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Tian A, Meng F, Li S, Wu Y, Zhang C, Luo X. Inadequate linear catch-up growth in children born small for gestational age: Influencing factors and underlying mechanisms. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2024:10.1007/s11154-024-09885-x. [PMID: 38763958 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-024-09885-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
A minority of children born small for gestational age (SGA) may experience catch-up growth failure and remain short in adulthood. However, the underlying causes and mechanisms of this phenomenon are not yet fully comprehended. We reviewed the present state of research concerning the growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor axis and growth plate in SGA children who fail to achieve catch-up growth. Additionally, we explored the factors influencing catch-up growth in SGA children and potential molecular mechanisms involved. Furthermore, we considered the potential benefits of supplementary nutrition, specific dietary patterns, probiotics and drug therapy in facilitating catch-up growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anran Tian
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Fucheng Meng
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Sujuan Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yichi Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Cai Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Xiaoping Luo
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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Chatterjee S, Rajasekar A. Association Analysis of MMP-13 (rs2252070) Gene Polymorphism and the Susceptibility to Chronic Periodontitis. Cureus 2024; 16:e57426. [PMID: 38699090 PMCID: PMC11063972 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.57426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic periodontitis is a multifactorial inflammatory condition influenced by genetic factors. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-13, serving as a crucial enzyme involved in extracellular matrix remodeling, is associated with the degradation of periodontal tissues. Therefore, this study assesses the genetic link between the MMP-13 (rs2252070) genetic variation and chronic periodontitis in a Southern Indian demographic. METHODOLOGY The study was conducted at Saveetha Dental College in Chennai, India. It involved a total of 100 subjects, 50 individuals affected with periodontitis (classified as stage II and above, American Association of Periodontology 2018 criteria) and 50 individuals who were periodontally healthy or were diagnosed as having mild gingivitis. We isolated DNA from the blood samples obtained from the participants. Specific primers that flank the BsrI region of the MMP-13 receptor gene were used in the process of DNA amplification. Subsequently, a restriction fragment length analysis using the BsrI enzyme was carried out for genotyping of the amplicon. Based on the restriction fragment length polymorphism pattern, we obtained certain genotypes. These were further recorded and followed by statistical analysis. We conducted a chi-square test to draw a comparison in terms of their genotype and allele frequencies. We calculated the odds ratio, along with 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS The frequency of genotypes and distribution of MMP-13 polymorphism did not exhibit a statistically significant difference at χ2 degrees of freedom (P = 0.913). We inferred from our study that there was no significant difference between the groups concerning homozygous and heterozygous mutant genotypes (AA vs. AG + GG), with a P-value of 0.6871. The observed frequencies of GG (47% vs. 43%) and AG+AA (41% vs. 42%) genotypes did not indicate a significant difference between the groups. Similarly, there was no noteworthy distinction between the A allele (62% vs. 65%) and G allele (38% vs. 35%) in the case and control groups. CONCLUSION The findings of the study reveal that there is no correlation between MMP-13 (rs2252070) gene polymorphism and periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhangini Chatterjee
- Department of Periodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, IND
| | - Arvina Rajasekar
- Department of Periodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, IND
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Fan M, Geng N, Li X, Yin D, Yang Y, Jiang R, Chen C, Feng N, Liang L, Li X, Luo F, Qi H, Tan Q, Xie Y, Guo F. IRE1α regulates the PTHrP-IHH feedback loop to orchestrate chondrocyte hypertrophy and cartilage mineralization. Genes Dis 2024; 11:464-478. [PMID: 37588212 PMCID: PMC10425753 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2022.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cartilage development is controlled by the highly synergistic proliferation and differentiation of growth plate chondrocytes, in which the Indian hedgehog (IHH) and parathyroid hormone-related protein-parathyroid hormone-1 receptor (PTHrP-PTH1R) feedback loop is crucial. The inositol-requiring enzyme 1α/X-box-binding protein-1 spliced (IRE1α/XBP1s) branch of the unfolded protein response (UPR) is essential for normal cartilage development. However, the precise role of ER stress effector IRE1α, encoded by endoplasmic reticulum to nucleus signaling 1 (ERN1), in skeletal development remains unknown. Herein, we reported that loss of IRE1α accelerates chondrocyte hypertrophy and promotes endochondral bone growth. ERN1 acts as a negative regulator of chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation in postnatal growth plates. Its deficiency interrupted PTHrP/PTH1R and IHH homeostasis leading to impaired chondrocyte hypertrophy and differentiation. XBP1s, produced by p-IRE1α-mediated splicing, binds and up-regulates PTH1R and IHH, which coordinate cartilage development. Meanwhile, ER stress cannot be activated normally in ERN1-deficient chondrocytes. In conclusion, ERN1 deficiency accelerates chondrocyte hypertrophy and cartilage mineralization by impairing the homeostasis of the IHH and PTHrP/PTH1R feedback loop and ER stress. ERN1 may have a potential role as a new target for cartilage growth and maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengtian Fan
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Nana Geng
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xingyue Li
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Danyang Yin
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yuyou Yang
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Rong Jiang
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, The 1st Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Naibo Feng
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Li Liang
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xiaoli Li
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Fengtao Luo
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Huabing Qi
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Qiaoyan Tan
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Yangli Xie
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Fengjin Guo
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
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Sun K, Guo J, Guo Z, Hou L, Liu H, Hou Y, He J, Guo F, Ye Y. The roles of the Hippo-YAP signalling pathway in Cartilage and Osteoarthritis. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 90:102015. [PMID: 37454824 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.102015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is an age-related disease, characterized by cartilage degeneration. The pathogenesis of OA is complicated and the current therapeutic approaches for OA are limited. Cartilage, an integral part of the skeletal system composed of chondrocytes, is essential for skeletal development, tissue patterning, and maintaining the normal activity of joints. The development, homeostasis and degeneration of cartilage are tightly associated with OA. Over the past decade, accumulating evidence indicates that Hippo/YAP is a vital biochemical signalling pathway that strictly governs tissue development and homeostasis. The joint tissues, especially for cartilage, are sensitive to changes of Hippo/YAP signalling. In this review, we summarize the role of Hippo/YAP signalling in cartilage and discuss its involvement in OA progression from points of cartilage degradation, subchondral bone remodeling, and synovial alteration. We also highlight the potential therapeutic implications of Hippo/YAP signalling and further discuss current limitations and controversy on Hippo/YAP-based application for OA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Jiachao Guo
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Zhou Guo
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Liangcai Hou
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Haigang Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Yanjun Hou
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Junchen He
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Fengjing Guo
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China.
| | - Yaping Ye
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China.
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Roles of Local Soluble Factors in Maintaining the Growth Plate: An Update. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14030534. [PMID: 36980807 PMCID: PMC10048135 DOI: 10.3390/genes14030534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The growth plate is a cartilaginous tissue found at the ends of growing long bones, which contributes to the lengthening of bones during development. This unique structure contains at least three distinctive layers, including resting, proliferative, and hypertrophic chondrocyte zones, maintained by a complex regulatory network. Due to its soft tissue nature, the growth plate is the most susceptible tissue of the growing skeleton to injury in childhood. Although most growth plate damage in fractures can heal, some damage can result in growth arrest or disorder, impairing leg length and resulting in deformity. In this review, we re-visit previously established knowledge about the regulatory network that maintains the growth plate and integrate current research displaying the most recent progress. Next, we highlight local secretary factors, such as Wnt, Indian hedgehog (Ihh), and parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP), and dissect their roles and interactions in maintaining cell function and phenotype in different zones. Lastly, we discuss future research topics that can further our understanding of this unique tissue. Given the unmet need to engineer the growth plate, we also discuss the potential of creating particular patterns of soluble factors and generating them in vitro.
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The role of TGF-beta3 in cartilage development and osteoarthritis. Bone Res 2023; 11:2. [PMID: 36588106 PMCID: PMC9806111 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-022-00239-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Articular cartilage serves as a low-friction, load-bearing tissue without the support with blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves, making its repair a big challenge. Transforming growth factor-beta 3 (TGF-β3), a vital member of the highly conserved TGF-β superfamily, plays a versatile role in cartilage physiology and pathology. TGF-β3 influences the whole life cycle of chondrocytes and mediates a series of cellular responses, including cell survival, proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Since TGF-β3 is involved in maintaining the balance between chondrogenic differentiation and chondrocyte hypertrophy, its regulatory role is especially important to cartilage development. Increased TGF-β3 plays a dual role: in healthy tissues, it can facilitate chondrocyte viability, but in osteoarthritic chondrocytes, it can accelerate the progression of disease. Recently, TGF-β3 has been recognized as a potential therapeutic target for osteoarthritis (OA) owing to its protective effect, which it confers by enhancing the recruitment of autologous mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to damaged cartilage. However, the biological mechanism of TGF-β3 action in cartilage development and OA is not well understood. In this review, we systematically summarize recent progress in the research on TGF-β3 in cartilage physiology and pathology, providing up-to-date strategies for cartilage repair and preventive treatment.
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Chen S, Yan F, Zhong A, Cai L. Effect of Thermal Ablation on Growth Plates: A Study to Explore the Thermal Threshold of Rabbit Growth Plates During Microwave Ablation. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2023; 46:112-119. [PMID: 36053343 DOI: 10.1007/s00270-022-03238-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore the temperature threshold of thermal damage to growth plates. METHODS Nine rabbits were divided into three groups for femoral ablation, exposing the growth plate to different temperatures (T1 = 43-45 °C; T2 = 46-48 °C; T3 = 49-51 °C). After 5 weeks, the changes in the femurs were assessed by macroscopic images, micro-CT, haematoxylin and eosin staining, and immunohistochemistry of Col2a1 (type II collagen). At the cellular level, rabbit epiphyseal chondrocytes were exposed to 37 °C, 44 °C, 47 °C and 50 °C for 5 min. Then, proliferation and chondrogenic differentiation were detected. RESULTS The rabbits in the T2 and T3 groups developed length discrepancies and axial deviations of femurs, abnormal newly formed bone in the marrow cavity, disorganized growth plates and decreased Col2a1 expression. At the cellular level, the cells exposed to 47 °C and 50 °C for 5 min showed decreased viability, increased apoptosis, decreased extracellular matrix synthesis and decreased matrix mineralization. However, the changes in rabbits in the T1 group and cells at 44 °C did not show a significant difference. CONCLUSION The ablation of growth plates at temperatures above 45 °C for 5 min results in decreased chondrocyte viability and disorganized growth plates, leading to growth disturbances. Further studies are warranted to confirm these promising initial results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiliang Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, No.169, Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Feifei Yan
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, No.169, Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ang Zhong
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, No.169, Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Cai
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, No.169, Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China.
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Wang H, Liu Y, Chai L, Wang H. Effects of nitrite exposure on metamorphosis and skeletal development of Bufo gargarizans. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:51847-51859. [PMID: 35253106 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19468-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nitrite, as a part of nitrogen cycle, is one of the most common toxic compounds in aquatic ecosystems. Since skeletal development is an essential process during amphibian metamorphosis, exposure of larval amphibians to nitrite might disrupt skeletal development. To evaluate whether nitrite affects skeletal development of amphibian larvae, Bufo gargarizans larvae at Gs26 were exposed to 10, 100, 500 and 1000 μg/L nitrite-nitrogen (NO2-N) in the present study. The metamorphosis rate, body weight, body length, forelimb length and hindlimb length of B. gargarizans exposed to NO2-N were decreased. The microscopic structures of thyroid gland were altered under NO2-N exposure at Gs42. The skeletal lengths of the humerus, femur and fibulare of tadpole at Gs42 were significantly reduced under 100, 500 and 1000 μg/L NO2-N treatment groups, and the lengths of humerus, tibia-fibula and tibiale of tadpole at Gs46 were significantly reduced under 1000 μg/L NO2-N treatment groups. In addition, the expression levels of thyroid hormone (TH) and endochondral ossification-related genes of tadpoles at Gs42 and Gs46 were tested by qRT-PCR. Overall, NO2-N exposure could affect the expressions of these genes and then may influence the activity and function of thyroid gland, further disturbing the amphibian metamorphosis and skeletal development of amphibian larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemei Wang
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Yutian Liu
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Lihong Chai
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China
- Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effect in Arid Region of Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710062, China
| | - Hongyuan Wang
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
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Understanding the Role of Metalloproteinases and Their Inhibitors in Periodontology. Clin Rev Bone Miner Metab 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12018-021-09281-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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10
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Erickson CB, Newsom JP, Fletcher NA, Yu Y, Rodriguez-Fontan F, Weatherford SA, Hadley-Miller N, Krebs MD, Payne KA. Anti-VEGF antibody delivered locally reduces bony bar formation following physeal injury in rats. J Orthop Res 2021; 39:1658-1668. [PMID: 33179297 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Physeal injuries can result in the formation of a "bony bar" which can lead to bone growth arrest and deformities in children. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has been shown to play a role in bony bar formation, making it a potential target to inhibit bony repair tissue after physeal injury. The goal of this study was to investigate whether the local delivery of anti-VEGF antibody (α-VEGF; 7.5 μg) from alginate:chitosan hydrogels to the tibial physeal injury site in rats prevents bony bar formation. We tested the effects of quick or delayed delivery of α-VEGF using both 90:10 and 50:50 ratio alginate:chitosan hydrogels, respectively. Male and female 6-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats received a tibial physeal injury and the injured site injected with alginate-chitosan hydrogels: (1) 90:10 (Quick Release); (2) 90:10 + α-VEGF (Quick Release + α-VEGF); (3) 50:50 (Slow Release); (4) 50:50 + α-VEGF (Slow Release + α-VEGF); or (5) Untreated. At 2, 4, and 24 weeks postinjury, animals were euthanized and tibiae assessed for bony bar and vessel formation, repair tissue type, and limb lengthening. Our results indicate that Quick Release + α-VEGF reduced bony bar and vessel formation, while also increasing cartilage repair tissue. Further, the quick release of α-VEGF neither affected limb lengthening nor caused deleterious side-effects in the adjacent, uninjured physis. This α-VEGF treatment, which inhibits bony bar formation without interfering with normal bone elongation, could have positive implications for children suffering from physeal injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher B Erickson
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Jake P Newsom
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, USA
| | - Nathan A Fletcher
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, USA
| | - Yangyi Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | | | - Shane A Weatherford
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Nancy Hadley-Miller
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Melissa D Krebs
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, USA
| | - Karin A Payne
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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Hendrickx G, Danyukova T, Baranowsky A, Rolvien T, Angermann A, Schweizer M, Keller J, Schröder J, Meyer-Schwesinger C, Muschol N, Paganini C, Rossi A, Amling M, Pohl S, Schinke T. Enzyme replacement therapy in mice lacking arylsulfatase B targets bone-remodeling cells, but not chondrocytes. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 29:803-816. [PMID: 31943020 PMCID: PMC7104678 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddaa006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis type VI (MPS-VI), caused by mutational inactivation of the glycosaminoglycan-degrading enzyme arylsulfatase B (Arsb), is a lysosomal storage disorder primarily affecting the skeleton. We have previously reported that Arsb-deficient mice display high trabecular bone mass and impaired skeletal growth. In the present study, we treated them by weekly injection of recombinant human ARSB (rhARSB) to analyze the impact of enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) on skeletal growth and bone remodeling. We found that all bone-remodeling abnormalities of Arsb-deficient mice were prevented by ERT, whereas chondrocyte defects were not. Likewise, histologic analysis of the surgically removed femoral head from an ERT-treated MPS-VI patient revealed that only chondrocytes were pathologically affected. Remarkably, a side-by-side comparison with other cell types demonstrated that chondrocytes have substantially reduced capacity to endocytose rhARSB, together with low expression of the mannose receptor. We finally took advantage of Arsb-deficient mice to establish quantification of chondroitin sulfation for treatment monitoring. Our data demonstrate that bone-remodeling cell types are accessible to systemically delivered rhARSB, whereas the uptake into chondrocytes is inefficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretl Hendrickx
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tatyana Danyukova
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anke Baranowsky
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tim Rolvien
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Angermann
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michaela Schweizer
- Department of Electron Microscopy, Center of Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Keller
- Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité University Medicine, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg Schröder
- Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité University Medicine, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Catherine Meyer-Schwesinger
- Institute of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nicole Muschol
- International Center for Lysosomal Diseases, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Chiara Paganini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Antonio Rossi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Michael Amling
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sandra Pohl
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Schinke
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
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Cirillo F, Catellani C, Lazzeroni P, Sartori C, Street ME. The Role of MicroRNAs in Influencing Body Growth and Development. Horm Res Paediatr 2021; 93:7-15. [PMID: 31914447 DOI: 10.1159/000504669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Body growth and development are regulated among others by genetic and epigenetic factors. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are epigenetic regulators of gene expression that act at the post-transcriptional level, thereby exerting a strong influence on regulatory gene networks. Increasing studies suggest the importance of miRNAs in the regulation of the growth plate and growth hormone (GH)-insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis during the life course in a broad spectrum of animal species, contributing to longitudinal growth. This review summarizes the role of miRNAs in regulating growth in different in vitro and in vivo models acting on GH, GH receptor (GHR), IGFs, and IGF1R genes besides current knowledge in humans, and highlights that this regulatory system is of importance for growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Cirillo
- Department of Mother and Child, Azienda USL - IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Cecilia Catellani
- Department of Mother and Child, Azienda USL - IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Pietro Lazzeroni
- Department of Mother and Child, Azienda USL - IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Chiara Sartori
- Department of Mother and Child, Azienda USL - IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Maria Elisabeth Street
- Department of Mother and Child, Azienda USL - IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy,
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13
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Ya J, Xu Y, Wang G, Zhao H. Cadmium induced skeletal underdevelopment, liver cell apoptosis and hepatic energy metabolism disorder in Bufo gargarizans larvae by disrupting thyroid hormone signaling. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 211:111957. [PMID: 33493726 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.111957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is hazardous to human health and it is also highly detrimental to amphibian life. In this study, Bufo gargarizans larvae were exposed to environmentally relevant Cd concentrations of 5, 100 and 200 μg L-1 from Gosner stage (Gs) 26 to Gs 42 of metamorphic climax about 6 weeks. The results showed thyroid structural injuries and thyroid signaling disruption were induced by high Cd exposure (100 and 200 μg L-1). Moreover, tadpole skeleton including whole body, vertebrata, forelimb and hindlimb was developmentally delayed by high Cd exposure through downregulating the mRNA expressions of genes involved with skeletal ossification and growth pathway. Moreover, liver histopathological injuries were caused by high Cd exposure featured by hepatocytes malformation, nuclear degeneration and increasing melanomacrophage centers. Meanwhile, liver apoptosis rate showed on the rise in a dose-dependent way and Cd stimulated liver apoptosis by upregulating mRNA expressions of genes related to extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis pathways. Furthermore, high Cd caused hepatic glucometabolism disorder by decreasing the genetic expressions associated with glycolysis and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. In addition, liver lipid metabolism was disrupted by high Cd exposure through downregulating mRNA levels of genes related to fatty oxidation and upregulating mRNA levels of genes related to fatty acid synthesis. We suggested that Cd did great harm to tadpole health by disturbing thyroid function, skeletal growth, liver cell apoptosis signaling and hepatic energy metabolism pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ya
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Yifan Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China; AP Center, Changzhou Senior High School of Jiangsu Province, Changzhou 213000, China
| | - Gang Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China; AP Center, Changzhou Senior High School of Jiangsu Province, Changzhou 213000, China
| | - Hongfeng Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
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14
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Sakai E, Sato M, Memtily N, Tsukuba T, Sato C. Liquid-phase ASEM imaging of cellular and structural details in cartilage and bone formed during endochondral ossification: Keap1-deficient osteomalacia. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5722. [PMID: 33707458 PMCID: PMC7952587 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84202-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondrogenesis and angiogenesis drive endochondral ossification. Using the atmospheric scanning electron microscopy (ASEM) without decalcification and dehydration, we directly imaged angiogenesis-driven ossification at different developmental stages shortly after aldehyde fixation, using aqueous radical scavenger glucose solution to preserve water-rich structures. An embryonic day 15.5 mouse femur was fixed and stained with phosphotungstic acid (PTA), and blood vessel penetration into the hypertrophic chondrocyte zone was visualised. We observed a novel envelope between the perichondrium and proliferating chondrocytes, which was lined with spindle-shaped cells that could be borderline chondrocytes. At postnatal day (P)1, trabecular and cortical bone mineralisation was imaged without staining. Additional PTA staining visualised surrounding soft tissues; filamentous connections between osteoblast-like cells and osteocytes in cortical bone were interpreted as the osteocytic lacunar-canalicular system. By P10, resorption pits had formed on the tibial trabecular bone surface. The applicability of ASEM for pathological analysis was addressed using knockout mice of Keap1, an oxidative-stress sensor. In Keap1-/- femurs, we observed impaired calcification and angiogenesis of epiphyseal cartilage, suggesting impaired bone development. Overall, the quick ASEM method we developed revealed mineralisation and new structures in wet bone tissue at EM resolution and can be used to study mineralisation-associated phenomena of any hydrated tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiko Sakai
- Division of Dental Pharmacology, Department of Developmental and Reconstructive Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan.
| | - Mari Sato
- Health and Medical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 6, Higashi 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan
| | - Nassirhadjy Memtily
- Health and Medical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 6, Higashi 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan
- Traditional Uyghur Medicine Institute of Xinjiang Medical University, 393 Xinyi Rd, Urumqi, 830011, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Takayuki Tsukuba
- Division of Dental Pharmacology, Department of Developmental and Reconstructive Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan
| | - Chikara Sato
- Health and Medical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 6, Higashi 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan
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15
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Sun K, Guo J, Yao X, Guo Z, Guo F. Growth differentiation factor 5 in cartilage and osteoarthritis: A possible therapeutic candidate. Cell Prolif 2021; 54:e12998. [PMID: 33522652 PMCID: PMC7941218 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth differentiation factor 5 (GDF-5) is essential for cartilage development and homeostasis. The expression and function of GDF-5 are highly associated with the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA). OA, characterized by progressive degeneration of joint, particularly in cartilage, causes severe social burden. However, there is no effective approach to reverse the progression of this disease. Over the past decades, extensive studies have demonstrated the protective effects of GDF-5 against cartilage degeneration and defects. Here, we summarize the current literature describing the role of GDF-5 in development of cartilage and joints, and the association between the GDF-5 gene polymorphisms and OA susceptibility. We also shed light on the protective effects of GDF-5 against OA in terms of direct GDF-5 supplementation and modulation of the GDF-5-related signalling. Finally, we discuss the current limitations in the application of GDF-5 for the clinical treatment of OA. This review provides a comprehensive insight into the role of GDF-5 in cartilage and emphasizes GDF-5 as a potential therapeutic candidate in OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Sun
- Department of OrthopedicsTongji Medical CollegeTongji HospitalHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Jiachao Guo
- Department of OrthopedicsTongji Medical CollegeTongji HospitalHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Xudong Yao
- Department of OrthopedicsTongji Medical CollegeTongji HospitalHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Zhou Guo
- Department of OrthopedicsTongji Medical CollegeTongji HospitalHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Fengjing Guo
- Department of OrthopedicsTongji Medical CollegeTongji HospitalHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
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16
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Hendrickx G, Fischer V, Liedert A, von Kroge S, Haffner-Luntzer M, Brylka L, Pawlus E, Schweizer M, Yorgan T, Baranowsky A, Rolvien T, Neven M, Schumacher U, Beech DJ, Amling M, Ignatius A, Schinke T. Piezo1 Inactivation in Chondrocytes Impairs Trabecular Bone Formation. J Bone Miner Res 2021; 36:369-384. [PMID: 33180356 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The skeleton is a dynamic tissue continuously adapting to mechanical stimuli. Although matrix-embedded osteocytes are considered as the key mechanoresponsive bone cells, all other skeletal cell types are principally exposed to macroenvironmental and microenvironmental mechanical influences that could potentially affect their activities. It was recently reported that Piezo1, one of the two mechanically activated ion channels of the Piezo family, functions as a mechanosensor in osteoblasts and osteocytes. Here we show that Piezo1 additionally plays a critical role in the process of endochondral bone formation. More specifically, by targeted deletion of Piezo1 or Piezo2 in either osteoblast (Runx2Cre) or osteoclast lineage cells (Lyz2Cre), we observed severe osteoporosis with numerous spontaneous fractures specifically in Piezo1Runx2Cre mice. This phenotype developed at an early postnatal stage and primarily affected the formation of the secondary spongiosa. The presumptive Piezo1Runx2Cre osteoblasts in this region displayed an unusual flattened appearance and were positive for type X collagen. Moreover, transcriptome analyses of primary osteoblasts identified an unexpected induction of chondrocyte-related genes in Piezo1Runx2Cre cultures. Because Runx2 is not only expressed in osteoblast progenitor cells, but also in prehypertrophic chondrocytes, these data suggested that Piezo1 functions in growth plate chondrocytes to ensure trabecular bone formation in the process of endochondral ossification. To confirm this hypothesis, we generated mice with Piezo1 deletion in chondrocytes (Col2a1Cre). These mice essentially recapitulated the phenotype of Piezo1Runx2Cre animals, because they displayed early-onset osteoporosis with multiple fractures, as well as impaired formation of the secondary spongiosa with abnormal osteoblast morphology. Our data identify a previously unrecognized key function of Piezo1 in endochondral ossification, which, together with its role in bone remodeling, suggests that Piezo1 represents an attractive target for the treatment of skeletal disorders. © 2020 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretl Hendrickx
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Verena Fischer
- Institute of Orthopedic Research and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Astrid Liedert
- Institute of Orthopedic Research and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Simon von Kroge
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Melanie Haffner-Luntzer
- Institute of Orthopedic Research and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Laura Brylka
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eva Pawlus
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michaela Schweizer
- Department of Electron Microscopy, Center of Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Timur Yorgan
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anke Baranowsky
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tim Rolvien
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mona Neven
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Udo Schumacher
- Institute of Anatomy and Experimental Morphology, University Cancer Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - David J Beech
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Michael Amling
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anita Ignatius
- Institute of Orthopedic Research and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Thorsten Schinke
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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17
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Tang J, Liu T, Wen X, Zhou Z, Yan J, Gao J, Zuo J. Estrogen-related receptors: novel potential regulators of osteoarthritis pathogenesis. Mol Med 2021; 27:5. [PMID: 33446092 PMCID: PMC7809777 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-021-00270-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic inflammatory disease that is associated with articular cartilage destruction, subchondral bone alterations, synovitis, and even joint deformity and the loss of joint function. Although current basic research on the pathogenesis of OA has made remarkable progress, our understanding of this disease still needs to be further improved. Recent studies have shown that the estrogen-related receptor (ERR) family members ERRα and ERRγ may play significant roles in the pathogenesis of OA. In this review, we refer to the latest research on ERRs and the pathogenesis of OA, elucidate the structure and physiopathological functions of the ERR orphan nuclear receptor family, and systematically examine the relationship between ERRs and OA at the molecular level. Moreover, we also discuss and predict the capacity of ERRs as potential targets in the clinical treatment of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinshuo Tang
- Department of Orthopeadics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, Jilin, China
| | - Tong Liu
- Department of Orthopeadics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, Jilin, China
| | - Xinggui Wen
- Department of Hand Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, Jilin, China
| | - Zhongsheng Zhou
- Department of Orthopeadics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, Jilin, China
| | - Jingtong Yan
- Department of Orthopeadics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, Jilin, China
| | - Jianpeng Gao
- Department of Orthopeadics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, Jilin, China
| | - Jianlin Zuo
- Department of Orthopeadics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, Jilin, China.
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18
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Liu X, Yan C, Deng X, Jia J. Hsa_circularRNA_0079201 suppresses chondrocyte proliferation and endochondral ossification by regulating the microRNA‑140‑3p/SMAD2 signaling pathway in idiopathic short stature. Int J Mol Med 2020; 46:1993-2006. [PMID: 33125098 PMCID: PMC7595675 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2020.4737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Circular (circ)RNAs are an important group of non-coding RNAs involved in different pathological and physiological functions, such as longitudinal bone growth. However, the effects of an increase or decrease in circRNA expression on idiopathic short stature (ISS) remain largely unknown. The present study compared the circRNA expression patterns of patients with ISS and healthy individuals to identify differentially expressed circRNAs involved in the regulation of ISS pathogenesis and their target microRNAs (miR). Microarray analysis revealed that 145 circRNAs were differentially expressed in patients with ISS, including 83 up- and 62 downregulated circRNAs. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR confirmed that hsa_circRNA_0079201 was increased in patients with ISS compared with that in the normal individuals, whilst hsa_circRNA_0079201 overexpression in human chondrocytes was shown to significantly suppress their proliferation, hypertrophy and endochondral ossification abilities. Luciferase reporter assays identified that circRNA_0079201 acted as an miR-140-3p sponge. In situ hybridization confirmed the co-localization of circRNA_0079201 and miR-140-3p in the human chondrocyte and neonatal femur growth plate of C57 mice, while rescue experiments demonstrated that miR-140-3p overexpression reversed the inhibition of human chondrocyte proliferation, hypertrophy and endochondral ossification, caused by circRNA_0079201 overexpression. Bioinformatics analysis and luciferase reporter assays revealed that SMAD2 was a potential target gene of miR-140-3p. Furthermore, overexpressing circRNA_0079201 in human chondrocytes suppressed miR-140-3p and increased SMAD2 protein expression level. Taken together, chondrocyte proliferation, hypertrophy and endochondral ossification in ISS was suppressed by a novel regulatory axis consisting of the hsa_circRNA_0079201/miR-140-3p/SMAD2 pathway. The present study provided evidence that hsa_circRNA_0079201 may be a potential target for ISS therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xijuan Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Chen Yan
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Xueqiang Deng
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Jingyu Jia
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
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19
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Yamamoto K, Kawai M, Yamazaki M, Tachikawa K, Kubota T, Ozono K, Michigami T. CREB activation in hypertrophic chondrocytes is involved in the skeletal overgrowth in epiphyseal chondrodysplasia Miura type caused by activating mutations of natriuretic peptide receptor B. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 28:1183-1198. [PMID: 30544148 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Natriuretic peptide receptor B (NPRB) produces cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) when bound by C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP). Activating mutations in NPRB cause a skeletal overgrowth disorder, which has been named epiphyseal chondrodysplasia, Miura type (ECDM; OMIM #615923). Here we explored the cellular and molecular mechanisms for the skeletal overgrowth in ECDM using a mouse model in which an activating mutant NPRB is specifically expressed in chondrocytes. The mutant mice (NPRB[p.V883M]-Tg) exhibited postnatal skeletal overgrowth and increased cGMP in cartilage. Both endogenous and transgene-derived NPRB proteins were localized at the plasma membrane of hypertrophic chondrocytes. The hypertrophic zone of growth plate was thickened in NPRB[p.V883M]-Tg. An in vivo BrdU-labeling assay suggested that some of the hypertrophic chondrocytes in NPRB[p.V883M]-Tg mice continued to proliferate, although wild-type (WT) chondrocytes stopped proliferating after they became hypertrophic. In vitro cell studies revealed that NPRB activation increased the phosphorylation of cyclic AMP-responsive element binding protein (CREB) and expression of cyclin D1 in matured chondrocytes. Treatment with cell-permeable cGMP also enhanced the CREB phosphorylation. Inhibition of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)/protein kinase A pathway had no effects on the CREB phosphorylation induced by NPRB activation. In immunostaining of the growth plates for the proliferation marker Ki67, phosphorylated CREB and cyclin D1, most signals were similarly observed in the proliferating zone in both genotypes, but some cells in the hypertrophic zone of NPRB[p.V883M]-Tg were also positively stained. These results suggest that NPRB activation evokes its signal in hypertrophic chondrocytes to induce CREB phosphorylation and make them continue to proliferate, leading to the skeletal overgrowth in ECDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Yamamoto
- Department of Bone and Mineral Research, Research Institute, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Osaka Prefectural Hospital Organization, Izumi, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masanobu Kawai
- Department of Bone and Mineral Research, Research Institute, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Osaka Prefectural Hospital Organization, Izumi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Miwa Yamazaki
- Department of Bone and Mineral Research, Research Institute, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Osaka Prefectural Hospital Organization, Izumi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kanako Tachikawa
- Department of Bone and Mineral Research, Research Institute, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Osaka Prefectural Hospital Organization, Izumi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takuo Kubota
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keiichi Ozono
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshimi Michigami
- Department of Bone and Mineral Research, Research Institute, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Osaka Prefectural Hospital Organization, Izumi, Osaka, Japan
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20
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Prasanna JS, Aishwarya MD, Karunakar P, Rekharani K, Vijayalakshmi B, Jharna P. Evaluation of collagenase-3 matrix metalloproteinase-13 gene-associated polymorphisms 11A/12A and -77A/G and its associated alleles with and without periodontitis. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2019; 22:474-479. [PMID: 30631224 PMCID: PMC6305098 DOI: 10.4103/jisp.jisp_333_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Context: Connective tissue devastation in periodontitis and other chronic inflammatory diseases is a major concern. There are several inflammatory mediators associated with this process among which matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play a predominant role. Collagen degradation is primarily mediated by the collagenases. MMP-13 is familiar as collagenase-3, which has the aptitude to humiliate fibrillar collagen. Aims: This study aims to evaluate MMP-13 promoter polymorphism, 11A/12A, and −77A/G and associated alleles in patients with and without chronic periodontitis (CP). Settings and Design: This was an observational case–control study. Materials and Methods: Of the total 100 patients, 50 with CP (test group) and 50 without CP (Control group), blood was collected for deoxyribonucleic acid isolation. The 11A/12A and −77A/G polymorphisms of the MMP-13 gene were picked out by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)- single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis method and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism by BseNI restriction enzyme, respectively. Statistical Analysis Used: Association between MMP-13 genotype (GTs) (11A/12A, 11A/11A, 12A/12A) and (AA, AG, GG) was assessed by Chi-square and Student's t-test for intergroup comparison. Results: 11A/12A GT was seen in 24% and 20%, 11A/11A 64% and 72%, 12A/12A 12% and 8% in test and control groups, respectively. However, the association was not statistically significant. −77A/G polymorphism associated GT s AA was 56% and 62%, AG 24% and 28%, GG 20% and 10% in test and controls, respectively. An association of GG was statistically significant. Conclusion: The present study results indicated that MMP-13 −77A/G gene polymorphisms, GG GT may be predicted intensive ability for CP. On the other hand, there was no significant association between MMP-13 11A/12A gene polymorphisms with CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jammula Surya Prasanna
- Department of Periodontics, Panineeya Mahavidyalaya Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Mutyap Divya Aishwarya
- Department of Periodontics, Panineeya Mahavidyalaya Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Parupalli Karunakar
- Department of Conservative and Endodontics, Panineeya Mahavidyalaya Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Koduganti Rekharani
- Department of Periodontics, Panineeya Mahavidyalaya Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Bodiga Vijayalakshmi
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Genetics and Hospital for Genetic Diseases, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Puppala Jharna
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Genetics and Hospital for Genetic Diseases, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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21
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Bo X, Wu M, Xiao H, Wang H. Transcriptome analyses reveal molecular mechanisms that regulate endochondral ossification in amphibian Bufo gargarizans during metamorphosis. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2018; 1862:2632-2644. [PMID: 30076880 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2018.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A developmental transition from aquatic to terrestrial existence is one of the most important events in the evolution of terrestrial vertebrates. Amphibian metamorphosis is a classic model to study this transition. The development of the vertebrate skeleton can reflect its evolutionary history. Endochondral ossification serves a vital role in skeletal development. Thus, we sought to unravel molecular mechanisms that regulate endochondral ossification during Bufo gargarizans metamorphosis. METHODS The alizarin red-alcian blue double staining method was used to visualize the skeletal development of B. gargarizans during metamorphosis. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was used to explore the transcriptome of B. gargarizans in four key developmental stages during metamorphosis. Real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was used to validate the expression patterns of endochondral ossification related genes. RESULTS Endochondral ossification increased gradually in skeletal system of B. gargarizans during metamorphosis. A total of 137,264 unigenes were assembled and 44,035 unigenes were annotated. 10,352 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were further extracted among four key developmental stages. In addition, 28 endochondral ossification related genes were found by searching for DEG libraries in B. gargarizans. Of the 28 genes, 10 genes were validated using RT-qPCR. CONCLUSIONS The exquisite coordination of the 28 genes is essential for regulation of endochondral ossification during B. gargarizans metamorphosis. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The present study will not only provide an invaluable genomic resource and background for further research of endochondral ossification in amphibians but will also aid in enhancing our understanding of the evolution of terrestrial vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Bo
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Minyao Wu
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Hui Xiao
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Hongyuan Wang
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China.
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22
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Goto H, Nishio M, To Y, Oishi T, Miyachi Y, Maehama T, Nishina H, Akiyama H, Mak TW, Makii Y, Saito T, Yasoda A, Tsumaki N, Suzuki A. Loss of Mob1a/b in mice results in chondrodysplasia due to YAP1/TAZ-TEAD-dependent repression of SOX9. Development 2018; 145:dev.159244. [PMID: 29511023 DOI: 10.1242/dev.159244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Hippo signaling is modulated in response to cell density, external mechanical forces, and rigidity of the extracellular matrix (ECM). The Mps one binder kinase activator (MOB) adaptor proteins are core components of Hippo signaling and influence Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) and transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ), which are potent transcriptional regulators. YAP1/TAZ are key contributors to cartilage and bone development but the molecular mechanisms by which the Hippo pathway controls chondrogenesis are largely unknown. Cartilage is rich in ECM and also subject to strong external forces - two upstream factors regulating Hippo signaling. Chondrogenesis and endochondral ossification are tightly controlled by growth factors, morphogens, hormones, and transcriptional factors that engage in crosstalk with Hippo-YAP1/TAZ signaling. Here, we generated tamoxifen-inducible, chondrocyte-specific Mob1a/b-deficient mice and show that hyperactivation of endogenous YAP1/TAZ impairs chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation/maturation, leading to chondrodysplasia. These defects were linked to suppression of SOX9, a master regulator of chondrogenesis, the expression of which is mediated by TEAD transcription factors. Our data indicate that a MOB1-dependent YAP1/TAZ-TEAD complex functions as a transcriptional repressor of SOX9 and thereby negatively regulates chondrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Goto
- Division of Cancer Genetics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.,Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0017, Japan
| | - Miki Nishio
- Division of Cancer Genetics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.,Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0017, Japan
| | - Yoko To
- Division of Cancer Genetics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Oishi
- Division of Cancer Genetics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yosuke Miyachi
- Division of Cancer Genetics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.,Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0017, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Maehama
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0017, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nishina
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Akiyama
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gifu University School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Tak Wah Mak
- Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research at the Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto M5G 2C1, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, University Health Network, Toronto M5G 2C1, Canada
| | - Yuma Makii
- Department of Sensory and Motor System Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Taku Saito
- Department of Sensory and Motor System Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Akihiro Yasoda
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Tsumaki
- Department of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Akira Suzuki
- Division of Cancer Genetics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan .,Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0017, Japan
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23
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Ding M, Jin L, Xie L, Park SH, Tong Y, Wu D, Chhabra AB, Fu Z, Li X. A Murine Model for Human ECO Syndrome Reveals a Critical Role of Intestinal Cell Kinase in Skeletal Development. Calcif Tissue Int 2018; 102:348-357. [PMID: 29098359 PMCID: PMC5820141 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-017-0355-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
An autosomal-recessive inactivating mutation R272Q in the human intestinal cell kinase (ICK) gene caused profound multiplex developmental defects in human endocrine-cerebro-osteodysplasia (ECO) syndrome. ECO patients exhibited a wide variety of skeletal abnormalities, yet the underlying mechanisms by which ICK regulates skeletal development remained largely unknown. The goal of this study was to understand the structural and mechanistic basis underlying skeletal anomalies caused by ICK dysfunction. Ick R272Q knock-in transgenic mouse model not only recapitulated major ECO skeletal defects such as short limbs and polydactyly but also revealed a deformed spine with defective intervertebral disk. Loss of ICK function markedly reduced mineralization in the spinal column, ribs, and long bones. Ick mutants showed a significant decrease in the proliferation zone of long bones and the number of type X collagen-expressing hypertrophic chondrocytes in the spinal column and the growth plate of long bones. These results implicate that ICK plays an important role in bone and cartilage development by promoting chondrocyte proliferation and maturation. Our findings provided new mechanistic insights into the skeletal phenotype of human ECO and ECO-like syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Ding
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia, 135 Hospital Dr., Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Li Jin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia, 135 Hospital Dr., Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Lin Xie
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia, 135 Hospital Dr., Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wuhan Orthopaedic Hospital, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - So Hyun Park
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, PO Box 800735, 1340 Jefferson Park Avenue, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Yixin Tong
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, PO Box 800735, 1340 Jefferson Park Avenue, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
- The Gastrointestinal Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, PO Box 800735, 1340 Jefferson Park Avenue, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - A Bobby Chhabra
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia, 135 Hospital Dr., Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Zheng Fu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, PO Box 800735, 1340 Jefferson Park Avenue, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.
| | - Xudong Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia, 135 Hospital Dr., Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.
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24
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Jing X, Ye Y, Bao Y, Zhang J, Huang J, Wang R, Guo J, Guo F. Mechano-growth factor protects against mechanical overload induced damage and promotes migration of growth plate chondrocytes through RhoA/YAP pathway. Exp Cell Res 2018; 366:81-91. [PMID: 29470961 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Epiphyseal growth plate is highly dynamic tissue which is controlled by a variety of endocrine, paracrine hormones, and by complex local signaling loops and mechanical loading. Mechano growth factor (MGF), the splice variant of the IGF-I gene, has been discovered to play important roles in tissue growth and repair. However, the effect of MGF on the growth plate remains unclear. In the present study, we found that MGF mRNA expression of growth plate chondrocytes was upregulated in response to mechanical stimuli. Treatment of MGF had no effect on growth plate chondrocytes proliferation and differentiation. But it could inhibit growth plate chondrocytes apoptosis and inflammation under mechanical overload. Moreover, both wound healing and transwell assay indicated that MGF could significantly enhance growth plate chondrocytes migration which was accompanied with YAP activation and nucleus translocation. Knockdown of YAP with YAP siRNA suppressed migration induced by MGF, indicating the essential role of YAP in MGF promoting growth plate chondrocytes migration. Furthermore, MGF promoted YAP activation through RhoA GTPase mediated cytoskeleton reorganization, RhoA inhibition using C3 toxin abrogated MGF induced YAP activation. Importantly, we found that MGF promoted focal adhesion(FA) formation and knockdown of YAP with YAP siRNA partially suppressed the activation of FA kinase, implying that YAP is associated with FA formation. In conclusion, MGF is an autocrine growth factor which is regulated by mechanical stimuli. MGF could not only protect growth plate chondrocytes against damage by mechanical overload, but also promote migration through activation of RhoA/YAP signaling axis. Most importantly, our findings indicate that MGF promote cell migration through YAP mediated FA formation to determine the FA-cytoskeleton remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingzhi Jing
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Yaping Ye
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Yuan Bao
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Jinming Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Junming Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Jiachao Guo
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Fengjing Guo
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China.
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25
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Shanahan CM, Furmanik M. Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Arterial Smooth Muscle Cells: A Novel Regulator of Vascular Disease. Curr Cardiol Rev 2017; 13:94-105. [PMID: 27758694 PMCID: PMC5440785 DOI: 10.2174/1573403x12666161014094738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease continues to be the leading cause of death in industrialised societies. The idea that the arterial smooth muscle cell (ASMC) plays a key role in regulating many vascular pathologies has been gaining importance, as has the realisation that not enough is known about the pathological cellular mechanisms regulating ASMC function in vascular remodelling. In the past decade endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and the unfolded protein response (UPR) have been recognised as a stress response underlying many physiological and pathological processes in various vascular cell types. Here we summarise what is known about how ER stress signalling regulates phenotypic switching, trans/dedifferentiation and apoptosis of ASMCs and contributes to atherosclerosis, hypertension, aneurysms and vascular calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Shanahan
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Cardiovascular Division, James Black Centre, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London, SE5 9NU, United Kingdom
| | - Malgorzata Furmanik
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Cardiovascular Division, James Black Centre, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London, SE5 9NU, United Kingdom
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26
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Yan J, Guo Y, Fei Y, Zhang R, Han Y, Lu S. GPx1 knockdown suppresses chondrogenic differentiation of ATDC5 cells through induction of reductive stress. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2017; 49:110-118. [PMID: 28039148 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmw125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPx1) is a selenium (Se)-containing protein and is induced in cartilage formation. GPx1 eliminates reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are required for chondrogenic induction. The physiological properties of GPx1 in cartilage and the redox mechanisms involved are not known. The effects of GPx1 on chondrogenic differentiation of ATDC5 cells were examined through short hairpin RNA-mediated gene silencing. The results demonstrated that GPx1 knockdown impaired gene expression of sex determining region Y-box 9, collagen II (Col II), and aggrecan. GPx1 knockdown suppressed the accumulation of cartilage glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and the proliferation of chondrocyte. GPx1 knockdown also induced cell apoptosis. However, cell sensitivity toward exogenous oxidative stress was not increased after GPx1 knockdown. Unexpectedly, GPx1 knockdown not only induced oxidative stress characterized by the increased production of ROS but also caused reductive stress indicated by an elevation of glutathione (GSH)/oxidized GSH (GSSG) ratio. Furthermore, GPx1 knockdown-mediated reductive and oxidative stress could be antagonized by a thiol-oxidizing agent diamide and a thiol-containing compound N-acetylcysteine (NAC), respectively. Moreover, NAC attenuated GPx1 knockdown-induced cell apoptosis, while diamide prevented GPx1 knockdown-suppressed chondrocyte proliferation. Finally, diamide but not NAC could rescue GPx1 knockdown-mediated impaired chondrogenic differentiation. In summary, GPx1 is essential for chondrogenic induction in ATDC5 cells mainly through modulation of intracellular GSH/GSSG ratio, rather than an antioxidant enzyme to detoxify ROS. In addition, GPx1 knockdown-induced impaired chondrogenesis may participate in the pathogenesis of the endemic osteoarthropathy due to Se deficiency. These observations offer novel insights for the development of therapeutic target during cartilage degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jidong Yan
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yuanxu Guo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yao Fei
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Xi'an Hong Hui Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Yan Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Shemin Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710061, China
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27
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Kameda Y, Funakoshi T, Takeuchi S, Sugawara K, Iwasaki N. Viability of Cells From Displaced Fragments of the Elbow Osteochondritis Dissecans: Alternative Source of Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation. Arthroscopy 2017; 33:291-296.e1. [PMID: 27956231 DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the histological properties of cells from displaced fragments obtained from patients with advanced osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) of the elbow and to examine whether these displaced fragments could be used as cell sources for autologous chondrocyte implantation. METHODS We harvested 6 displaced fragments from 6 patients who underwent osteochondral mosaicplasty for OCD of the elbow. The displaced fragments were examined histologically and digested to obtain chondrocytes. The cells obtained from young patients and skeletally matured cadaveric donors were examined using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis to quantify the expression of chondrocyte marker genes. The cells were cultured in atelocollagen, and the properties of 3-dimensional cultured cartilage were examined. RESULTS All 6 displaced fragments contained hyaline cartilage tissue. Chondrocyte marker genes were examined using cells from only 4 patients, because we obtained enough cells in only 4 patients. The relative expression levels of aggrecan, type II, Sox 9 were 2.61, 4.03, and 1.71, respectively. Three-dimensional cultured cartilage from all 6 displaced fragments contained 62.0 pg/cell (range, 22.8-91.3 pg/cell) of glycosaminoglycan and expressed type II collagen in the superficial and middle layer. CONCLUSIONS The chondrocytes obtained from the displaced fragments remained viable and exhibited chondrogenic features. These cells may potentially be a cell source of autologous chondrocytes implantation. CLINICAL RELEVANCE We have shown that displaced fragments from OCD of the elbow have potential for a cell source for generating 3-dimensional cultured cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kameda
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Tadanao Funakoshi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.
| | | | | | - Norimasa Iwasaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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28
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Eelen G, Verlinden L, Maes C, Beullens I, Gysemans C, Paik JH, DePinho RA, Bouillon R, Carmeliet G, Verstuyf A. Forkhead box O transcription factors in chondrocytes regulate endochondral bone formation. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 164:337-343. [PMID: 26232637 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The differentiation of embryonic mesenchymal cells into chondrocytes and the subsequent formation of a cartilaginous scaffold that enables the formation of long bones are hallmarks of endochondral ossification. During this process, chondrocytes undergo a remarkable sequence of events involving proliferation, differentiation, hypertrophy and eventually apoptosis. Forkhead Box O (FoxO) transcription factors (TFs) are well-known regulators of such cellular processes. Although FoxO3a was previously shown to be regulated by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in osteoblasts, a possible role for this family of TFs in chondrocytes during endochondral ossification remains largely unstudied. By crossing Collagen2-Cre mice with FoxO1lox/lox;FoxO3alox/lox;FoxO4lox/lox mice, we generated mice in which the three main FoxO isoforms were deleted in growth plate chondrocytes (chondrocyte triple knock-out; CTKO). Intriguingly, CTKO neonates showed a distinct elongation of the hypertrophic zone of the growth plate. CTKO mice had increased overall body and tail length at eight weeks of age and suffered from severe skeletal deformities at older ages. CTKO chondrocytes displayed decreased expression of genes involved in redox homeostasis. These observations illustrate the importance of FoxO signaling in chondrocytes during endochondral ossification.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Eelen
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - L Verlinden
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - C Maes
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - I Beullens
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - C Gysemans
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - J-H Paik
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York City, NY, USA
| | - R A DePinho
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - R Bouillon
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - G Carmeliet
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - A Verstuyf
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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29
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Yang K, Wu Y, Cheng P, Zhang J, Yang C, Pi B, Ye Y, You H, Chen A, Xu T, Guo F, Qi J. YAP and ERK mediated mechanical strain-induced cell cycle progression through RhoA and cytoskeletal dynamics in rat growth plate chondrocytes. J Orthop Res 2016; 34:1121-9. [PMID: 26694636 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Yes-associated protein (YAP) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) have been considered as key regulators in tissue homeostasis, organ development, and tumor formation. However, the roles of YAP and ERK in the mediating strain mechanosensing in the growth plate cartilage have not been determined. In this study, chondrocytes obtained from the growth plate cartilage of 2-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to the mechanical strain with different magnitudes and durations at a frequency of 0.5 Hz. We found that YAP and ERK activation in response to mechanical strain was time and magnitude dependent. Pretreatment with a RhoA inhibitor (C3 toxin) or a microfilament cytoskeleton disrupting reagent (cytochalasin D) could suppress their activation. In addition, activated YAP and ERK were able to induce cell cycle progression by up-regulating the expression of cell cycle-related genes. These results shed new light on the function of YAP and ERK in mechanical strain-promoted growth plate development. Our results also provided evidence that RhoA and cytoskeletal dynamics are required for this mechanotransduction. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:1121-1129, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaixiang Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, P. R. China.,Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China
| | - Yingxing Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, P. R. China
| | - Peng Cheng
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, P. R. China
| | - Jinming Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, P. R. China
| | - Chengyuan Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China
| | - Bin Pi
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China
| | - Yaping Ye
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, P. R. China
| | - Hongbo You
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, P. R. China
| | - Anmin Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, P. R. China
| | - Tao Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, P. R. China
| | - Fengjing Guo
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, P. R. China
| | - Jun Qi
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, P. R. China
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30
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Mangiavini L, Merceron C, Schipani E. Analysis of Mouse Growth Plate Development. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN MOUSE BIOLOGY 2016; 6:67-130. [PMID: 26928664 PMCID: PMC5493209 DOI: 10.1002/9780470942390.mo150094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
To investigate skeletal development, pathophysiological mechanisms of cartilage and bone disease, and eventually assess innovative treatments, the mouse is a very important resource. During embryonic development, mesenchymal condensations are formed, and cells within these mesenchymal condensations either directly differentiate into osteoblasts and give origin to intramembranous bone, or differentiate into chondrocytes and form a cartilaginous anlage. The cartilaginous anlage or fetal growth plate is then replaced with bone. This process is also called endochondral bone development, and it is responsible for the generation of most of our skeleton. Here we discuss in detail the most common in vivo and in vitro techniques our laboratory is currently using for the analysis of the mouse fetal growth plate during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Mangiavini
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Christophe Merceron
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Inserm, UMRS 791-LIOAD, Centre for Osteoarticular and Dental Tissue Engineering, Group STEP ‘Skeletal Tissue Engineering and Physiopathology’, Nantes, France
- Faculty of Dental Surgery, LUNAM, Nantes University, Nantes, France
| | - Ernestina Schipani
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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31
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Wang JR, Wang CJ, Xu CY, Wu XK, Hong D, Shi W, Gong Y, Chen HX, Long F, Wu XM. Signaling Cascades Governing Cdc42-Mediated Chondrogenic Differentiation and Mensenchymal Condensation. Genetics 2016; 202:1055-69. [PMID: 26739452 PMCID: PMC4787953 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.115.180109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Endochondral ossification consists of successive steps of chondrocyte differentiation, including mesenchymal condensation, differentiation of chondrocytes, and hypertrophy followed by mineralization and ossification. Loss-of-function studies have revealed that abnormal growth plate cartilage of the Cdc42 mutant contributes to the defects in endochondral bone formation. Here, we have investigated the roles of Cdc42 in osteogenesis and signaling cascades governing Cdc42-mediated chondrogenic differentiation. Though deletion of Cdc42 in limb mesenchymal progenitors led to severe defects in endochondral ossification, either ablation of Cdc42 in limb preosteoblasts or knockdown of Cdc42 in vitro had no obvious effects on bone formation and osteoblast differentiation. However, in Cdc42 mutant limb buds, loss of Cdc42 in mesenchymal progenitors led to marked inactivation of p38 and Smad1/5, and in micromass cultures, Cdc42 lay on the upstream of p38 to activate Smad1/5 in bone morphogenetic protein-2-induced mesenchymal condensation. Finally, Cdc42 also lay on the upstream of protein kinase B to transactivate Sox9 and subsequently induced the expression of chondrocyte differential marker in transforming growth factor-β1-induced chondrogenesis. Taken together, by using biochemical and genetic approaches, we have demonstrated that Cdc42 is involved not in osteogenesis but in chondrogenesis in which the BMP2/Cdc42/Pak/p38/Smad signaling module promotes mesenchymal condensation and the TGF-β/Cdc42/Pak/Akt/Sox9 signaling module facilitates chondrogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jirong R Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chaojun J Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Chengyun Y Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiaokai K Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Dun Hong
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Wei Shi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ying Gong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Haixiao X Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Taizhou Hospital, Linhai 317000, China
| | - Fanxin Long
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medicine and Developmental Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Ximei M Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medicine and Developmental Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
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Santa Maria C, Cheng Z, Li A, Wang J, Shoback D, Tu CL, Chang W. Interplay between CaSR and PTH1R signaling in skeletal development and osteoanabolism. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 49:11-23. [PMID: 26688334 PMCID: PMC4761456 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)-related peptide (PTHrP) controls the pace of pre- and post-natal growth plate development by activating the PTH1R in chondrocytes, while PTH maintains mineral and skeletal homeostasis by modulating calciotropic activities in kidneys, gut, and bone. The extracellular calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is a member of family C, G protein-coupled receptor, which regulates mineral and skeletal homeostasis by controlling PTH secretion in parathyroid glands and Ca(2+) excretion in kidneys. Recent studies showed the expression of CaSR in chondrocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts and confirmed its non-redundant roles in modulating the recruitment, proliferation, survival, and differentiation of the cells. This review emphasizes the actions of CaSR and PTH1R signaling responses in cartilage and bone and discusses how these two signaling cascades interact to control growth plate development and maintain skeletal metabolism in physiological and pathological conditions. Lastly, novel therapeutic regimens that exploit interrelationship between the CaSR and PTH1R are proposed to produce more robust osteoanabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Santa Maria
- Endocrine Research Unit, University of California, San Francisco, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Zhiqiang Cheng
- Endocrine Research Unit, University of California, San Francisco, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alfred Li
- Endocrine Research Unit, University of California, San Francisco, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jiali Wang
- Endocrine Research Unit, University of California, San Francisco, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dolores Shoback
- Endocrine Research Unit, University of California, San Francisco, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Chia-Ling Tu
- Endocrine Research Unit, University of California, San Francisco, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Wenhan Chang
- Endocrine Research Unit, University of California, San Francisco, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Goto K, Kimura T, Kitamura N, Semba S, Ohmiya Y, Aburatani S, Matsukura S, Tsuda M, Kurokawa T, Ping Gong J, Tanaka S, Yasuda K. Synthetic PAMPS gel activates BMP/Smad signaling pathway in ATDC5 cells, which plays a significant role in the gel-induced chondrogenic differentiation. J Biomed Mater Res A 2015; 104:734-746. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Goto
- Department of Sports Medicine; Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine; Sapporo Japan
| | - Taichi Kimura
- Department of Cancer Pathology; Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine; Sapporo Japan
| | - Nobuto Kitamura
- Department of Sports Medicine; Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine; Sapporo Japan
| | - Shingo Semba
- Department of Sports Medicine; Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine; Sapporo Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ohmiya
- Biomedical Research Institute; National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology; Tsukuba Japan
| | - Sachiyo Aburatani
- Computational Biology Research Center; National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology; Tokyo Japan
| | - Satoko Matsukura
- Biomedical Research Institute; National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology; Tsukuba Japan
| | - Masumi Tsuda
- Department of Cancer Pathology; Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine; Sapporo Japan
| | - Takayuki Kurokawa
- Laboratory of Soft and Wet Matter; Department of Advanced Transdisciplinary Sciences; Hokkaido University Faculty of Advanced Life Science; Sapporo Japan
| | - Jian Ping Gong
- Laboratory of Soft and Wet Matter; Department of Advanced Transdisciplinary Sciences; Hokkaido University Faculty of Advanced Life Science; Sapporo Japan
| | - Shinya Tanaka
- Department of Cancer Pathology; Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine; Sapporo Japan
| | - Kazunori Yasuda
- Department of Sports Medicine; Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine; Sapporo Japan
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Brizola E, McCarthy E, Shapiro JR. Bulbous epiphysis and popcorn calcification as related to growth plate differentiation in osteogenesis imperfecta. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 12:202-6. [PMID: 26604951 DOI: 10.11138/ccmbm/2015.12.2.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI) is an heritable systemic disorder of connective tissue due to different sequence variants in genes affecting both the synthesis of type I collagen and osteoblast function. Dominant and recessive inheritance is recognized. Approximately 90% of the OI cases are due to mutations in COL1A1/A2 genes. We clinically and radiologically describes an adult male with type III osteogenesis imperfecta who presents a rare bone dysplasia termed bulbous epiphyseal deformity in association with popcorn calcifications. Popcorn calcifications may occur with bulbous epiphyseal deformity or independently. METHODS Molecular analysis was performed for COL1A1, COL1A2, LEPRE1 and WNT1 genes. RESULTS An uncommon COL1A1 mutation was identified. Clinical and radiological exams confirmed a distinctive bulbous epiphyseal deformity with popcorn calcifications in distal femurs. We have identified four additional OI patients reported in current literature, whose X-rays show bulbous epiphyseal deformity related to mutations in CR-TAP, LEPRE1 and WNT1 genes. CONCLUSION The mutation identified here had been previously described twice in OI patients and no previous correlation with bulbous epiphyseal deformity was described. The occurrence of this bone dysplasia focuses attention on alterations in normal growth plate differentiation and the subsequent effect on endochondral bone formation in OI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelise Brizola
- Bone and Osteogenesis Imperfecta Department, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA ; Postgraduate Program in Child and Adolescent Health, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Edward McCarthy
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jay Robert Shapiro
- Bone and Osteogenesis Imperfecta Department, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Kato K, Bhattaram P, Penzo-Méndez A, Gadi A, Lefebvre V. SOXC Transcription Factors Induce Cartilage Growth Plate Formation in Mouse Embryos by Promoting Noncanonical WNT Signaling. J Bone Miner Res 2015; 30:1560-71. [PMID: 25761772 PMCID: PMC4540656 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Growth plates are specialized cartilage structures that ensure the elongation of most skeletal primordia during vertebrate development. They are made by chondrocytes that proliferate in longitudinal columns and then progress in a staggered manner towards prehypertrophic, hypertrophic and terminal maturation. Complex molecular networks control the formation and activity of growth plates, but remain incompletely understood. We investigated here the importance of the SoxC genes, which encode the SOX4, SOX11 and SOX12 transcription factors, in growth plates. We show that the three genes are expressed robustly in perichondrocytes and weakly in growth plate chondrocytes. SoxC(Prx1Cre) mice, which deleted SoxC genes in limb bud skeletogenic mesenchyme, were born with tiny appendicular cartilage primordia because of failure to form growth plates. In contrast, SoxC(Col2Cre) and SoxC(ATC) mice, which deleted SoxC genes primarily in chondrocytes, were born with mild dwarfism and fair growth plates. Chondrocytes in the latter mutants matured normally, but formed irregular columns, proliferated slowly and died ectopically. Asymmetric distribution of VANGL2 was defective in both SoxC(Prx1Cre) and SoxC(ATC) chondrocytes, indicating impairment of planar cell polarity, a noncanonical WNT signaling pathway that controls growth plate chondrocyte alignment, proliferation and survival. Accordingly, SoxC genes were necessary in perichondrocytes for expression of Wnt5a, which encodes a noncanonical WNT ligand required for growth plate formation, and in chondrocytes and perichondrocytes for expression of Fzd3 and Csnk1e, which encode a WNT receptor and casein kinase-1 subunit mediating planar cell polarity, respectively. Reflecting the differential strengths of the SOXC protein transactivation domains, SOX11 was more powerful than SOX4, and SOX12 interfered with the activity of SOX4 and SOX11. Altogether, these findings provide novel insights into the molecular regulation of skeletal growth by proposing that SOXC proteins act cell- and non-cell-autonomously in perichondrocytes and chondrocytes to establish noncanonical WNT signaling crosstalk essential for growth plate induction and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Kato
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Orthopaedic and Rheumatologic Research Center, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Pallavi Bhattaram
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Orthopaedic and Rheumatologic Research Center, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Alfredo Penzo-Méndez
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Orthopaedic and Rheumatologic Research Center, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Abhilash Gadi
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Orthopaedic and Rheumatologic Research Center, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Véronique Lefebvre
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Orthopaedic and Rheumatologic Research Center, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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Zhou S, Xie Y, Tang J, Huang J, Huang Q, Xu W, Wang Z, Luo F, Wang Q, Chen H, Du X, Shen Y, Chen D, Chen L. FGFR3 Deficiency Causes Multiple Chondroma-like Lesions by Upregulating Hedgehog Signaling. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005214. [PMID: 26091072 PMCID: PMC4474636 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Most cartilaginous tumors are formed during skeletal development in locations adjacent to growth plates, suggesting that they arise from disordered endochondral bone growth. Fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR)3 signaling plays essential roles in this process; however, the role of FGFR3 in cartilaginous tumorigenesis is not known. In this study, we found that postnatal chondrocyte-specific Fgfr3 deletion induced multiple chondroma-like lesions, including enchondromas and osteochondromas, adjacent to disordered growth plates. The lesions showed decreased extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activity and increased Indian hedgehog (IHH) expression. The same was observed in Fgfr3-deficient primary chondrocytes, in which treatment with a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK) inhibitor increased Ihh expression. Importantly, treatment with an inhibitor of IHH signaling reduced the occurrence of chondroma-like lesions in Fgfr3-deficient mice. This is the first study reporting that the loss of Fgfr3 function leads to the formation of chondroma-like lesions via downregulation of MEK/ERK signaling and upregulation of IHH, suggesting that FGFR3 has a tumor suppressor-like function in chondrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siru Zhou
- Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yangli Xie
- Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Junzhou Tang
- Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Junlan Huang
- Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qizhao Huang
- Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zuqiang Wang
- Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fengtao Luo
- Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Quan Wang
- Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hangang Chen
- Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaolan Du
- Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yue Shen
- Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Di Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Lin Chen
- Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- * E-mail:
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Teves ME, Sundaresan G, Cohen DJ, Hyzy SL, Kajan I, Maczis M, Zhang Z, Costanzo RM, Zweit J, Schwartz Z, Boyan BD, Strauss JF. Spag17 deficiency results in skeletal malformations and bone abnormalities. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125936. [PMID: 26017218 PMCID: PMC4446355 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Height is the result of many growth and development processes. Most of the genes associated with height are known to play a role in skeletal development. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the SPAG17 gene have been associated with human height. However, it is not clear how this gene influences linear growth. Here we show that a targeted mutation in Spag17 leads to skeletal malformations. Hind limb length in mutants was significantly shorter than in wild-type mice. Studies revealed differences in maturation of femur and tibia suggesting alterations in limb patterning. Morphometric studies showed increased bone formation evidenced by increased trabecular bone area and the ratio of bone area to total area, leading to reductions in the ratio of marrow area/total area in the femur. Micro-CTs and von Kossa staining demonstrated increased mineral in the femur. Moreover, osteocalcin and osterix were more highly expressed in mutant mice than in wild-type mice femurs. These data suggest that femur bone shortening may be due to premature ossification. On the other hand, tibias appear to be shorter due to a delay in cartilage and bone development. Morphometric studies showed reduction in growth plate and bone formation. These defects did not affect bone mineralization, although the volume of primary bone and levels of osteocalcin and osterix were higher. Other skeletal malformations were observed including fused sternebrae, reduced mineralization in the skull, medial and metacarpal phalanges. Primary cilia from chondrocytes, osteoblasts, and embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) isolated from knockout mice were shorter and fewer cells had primary cilia in comparison to cells from wild-type mice. In addition, Spag17 knockdown in wild-type MEFs by Spag17 siRNA duplex reproduced the shorter primary cilia phenotype. Our findings disclosed unexpected functions for Spag17 in the regulation of skeletal growth and mineralization, perhaps because of its role in primary cilia of chondrocytes and osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Eugenia Teves
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Gobalakrishnan Sundaresan
- Department of Radiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - David J. Cohen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Sharon L. Hyzy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Illya Kajan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Melissa Maczis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Zhibing Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Richard M. Costanzo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Jamal Zweit
- Department of Radiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Zvi Schwartz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Barbara D. Boyan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Jerome F. Strauss
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Niebler S, Schubert T, Hunziker EB, Bosserhoff AK. Activating enhancer binding protein 2 epsilon (AP-2ε)-deficient mice exhibit increased matrix metalloproteinase 13 expression and progressive osteoarthritis development. Arthritis Res Ther 2015; 17:119. [PMID: 25964075 PMCID: PMC4453098 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-015-0648-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The transcription factor activating enhancer binding protein 2 epsilon (AP-2ε) was recently shown to be expressed during chondrogenesis as well as in articular chondrocytes of humans and mice. Furthermore, expression of AP-2ε was found to be upregulated in affected cartilage of patients with osteoarthritis (OA). Despite these findings, adult mice deficient for AP-2ε (Tfap2e−/−) do not exhibit an obviously abnormal cartilaginous phenotype. We therefore analyzed embryogenesis of Tfap2e−/− mice to elucidate potential transient abnormalities that provide information on the influence of AP-2ε on skeletal development. In a second part, we aimed to define potential influences of AP-2ε on articular cartilage function and gene expression, as well as on OA progression, in adult mice. Methods Murine embryonic development was accessed via in situ hybridization, measurement of skeletal parameters and micromass differentiation of mesenchymal cells. To reveal discrepancies in articular cartilage of adult wild-type (WT) and Tfap2e−/− mice, light and electron microscopy, in vitro culture of cartilage explants, and quantification of gene expression via real-time PCR were performed. OA was induced via surgical destabilization of the medial meniscus in both genotypes, and disease progression was monitored on histological and molecular levels. Results Only minor differences between WT and embryos deficient for AP-2ε were observed, suggesting that redundancy mechanisms effectively compensate for the loss of AP-2ε during skeletal development. Surprisingly, though, we found matrix metalloproteinase 13 (Mmp13), a major mediator of cartilage destruction, to be significantly upregulated in articular cartilage of adult Tfap2e−/− mice. This finding was further confirmed by increased Mmp13 activity and extracellular matrix degradation in Tfap2e−/− cartilage explants. OA progression was significantly enhanced in the Tfap2e−/− mice, which provided evidence for in vivo relevance. This finding is most likely attributable to the increased basal Mmp13 expression level in Tfap2e−/− articular chondrocytes that results in a significantly higher total Mmp13 expression rate during OA as compared with the WT. Conclusions We reveal a novel role of AP-2ε in the regulation of gene expression in articular chondrocytes, as well as in OA development, through modulation of Mmp13 expression and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Niebler
- Institute of Biochemistry (Emil-Fischer-Center), Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Fahrstrasse17, 91054, Erlangen, Germany. .,Institute of Pathology, University Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Thomas Schubert
- Institute of Pathology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Krankenhausstrasse 8-10, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Ernst B Hunziker
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University Hospital of Bern, Murtenstrasse 35, 3010, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Anja K Bosserhoff
- Institute of Biochemistry (Emil-Fischer-Center), Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Fahrstrasse17, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
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Seil R, Weitz FK, Pape D. Surgical-experimental principles of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction with open growth plates. J Exp Orthop 2015; 2:11. [PMID: 26914879 PMCID: PMC4538715 DOI: 10.1186/s40634-015-0027-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To review surgical and animal experimental studies performed with open growth plates in relation with pediatric anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. Backround When it comes to the treatment of ACL injured children, there is a lack of current international guidelines, leaving the treating physicians with a therapeutic dilemma. A variety of surgical and animal experimental studies have been undertaken over the last decades in relation with open growth plates and ACL-reconstruction. Method Based on our own previous animal experimental data, we highlighted 15 specific points concerning pediatric ACL-reconstruction and reviewed additional literature concerning these individual items. Results Pediatric ACL-reconstruction could be proven to be safe in animal models. Growth abnormalities, risk factors and factors, which were specifically related to biological healing processes in children, were identified. From them surgical principles for safe pediatric ACL replacements can be deducted. Applying these principles through a correct technical execution of surgery may prevent clinically significant growth changes. Conclusion Over the last 2 decades it has been shown that a technically correct pediatric ACL reconstruction has little risk in creating clinically significant growth abnormalities. Animal experiments support this hypothesis despite the fact that the gained knowledge cannot be fully generalized to humans. More long time follow-up is needed to fully understand the complete risk factors related to ACL surgery with open growth plates. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40634-015-0027-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Seil
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Centre Hospitalier Luxembourg, Clinique d'Eich. 78, rue d'Eich, L-1460, Luxembourg, Luxembourg. .,Sports Medicine Research Laboratory, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 78 rue d'Eich, L-1460, Luxembourg, Luxembourg.
| | - Frederick K Weitz
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Tampere, Teiskontie 35, 33521, Tampere, Finland.
| | - Dietrich Pape
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Centre Hospitalier Luxembourg, Clinique d'Eich. 78, rue d'Eich, L-1460, Luxembourg, Luxembourg. .,Sports Medicine Research Laboratory, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 78 rue d'Eich, L-1460, Luxembourg, Luxembourg.
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Aleshcheva G, Wehland M, Sahana J, Bauer J, Corydon TJ, Hemmersbach R, Frett T, Egli M, Infanger M, Grosse J, Grimm D. Moderate alterations of the cytoskeleton in human chondrocytes after short-term microgravity produced by parabolic flight maneuvers could be prevented by up-regulation of BMP-2 and SOX-9. FASEB J 2015; 29:2303-14. [PMID: 25681461 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-268151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Real and simulated microgravity induce a variety of changes in human cells. Most importantly, changes in the cytoskeleton have been noted, and studies on microtubules have shown that they are gravisensitive. This study focuses on the effects of short-term real microgravity on gene expression, protein content, and cytoskeletal structure of human chondrocytes. We cultivated human chondrocytes, took them along a parabolic flight during the 24th Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt Parabolic (DLR) Flight Campaign, and fixed them after the 1st and the 31st parabola. Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed no changes after the 1st parabola, but disruptions of β-tubulin, vimentin, and cytokeratin networks after the 31st parabola. No F-actin stress fibers were detected even after 31 parabolas. Furthermore, mRNA and protein quantifications after the 31st parabola showed a clear up-regulation of cytoskeletal genes and proteins. The mRNAs were significantly up-regulated as follows: TUBB, 2-fold; VIM, 1.3-fold; KRT8, 1.8-fold; ACTB, 1.9-fold; ICAM1, 4.8-fold; OPN, 7-fold; ITGA10, 1.5-fold; ITGB1, 1.2-fold; TGFB1, 1.5-fold; CAV1, 2.6-fold; SOX9, 1.7-fold; BMP-2, 5.3-fold. However, SOX5 (-25%) and SOX6 (-28%) gene expression was decreased. Contrary, no significant changes in gene expression levels were observed during vibration and hypergravity experiments. These data suggest that short-term microgravity affects the gene expression of distinct proteins. In contrast to poorly differentiated follicular thyroid cancer cells or human endothelial cells, chondrocytes only exert moderate cytoskeletal alterations. The up-regulation of BMP-2, TGF-β1, and SOX9 in chondrocytes may play a key role in preventing cytoskeletal alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganna Aleshcheva
- *Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark; Max-Planck-Institute for Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany; DLR German Aerospace Center, Biomedical Research, Gravitational Biology, Cologne, Germany; Aerospace Biomedical Science and Technology, Space Biology Group, Luzerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Hergiswil, Switzerland; and Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Markus Wehland
- *Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark; Max-Planck-Institute for Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany; DLR German Aerospace Center, Biomedical Research, Gravitational Biology, Cologne, Germany; Aerospace Biomedical Science and Technology, Space Biology Group, Luzerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Hergiswil, Switzerland; and Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jayashree Sahana
- *Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark; Max-Planck-Institute for Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany; DLR German Aerospace Center, Biomedical Research, Gravitational Biology, Cologne, Germany; Aerospace Biomedical Science and Technology, Space Biology Group, Luzerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Hergiswil, Switzerland; and Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Johann Bauer
- *Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark; Max-Planck-Institute for Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany; DLR German Aerospace Center, Biomedical Research, Gravitational Biology, Cologne, Germany; Aerospace Biomedical Science and Technology, Space Biology Group, Luzerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Hergiswil, Switzerland; and Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Thomas J Corydon
- *Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark; Max-Planck-Institute for Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany; DLR German Aerospace Center, Biomedical Research, Gravitational Biology, Cologne, Germany; Aerospace Biomedical Science and Technology, Space Biology Group, Luzerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Hergiswil, Switzerland; and Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ruth Hemmersbach
- *Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark; Max-Planck-Institute for Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany; DLR German Aerospace Center, Biomedical Research, Gravitational Biology, Cologne, Germany; Aerospace Biomedical Science and Technology, Space Biology Group, Luzerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Hergiswil, Switzerland; and Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Timo Frett
- *Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark; Max-Planck-Institute for Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany; DLR German Aerospace Center, Biomedical Research, Gravitational Biology, Cologne, Germany; Aerospace Biomedical Science and Technology, Space Biology Group, Luzerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Hergiswil, Switzerland; and Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Marcel Egli
- *Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark; Max-Planck-Institute for Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany; DLR German Aerospace Center, Biomedical Research, Gravitational Biology, Cologne, Germany; Aerospace Biomedical Science and Technology, Space Biology Group, Luzerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Hergiswil, Switzerland; and Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Manfred Infanger
- *Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark; Max-Planck-Institute for Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany; DLR German Aerospace Center, Biomedical Research, Gravitational Biology, Cologne, Germany; Aerospace Biomedical Science and Technology, Space Biology Group, Luzerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Hergiswil, Switzerland; and Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jirka Grosse
- *Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark; Max-Planck-Institute for Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany; DLR German Aerospace Center, Biomedical Research, Gravitational Biology, Cologne, Germany; Aerospace Biomedical Science and Technology, Space Biology Group, Luzerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Hergiswil, Switzerland; and Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Daniela Grimm
- *Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark; Max-Planck-Institute for Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany; DLR German Aerospace Center, Biomedical Research, Gravitational Biology, Cologne, Germany; Aerospace Biomedical Science and Technology, Space Biology Group, Luzerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Hergiswil, Switzerland; and Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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Tanaka M, Watanabe M, Yokomi I, Matsumoto N, Sudo K, Satoh H, Igarashi T, Seki A, Amano H, Ohura K, Ryu K, Shibata S, Nagayama M, Tanuma JI. Establishment of a novel dwarf rat strain: cartilage calcification insufficient (CCI) rats. Exp Anim 2014; 64:121-8. [PMID: 25736479 PMCID: PMC4427726 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.14-0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Rats with dwarfism accompanied by skeletal abnormalities, such as shortness of the limbs, tail, and body (dwarf rats), emerged in a Jcl-derived Sprague-Dawley rat colony maintained at the Institute for Animal Experimentation, St. Marianna University Graduate School of Medicine. Since the dwarfism was assumed to be due to a genetic mutation based on its frequency, we bred the dwarf rats and investigated their characteristics in order to identify the causative factors of their phenotypes and whether they could be used as a human disease model. One male and female that produced dwarf progeny were selected, and reproduction was initiated by mating the pair. The incidence of dwarfism was 25.8% among the resultant litter, and dwarfism occurred in both genders, suggesting that it was inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. At 12 weeks of age, the body weights of the male and female dwarf rats were 40% and 57% of those of the normal rats, respectively. In soft X-ray radiographic and histological examinations, shortening and hypoplasia of the long bones, such as the tibia and femur, were observed, which were suggestive of endochondral ossification abnormalities. An immunohistochemical examination detected an aggrecan synthesis disorder, which might have led to delayed calcification and increased growth plate thickening in the dwarf rats. We hypothesized that the principal characteristics of the dwarf rats were systemically induced by insufficient cartilage calcification in their long bones; thus, we named them cartilage calcification insufficient (CCI) rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masami Tanaka
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Junior College Division, The University of Aizu, Aizu-Wakamatsu, Fukushima 965-8570, Japan
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Garoby-Salom S, Rouahi M, Mucher E, Auge N, Salvayre R, Negre-Salvayre A. Hyaluronan synthase-2 upregulation protects smpd3-deficient fibroblasts against cell death induced by nutrient deprivation, but not against apoptosis evoked by oxidized LDL. Redox Biol 2014; 4:118-26. [PMID: 25555205 PMCID: PMC4309855 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The neutral type 2 sphingomyelinase (nSMase2) hydrolyzes sphingomyelin and generates ceramide, a major bioactive sphingolipid mediator, involved in growth arrest and apoptosis. The role of nSMase2 in apoptosis is debated, and apparently contradictory results have been observed on fibroblasts isolated from nSMase2-deficient fragilitas ossium (homozygous fro/fro) mice. These mice exhibit a severe neonatal dysplasia, a lack of long bone mineralization and delayed apoptosis patterns of hypertrophic chondrocytes in the growth plate. We hypothesized that apoptosis induced by nutrient deprivation, which mimics the environmental modifications of the growth plate, requires nSMase2 activation. In this study, we have compared the resistance of fro/fro fibroblasts to different death inducers (oxidized LDL, hydrogen peroxide and nutrient starvation). The data show that nSMase2-deficient fro/fro cells resist to apoptosis evoked by nutrient starvation (fetal calf serum/glucose/pyruvate-free DMEM), whereas wt fibroblasts die after 48 h incubation in this medium. In contrast, oxidized LDL and hydrogen peroxide are similarly toxic to fro/fro and wt fibroblasts, indicating that nSMase2 is not involved in the mechanism of toxicity evoked by these agents. Interestingly, wt fibroblasts treated with the SMase inhibitor GW4869 were more resistant to starvation-induced apoptosis. The resistance of fro/fro cells to starvation-induced apoptosis is associated with an increased expression of hyaluronan synthase 2 (HAS2) mRNAs and protein, which is inhibited by ceramide. In wt fibroblasts, this HAS2 rise and its protective effect did not occur, but exogenously added HA exhibited a protective effect against starvation-induced apoptosis. The protective mechanism of HAS2 involves an increased expression of the heat-shock protein Hsp72, a chaperone with antiapoptotic activity. Taken together, these results highlight the role of nSMase2 in apoptosis evoked by nutrient starvation that could contribute to the delayed apoptosis of hypertrophic chondrocytes in the growth plate, and emphasize the antiapoptotic properties of HAS2. Apoptosis evoked by oxidized LDL and H2O2 is comparable in fro/fro and wt fibroblasts. fro/fro fibroblasts resist to apoptosis evoked by nutrient starvation. HAS2 increased expression protects fro/fro fibroblasts against apoptosis. HAS2 regulates the expression of the antiapoptotic heat-shock protein HsP72.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Garoby-Salom
- INSERM UMR-1048, BP 84225, 31432 Toulouse Cedex 4, France; University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Myriam Rouahi
- INSERM UMR-1048, BP 84225, 31432 Toulouse Cedex 4, France; University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Elodie Mucher
- INSERM UMR-1048, BP 84225, 31432 Toulouse Cedex 4, France; University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Nathalie Auge
- INSERM UMR-1048, BP 84225, 31432 Toulouse Cedex 4, France; University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Robert Salvayre
- INSERM UMR-1048, BP 84225, 31432 Toulouse Cedex 4, France; University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Anne Negre-Salvayre
- INSERM UMR-1048, BP 84225, 31432 Toulouse Cedex 4, France; University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France.
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Abstract
Growth plate is a specialized cartilaginous structure that mediates the longitudinal growth of skeletal bones. It consists of ordered zones of chondrocytes that secrete an extracellular matrix (ECM) composed of specific types of collagens and proteoglycans. Several heritable human skeletal dysplasias are caused by mutations in these ECM components and this review focuses on the roles of type II, IX, X, and XI collagens, aggrecan, matrilins, perlecan, and cartilage oligomeric matrix protein in the growth plate as deduced from human disease phenotypes and mouse models. Substantial advances have been achieved in deciphering the interaction networks and individual roles of these components in the construction of the growth plate ECM. Furthermore, ER stress and other cellular responses have been identified as key downstream effects of the ECM mutations contributing to abnormal growth plate development. The next challenge is to utilize the molecular level knowledge for the development of potential therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Myllyharju
- Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter Oulu and Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, PO Box 5000, FIN-90014, Oulu, Finland,
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44
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Abstract
Environmental temperature can have a surprising impact on extremity growth in homeotherms, but the underlying mechanisms have remained elusive for over a century. Limbs of animals raised at warm ambient temperature are significantly and permanently longer than those of littermates housed at cooler temperature. These remarkably consistent lab results closely resemble the ecogeographical tenet described by Allen's "extremity size rule," that appendage length correlates with temperature and latitude. This phenotypic growth plasticity could have adaptive significance for thermal physiology. Shortened extremities help retain body heat in cold environments by decreasing surface area for potential heat loss. Homeotherms have evolved complex mechanisms to maintain tightly regulated internal temperatures in challenging environments, including "facultative extremity heterothermy" in which limb temperatures can parallel ambient. Environmental modulation of tissue temperature can have direct and immediate consequences on cell proliferation, metabolism, matrix production, and mineralization in cartilage. Temperature can also indirectly influence cartilage growth by modulating circulating levels and delivery routes of essential hormones and paracrine regulators. Using an integrated approach, this article synthesizes classic studies with new data that shed light on the basis and significance of this enigmatic growth phenomenon and its relevance for treating human bone elongation disorders. Discussion centers on the vasculature as a gateway to understanding the complex interconnection between direct (local) and indirect (systemic) mechanisms of temperature-enhanced bone lengthening. Recent advances in imaging modalities that enable the dynamic study of cartilage growth plates in vivo will be key to elucidating fundamental physiological mechanisms of long bone growth regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Serrat
- Department of Anatomy and Pathology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia
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45
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Xie Y, Zhou S, Chen H, Du X, Chen L. Recent research on the growth plate: Advances in fibroblast growth factor signaling in growth plate development and disorders. J Mol Endocrinol 2014; 53:T11-34. [PMID: 25114206 DOI: 10.1530/jme-14-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Skeletons are formed through two distinct developmental actions, intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification. During embryonic development, most bone is formed by endochondral ossification. The growth plate is the developmental center for endochondral ossification. Multiple signaling pathways participate in the regulation of endochondral ossification. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)/FGF receptor (FGFR) signaling has been found to play a vital role in the development and maintenance of growth plates. Missense mutations in FGFs and FGFRs can cause multiple genetic skeletal diseases with disordered endochondral ossification. Clarifying the molecular mechanisms of FGFs/FGFRs signaling in skeletal development and genetic skeletal diseases will have implications for the development of therapies for FGF-signaling-related skeletal dysplasias and growth plate injuries. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in elucidating the role of FGFs/FGFRs signaling in growth plate development, genetic skeletal disorders, and the promising therapies for those genetic skeletal diseases resulting from FGFs/FGFRs dysfunction. Finally, we also examine the potential important research in this field in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangli Xie
- Department of Rehabilitation MedicineCenter of Bone Metabolism and Repair, Trauma Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Siru Zhou
- Department of Rehabilitation MedicineCenter of Bone Metabolism and Repair, Trauma Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Hangang Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation MedicineCenter of Bone Metabolism and Repair, Trauma Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Xiaolan Du
- Department of Rehabilitation MedicineCenter of Bone Metabolism and Repair, Trauma Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation MedicineCenter of Bone Metabolism and Repair, Trauma Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
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Gemini-Piperni S, Takamori ER, Sartoretto SC, Paiva KBS, Granjeiro JM, de Oliveira RC, Zambuzzi WF. Cellular behavior as a dynamic field for exploring bone bioengineering: a closer look at cell-biomaterial interface. Arch Biochem Biophys 2014; 561:88-98. [PMID: 24976174 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2014.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 06/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Bone is a highly dynamic and specialized tissue, capable of regenerating itself spontaneously when afflicted by minor injuries. Nevertheless, when major lesions occur, it becomes necessary to use biomaterials, which are not only able to endure the cellular proliferation and migration, but also to substitute the original tissue or integrate itself to it. With the life expectancy growth, regenerative medicine has been gaining constant attention in the reconstructive field of dentistry and orthopedy. Focusing on broadening the therapeutic possibilities for the regeneration of injured organs, the development of biomaterials allied with the applicability of gene therapy and bone bioengineering has been receiving vast attention over the recent years. The progress of cellular and molecular biology techniques gave way to new-guided therapy possibilities. Supported by multidisciplinary activities, tissue engineering combines the interaction of physicists, chemists, biologists, engineers, biotechnologist, dentists and physicians with common goals: the search for materials that could promote and lead cell activity. A well-oriented combining of scaffolds, promoting factors, cells, together with gene therapy advances may open new avenues to bone healing in the near future. In this review, our target was to write a report bringing overall concepts on tissue bioengineering, with a special attention to decisive biological parameters for the development of biomaterials, as well as to discuss known intracellular signal transduction as a new manner to be explored within this field, aiming to predict in vitro the quality of the host cell/material and thus contributing with the development of regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Gemini-Piperni
- Laboratório de Bioensaios e Dinâmica Celular, Depto. Química e Bioquímica, Instituto de Biociência, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Campus Botucatu, Botucatu, SP, Brazil; Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | | | | | - Katiúcia B S Paiva
- Extracellular Matrix Biology and Cellular Interaction Group, Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - José Mauro Granjeiro
- Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Normalização e Qualidade Industrial (INMETRO), Diretoria de Programas (DIPRO)/Bioengenharia, Xerém, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Cardoso de Oliveira
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru Dental School, University of São Paulo (USP), Alameda Dr. Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla 9-75, Bauru, São Paulo, SP 17012-901, Brazil
| | - Willian Fernando Zambuzzi
- Laboratório de Bioensaios e Dinâmica Celular, Depto. Química e Bioquímica, Instituto de Biociência, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Campus Botucatu, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
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Serrat MA, Efaw ML, Williams RM. Hindlimb heating increases vascular access of large molecules to murine tibial growth plates measured by in vivo multiphoton imaging. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2014; 116:425-38. [PMID: 24371019 PMCID: PMC3921350 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01212.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in understanding the molecular regulation of longitudinal growth have led to development of novel drug therapies for growth plate disorders. Despite progress, a major unmet challenge is delivering therapeutic agents to avascular-cartilage plates. Dense extracellular matrix and lack of penetrating blood vessels create a semipermeable "barrier," which hinders molecular transport at the vascular-cartilage interface. To overcome this obstacle, we used a hindlimb heating model to manipulate bone circulation in 5-wk-old female mice (n = 22). Temperatures represented a physiological range of normal human knee joints. We used in vivo multiphoton microscopy to quantify temperature-enhanced delivery of large molecules into tibial growth plates. We tested the hypothesis that increasing hindlimb temperature from 22°C to 34°C increases vascular access of large systemic molecules, modeled using 10, 40, and 70 kDa dextrans that approximate sizes of physiological regulators. Vascular access was quantified by vessel diameter, velocity, and dextran leakage from subperichondrial plexus vessels and accumulation in growth plate cartilage. Growth plate entry of 10 kDa dextrans increased >150% at 34°C. Entry of 40 and 70 kDa dextrans increased <50%, suggesting a size-dependent temperature enhancement. Total dextran levels in the plexus increased at 34°C, but relative leakage out of vessels was not temperature dependent. Blood velocity and vessel diameter increased 118% and 31%, respectively, at 34°C. These results demonstrate that heat enhances vascular carrying capacity and bioavailability of large molecules around growth plates, suggesting that temperature could be a noninvasive strategy for modulating delivery of therapeutics to impaired growth plates of children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Serrat
- Department of Anatomy and Pathology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia
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48
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Michigami T. Current understanding on the molecular basis of chondrogenesis. Clin Pediatr Endocrinol 2014; 23:1-8. [PMID: 24532955 DOI: 10.1292/cpe.23.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Endochondral bone formation involves multiple steps, consisting of the condensation of undifferentiated mesenchymal cells, proliferation and hypertrophic differentiation of chondrocytes, and then mineralization. To date, various factors including transcription factors, soluble mediators, extracellular matrices (ECMs), and cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions have been identified to regulate this sequential, complex process. Moreover, recent studies have revealed that epigenetic and microRNA-mediated mechanisms also play roles in chondrogenesis. Defects in the regulators for the development of growth plate cartilage often cause skeletal dysplasias and growth failure. In this review article, I will describe the current understanding concerning the regulatory mechanisms underlying chondrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshimi Michigami
- Department of Bone and Mineral Research, Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Osaka, Japan
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49
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Abstract
Endochondral bone formation involves multiple steps, consisting of the condensation of
undifferentiated mesenchymal cells, proliferation and hypertrophic differentiation of
chondrocytes, and then mineralization. To date, various factors including transcription
factors, soluble mediators, extracellular matrices (ECMs), and cell-cell and cell-matrix
interactions have been identified to regulate this sequential, complex process. Moreover,
recent studies have revealed that epigenetic and microRNA-mediated mechanisms also play
roles in chondrogenesis. Defects in the regulators for the development of growth plate
cartilage often cause skeletal dysplasias and growth failure. In this review article, I
will describe the current understanding concerning the regulatory mechanisms underlying
chondrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshimi Michigami
- Department of Bone and Mineral Research, Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Osaka, Japan
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50
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Matta C, Mobasheri A. Regulation of chondrogenesis by protein kinase C: Emerging new roles in calcium signalling. Cell Signal 2014; 26:979-1000. [PMID: 24440668 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
During chondrogenesis, complex intracellular signalling pathways regulate an intricate series of events including condensation of chondroprogenitor cells and nodule formation followed by chondrogenic differentiation. Reversible phosphorylation of key target proteins is of particular importance during this process. Among protein kinases known to be involved in these pathways, protein kinase C (PKC) subtypes play pivotal roles. However, the precise function of PKC isoenzymes during chondrogenesis and in mature articular chondrocytes is still largely unclear. In this review, we provide a historical overview of how the concept of PKC-mediated chondrogenesis has evolved, starting from the first discoveries of PKC isoform expression and activity. Signalling components upstream and downstream of PKC, leading to the stimulation of chondrogenic differentiation, are also discussed. Although it is evident that we are only at the beginning to understand what roles are assigned to PKC subtypes during chondrogenesis and how they are regulated, there are many yet unexplored aspects in this area. There is evidence that calcium signalling is a central regulator in differentiating chondroprogenitors; still, clear links between intracellular calcium signalling and prototypical calcium-dependent PKC subtypes such as PKCalpha have not been established. Exploiting putative connections and shedding more light on how exactly PKC signalling pathways influence cartilage formation should open new perspectives for a better understanding of healthy as well as pathological differentiation processes of chondrocytes, and may also lead to the development of novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Matta
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Medical and Health Science Centre, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Ali Mobasheri
- D-BOARD European Consortium for Biomarker Discovery, Arthritis Research UK Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis, Arthritis Research UK Pain Centre, Medical Research Council and Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom; School of Pharmacy, University of Bradford, Richmond Road, Bradford BD7 1DP, United Kingdom; School of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Richmond Road, Bradford BD7 1DP, United Kingdom; Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research (CEGMR), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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