum level of detection both with and without cinnamaldehyde treatment. Therefore, a hypothesis was formed that when cells kept in cold environments (4°C) after several days recovered to up to 103–104CFU/g towards the end of the experiments and with starvation (shell and shrimp studies), cells might render a viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state.
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9
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Comprehensive Functional Analysis of the 18 Vibrio cholerae N16961 Toxin-Antitoxin Systems Substantiates Their Role in Stabilizing the Superintegron. J Bacteriol 2015; 197:2150-9. [PMID: 25897030 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00108-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The role of chromosomal toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems, which are ubiquitous within the genomes of free-living bacteria, is still debated. We have scanned the Vibrio cholerae N16961 genome for class 2 TA genes and identified 18 gene pair candidates. Interestingly, all but one are located in the chromosome 2 superintegron (SI). The single TA found outside the SI is located on chromosome 1 and is related to the well-characterized HipAB family, which is known to play a role in antibiotic persistence. We investigated this clustering within the SI and its possible biological consequences by performing a comprehensive functional analysis on all of the putative TA systems. We demonstrate that the 18 TAs identified encode functional toxins and that their cognate antitoxins are able to neutralize their deleterious effects when expressed in Escherichia coli. In addition, we reveal that the 17 predicted TA systems of the SI are transcribed and expressed in their native context from their own promoters, a situation rarely found in integron cassettes. We tested the possibility of interactions between noncognate pairs of all toxins and antitoxins and found no cross-interaction between any of the different TAs. Although these observations do not exclude other roles, they clearly strengthen the role of TA systems in stabilizing the massive SI cassette array of V. cholerae. IMPORTANCE The chromosomal toxin-antitoxin systems have been shown to play various, sometimes contradictory roles, ranging from genomic stabilization to bacterial survival via persistence. Determining the interactions between TA systems hosted within the same bacteria is essential to understand the hierarchy between these different roles. We identify here the full set of class 2 TAs carried in the Vibrio cholerae N16961 genome and found they are all, with a single exception, located in the chromosome 2 superintegron. Their characterization, in terms of functionality, expression, and possible cross-interactions, supports their main role as being the stabilization of the 176-cassette-long array of the superintegron but does not exclude dual roles, such as stress response elements, persistence, and bacteriophage defense through abortive infection mechanisms.
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10
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Li L, Mendis N, Trigui H, Oliver JD, Faucher SP. The importance of the viable but non-culturable state in human bacterial pathogens. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:258. [PMID: 24917854 PMCID: PMC4040921 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 553] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many bacterial species have been found to exist in a viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state since its discovery in 1982. VBNC cells are characterized by a loss of culturability on routine agar, which impairs their detection by conventional plate count techniques. This leads to an underestimation of total viable cells in environmental or clinical samples, and thus poses a risk to public health. In this review, we present recent findings on the VBNC state of human bacterial pathogens. The characteristics of VBNC cells, including the similarities and differences to viable, culturable cells and dead cells, and different detection methods are discussed. Exposure to various stresses can induce the VBNC state, and VBNC cells may be resuscitated back to culturable cells under suitable stimuli. The conditions that trigger the induction of the VBNC state and resuscitation from it are summarized and the mechanisms underlying these two processes are discussed. Last but not least, the significance of VBNC cells and their potential influence on human health are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laam Li
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada
| | - Nilmini Mendis
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada
| | - Hana Trigui
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada
| | - James D Oliver
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Sebastien P Faucher
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada
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11
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Palková Z, Wilkinson D, Váchová L. Aging and differentiation in yeast populations: elders with different properties and functions. FEMS Yeast Res 2013; 14:96-108. [PMID: 24119061 DOI: 10.1111/1567-1364.12103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, it has become evident that similarly to cells forming metazoan tissues, yeast cells have the ability to differentiate and form specialized cell types. Examples of yeast cellular differentiation have been identified both in yeast liquid cultures and within multicellular structures occupying solid surfaces. Most current knowledge on different cell types comes from studies of the spatiotemporal internal architecture of colonies developing on various media. With a few exceptions, yeast cell differentiation often concerns nongrowing, stationary-phase cells and leads to the formation of cell subpopulations differing in stress resistance, cell metabolism, respiration, ROS production, and others. These differences can affect longevity of particular subpopulations. In contrast to liquid cultures, where various cell types are dispersed within stationary-phase populations, cellular differentiation depends on the specific position of particular cells within multicellular colonies. Differentiated colonies, thus, resemble primitive multicellular organisms, in which the gradients of certain compounds and the position of cells within the structure affect cellular differentiation. In this review, we summarize and compare the properties of diverse types of differentiated chronologically aging yeast cells that have been identified in colonies growing on different media, as well as of those found in liquid cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdena Palková
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague 2, Czech Republic
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12
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Pinto D, Santos MA, Chambel L. Thirty years of viable but nonculturable state research: unsolved molecular mechanisms. Crit Rev Microbiol 2013; 41:61-76. [PMID: 23848175 DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2013.794127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Viable but nonculturable (VBNC) cells were recognized 30 years ago; and despite decades of research on the topic, most results are disperse and apparently incongruous. Since its description, a huge controversy arose regarding the ecological significance of this state: is it a degradation process without real significance for bacterial life cycles or is it an adaptive strategy of bacteria to cope with stressful conditions? In order to solve the molecular mechanisms of VBNC state induction and resuscitation, researchers in the field must be aware and overcome common issues delaying research progress. In this review, we discuss the intrinsic characteristic features of VBNC cells, the first clues on what is behind the VBNC state's induction, the models proposed for their resuscitation and the current methods to prove not only that cells are in VBNC state but also that they are able to resuscitate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Pinto
- Center for Biodiversity, Functional and Integrative Genomics (BioFIG), Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon , Lisbon , Portugal
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13
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Krebs SJ, Taylor RK. Nutrient-dependent, rapid transition of Vibrio cholerae to coccoid morphology and expression of the toxin co-regulated pilus in this form. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2011; 157:2942-2953. [PMID: 21778208 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.048561-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The acute diarrhoeal disease cholera is caused by the aquatic pathogen Vibrio cholerae upon ingestion of contaminated food or water by the human host. The mechanisms by which V. cholerae is able to persist and survive in the host and aquatic environments have been studied for years; however, little is known about the factors involved in the adaptation or response of V. cholerae transitioning between these two environments. The transition from bacillary to coccoid morphology is thought to be one mechanism of survival that V. cholerae uses in response to environmental stress. Coccoid morphology has been observed for V. cholerae while in a viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state, during times of nutrient limitation, and in the water-diluted stool of cholera-infected patients. In this study we sought conditions to study the coccoid morphology of V. cholerae, and found that coccoid-shaped cells can express and produce the virulence factor toxin co-regulated pilus (TCP) and are able to colonize the infant mouse to the same extent as bacillus-shaped cells. This study suggests that TCP may be one factor that V. cholerae utilizes for adaptation and survival during the transition between the host and the aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelly J Krebs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Ronald K Taylor
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
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14
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Pinto D, Almeida V, Almeida Santos M, Chambel L. Resuscitation of Escherichia coli VBNC cells depends on a variety of environmental or chemical stimuli. J Appl Microbiol 2011; 110:1601-11. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.05016.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Cañigral I, Moreno Y, Alonso JL, González A, Ferrús MA. Detection of Vibrio vulnificus in seafood, seawater and wastewater samples from a Mediterranean coastal area. Microbiol Res 2010; 165:657-64. [PMID: 20106642 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2009.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2009] [Revised: 11/23/2009] [Accepted: 11/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Vibrio vulnificus is an opportunistic human pathogen that may cause gastroenteritis, severe necrotizing soft-tissue infections and primary septicaemia, with a high lethality rate. Illness is associated to ingestion of seafood or to the exposure of contaminated water. The aim of this work was to determine the occurrence of V. vulnificus in water and seafood samples from a coastal area near the Mediterranean (Valencia, Spain). A TaqMan probe-based real-time PCR assay was optimised and applied to 22 sea water, 42 raw sewage and 40 seafood samples. Results were compared with those obtained for culture isolation. The detection level of the PCR assay was 10 CFU g⁻¹ in inoculated samples. Seven seawater, four shellfish and six wastewater samples were positive by real time PCR. V. vulnificus was isolated from two oyster, three sea water and two wastewater samples. All the strains were obtained after 20 h enrichment, except for wastewater strains, which were isolated directly from the sample. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the isolation of V. vulnificus from sewage in Spain. Our results about the presence of V. vulnificus in food and environmental samples are strong enough to consider that the organism may represent a human health hazard in our geographical area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Cañigral
- Department of Biotechnology, Polytechnic University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Lai CJ, Chen SY, Lin IH, Chang CH, Wong HC. Change of protein profiles in the induction of the viable but nonculturable state of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Int J Food Microbiol 2009; 135:118-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2009.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2008] [Revised: 07/28/2009] [Accepted: 08/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Acanthamoeba castellanii promotes the survival of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008; 74:7183-8. [PMID: 18849458 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01332-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a food-borne pathogen that naturally inhabits both marine and estuarine environments. Free-living protozoa exist in similar aquatic environments and function to control bacterial numbers by grazing on free-living bacteria. Protozoa also play an important role in the survival and spread of some pathogenic species of bacteria. We investigated the interaction between the protozoan Acanthamoeba castellanii and the bacterium Vibrio parahaemolyticus. We found that Acanthamoeba castellanii does not prey on Vibrio parahaemolyticus but instead secretes a factor that promotes the survival of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in coculture. These studies suggest that protozoa may provide a survival advantage to an extracellular pathogen in the environment.
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Cappelier JM, Besnard V, Roche SM, Velge P, Federighi M. Avirulent viable but non culturable cells of Listeria monocytogenes need the presence of an embryo to be recovered in egg yolk and regain virulence after recovery. Vet Res 2007; 38:573-83. [PMID: 17540159 DOI: 10.1051/vetres:2007017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2006] [Accepted: 01/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the efficiency of the embryonated egg model to recover Viable But Non Culturable (VBNC) cells of Listeria monocytogenes. L. monocytogenes cells were incubated in filtered sterilised distilled water. The VBNC state was obtained after a 25 to 47 days incubation period (concentration of culturable cells less than 1 cfu/mL). Fifteen days after the VBNC state was reached, non culturability was checked in various media. One milliliter of each VBNC suspension that contained 10(4) metabolically active cells (i.e. Direct Viable Count + cells) was inoculated into the vitellus fluid of embryonated and non-embryonated eggs. Culturable cells were detected in a large proportion of the embryonated eggs (18/32), but not in the non-embryonated eggs (1/32). The recovery rate was higher after culture of the vitellus fluid plus embryo (18/32) than after culture of the vitellus fluid alone (6/32). The results indicate that the embryo likely plays a prominent part in the recovery process. The virulence of recovered cells was assessed by the ability to form plaques in HT-29 cell monolayers and by the ability to colonise mouse spleens. Although the cells were classified as avirulent when in the VBNC state, the virulence was recovered after resuscitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Michel Cappelier
- Unité Mixte de Recherche INRA 1014 SECALIM, ENVN/ENITIAA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Nantes, BP 40706, Route de Gachet, 44307 Nantes, France.
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Tourlousse DM, Stedtfeld RD, Baushke SW, Wick LM, Hashsham SA. Virulence factor activity relationships: challenges and development approaches. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2007; 79:246-59. [PMID: 17469656 DOI: 10.2175/106143007x156826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Virulence factor activity relationships (VFAR) is a predictive approach proposed by the National Research Council's Committee on Drinking Water Contaminants (Washington, D.C.) to classify and rank waterborne pathogens. It is based on the presumption that health threats of waterborne pathogens can be predicted from descriptors at different levels of cellular organization. This paper summarizes challenges that need to be addressed while developing VFAR, with a focus on genomics, such as genomic variability among related pathogens and the need to incorporate genetic descriptors for persistence and host susceptibility. Three key components of VFAR development and validation are also presented, including (1) compilation of a comprehensive VFAR database, (2) development of predictive mathematical models relating descriptors to health effects and other microbial responses, and (3) high-throughput molecular monitoring of drinking water supplies and sources. Bayesian approach and on-chip polymerase chain reaction are discussed as examples of mathematical models and molecular monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter M Tourlousse
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824, USA
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Christensen-Dalsgaard M, Gerdes K. TwohigBAloci in theVibrio choleraesuperintegron encode mRNA cleaving enzymes and can stabilize plasmids. Mol Microbiol 2006; 62:397-411. [PMID: 17020579 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2006.05385.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae codes for 13 toxin-antitoxin (TA) loci all located within the superintegron on chromosome II. We show here that the two higBA TA loci of V. cholerae encode functional toxins, HigB-1 and HigB-2, whose ectopic expression inhibits cell growth of Escherichia coli, and functional antitoxins, HigA-1 and HigA-2, which counteract the toxicity of the cognate toxins. Three hours of ectopic expression of the HigB toxins resulted in bacteriostasis without any detectable loss of cell viability. The HigB toxins inhibited translation by cleavage of mRNA. Efficient mRNA cleavage occurred preferentially within the translated part of a model mRNA and only when the mRNA was translatable. Promoter analysis in V. cholerae and E. coli showed that the two higBA loci are both transcribed into bi-cistronic mRNAs and that the higBA-2 mRNA is leaderless. Transcription of the two higBA loci was strongly induced by amino acid (aa) starvation in V. cholerae and E. coli, indicating that the regulatory mechanisms of transcriptional induction are conserved across the two species. Both higBA loci stabilized a test-plasmid very efficiently in E. coli, raising the possibility that the loci contribute to maintain genetic stability of the V. cholerae superintegron. Based on these results we discuss the possible biological functions of the TA loci of V. cholerae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikkel Christensen-Dalsgaard
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
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Sachidanandham R, Gin KYH, Poh CL. Monitoring of active but non-culturable bacterial cells by flow cytometry. Biotechnol Bioeng 2005; 89:24-31. [PMID: 15540195 DOI: 10.1002/bit.20304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Flow cytometric signatures (i.e., light scatter, red and green fluorescence) were obtained for the active but non-culturable (ABNC) cells of E. coli and a coliform isolate H03N1, in seawater microcosms using BacLight, a live-dead assay kit from Molecular Probes (Eugene/Portland, OR). Previous studies have reported that there are two major adaptations, which cells undergo during the formation of ABNC states: cell wall toughening and DNA condensation. Therefore, we hypothesized that the matured ABNC forms should be more resistant to extreme temperature treatments (i.e., by freezing in liquid nitrogen and thawing at room temperature) than the normal and transition populations. It was shown that the membrane-compromised cells (comprising of normal wild-type and dead cells which are less resistant to rapid freeze thaw) could be differentiated from the matured ABNC using BacLight staining and fluorescence detection by flow cytometry. The population of ABNC cells, which could not be cultured using m-FC media (for the enumeration of fecal coliforms), was resuscitated in phosphate buffer saline followed by growth in Luria broth. Flow cytometry was thus able to detect and differentiate the ABNC cells against a mixed population comprising of culturable cells, transition populations, and dead cells. The results also showed that the formation of ABNC is as early as 2 days in seawater microcosms. By directly comparing the coliform levels enumerated by the BacLight based flow cytometry assays and m-FC technique, it was shown that the presence of coliforms can be undetected by the membrane filtration method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramaiah Sachidanandham
- Department of Biotechnology, Food Resources & Marine Sciences Division, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P.O. Box: 24885, 13109 Safat-Kuwait
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Randa MA, Polz MF, Lim E. Effects of temperature and salinity on Vibrio vulnificus population dynamics as assessed by quantitative PCR. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004; 70:5469-76. [PMID: 15345434 PMCID: PMC520858 DOI: 10.1128/aem.70.9.5469-5476.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2004] [Accepted: 05/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The abundance of Vibrio vulnificus in coastal environments has been linked to water temperature, while its relationship to salinity is less clear. We have developed a culture-independent, most-probable-number quantitative PCR approach to examine V. vulnificus population dynamics in Barnegat Bay, N.J. Based on the combined analysis of our results from Barnegat Bay and from the literature, the present data show that (i) V. vulnificus population dynamics are strongly correlated to water temperature and (ii) although the general trend is for V. vulnificus abundance to be inversely correlated with salinity, this relationship depends on salinity levels. Irrespective of temperature, high abundances of V. vulnificus are observed at 5 to 10 ppt, which thus appears to be the optimal salinity regime for their survival. At 20 to 25 ppt, V. vulnificus abundances show a positive correlation to salinity. Unsuccessful attempts to resuscitate V. vulnificus, combined with our inability to detect cells during the winter despite an assay adapted to detect viable but nonculturable (VBNC) cells, suggest that the decline and eventual disappearance of V. vulnificus from the water column during the winter months is due primarily to a significant reduction in population size and is not only the consequence of cells entering the VBNC state. These findings are in line with the hypothesis that the sediment serves as a refuge for a subpopulation of V. vulnificus over the winter and weather-driven mixing events during the spring initiate a summer bloom in the water column.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Randa
- Biology Department, Temple University, 1900 N. 12th St., Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
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Wong HC, Wang P, Chen SY, Chiu SW. Resuscitation of viable but non-culturableVibrio parahaemolyticusin a minimum salt medium. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2004.tb09491.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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