Curcumin inhibits monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression and enhances cholesterol efflux by suppressing the c-Jun N-terminal kinase pathway in macrophage

Vitamin D and Atherosclerosis: Unraveling the Impact on Macrophage Function

Vitamin D plays a crucial role in preventing atherosclerosis and in the regulation of macrophage function. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the clinical evidence regarding the impact of vitamin D on atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, atherosclerotic cerebrovascular disease, peripheral arterial disease, and associated risk factors. Additionally, it explores the mechanistic studies investigating the influence of vitamin D on macrophage function in atherosclerosis. Numerous findings indicate that vitamin D inhibits monocyte or macrophage recruitment, macrophage cholesterol uptake, and esterification. Moreover, it induces autophagy of lipid droplets in macrophages, promotes cholesterol efflux from macrophages, and regulates macrophage polarization. This review particularly focuses on analyzing the molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways through which vitamin D modulates macrophage function in atherosclerosis. It claims that vitamin D has a direct inhibitory effect on the formation, adhesion, and migration of lipid-loaded monocytes, thus exerting anti-atherosclerotic effects. Therefore, this review emphasizes the crucial role of vitamin D in regulating macrophage function and preventing the development of atherosclerosis.

Review of the Protective Mechanism of Curcumin on Cardiovascular Disease

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the most common cause of death worldwide and has been the focus of research in the medical community. Curcumin is a polyphenolic compound extracted from the root of turmeric. Curcumin has been shown to have a variety of pharmacological properties over the past decades. Curcumin can significantly protect cardiomyocyte injury after ischemia and hypoxia, inhibit myocardial hypertrophy and fibrosis, improve ventricular remodeling, reduce drug-induced myocardial injury, improve diabetic cardiomyopathy(DCM), alleviate vascular endothelial dysfunction, inhibit foam cell formation, and reduce vascular smooth muscle cells(VSMCs) proliferation. Clinical studies have shown that curcumin has a protective effect on blood vessels. Toxicological studies have shown that curcumin is safe. But high doses of curcumin also have some side effects, such as liver damage and defects in embryonic heart development. This article reviews the mechanism of curcumin intervention on CVDs in recent years, in order to provide reference for the development of new drugs in the future.

Curcumin and chemokines: mechanism of action and therapeutic potential in inflammatory diseases

Chemokines belong to the family of cytokines with chemoattractant properties that regulate chemotaxis and leukocyte migration, as well as the induction of angiogenesis and maintenance of hemostasis. Curcumin, the major component of the Curcuma longa rhizome, has various pharmacological actions, including anti-inflammatory, immune-regulatory, anti-oxidative, and lipid-modifying properties. Chemokines and chemokine receptors are influenced/modulated by curcumin. Thus, the current review focuses on the molecular mechanisms associated with curcumin's effects on chemoattractant cytokines, as well as putting into context the many studies that have reported curcumin-mediated regulatory effects on inflammatory conditions in the organs/systems of the body (e.g., the central nervous system, liver, and cardiovascular system). Curcumin's effects on viral and bacterial infections, cancer, and adverse pregnancy outcomes are also reviewed.

Research progress on the active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicine in the intervention of atherosclerosis: A promising natural immunotherapeutic adjuvant

Atherosclerosis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory disease caused by disorders of lipid metabolism. Abnormal deposition of low-density lipoproteins in the arterial wall stimulates the activation of immune cells, including the adhesion and infiltration of monocytes, the proliferation and differentiation of macrophages and lymphocytes, and the activation of their functions. The complex interplay between immune cells coordinates the balance between pro- and anti-inflammation and plays a key role in the progression of AS. Therefore, targeting immune cell activity may lead to the development of more selective drugs with fewer side effects to treat AS without compromising host defense mechanisms. At present, an increasing number of studies have found that the active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) can regulate the function of immune cells in multiple ways to against AS, showing great potential for the treatment of AS and promising clinical applications. In this paper, we review the mechanisms of immune cell action in AS lesions and the potential targets and/or pathways for immune cell regulation by the active ingredients of TCM to promote the understanding of the immune system interactions of AS and provide a relevant basis for the use of active ingredients of TCM as natural adjuvants for AS immunotherapy.

Natural drugs targeting inflammation pathways can be used to treat atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis (AS) is the chronic gradual degradation of arteries in combination with inflammation. Currently, the main research focus has been on interactions between inflammatory cells, inflammatory mediators, and immune mechanisms, while some studies have reported natural drugs were exerting a critical role against AS, whereas the usage of natural drugs was always limited by various factors such as poor penetration across biological barriers, low bioavailability, and unclear mechanisms. Herein, we reviewed the potential targets for inflammation against AS, discussed the underlying mechanisms of natural drugs for AS, particularly highlighted the dilemma of current research, and finally, offered perspectives in this field.

Discovery of diarylheptanoids that activate α7 nAchR-JAK2-STAT3 signaling in macrophages with anti-inflammatory activity in vitro and in vivo

Acute inflammatory diseases, such as sepsis, are life-threatening illnesses. Regulating the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7 nAchR)-mediated signaling may be a promising strategy to treat sepsis. Diarylheptanoids have long been found to exhibit anti-inflammatory properties. However, the possible mechanism of diarylheptanoids has rarely been investigated. In this study, we isolated and synthesized 49 diarylheptanoids and analogues and evaluated their anti-inflammatory activities. Among them, compounds 28 and 40 markedly blocked lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced production of nitric oxide (NO), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 in murine RAW264.7 cells. Furthermore, compounds 28 and 40 also effectively attenuated LPS-induced sepsis, acute lung injury, and cytokines release in vivo. Mechanistically, compounds 28 and 40 significantly induced phosphorylation of janus kinase 2/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (JAK2/STAT3) signaling and suppression of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway. Furthermore, blocking α7 nAchR could effectively abolish compounds 28 and 40-mediated activation of JAK2-STAT3 signaling as well as inhibition of NF-κB activation and NO production in LPS-exposed RAW264.7 cells. Collectively, our findings have identified a new diarylheptanoid, compound 28, as an agonist of α7 nAchR-JAK2-STAT3 signaling, which can be potentially developed as a valuable candidate for the treatment of sepsis, and provide a new lead structure for the development of anti-inflammatory agents targeting α7 nAchR-JAK2-STAT3 signaling.

The Role of Chemokines in Cardiovascular Diseases and the Therapeutic Effect of Curcumin on CXCL8 and CCL2 as Pathological Chemokines in Atherosclerosis

Curcumin, as a vegetative flavonoid, has a protective and therapeutic role in various adverse states such as oxidative stress and inflammation. Remedial properties of this component have been reported in the different chronic diseases including cancers (myeloma, pancreatic, breast, colorectal), vitiligo, psoriasis, neuropathic pains, inflammatory disorders (osteoarthritis, uveitis, ulcerative colitis, Alzheimer), cardiovascular conditions, and diabetes.Cardiovascular disorders include atherosclerosis and various manifestations of atherosclerosis such as stroke, and myocardial infarction (MI) is the leading cause of mortality globally. Studies have shown varying expressions of inflammatory and non-inflammatory chemokines and chemokine receptors in cardiovascular disease, which have been highlighted first in this review. The alteration in chemokines secretion and chemokine receptors has an essential role in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease. Chemokines as cytokines with low molecular weight (8-12 kDa) mediate white blood cell (WBC) chemotactic reactions, vascular cell migration, and proliferation that induce endothelial dysfunction, atherogenesis, and cardiac hypertrophy.Several studies reported that curcumin could be advantageous in the attenuation of cardiovascular diseases via anti-inflammatory effects and redress of chemokine secretion and chemokine receptors. We present these studies with a focus on two chemokines: CXCL8 (IL-8) and CCL2 (chemoattractant protein 1 or MCP-1). Future research will further elucidate the precise potential of curcumin on chemokines in the adjustment of cardiovascular system activity or curcumin chemokine-based therapies.

Co-Delivery of Curcumin and Bioperine via PLGA Nanoparticles to Prevent Atherosclerotic Foam Cell Formation

Cholesterol-rich arterial plaques characterize atherosclerosis, a significant cause of heart disease. Nutraceuticals have received attention over the years, demonstrating potential benefits towards treating and preventing cardiovascular diseases (CVD), including atherosclerosis. Curcumin, a potent polyphenol present in Curcuma longa, has shown remarkable anti-atherosclerotic activity via anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties. The bioavailability and low water solubility of curcumin limit its clinical translational purposes. These issues can be circumvented effectively by nano-drug delivery systems that can target atherosclerotic plaque sites. In this work, we chose to use curcumin and a natural bioenhancer called Bioperine (derived from Piper nigrum) inside a polymeric nano-drug delivery system for targeting atherosclerotic plaque sites. We selected two different ratios of curcumin:Bioperine to study its comparative effect on the inhibition of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL)-induced foam cell formation. Our studies demonstrated that Cur-Bio PLGA NPs (both ratios) maintained the cell viability in THP-1 monocyte-derived macrophages above 80% at all periods. The 1:0.2:10 ratio of Cur-Bio PLGA NPs at a concentration of 250 μg/mL illustrated an enhanced reduction in the relative cholesterol content in the THP-1-derived foam cells compared to the 1:1:10 ratio. Confocal microscopy analysis also revealed a reduction in macrophage-mediated foam cell formation when administered with both the ratios of Cur-Bio PLGA NPs. Relative fold change in the mRNA expression of the genes involved in the inflammatory pathways in the atherosclerotic process downregulated NF-κB, CCL2/MCP-1, CD-36, and STAT-3 activity while upregulating the SCAR-B1 expression when treated with the Cur-Bio PLGA NPs. This study thus highlights the importance of natural-based compounds towards the therapeutic intervention against atherosclerotic activity when administered as preventive medicine.

Curcumin as a Natural Remedy for Atherosclerosis: A Pharmacological Review

Curcumin, a natural polyphenolic compound present in Curcuma longa L. rhizomes, shows potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and anti-atherosclerotic properties. Atherosclerosis is a comprehensive term for a series of degenerative and hyperplasic lesions such as thickening or sclerosis in large- and medium-sized arteries, causing decreased vascular-wall elasticity and lumen diameter. Atherosclerotic cerebro-cardiovascular disease has become a major concern for human health in recent years due to its clinical sequalae of strokes and heart attacks. Curcumin concoction treatment modulates several important signaling pathways related to cellular migration, proliferation, cholesterol homeostasis, inflammation, and gene transcription, among other relevant actions. Here, we provide an overview of curcumin in atherosclerosis prevention and disclose the underlying mechanisms of action of its anti-atherosclerotic effects.

Liver X receptors conserve the therapeutic target potential for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic multi-system autoimmune disease with extremely complex pathogenesis. Significantly altered lipid paradox related to the inflammatory burden is reported in RA patients, inducing 50% higher cardiovascular risks. Recent studies have also demonstrated that lipid metabolism can regulate many functions of immune cells in which metabolic pathways have altered. The nuclear liver X receptors (LXRs), including LXRα and LXRβ, play a central role in regulating lipid homeostasis and inflammatory responses. Undoubtedly, LXRs have been considered as an attractive therapeutic target for the treatment of RA. However, there are some contradictory effects of LXRs agonists observed in previous animal studies where both pro-inflammatory role and anti-inflammatory role were revealed for LXRs activation in RA. Therefore, in addition to updating the knowledge of LXRs as the prominent regulators of lipid homeostasis, the purpose of this review is to summarize the effects of LXRs agonists in RA-associated immune cells, to explore the underlying reasons for the contradictory therapeutic effects of LXRs agonists observed in RA animal models, and to discuss future strategy for the treatment of RA with LXRs modulators.

Are Nutraceuticals Beneficial in Chronic Kidney Disease?

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a worldwide health problem in which prevalence is constantly rising. The pathophysiology of CKD is complicated and has not been fully resolved. However, elevated oxidative stress is considered to play a vital role in the development of this disease. CKD is also thought to be an inflammatory disorder in which uremic toxins participate in the development of the inflammatory milieu. A healthy, balanced diet supports the maintenance of a good health status as it helps to reduce the risk of the development of chronic diseases, including chronic kidney disease, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension. Numerous studies have demonstrated that functional molecules and nutrients, including fatty acids and fiber as well as nutraceuticals such as curcumin, steviol glycosides, and resveratrol not only exert beneficial effects on pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory pathways but also on gut mucosa. Nutraceuticals have attracted great interest recently due to their potential favorable physiological effects on the human body and their safety. This review presents some nutraceuticals in which consumption could exert a beneficial impact on the development and progression of renal disease as well cardiovascular disease.

Effects of phytochemicals on macrophage cholesterol efflux capacity: Impact on atherosclerosis

High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) is the major promoter of reverse cholesterol transport and efflux of excess cellular cholesterol. The functions of HDL, such as cholesterol efflux, are associated with cardiovascular disease rather than HDL levels. We have reviewed the evidence base on the major classes of phytochemicals, including polyphenols, alkaloids, carotenoids, phytosterols, and fatty acids, and their effects on macrophage cholesterol efflux and its major pathways. Phytochemicals show the potential to improve the efficiency of each of these pathways. The findings are mainly in preclinical studies, and more clinical research is warranted in this area to develop novel clinical applications.

Modulatory effects of curcumin on the atherogenic activities of inflammatory monocytes: Evidence from in vitro and animal models of human atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis is a complex and long-lasting disorder characterized by chronic inflammation of arteries that leads to the initiation and progression of lipid-rich plaques, in which monocytes/macrophages play the central role in endothelial inflammation and taking up these lipids. Circulating monocytes can adopt a long-term proinflammatory phenotype leading to their atherogenic activities. During atherogenic condition, inflammatory monocytes adhere to the surface of the activated endothelial cells and then transmigrate across the endothelial monolayer into the intima, where they proliferate and differentiate into macrophages and take up the lipoproteins, forming foam cells that derive atherosclerosis progression. Therefore, modulating the atherogenic activities of inflammatory monocytes can provide a valuable therapeutic approach for atherosclerosis prevention and treatment. Curcumin is a naturally occurring polyphenolic compound with numerous pharmacological activities and shows protective effects against atherosclerosis; however, underlying mechanisms are not clearly known yet. In the present review, on the basis of a growing body of evidence, we show that curcumin can exert antiatherosclerotic effect through inhibiting the atherogenic properties of monocytes, including inflammatory cytokine production, adhesion, and transendothelial migration, as well as intracellular cholesterol accumulation.

Curcumin Attenuates Both Acute and Chronic Immune Nephritis

Curcumin is known to have immunomodulatory potential in addition to anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-carcinogenic effects. The aim of the present study is to investigate the therapeutic effects of curcumin on immune-mediated renal disease in an anti-glomerular basement membrane (GBM) model (representing acute kidney Injury, AKI) and murine lupus model (representing chronic kidney disease, CKD). In the AKI model, female anti-GBM 129/svj mice were administered with curcumin right before disease induction. In the CKD model, female MRL.lpr mice at the age of 8-10 weeks old were treated with curcumin or placebo via oral gavage daily for two months. After treatment, serum autoantibody levels, splenomegaly and spleen cellularity were reduced in murine lupus. Collectively, curcumin ameliorated kidney disease in the two mouse models with either acute or chronic nephritis, as marked by reduced proteinuria, blood urea nitrogen, glomerulonephritis, crescent formation, tubule-interstitial disease, and renal infiltration by lymphocytes. In addition, curcumin treatment reduced activation of the NFkB, MAPK, AKT and pBAD pathways either systemically, or within the inflamed kidneys. These findings suggest that natural food supplements could become an alternative approach to ameliorating immune-mediated kidney diseases.

The impact of PSRC1 overexpression on gene and transcript expression profiling in the livers of ApoE-/- mice fed a high-fat diet

Our previous studies have confirmed that proline/serine-rich coiled-coil 1 (PSRC1) overexpression can regulate blood lipid levels and inhibit atherosclerosis (AS) development. In the current study, the gene and transcript expression profiles in the livers of ApoE^-/- mice overexpressing PSRC1 were investigated. HiSeq X Ten RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis was used to examine the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differentially expressed transcripts in the livers of PSRC1-overexpressing ApoE^-/- and control mice. Then, Gene Ontology (GO) functional enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses were performed on these DEGs and on long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) predicted target genes. A total of 1892 significant DEGs were identified: 1431 were upregulated (e.g., Cyp2a4, Obp2a, and Sertad4), and 461 were downregulated (e.g., Moxd1, Egr1, and Elovl3). In addition, 8184 significant differentially expressed transcripts were identified, 4908 of which were upregulated and 3276 of which were downregulated. Furthermore, 1106 significant differentially expressed lncRNAs were detected, 713 of which were upregulated and 393 of which were downregulated. Quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) verified changes in 10 randomly selected DEGs. GO analyses showed that the DEGs and predicted lncRNA target genes were mostly enriched for actin binding and lipid metabolism. KEGG biological pathway analyses showed that the DEGs in the livers of PSRC1-overexpressing ApoE^-/- mice were enriched in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. These findings reveal that PSRC1 may affect liver actin polymerization and cholesterol metabolism-related genes or pathways. These mRNAs and lncRNAs may represent new biomarkers and targets for the diagnosis and therapy of lipid metabolism disturbance and AS.

Mechanics insights of curcumin in myocardial ischemia: Where are we standing?

Cardiovascular disorders are known as one of the main health problems which are associated with mortality worldwide. Myocardial ischemia (MI) is improper blood supply to myocardium which leads from serious complications to life-threatening problems like AMI, atherosclerosis, hypertension, cardiac-hypertrophy as well as diabetic associated complications as diabetic atherosclerosis/cardiomyopathy/hypertension. Despite several efforts, the current therapeutic platforms are not related with significant results. Hence, it seems, developing novel therapies are required. In this regard, increasing evidences indicated, curcumin (CRC) acts as cardioprotective agent. Given that CRC and its analogs exert their cardioprotective effects via affecting on a variety of cardiovascular diseases-related mechanisms (i.e., Inflammation, and oxidative stress). Herein, for first time, we have highlighted the protective impacts of CRC against MI. This review might be a steppingstone for further investigation into the clinical implications of the CRC against MI. Furthermore, it pulls in light of a legitimate concern for scientific community, seeking novel techniques and characteristic dynamic biopharmaceuticals for use against myocardial ischemia.

The role of traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of atherosclerosis through the regulation of macrophage activity

Atherosclerosis (AS) is the main cause of ischemic cardiovascular, cerebrovascular and peripheral vascular diseases. Macrophage activity has been proven to play a critical role during the AS pathological process, which involves the adhesion, aggregation of mononuclear-macrophages, cell differentiation of M1/M2 macrophages as part of complex mechanisms occurring during lipid metabolism, apoptosis, autophagy, inflammation and immune reaction. Therefore, the development of effective AS treatments is likely to target macrophage activity. Certain herbal extracts (such as Salvia miltiorrhiza) have exhibited enormous potential for AS treatment in the past. Here, we aim to provide a summary on the current understanding of the type of action and the underlying target/pathway in macrophage regulation of certain herbal extracts used in Traditional Chinese Medicine for treatment of AS.

Targeting epigenetics and non-coding RNAs in atherosclerosis: from mechanisms to therapeutics

Atherosclerosis, the principal cause of cardiovascular death worldwide, is a pathological disease characterized by fibro-proliferation, chronic inflammation, lipid accumulation, and immune disorder in the vessel wall. As the atheromatous plaques develop into advanced stage, the vulnerable plaques are prone to rupture, which causes acute cardiovascular events, including ischemic stroke and myocardial infarction. Emerging evidence has suggested that atherosclerosis is also an epigenetic disease with the interplay of multiple epigenetic mechanisms. The epigenetic basis of atherosclerosis has transformed our knowledge of epigenetics from an important biological phenomenon to a burgeoning field in cardiovascular research. Here, we provide a systematic and up-to-date overview of the current knowledge of three distinct but interrelated epigenetic processes (including DNA methylation, histone methylation/acetylation, and non-coding RNAs), in atherosclerotic plaque development and instability. Mechanistic and conceptual advances in understanding the biological roles of various epigenetic modifiers in regulating gene expression and functions of endothelial cells (vascular homeostasis, leukocyte adhesion, endothelial-mesenchymal transition, angiogenesis, and mechanotransduction), smooth muscle cells (proliferation, migration, inflammation, hypertrophy, and phenotypic switch), and macrophages (differentiation, inflammation, foam cell formation, and polarization) are discussed. The inherently dynamic nature and reversibility of epigenetic regulation, enables the possibility of epigenetic therapy by targeting epigenetic "writers", "readers", and "erasers". Several Food Drug Administration-approved small-molecule epigenetic drugs show promise in pre-clinical studies for the treatment of atherosclerosis. Finally, we discuss potential therapeutic implications and challenges for future research involving cardiovascular epigenetics, with an aim to provide a translational perspective for identifying novel biomarkers of atherosclerosis, and transforming precision cardiovascular research and disease therapy in modern era of epigenetics.

Macrophage plasticity, polarization and function in response to curcumin, a diet-derived polyphenol, as an immunomodulatory agent

Monocytes and macrophages are important cells of the innate immune system that have diverse functions, including defense against invading pathogens, removal of dead cells by phagocytosis, antigen presentation in the context of MHC class I and class II molecules, and production of various pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and MCP-1. In addition, pro-inflammatory (M1) and anti-inflammatory (M2) macrophages clearly play important roles in the progression of several inflammatory diseases. Therefore, therapies that target macrophage polarization and function by either blocking their trafficking to sites of inflammation, or skewing M1 to M2 phenotype polarization may hold clinical promise in several inflammatory diseases. Dietary-derived polyphenols have potent natural anti-oxidative properties. Within this group of polyphenols, curcumin has been shown to suppress macrophage inflammatory responses. Curcumin significantly reduces co-stimulatory molecules and also inhibits MAPK activation and the translocation of NF-κB p65. Curcumin can also polarize/repolarize macrophages toward the M2 phenotype. Curcumin-treated macrophages have been shown to be highly efficient at antigen capture and endocytosis via the mannose receptor. These novel findings provide new perspectives for the understanding of the immunopharmacological role of curcumin, as well as its therapeutic potential for impacting macrophage polarization and function in the context of inflammation-related disease. However, the precise effects of curcumin on the migration, differentiation, polarization and immunostimulatory functions of macrophages remain unknown. Therefore, in this review, we summarized whether curcumin can influence macrophage polarization, surface molecule expression, cytokine and chemokine production and their underlying pathways in the prevention of inflammatory diseases.

The regulation and importance of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

Monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, a chemokine regulating monocyte chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte differentiation by binding to the CC chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2), plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases, atherosclerosis and cancer. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the regulation and importance of the MCP-1/CCR2 axis, focusing on the therapeutic potential of its inhibition.

RECENT FINDINGS

Differential modulation of MCP-1 and CCR2 lead to downstream activation pathways, pathogenetic to differing disease conditions characterized by dysregulated monocyte/macrophage tissue recruitment. Pharmacological targeting of the MCP-1/CCR2 axis has led to selective MCP-1/CCR2 antagonists that have now entered phase I/II clinical trials for the treatment of inflammatory diseases, atherosclerosis and cancer. The pleiotropic nonselective MCP-1/CCR2 inhibition by current pharmacological agents is thought to contribute to their anti-inflammatory and antiatherosclerotic effects that is also seen for nutraceutical compounds such as curcumin.

SUMMARY

MCP-1 has a critical role in regulating chemotaxis both in health and disease, with increasing interest in its pharmacological inhibition. However, the therapeutic efficacy and safety of targeting the MCP-1/CCR2 axis is still in evolution.

The Signaling Pathways Involved in the Antiatherosclerotic Effects Produced by Chinese Herbal Medicines

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are considered to be the predominant cause of death in the world. Chinese herb medicines (CHMs) have been widely used for the treatment of CVDs in Asian countries for thousands of years. One reason of high efficacy of CHMs in treating CVDs is attributed to their inhibition in atherosclerosis (AS) development, a critical contributor to CVDs occurrence. Cumulative studies have demonstrated that CHMs alleviate atherogenesis via mediating pathophysiologic events involved in AS. However, there is deficiency in the summaries regarding antiatherogenic signal pathways regulated by CHMs. In this review, we focus on the signal cascades by which herb medicines and relevant extractives, derivatives, and patents improve proatherogenic processes including endothelium dysfunction, lipid accumulation, and inflammation. We mainly elaborate the CHMs-mediated signaling pathways in endothelial cells, macrophages, and vascular smooth muscle cells of each pathogenic event. Moreover, we briefly describe the other AS-related factors such as thrombosis, autophagy, immune response, and noncoding RNAs and effects of CHMs on them in the way of cascade regulation, which is helpful to further illustrate the molecular mechanisms of AS initiation and progression and discover newly effective agents for AS management.

Immunomodulatory activities of curcumin-stabilized silver nanoparticles: Efficacy as an antiretroviral therapeutic

We synthesized and characterized curcumin-stabilized silver nanoparticles (Cur-AgNP) and found them to be 45 nm by dynamic light scattering with a maximum absorbance at 406 nm. We evaluated Cur-AgNP for immunomodulatory activities and their potential as an antiretroviral agent. The antiretroviral effects of Cur-AgNP were determined in ACH-2 cells latently infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1. ACH-2 cells, 200,000/ml, were treated with Cur-AgNP for 24-48 h. Expression of HIV-1 LTR and p24, the pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-1β, TNF-α, and NF-κB was quantitated. Treatment of ACH-2 cells latently infected with HIV-1 with Cur-AgNP produced no toxic effects but significantly inhibited the expression of HIV-1 LTR (-73%, P < 0.01) and p24 (-57%, P < 0.05), IL-1βα (-61%, P < 0.01), TNF-αα (-54%, P < 0.05), IL-6 (-68%, P < 0.01), and NF-κB (-79%, P < 0.0001) as compared to untreated controls. Thus, Cur-AgNP have therapeutic potential as direct antiretroviral agents, as well as having immunomodulatory activities inhibiting the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators induced by infection with HIV-1. Experimental controls, such as curcumin alone, and conventional silver nanoparticles capped with citric acid, produced no similar biological effects. We conclude that treatment of HIV-1 infected cells with Cur-AgNP significantly reduced replication of HIV by inhibition of NF-κB nuclear translocation and the downstream expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6. Subsequent in vivo studies with Cur-AgNP using a humanized mouse model of HIV infection are underway.

Curcumin increases cholesterol efflux via heme oxygenase‑1‑mediated ABCA1 and SR‑BI expression in macrophages

Curcumin, which is an extract from a traditional Chinese medicine, has previously been demonstrated to exhibit an anti‑atherosclerotic effect, which is closely associated with an increase in cholesterol efflux. However, it is unclear as to whether the increased effect is mediated by heme oxygenase (HO)‑1. Macrophages were treated with different concentrations of curcumin, HO‑1 inhibitor and small interfering (si)RNA in different experiments. Analysis of protein expression was conducted via western blotting. mRNA expression levels were measured using reverse transcription‑polymerase chain reaction. Antioxidant response element (ARE)‑driven promoter activity was measured by a dual‑luciferase reporter assay. The cholesterol efflux analysis was performed by fluorescence‑labelled cholesterol (NBD) using a multi‑label counter. In the present study, the results indicated that curcumin increased the cholesterol efflux from macrophages. Additionally, curcumin significantly upregulated HO‑1 expression. The HO‑1 inhibitor (zinc protoporphyrin) partly blocked this effect. Curcumin also promoted scavenger receptor class B type I (SR‑BI) and ATP‑binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) expression. HO‑1 small interfering (si)RNA partly abolished the increased SR‑BI and ABCA1 expression induced by curcumin. Furthermore, the nuclear factor, erythroid 2 like 2 (Nrf2) expression in the nucleus was dose‑dependently increased by curcumin. Nrf2 siRNA successfully inhibited the curcumin‑induced HO‑1 expression. Curcumin significantly increased Nrf2‑driven luciferase activity. Overall, these data indicated that curcumin activates the Nrf2‑ARE signaling pathway and upregulates HO‑1 expression, which mediates SR‑BI and ABCA1 expression and thereby increases cholesterol efflux.

Curcumin, hemostasis, thrombosis, and coagulation

Atherothrombotic cardiovascular disease is a major cause of mortality throughout the world. Platelet activation and aggregation play a central role in hemostasis and thrombosis. Herbal medicines have been traditionally used in the management of cardiovascular disease and can help in modifying its progression, particularly in hemostasis and the coagulation process, as well as altering platelet function tests and some coagulation parameters. Curcumin is a polyphenol derived from the Curcuma longa plant and has been used extensively in complementary and alternative medicine, as it is nontoxic and safe with various therapeutic properties. Modern scientific research has demonstrated its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-carcinogenic, antithrombotic, and cardiovascular protective effects. The present study reviewed previous studies in the literature, which support the positive activity of curcumin in hemostasis, anticoagulation, and fibrinolysis. We also presented molecular mechanisms associated with the antiplatelet and anticoagulant activities of curcumin and potential implications for the treatment of cardiovascular disease.

The Forty-Sixth Euro Congress on Drug Synthesis and Analysis: Snapshot †

The 46th EuroCongress on Drug Synthesis and Analysis (ECDSA-2017) was arranged within the celebration of the 65th Anniversary of the Faculty of Pharmacy at Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovakia from 5-8 September 2017 to get together specialists in medicinal chemistry, organic synthesis, pharmaceutical analysis, screening of bioactive compounds, pharmacology and drug formulations; promote the exchange of scientific results, methods and ideas; and encourage cooperation between researchers from all over the world. The topic of the conference, "Drug Synthesis and Analysis," meant that the symposium welcomed all pharmacists and/or researchers (chemists, analysts, biologists) and students interested in scientific work dealing with investigations of biologically active compounds as potential drugs. The authors of this manuscript were plenary speakers and other participants of the symposium and members of their research teams. The following summary highlights the major points/topics of the meeting.

Effect of curcumin on inhibiting atherogenesis by down-regulating lipocalin-2 expression in apolipoprotein E knockout mice

BACKGROUND

Curcumin possesses significant anti-atherosclerosis properties. Lipocalin-2 (LCN2) is already known as one of the most promising biomarkers of atherosclerosis. However, research on the effect of curcumin on regulating LCN2 expression in atherogenesis is very limited. The aim of the study was to investigate whether curcumin could alleviate atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice by down-regulating LCN2 expression.

METHODS

Fifty apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE-/-) mice were fed with a western diet for 12 weeks and randomly divided into five groups: model group (Mod), positive control group (Lov, with 30 mg/kg/d lovastatin), three curcumin groups (CurL, CurM and CurH, with 40, 60 and 80 mg/kg/d curcumin), while 10 C57BL/6J mice were fed with a standard mouse chow diet as a control group (Con). LCN2 in serum and aorta, biomarkers of serum lipid and inflammation were determined and the plaque area of the atherosclerosis lesions was quantified.

RESULTS

CurM and CurH group were significantly lower than Mod group in terms of serum LCN2, lipid and inflammatory cytokine levels, plaque area and LCN2 expression in atherosclerotic lesions, similar to lovastatin treatment.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings indicate that dietary curcumin ameliorates western diet-induced atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice, which is related to LCN2 down-regulation, anti-hyperlipidemia effect as well as the inhibition of inflammation.

Epigenetics of Atherosclerosis: Emerging Mechanisms and Methods

Atherosclerosis is a vascular pathology characterized by inflammation and plaque build-up within arterial vessel walls. Vessel occlusion, often occurring after plaque rupture, can result in myocardial and cerebral infarction. Epigenetic changes are increasingly being associated with atherosclerosis and are of interest from both therapeutic and biomarker perspectives. Emerging genomic approaches that profile DNA methylation, chromatin accessibility, post-translational histone modifications, transcription factor binding, and RNA expression in low or single cell populations are poised to enhance our spatiotemporal understanding of atherogenesis. Here, we review recent therapeutically relevant epigenetic discoveries and emerging technologies that may generate new opportunities for atherosclerosis research.

Curcumin inhibits placental inflammation to ameliorate LPS-induced adverse pregnancy outcomes in mice via upregulation of phosphorylated Akt

INTRODUCTION

Excessive inflammation results in adverse pregnancy outcomes, including embryonic resorption, fetal growth restriction, and preeclampsia. This study investigated whether curcumin, a highly safe anti-inflammation drug, had protective effect on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated pregnant mice.

METHOD

A mouse model of LPS-induced adverse pregnancy outcomes was generated by daily administering LPS from GD 13.5 to GD 16.5. Curcumin was given from GD 0.5. The effects of curcumin on maternal hypertension, proteinuria, pregnancy outcomes, as well as proinflammatory factors, chemokines, Akt, JNK, and P38 levels in placenta were examined.

RESULTS

Systolic blood pressure (156.6 ± 5.056 versus 125.5 ± 3.617 mmHg; P < 0.05) and proteinuria (22.36 ± 2.22 versus 12.70 ± 1.04 mg/L; P < 0.05) were decreased in the LPS+curcumin-treated group, as compared with the LPS-treated group. Curcumin also increased the number of live pups, fetal weight, and placental weight, while it decreased fetal resorption rate. Moreover, increased placental TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 expressions in LPS-treated group were significantly suppressed after curcumin administration. Furthermore, decreased p-Akt level in placenta induced by LPS was improved by curcumin. Of note, the expression of p-Akt increased by curcumin was accompanied by the decreased chemokines MCP-1 and MIP-1 levels and fewer CD68-positive macrophages in the placenta.

CONCLUSION

Curcumin inhibited the expression of proinflammatory factors and macrophage infiltration in placenta and ameliorated LPS-induced adverse pregnancy outcomes in mice by inhibiting inflammation via upregulation of phosphorylated Akt.

Lck Inhibits Heat Shock Protein 65-Mediated Reverse Cholesterol Transport in T Cells

Previously, we reported that heat shock protein (HSP)65 impairs the effects of high-density lipoprotein on macrophages. We also showed that immune response activation adversely affects reverse cholesterol transport (RCT). In this study, we investigated the effects of the Src family kinase lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase (Lck) and elucidated the mechanism underlying HSP65-regulated cholesterol efflux in T cells. We evaluated cell proliferation, Lck expression, and inflammatory cytokine production in Jurkat cells and CD4⁺ T cells. HSP65-mediated inhibition of RCT was assessed by evaluating ABCA1, ABCG1, SR-BI, PPAR-γ, and liver X receptor-α expression. A dose-dependent relationship was found between the levels of these proteins and the suppression of cholesterol efflux. Stimulation of Lck-silenced T cells with ionomycin resulted in a decrease in intracellular calcium levels. Treatment of Jurkat cells with PP2, an inhibitor of Src family kinase, inhibited calcium-induced, but not PMA-induced, ERK phosphorylation. NF-κB activation in response to PMA was minimally inhibited in cells stimulated with PP2. HSP65 failed to trigger downstream ERK or JNK phosphorylation or to activate NF-κB or protein kinase C-γ in Lck-silenced cells. Additionally, elevation of intracellular calcium was also impaired. However, HSP65 significantly enhanced cholesterol efflux and decreased cellular cholesterol content by inducing the expression of cholesterol transport proteins in Lck-silenced cells. The treatment of Jurkat cells with PP2 also inhibited cell proliferation and promoted RCT. In conclusion, Lck is a key molecule in the TCR signaling cascade that inhibits cholesterol efflux and upregulates intracellular cholesterol ester content in T cells. Our results demonstrate that the immune response plays a previously unrecognized role in RCT.

Enhancement of Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Curcumin Using Phosphatidylserine-Containing Nanoparticles in Cultured Macrophages

Macrophages are one kind of innate immune cells, and produce a variety of inflammatory cytokines in response to various stimuli, such as oxidized low density lipoprotein found in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. In this study, the effect of phosphatidylserine on anti-inflammatory activity of curcumin-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers was investigated using macrophage cultures. Different amounts of phosphatidylserine were used in the preparation of curcumin nanoparticles, their physicochemical properties and biocompatibilities were then compared. Cellular uptake of the nanoparticles was investigated using a confocal laser scanning microscope and flow cytometry analysis in order to determine the optimal phosphatidylserine concentration. In vitro anti-inflammatory activities were evaluated in macrophages to test whether curcumin and phosphatidylserine have interactive effects on macrophage lipid uptake behavior and anti-inflammatory responses. Here, we showed that macrophage uptake of phosphatidylserine-containing nanostructured lipid carriers increased with increasing amount of phosphatidylserine in the range of 0%–8%, and decreased when the phosphatidylserine molar ratio reached over 12%. curcumin-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers significantly inhibited lipid accumulation and pro-inflammatory factor production in cultured macrophages, and evidently promoted release of anti-inflammatory cytokines, when compared with curcumin or phosphatidylserine alone. These results suggest that the delivery system using PS-based nanoparticles has great potential for efficient delivery of drugs such as curcumin, specifically targeting macrophages and modulation of their anti-inflammatory functions.

The Impact of Serum Amyloid P-Component on Gene Expression in RAW264.7 Mouse Macrophages

Serum amyloid P-component (SAP) contributes to host defense and prevents fibrosis. Macrophages are the most abundant inflammatory cell type in atherosclerotic plaques. In the present study, using ³H-cholesterol-labeled counting radioactivity assay, we demonstrated that the apoAI-mediated cholesterol efflux in RAW264.7 macrophages was increased by SAP treatment in a time- and dose-dependent manner. We analyzed global gene expression changes upon SAP treatment using RNA sequencing. As a result, a total of 175 differentially expressed genes were identified, of which 134 genes were downregulated and 41 genes were upregulated in SAP treated cells compared to control cells. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis confirmed decreased expression of 5 genes and an increase in expression of 1 gene upon SAP treatment. Gene ontology analysis showed that genes involved in response to stimulus were significantly enriched in differentially expressed genes. Beyond protein-coding genes, we also identified 8 differentially expressed long noncoding RNAs. Our study may provide new insights into mechanisms underlying the functional role of SAP in macrophages.

Molecular mechanisms of curcumin and its semisynthetic analogues in prostate cancer prevention and treatment

Primary prostate cancer, also known as prostate adenocarcinoma (PCa), is a devastating cancer in men worldwide. Europe and developing countries of Asia have fewer reported cases of prostate cancer compared to increasing cases in the United States with higher incidence in Black men. Risk factors associated with prostate cancer are aging, genetics, lifestyle, high body mass index as well as carcinogenic exposure to carbon-containing fuels, tobacco, and charbroiled meats. Hormone therapy and radical prostatectomy are commonly implemented treatments. The >20.000 prostate cancer deaths of 2013 suggest that there exists a need for enhanced chemopreventive and therapeutic agents for prostate cancer treatment. Fruits, vegetables, and red wines contain high levels of polyphenolic levels. Consumption of these products may provide chemoprevetion of PCa. Curcumin, the major compound from the turmeric rhizome Curcuma longa has long been used for medicinal purposes as an antiseptic and wound healing. This review focuses on curcumin's therapeutic effectiveness in vitro and in vivo in prostate cancer models. The review will highlight the mechanisms of actions of curcumin in the signaling pathways of prostate cancer.

Curcumin and chronic kidney disease (CKD): major mode of action through stimulating endogenous intestinal alkaline phosphatase

Curcumin, an active ingredient in the traditional herbal remedy and dietary spice turmeric (Curcuma longa), has significant anti-inflammatory properties. Chronic kidney disease (CKD), an inflammatory disease, can lead to end stage renal disease resulting in dialysis and transplant. Furthermore, it is frequently associated with other inflammatory disease such as diabetes and cardiovascular disorders. This review will focus on the clinically relevant inflammatory molecules that play a role in CKD and associated diseases. Various enzymes, transcription factors, growth factors modulate production and action of inflammatory molecules; curcumin can blunt the generation and action of these inflammatory molecules and ameliorate CKD as well as associated inflammatory disorders. Recent studies have shown that increased intestinal permeability results in the leakage of pro-inflammatory molecules (cytokines and lipopolysaccharides) from gut into the circulation in diseases such as CKD, diabetes and atherosclerosis. This change in intestinal permeability is due to decreased expression of tight junction proteins and intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP). Curcumin increases the expression of IAP and tight junction proteins and corrects gut permeability. This action reduces the levels of circulatory inflammatory biomolecules. This effect of curcumin on intestine can explain why, despite poor bioavailability, curcumin has potential anti-inflammatory effects in vivo and beneficial effects on CKD.