1
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Araki K, Torii T, Takeuchi K, Kinoshita N, Urano R, Nakajima R, Zhou Y, Kobayashi T, Hanyu T, Ohtani K, Ambe K, Kawauchi K. Non-canonical olfactory pathway activation induces cell fusion of cervical cancer cells. Neoplasia 2024; 57:101044. [PMID: 39222591 PMCID: PMC11402306 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2024.101044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2024] [Revised: 08/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Multinucleation occurs in various types of advanced cancers and contributes to their malignant characteristics, including anticancer drug resistance. Therefore, inhibiting multinucleation can improve cancer prognosis; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying multinucleation remain elusive. Here, we introduced a genetic mutation in cervical cancer cells to induce cell fusion-mediated multinucleation. The olfactory receptor OR1N2 was heterozygously mutated in these fused cells; the same OR1N2 mutation was detected in multinucleated cells from clinical cervical cancer specimens. The mutation-induced structural change in the OR1N2 protein activated protein kinase A (PKA), which, in turn, mediated the non-canonical olfactory pathway. PKA phosphorylated and activated furin protease, resulting in the cleavage of the fusogenic protein syncytin-1. Because this cleaved form of syncytin-1, processed by furin, participates in cell fusion, furin inhibitors could suppress multinucleation and reduce surviving cell numbers after anticancer drug treatment. The improved anticancer drug efficacy indicates a promising therapeutic approach for advanced cervical cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keigo Araki
- Department of Morphological Biology, School of Dentistry, Ohu University, Koriyama, Fukushima 963-8611, Japan.
| | - Takeru Torii
- Frontiers of Innovative Research in Science and Technology, Konan University, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Kohei Takeuchi
- Frontiers of Innovative Research in Science and Technology, Konan University, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Natsuki Kinoshita
- Frontiers of Innovative Research in Science and Technology, Konan University, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Ryoto Urano
- Frontiers of Innovative Research in Science and Technology, Konan University, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Rinka Nakajima
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1330, Japan
| | - Yaxuan Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1330, Japan
| | - Tokuo Kobayashi
- Department of Morphological Biology, School of Dentistry, Ohu University, Koriyama, Fukushima 963-8611, Japan
| | - Tadayoshi Hanyu
- Department of Gynecology, Tsuboi Cancer Center Hospital, Koriyama, Fukushima 963-0197, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Ohtani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1330, Japan
| | - Kimiharu Ambe
- Department of Morphological Biology, School of Dentistry, Ohu University, Koriyama, Fukushima 963-8611, Japan
| | - Keiko Kawauchi
- Frontiers of Innovative Research in Science and Technology, Konan University, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
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2
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Yang J, Shi P, Li Y, Zuo Y, Nie Y, Xu T, Peng D, An Z, Huang T, Zhang J, Zhang W, Xu Y, Tang Z, Li A, Xu J. Regulatory mechanisms orchestrating cellular diversity of Cd36+ olfactory sensory neurons revealed by scRNA-seq and scATAC-seq analysis. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114671. [PMID: 39215999 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent discoveries have revealed remarkable complexity within olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs), including the existence of two OSN populations based on the expression of Cd36. However, the regulatory mechanisms governing this cellular diversity in the same cell type remain elusive. Here, we show the preferential expression of 79 olfactory receptors in Cd36+ OSNs and the anterior projection characteristics of Cd36+ OSNs, indicating the non-randomness of Cd36 expression. The integrated analysis of single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and scATAC-seq reveals that the differences in Cd36+/- OSNs occur at the immature OSN stage, with Mef2a and Hdac9 being important regulators of developmental divergence. We hypothesize that the absence of Hdac9 may affect the activation of Mef2a, leading to the up-regulation of Mef2a target genes, including teashirt zinc finger family member 1 (Tshz1), in the Cd36+ OSN lineage. We validate that Tshz1 directly promotes Cd36 expression through enhancer bindings. Our study unravels the intricate regulatory landscape and principles governing cellular diversity in the olfactory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Innovation Center for Evolutionary Synthetic Biology, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Peiyu Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Innovation Center for Evolutionary Synthetic Biology, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yiheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Innovation Center for Evolutionary Synthetic Biology, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yachao Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Innovation Center for Evolutionary Synthetic Biology, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yage Nie
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Tao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Innovation Center for Evolutionary Synthetic Biology, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Dongjie Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Innovation Center for Evolutionary Synthetic Biology, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Ziyang An
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Innovation Center for Evolutionary Synthetic Biology, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Tingting Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Innovation Center for Evolutionary Synthetic Biology, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jingyi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Innovation Center for Evolutionary Synthetic Biology, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Weixing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Innovation Center for Evolutionary Synthetic Biology, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yicong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Innovation Center for Evolutionary Synthetic Biology, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Zhongjie Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Innovation Center for Evolutionary Synthetic Biology, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Anan Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease and Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Jin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Innovation Center for Evolutionary Synthetic Biology, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
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3
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Leong LM, Storace DA. Imaging different cell populations in the mouse olfactory bulb using the genetically encoded voltage indicator ArcLight. NEUROPHOTONICS 2024; 11:033402. [PMID: 38288247 PMCID: PMC10823906 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.11.3.033402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Genetically encoded voltage indicators (GEVIs) are protein-based optical sensors that allow for measurements from genetically defined populations of neurons. Although in vivo imaging in the mammalian brain with early generation GEVIs was difficult due to poor membrane expression and low signal-to-noise ratio, newer and more sensitive GEVIs have begun to make them useful for answering fundamental questions in neuroscience. We discuss principles of imaging using GEVIs and genetically encoded calcium indicators, both useful tools for in vivo imaging of neuronal activity, and review some of the recent mechanistic advances that have led to GEVI improvements. We provide an overview of the mouse olfactory bulb (OB) and discuss recent studies using the GEVI ArcLight to study different cell types within the bulb using both widefield and two-photon microscopy. Specific emphasis is placed on using GEVIs to begin to study the principles of concentration coding in the OB, how to interpret the optical signals from population measurements in the in vivo brain, and future developments that will push the field forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Min Leong
- Florida State University, Department of Biological Science, Tallahassee, Florida, United States
| | - Douglas A. Storace
- Florida State University, Department of Biological Science, Tallahassee, Florida, United States
- Florida State University, Program in Neuroscience, Tallahassee, Florida, United States
- Florida State University, Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Tallahassee, Florida, United States
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4
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Nakashima A, Takeuchi H. Roles of odorant receptors during olfactory glomerular map formation. Genesis 2024; 62:e23610. [PMID: 38874301 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
The organization of the olfactory glomerular map involves the convergence of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) expressing the same odorant receptor (OR) into glomeruli in the olfactory bulb (OB). A remarkable feature of the olfactory glomerular map formation is that the identity of OR instructs the topography of the bulb, resulting in thousands of discrete glomeruli in mice. Several lines of evidence indicate that ORs control the expression levels of various kinds of transmembrane proteins to form glomeruli at appropriate regions of the OB. In this review, we will discuss how the OR identity is decoded by OSNs into gene expression through intracellular regulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Nakashima
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruki Takeuchi
- Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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5
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Nakashima A, Takeuchi H. Shaping the olfactory map: cell type-specific activity patterns guide circuit formation. Front Neural Circuits 2024; 18:1409680. [PMID: 38860141 PMCID: PMC11163119 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2024.1409680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The brain constructs spatially organized sensory maps to represent sensory information. The formation of sensory maps has traditionally been thought to depend on synchronous neuronal activity. However, recent evidence from the olfactory system suggests that cell type-specific temporal patterns of spontaneous activity play an instructive role in shaping the olfactory glomerular map. These findings challenge traditional views and highlight the importance of investigating the spatiotemporal dynamics of neural activity to understand the development of complex neural circuits. This review discusses the implications of new findings in the olfactory system and outlines future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Nakashima
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruki Takeuchi
- Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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6
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Kim BR, Rha MS, Cho HJ, Yoon JH, Kim CH. Spatiotemporal dynamics of the development of mouse olfactory system from prenatal to postnatal period. Front Neuroanat 2023; 17:1157224. [PMID: 37113675 PMCID: PMC10126376 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2023.1157224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The olfactory epithelium (OE) and olfactory bulb (OB) are the major components of the olfactory system and play critical roles in olfactory perception. However, the embryonic development of OE and OB by using the olfactory specific genes has not been comprehensively investigated yet. Most previous studies were limited to a specific embryonic stage, and very little is known, till date, about the development of OE. Methods The current study aimed to explore the development of mouse olfactory system by spatiotemporal analysis of the histological features by using the olfactory specific genes of olfactory system from the prenatal to postnatal period. Results We found that OE is divided into endo-turbinate, ecto-turbinate, and vomeronasal organs, and that putative OB with putative main and accessory OB is formed in the early developmental stage. The OE and OB became multilayered in the later developmental stages, accompanied by the differentiation of olfactory neurons. Remarkably, we found the development of layers of olfactory cilia and differentiation of OE to progress dramatically after birth, suggesting that the exposure to air may facilitate the final development of OE. Discussion Overall, the present study laid the groundwork for a better understanding of the spatial and temporal developmental events of the olfactory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Ra Kim
- Department of Medicine, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Seok Rha
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Ju Cho
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- The Airway Mucus Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Korea Mouse Sensory Phenotyping Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Heon Yoon
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- The Airway Mucus Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Korea Mouse Sensory Phenotyping Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Global Research Laboratory for Allergic Airway Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Hoon Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- The Airway Mucus Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Korea Mouse Sensory Phenotyping Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Global Research Laboratory for Allergic Airway Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Taste Research Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- *Correspondence: Chang-Hoon Kim,
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7
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Shayya HJ, Kahiapo JK, Duffié R, Lehmann KS, Bashkirova L, Monahan K, Dalton RP, Gao J, Jiao S, Schieren I, Belluscio L, Lomvardas S. ER stress transforms random olfactory receptor choice into axon targeting precision. Cell 2022; 185:3896-3912.e22. [PMID: 36167070 PMCID: PMC9588687 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) convert the stochastic choice of one of >1,000 olfactory receptor (OR) genes into precise and stereotyped axon targeting of OR-specific glomeruli in the olfactory bulb. Here, we show that the PERK arm of the unfolded protein response (UPR) regulates both the glomerular coalescence of like axons and the specificity of their projections. Subtle differences in OR protein sequences lead to distinct patterns of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress during OSN development, converting OR identity into distinct gene expression signatures. We identify the transcription factor Ddit3 as a key effector of PERK signaling that maps OR-dependent ER stress patterns to the transcriptional regulation of axon guidance and cell-adhesion genes, instructing targeting precision. Our results extend the known functions of the UPR from a quality-control pathway that protects cells from misfolded proteins to a sensor of cellular identity that interprets physiological states to direct axon wiring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hani J Shayya
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind, Brain and Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Integrated Program in Cellular, Molecular, and Biomedical Studies, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Jerome K Kahiapo
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind, Brain and Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Integrated Program in Cellular, Molecular, and Biomedical Studies, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Rachel Duffié
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind, Brain and Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Katherine S Lehmann
- Developmental Neural Plasticity Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lisa Bashkirova
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind, Brain and Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Kevin Monahan
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind, Brain and Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Ryan P Dalton
- The Miller Institute for Basic Research in Science, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Joanna Gao
- Barnard College, New York, NY 10025, USA
| | - Song Jiao
- Developmental Neural Plasticity Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ira Schieren
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind, Brain and Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Leonardo Belluscio
- Developmental Neural Plasticity Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Stavros Lomvardas
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind, Brain and Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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8
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Zhu KW, Burton SD, Nagai MH, Silverman JD, de March CA, Wachowiak M, Matsunami H. Decoding the olfactory map through targeted transcriptomics links murine olfactory receptors to glomeruli. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5137. [PMID: 36050313 PMCID: PMC9437035 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32267-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensory processing in olfactory systems is organized across olfactory bulb glomeruli, wherein axons of peripheral sensory neurons expressing the same olfactory receptor co-terminate to transmit receptor-specific activity to central neurons. Understanding how receptors map to glomeruli is therefore critical to understanding olfaction. High-throughput spatial transcriptomics is a rapidly advancing field, but low-abundance olfactory receptor expression within glomeruli has previously precluded high-throughput mapping of receptors to glomeruli in the mouse. Here we combined sequential sectioning along the anteroposterior, dorsoventral, and mediolateral axes with target capture enrichment sequencing to overcome low-abundance target expression. This strategy allowed us to spatially map 86% of olfactory receptors across the olfactory bulb and uncover a relationship between OR sequence and glomerular position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin W Zhu
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Shawn D Burton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, 18015, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Maira H Nagai
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Justin D Silverman
- College of Information Science and Technology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Department of Statistics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
- Institute for Computational and Data Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Claire A de March
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Matt Wachowiak
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.
| | - Hiroaki Matsunami
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
- Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
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9
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Bast WG, Albeanu DF. Mapping odorant receptors to their glomeruli. Nat Neurosci 2022; 25:405-407. [DOI: 10.1038/s41593-022-01045-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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10
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Harzsch S, Dircksen H, Hansson BS. Local olfactory interneurons provide the basis for neurochemical regionalization of olfactory glomeruli in crustaceans. J Comp Neurol 2021; 530:1399-1422. [PMID: 34843626 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The primary olfactory centers of metazoans as diverse as arthropods and mammals consist of an array of fields of dense synaptic neuropil, the olfactory glomeruli. However, the neurochemical structure of crustacean olfactory glomeruli is largely understudied when compared to the insects. We analyzed the glomerular architecture in selected species of hermit crabs using immunohistochemistry against presynaptic proteins, the neuropeptides orcokinin, RFamide and allatostatin, and the biogenic amine serotonin. Our study reveals an unexpected level of structural complexity, unmatched by what is found in the insect olfactory glomeruli. Peptidergic and aminergic interneurons provide the structural basis for a regionalization of the crustacean glomeruli into longitudinal and concentric compartments. Our data suggest that local olfactory interneurons take a central computational role in modulating the information transfer from olfactory sensory neurons to projection neurons within the glomeruli. Furthermore, we found yet unknown neuronal elements mediating lateral inhibitory interactions across the glomerular array that may play a central role in modulating the transfer of sensory input to the output neurons through presynaptic inhibition. Our study is another step in understanding the function of crustacean olfactory glomeruli as highly complex units of local olfactory processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Harzsch
- Department of Cytology and Evolutionary Biology, Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Bill S Hansson
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
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11
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Francia S, Lodovichi C. The role of the odorant receptors in the formation of the sensory map. BMC Biol 2021; 19:174. [PMID: 34452614 PMCID: PMC8394594 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-01116-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In the olfactory system, odorant receptors (ORs) expressed at the cell membrane of olfactory sensory neurons detect odorants and direct sensory axons toward precise target locations in the brain, reflected in the presence of olfactory sensory maps. This dual role of ORs is corroborated by their subcellular expression both in cilia, where they bind odorants, and at axon terminals, a location suitable for axon guidance cues. Here, we provide an overview and discuss previous work on the role of ORs in establishing the topographic organization of the olfactory system and recent findings on the mechanisms of activation and function of axonal ORs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Francia
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy.,Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - Claudia Lodovichi
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy. .,Neuroscience Institute CNR, Via Orus 2, 35129, Padua, Italy. .,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy. .,Padova Neuroscience Center, Padua, Italy.
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12
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Abstract
Olfaction is fundamentally distinct from other sensory modalities. Natural odor stimuli are complex mixtures of volatile chemicals that interact in the nose with a receptor array that, in rodents, is built from more than 1,000 unique receptors. These interactions dictate a peripheral olfactory code, which in the brain is transformed and reformatted as it is broadcast across a set of highly interconnected olfactory regions. Here we discuss the problems of characterizing peripheral population codes for olfactory stimuli, of inferring the specific functions of different higher olfactory areas given their extensive recurrence, and of ultimately understanding how odor representations are linked to perception and action. We argue that, despite the differences between olfaction and other sensory modalities, addressing these specific questions will reveal general principles underlying brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Brann
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA;
| | - Sandeep Robert Datta
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA;
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13
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Sun D, Weng J, Dong Y, Jiang Y. Three-dimensional genome organization in the central nervous system, implications for neuropsychological disorders. J Genet Genomics 2021; 48:1045-1056. [PMID: 34426099 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2021.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomes in eukaryotic cell nuclei are highly compacted and finely organized into hierarchical three-dimensional (3D) configuration. In recent years, scientists have gained deeper understandings of 3D genome structures and revealed novel evidence linking 3D genome organization to various important cell events on the molecular level. Most importantly, alteration of 3D genome architecture has emerged as an intriguing higher order mechanism that connects disease-related genetic variants in multiple heterogenous and polygenic neuropsychological disorders, delivering novel insights into the etiology. In this review, we provide a brief overview of the hierarchical structures of 3D genome and two proposed regulatory models, loop extrusion and phase separation. We then focus on recent Hi-C data in the central nervous system and discuss 3D genome alterations during normal brain development and in mature neurons. Most importantly, we make a comprehensive review on current knowledge and discuss the role of 3D genome in multiple neuropsychological disorders, including schizophrenia, repeat expansion disorders, 22q11 deletion syndrome, and others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daijing Sun
- Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontier Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jie Weng
- Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontier Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yuhao Dong
- Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontier Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yan Jiang
- Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontier Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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14
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Qiu Q, Wu Y, Ma L, Xu W, Hills M, Ramalingam V, Yu CR. Acquisition of innate odor preference depends on spontaneous and experiential activities during critical period. eLife 2021; 10:e60546. [PMID: 33769278 PMCID: PMC8032394 DOI: 10.7554/elife.60546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Animals possess an inborn ability to recognize certain odors to avoid predators, seek food, and find mates. Innate odor preference is thought to be genetically hardwired. Here we report that acquisition of innate odor recognition requires spontaneous neural activity and is influenced by sensory experience during early postnatal development. Genetic silencing of mouse olfactory sensory neurons during the critical period has little impact on odor sensitivity, discrimination, and recognition later in life. However, it abolishes innate odor preference and alters the patterns of activation in brain centers. Exposure to innately recognized odors during the critical period abolishes the associated valence in adulthood in an odor-specific manner. The changes are associated with broadened projection of olfactory sensory neurons and expression of axon guidance molecules. Thus, a delicate balance of neural activity is needed during the critical period in establishing innate odor preference and convergent axon input is required to encode innate odor valence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Qiu
- Stowers Institute for Medical ResearchKansas CityUnited States
| | - Yunming Wu
- Stowers Institute for Medical ResearchKansas CityUnited States
| | - Limei Ma
- Stowers Institute for Medical ResearchKansas CityUnited States
| | - Wenjing Xu
- Stowers Institute for Medical ResearchKansas CityUnited States
| | - Max Hills
- Stowers Institute for Medical ResearchKansas CityUnited States
| | - Vivekanandan Ramalingam
- Stowers Institute for Medical ResearchKansas CityUnited States
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Kansas Medical CenterKansas CityUnited States
| | - C Ron Yu
- Stowers Institute for Medical ResearchKansas CityUnited States
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Kansas Medical CenterKansas CityUnited States
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical CenterKansas CityUnited States
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15
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Chen Y, Ding X, Wang S, Ding P, Xu Z, Li J, Wang M, Xiang R, Wang X, Wang H, Feng Q, Qiu J, Wang F, Huang Z, Zhang X, Tang G, Tang S. A single-cell atlas of mouse olfactory bulb chromatin accessibility. J Genet Genomics 2021; 48:147-162. [PMID: 33926839 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2021.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Olfaction, the sense of smell, is a fundamental trait crucial to many species. The olfactory bulb (OB) plays pivotal roles in processing and transmitting odor information from the environment to the brain. The cellular heterogeneity of the mouse OB has been studied using single-cell RNA sequencing. However, the epigenetic landscape of the mOB remains mostly unexplored. Herein, we apply single-cell assay for transposase-accessible chromatin sequencing to profile the genome-wide chromatin accessibility of 9,549 single cells from the mOB. Based on single-cell epigenetic signatures, mOB cells are classified into 21 clusters corresponding to 11 cell types. We identify distinct sets of putative regulatory elements specific to each cell cluster from which putative target genes and enriched potential functions are inferred. In addition, the transcription factor motifs enriched in each cell cluster are determined to indicate the developmental fate of each cell lineage. Our study provides a valuable epigenetic data set for the mOB at single-cell resolution, and the results can enhance our understanding of regulatory circuits and the therapeutic capacity of the OB at the single-cell level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Chen
- BGI Education Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518083, China; BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Xiangning Ding
- BGI Education Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518083, China; BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Shiyou Wang
- BGI Education Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518083, China; BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Peiwen Ding
- BGI Education Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518083, China; BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Zaoxu Xu
- BGI Education Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518083, China; BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Jiankang Li
- BGI Education Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Mingyue Wang
- BGI Education Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518083, China; BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Rong Xiang
- BGI Education Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518083, China; BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Xiaoling Wang
- BGI Education Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518083, China; BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Haoyu Wang
- BGI Education Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518083, China; BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Qikai Feng
- BGI Education Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518083, China; BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Jiaying Qiu
- BGI Education Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518083, China; BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Feiyue Wang
- BGI Education Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518083, China; BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China; School of Biological Science & Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Zhen Huang
- Southern Center for Biomedical Research and Fujian Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neural Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350117, China
| | - Xingliang Zhang
- Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen 518083, China; Department of Pediatrics, the Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524000, China.
| | - Gen Tang
- Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen 518083, China.
| | - Shengping Tang
- Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen 518083, China; Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563099, China; China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China.
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16
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Kondo K, Kikuta S, Ueha R, Suzukawa K, Yamasoba T. Age-Related Olfactory Dysfunction: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Clinical Management. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:208. [PMID: 32733233 PMCID: PMC7358644 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Like other sensory systems, olfactory function deteriorates with age. Epidemiological studies have revealed that the incidence of olfactory dysfunction increases at the age of 60 and older and males are more affected than females. Moreover, smoking, heavy alcohol use, sinonasal diseases, and Down’s syndrome are associated with an increased incidence of olfactory dysfunction. Although the pathophysiology of olfactory dysfunction in humans remains largely unknown, studies in laboratory animals have demonstrated that both the peripheral and central olfactory nervous systems are affected by aging. Aged olfactory neuroepithelium in the nasal cavity shows the loss of mature olfactory neurons, replacement of olfactory neuroepithelium by respiratory epithelium, and a decrease in basal cell proliferation both in the normal state and after injury. In the central olfactory pathway, a decrease in the turnover of interneurons in the olfactory bulb (OB) and reduced activity in the olfactory cortex under olfactory stimulation is observed. Recently, the association between olfactory impairment and neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD), has gained attention. Evidence-based pharmacotherapy to suppress or improve age-related olfactory dysfunction has not yet been established, but preliminary results suggest that olfactory training using odorants may be useful to improve some aspects of age-related olfactory impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Kondo
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shu Kikuta
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rumi Ueha
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keigo Suzukawa
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Yamasoba
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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17
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Cell type-specific patterned neural activity instructs neural map formation in the mouse olfactory system. Neurosci Res 2020; 170:1-5. [PMID: 32621834 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2020.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The development of precise neural circuits is initially directed by genetic programming and subsequently refined by neural activity. In the mouse olfactory system, axons from various olfactory sensory neurons expressing the same olfactory receptor converge onto a few spatially invariant glomeruli, generating the olfactory glomerular map in the olfactory bulbs. Using the glomerular map formation as a model, this review summarizes the current understanding of mechanisms underlying topographic map development in the mouse olfactory system and highlights how neural activity instructs the map refinement process.
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18
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Dibattista M, Pifferi S, Menini A, Reisert J. Alzheimer's Disease: What Can We Learn From the Peripheral Olfactory System? Front Neurosci 2020; 14:440. [PMID: 32508565 PMCID: PMC7248389 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The sense of smell has been shown to deteriorate in patients with some neurodegenerative disorders. In Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD), decreased ability to smell is associated with early disease stages. Thus, olfactory neurons in the nose and olfactory bulb (OB) may provide a window into brain physiology and pathophysiology to address the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Because nasal olfactory receptor neurons regenerate throughout life, the olfactory system offers a broad variety of cellular mechanisms that could be altered in AD, including odorant receptor expression, neurogenesis and neurodegeneration in the olfactory epithelium, axonal targeting to the OB, and synaptogenesis and neurogenesis in the OB. This review focuses on pathophysiological changes in the periphery of the olfactory system during the progression of AD in mice, highlighting how the olfactory epithelium and the OB are particularly sensitive to changes in proteins and enzymes involved in AD pathogenesis. Evidence reviewed here in the context of the emergence of other typical pathological changes in AD suggests that olfactory impairments could be used to understand the molecular mechanisms involved in the early phases of the pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Dibattista
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, University of Bari A. Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Simone Pifferi
- Neurobiology Group, SISSA, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati, Trieste, Italy
| | - Anna Menini
- Neurobiology Group, SISSA, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati, Trieste, Italy
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19
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Misawa N, Osaki T, Takeuchi S. Membrane protein-based biosensors. J R Soc Interface 2019; 15:rsif.2017.0952. [PMID: 29669891 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2017.0952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
This review highlights recent development of biosensors that use the functions of membrane proteins. Membrane proteins are essential components of biological membranes and have a central role in detection of various environmental stimuli such as olfaction and gustation. A number of studies have attempted for development of biosensors using the sensing property of these membrane proteins. Their specificity to target molecules is particularly attractive as it is significantly superior to that of traditional human-made sensors. In this review, we classified the membrane protein-based biosensors into two platforms: the lipid bilayer-based platform and the cell-based platform. On lipid bilayer platforms, the membrane proteins are embedded in a lipid bilayer that bridges between the protein and a sensor device. On cell-based platforms, the membrane proteins are expressed in a cultured cell, which is then integrated in a sensor device. For both platforms we introduce the fundamental information and the recent progress in the development of the biosensors, and remark on the outlook for practical biosensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuo Misawa
- Artificial Cell Membrane Systems Group, Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, 3-2-1 Sakado, Takatsu, Kawasaki 213-0012, Japan
| | - Toshihisa Osaki
- Artificial Cell Membrane Systems Group, Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, 3-2-1 Sakado, Takatsu, Kawasaki 213-0012, Japan.,Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Shoji Takeuchi
- Artificial Cell Membrane Systems Group, Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, 3-2-1 Sakado, Takatsu, Kawasaki 213-0012, Japan .,Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
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20
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Wen Y, Zhang Z, Li Z, Liu G, Tao G, Song X, Xu Z, Shang Z, Guo T, Su Z, Chen H, You Y, Li J, Yang Z. The PROK2/PROKR2 signaling pathway is required for the migration of most olfactory bulb interneurons. J Comp Neurol 2019; 527:2931-2947. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.24719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, MOE Frontier Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology, Zhongshan HospitalFudan University Shanghai PR China
| | - Zhuangzhi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, MOE Frontier Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology, Zhongshan HospitalFudan University Shanghai PR China
| | - Zhenmeiyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, MOE Frontier Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology, Zhongshan HospitalFudan University Shanghai PR China
| | - Guoping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, MOE Frontier Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology, Zhongshan HospitalFudan University Shanghai PR China
| | - Guangxu Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, MOE Frontier Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology, Zhongshan HospitalFudan University Shanghai PR China
| | - Xiaolei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, MOE Frontier Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology, Zhongshan HospitalFudan University Shanghai PR China
| | - Zhejun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, MOE Frontier Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology, Zhongshan HospitalFudan University Shanghai PR China
| | - Zicong Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, MOE Frontier Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology, Zhongshan HospitalFudan University Shanghai PR China
| | - Teng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, MOE Frontier Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology, Zhongshan HospitalFudan University Shanghai PR China
| | - Zihao Su
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, MOE Frontier Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology, Zhongshan HospitalFudan University Shanghai PR China
| | - Haotian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, MOE Frontier Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology, Zhongshan HospitalFudan University Shanghai PR China
| | - Yan You
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, MOE Frontier Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology, Zhongshan HospitalFudan University Shanghai PR China
| | - Jiada Li
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, School of Life SciencesCentral South University Changsha Hunan PR China
| | - Zhengang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, MOE Frontier Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology, Zhongshan HospitalFudan University Shanghai PR China
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21
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Vaddadi N, Iversen K, Raja R, Phen A, Brignall A, Dumontier E, Cloutier JF. Kirrel2 is differentially required in populations of olfactory sensory neurons for the targeting of axons in the olfactory bulb. Development 2019; 146:dev.173310. [PMID: 31142543 DOI: 10.1242/dev.173310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The formation of olfactory maps in the olfactory bulb (OB) is crucial for the control of innate and learned mouse behaviors. Olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) expressing a specific odorant receptor project axons into spatially conserved glomeruli within the OB and synapse onto mitral cell dendrites. Combinatorial expression of members of the Kirrel family of cell adhesion molecules has been proposed to regulate OSN axonal coalescence; however, loss-of-function experiments have yet to establish their requirement in this process. We examined projections of several OSN populations in mice that lacked either Kirrel2 alone, or both Kirrel2 and Kirrel3. Our results show that Kirrel2 and Kirrel3 are dispensable for the coalescence of MOR1-3-expressing OSN axons to the most dorsal region (DI) of the OB. In contrast, loss of Kirrel2 caused MOR174-9- and M72-expressing OSN axons, projecting to the DII region, to target ectopic glomeruli. Our loss-of-function approach demonstrates that Kirrel2 is required for axonal coalescence in subsets of OSNs that project axons to the DII region and reveals that Kirrel2/3-independent mechanisms also control OSN axonal coalescence in certain regions of the OB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelima Vaddadi
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Centre for Neuronal Survival, 3801 University, Montréal, Québec H3A 2B4, Canada.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Katrine Iversen
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Centre for Neuronal Survival, 3801 University, Montréal, Québec H3A 2B4, Canada.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Reesha Raja
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Centre for Neuronal Survival, 3801 University, Montréal, Québec H3A 2B4, Canada.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Alina Phen
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Centre for Neuronal Survival, 3801 University, Montréal, Québec H3A 2B4, Canada.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 0C7, Canada
| | - Alexandra Brignall
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Centre for Neuronal Survival, 3801 University, Montréal, Québec H3A 2B4, Canada.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 0C7, Canada
| | - Emilie Dumontier
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Centre for Neuronal Survival, 3801 University, Montréal, Québec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Jean-François Cloutier
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Centre for Neuronal Survival, 3801 University, Montréal, Québec H3A 2B4, Canada .,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 2B4, Canada.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 0C7, Canada
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22
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Mountoufaris G, Canzio D, Nwakeze CL, Chen WV, Maniatis T. Writing, Reading, and Translating the Clustered Protocadherin Cell Surface Recognition Code for Neural Circuit Assembly. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2019; 34:471-493. [PMID: 30296392 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100616-060701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The ability of neurites of individual neurons to distinguish between themselves and neurites from other neurons and to avoid self (self-avoidance) plays a key role in neural circuit assembly in both invertebrates and vertebrates. Similarly, when individual neurons of the same type project into receptive fields of the brain, they must avoid each other to maximize target coverage (tiling). Counterintuitively, these processes are driven by highly specific homophilic interactions between cell surface proteins that lead to neurite repulsion rather than adhesion. Among these proteins in vertebrates are the clustered protocadherins (Pcdhs), and key to their function is the generation of enormous cell surface structural diversity. Here we review recent advances in understanding how a Pcdh cell surface code is generated by stochastic promoter choice; how this code is amplified and read by homophilic interactions between Pcdh complexes at the surface of neurons; and, finally, how the Pcdh code is translated to cellular function, which mediates self-avoidance and tiling and thus plays a central role in the development of complex neural circuits. Not surprisingly, Pcdh mutations that diminish homophilic interactions lead to wiring defects and abnormal behavior in mice, and sequence variants in the Pcdh gene cluster are associated with autism spectrum disorders in family-based genetic studies in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Mountoufaris
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University Medical School, and Zuckerman Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; .,Current address: Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Daniele Canzio
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University Medical School, and Zuckerman Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA;
| | - Chiamaka L Nwakeze
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University Medical School, and Zuckerman Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA;
| | - Weisheng V Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University Medical School, and Zuckerman Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; .,Current address: Leveragen, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Tom Maniatis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University Medical School, and Zuckerman Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA;
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23
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Nakashima A, Ihara N, Shigeta M, Kiyonari H, Ikegaya Y, Takeuchi H. Structured spike series specify gene expression patterns for olfactory circuit formation. Science 2019; 365:science.aaw5030. [PMID: 31171707 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaw5030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Neural circuits emerge through the interplay of genetic programming and activity-dependent processes. During the development of the mouse olfactory map, axons segregate into distinct glomeruli in an olfactory receptor (OR)-dependent manner. ORs generate a combinatorial code of axon-sorting molecules whose expression is regulated by neural activity. However, it remains unclear how neural activity induces OR-specific expression patterns of axon-sorting molecules. We found that the temporal patterns of spontaneous neuronal spikes were not spatially organized but were correlated with the OR types. Receptor substitution experiments demonstrated that ORs determine spontaneous activity patterns. Moreover, optogenetically differentiated patterns of neuronal activity induced specific expression of the corresponding axon-sorting molecules and regulated axonal segregation. Thus, OR-dependent temporal patterns of spontaneous activity play instructive roles in generating the combinatorial code of axon-sorting molecules during olfactory map formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Nakashima
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Naoki Ihara
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Mayo Shigeta
- Laboratory for Animal Resource Development, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 2-2-3 Minatojima Minami-machi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyonari
- Laboratory for Animal Resource Development, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 2-2-3 Minatojima Minami-machi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.,Laboratory for Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 2-2-3 Minatojima Minami-machi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Yuji Ikegaya
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.,Center for Information and Neural Networks, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Haruki Takeuchi
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan. .,Social Cooperation Program of Evolutional Chemical Safety Assessment System, LECSAS, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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24
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Yang CJ, Tsai KT, Liou NF, Chou YH. Interneuron Diversity: Toward a Better Understanding of Interneuron Development In the Olfactory System. J Exp Neurosci 2019; 13:1179069519826056. [PMID: 31001062 PMCID: PMC6454656 DOI: 10.1177/1179069519826056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Drosophila olfactory system is an attractive model for
exploring the wiring logic of complex neural circuits. Remarkably, olfactory
local interneurons exhibit high diversity and variability in their morphologies
and intrinsic properties. Although olfactory sensory and projection neurons have
been extensively studied of development and wiring; the development, mechanisms
for establishing diversity, and integration of olfactory local interneurons into
the developing circuit remain largely undescribed. In this review, we discuss
some challenges and recent advances in the study of Drosophila
olfactory interneurons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ya-Hui Chou
- Ya-Hui Chou, Institute of Cellular and
Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Nankang,
Taipei, Taiwan.
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25
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Spatial Determination of Neuronal Diversification in the Olfactory Epithelium. J Neurosci 2018; 39:814-832. [PMID: 30530861 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3594-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurons in the murine olfactory epithelium (OE) differ by the olfactory receptor they express as well as other molecular phenotypes that are regionally restricted. These patterns can be precisely regenerated following epithelial injury, suggesting that spatial cues within the tissue can direct neuronal diversification. Nonetheless, the permanency and mechanism of this spatial patterning remain subject to debate. Via transplantation of stem and progenitor cells from dorsal OE into ventral OE, we demonstrate that, in mice of both sexes, nonautonomous spatial cues can direct the spatially circumscribed differentiation of olfactory sensory neurons. The vast majority of dorsal transplant-derived neurons express the ventral marker OCAM (NCAM2) and lose expression of NQO1 to match their new location. Single-cell analysis also demonstrates that OSNs adopt a fate defined by their new position following progenitor cell transplant, such that a ventral olfactory receptor is expressed after stem and progenitor cell engraftment. Thus, spatially constrained differentiation of olfactory sensory neurons is plastic, and any bias toward an epigenetic memory of place can be overcome.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Spatially restricted differentiation of olfactory sensory neurons is both key to normal olfactory function and a challenging example of biological specificity. That the stem cells of the olfactory epithelium reproduce the organization of the olfactory periphery to a very close approximation during lesion-induced regeneration begs the question of whether stem cell-autonomous genomic architecture or environmental cues are responsible. The plasticity demonstrated after transfer to a novel location suggests that cues external to the transplanted stem and progenitor cells confer neuronal identity. Thus, a necessary prerequisite is satisfied for using engraftment of olfactory stem and progenitor cells as a cellular therapeutic intervention to reinvigorate neurogenesis whose exhaustion contributes to the waning of olfaction with age.
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Coppola DM, White LE. Forever young: Neoteny, neurogenesis and a critique of critical periods in olfaction. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2018; 51:53-63. [PMID: 30421031 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-018-9778-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The critical period concept has been one of the most transcendent in science, education, and society forming the basis of our fixation on 'quality' of childhood experiences. The neural basis of this process has been revealed in developmental studies of visual, auditory and somatosensory maps and their enduring modification through manipulations of experience early in life. Olfaction, too, possesses a number of phenomena that share key characteristics with classical critical periods like sensitive temporal windows and experience dependence. In this review, we analyze the candidate critical period-like phenomena in olfaction and find them disanalogous to classical critical periods in other sensory systems in several important ways. This leads us to speculate as to why olfaction may be alone among exteroceptive systems in lacking classical critical periods and how life-long neurogenesis of olfactory sensory neurons and bulbar interneurons-a neotenic vestige-- relates to the structure and function of the mammalian olfactory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Coppola
- Department of Biology, Randolph Macon College, Ashland, VA, 23005, USA.
| | - Leonard E White
- Department of Neurology, Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
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Liou NF, Lin SH, Chen YJ, Tsai KT, Yang CJ, Lin TY, Wu TH, Lin HJ, Chen YT, Gohl DM, Silies M, Chou YH. Diverse populations of local interneurons integrate into the Drosophila adult olfactory circuit. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2232. [PMID: 29884811 PMCID: PMC5993751 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04675-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophila olfactory local interneurons (LNs) in the antennal lobe are highly diverse and variable. How and when distinct types of LNs emerge, differentiate, and integrate into the olfactory circuit is unknown. Through systematic developmental analyses, we found that LNs are recruited to the adult olfactory circuit in three groups. Group 1 LNs are residual larval LNs. Group 2 are adult-specific LNs that emerge before cognate sensory and projection neurons establish synaptic specificity, and Group 3 LNs emerge after synaptic specificity is established. Group 1 larval LNs are selectively reintegrated into the adult circuit through pruning and re-extension of processes to distinct regions of the antennal lobe, while others die during metamorphosis. Precise temporal control of this pruning and cell death shapes the global organization of the adult antennal lobe. Our findings provide a road map to understand how LNs develop and contribute to constructing the olfactory circuit. Local interneurons (LNs) in the Drosophila olfactory system are highly diverse. Here, the authors labeled different LN types and described how different LN subtypes are integrated into the developing circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan-Fu Liou
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Han Lin
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Jun Chen
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Ting Tsai
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Jen Yang
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Tzi-Yang Lin
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.,Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter, Campus-Vienna-Biocenter 1, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ting-Han Wu
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Ju Lin
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Tarng Chen
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Daryl M Gohl
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,University of Minnesota Genomics Center, 1-210 CCRB, 2231 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Marion Silies
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,European Neuroscience Institute, University Medical Center Göttingen, Grisebachstr. 5, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ya-Hui Chou
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan. .,Neuroscience Program of Academia Sinica, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.
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Ahuja G, Reichel V, Kowatschew D, Syed AS, Kotagiri AK, Oka Y, Weth F, Korsching SI. Overlapping but distinct topology for zebrafish V2R-like olfactory receptors reminiscent of odorant receptor spatial expression zones. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:383. [PMID: 29792162 PMCID: PMC5966872 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4740-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The sense of smell is unrivaled in terms of molecular complexity of its input channels. Even zebrafish, a model vertebrate system in many research fields including olfaction, possesses several hundred different olfactory receptor genes, organized in four different gene families. For one of these families, the initially discovered odorant receptors proper, segregation of expression into distinct spatial subdomains within a common sensory surface has been observed both in teleost fish and in mammals. However, for the remaining three families, little to nothing was known about their spatial coding logic. Here we wished to investigate, whether the principle of spatial segregation observed for odorant receptors extends to another olfactory receptor family, the V2R-related OlfC genes. Furthermore we thought to examine, how expression of OlfC genes is integrated into expression zones of odorant receptor genes, which in fish share a single sensory surface with OlfC genes. Results To select representative genes, we performed a comprehensive phylogenetic study of the zebrafish OlfC family, which identified a novel OlfC gene, reduced the number of pseudogenes to 1, and brought the total family size to 60 intact OlfC receptors. We analyzed the spatial pattern of OlfC-expressing cells for seven representative receptors in three dimensions (height within the epithelial layer, horizontal distance from the center of the olfactory organ, and height within the olfactory organ). We report non-random distributions of labeled neurons for all OlfC genes analysed. Distributions for sparsely expressed OlfC genes are significantly different from each other in nearly all cases, broad overlap notwithstanding. For two of the three coordinates analyzed, OlfC expression zones are intercalated with those of odorant receptor zones, whereas in the third dimension some segregation is observed. Conclusion Our results show that V2R-related OlfC genes follow the same spatial logic of expression as odorant receptors and their expression zones intermingle with those of odorant receptor genes. Thus, distinctly different expression zones for individual receptor genes constitute a general feature shared by teleost and tetrapod V2R/OlfC and odorant receptor families alike. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-4740-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Ahuja
- Institute of Genetics, University at Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47A, 50674, Cologne, Germany. .,Present address: Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (ZMMK), Robert-Koch-Str. 21, 50931, Cologne, Germany. .,Present address: Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 9b, 50931, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Vera Reichel
- Institute of Genetics, University at Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47A, 50674, Cologne, Germany
| | - Daniel Kowatschew
- Institute of Genetics, University at Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47A, 50674, Cologne, Germany
| | - Adnan S Syed
- Institute of Genetics, University at Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47A, 50674, Cologne, Germany
| | - Aswani Kumar Kotagiri
- Institute of Genetics, University at Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47A, 50674, Cologne, Germany
| | - Yuichiro Oka
- Institute of Genetics, University at Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47A, 50674, Cologne, Germany.,Present address: Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Present address: Department of Child Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University and University of Fukui, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Franco Weth
- Karlsruher Institut fuer Technologie (KIT) - Campus Sued, Zoologisches Institut, Abteilung fuer Zell- und Neurobiologie, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sigrun I Korsching
- Institute of Genetics, University at Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47A, 50674, Cologne, Germany.
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Crustacean olfactory systems: A comparative review and a crustacean perspective on olfaction in insects. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 161:23-60. [PMID: 29197652 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Malacostracan crustaceans display a large diversity of sizes, morphs and life styles. However, only a few representatives of decapod taxa have served as models for analyzing crustacean olfaction, such as crayfish and spiny lobsters. Crustaceans bear multiple parallel chemosensory pathways represented by different populations of unimodal chemosensory and bimodal chemo- and mechanosensory sensilla on the mouthparts, the walking limbs and primarily on their two pairs of antennae. Here, we focus on the olfactory pathway associated with the unimodal chemosensory sensilla on the first antennal pair, the aesthetascs. We explore the diverse arrangement of these sensilla across malacostracan taxa and point out evolutionary transformations which occurred in the central olfactory pathway. We discuss the evolution of chemoreceptor proteins, comparative aspects of active chemoreception and the temporal resolution of crustacean olfactory system. Viewing the evolution of crustacean brains in light of energetic constraints can help us understand their functional morphology and suggests that in various crustacean lineages, the brains were simplified convergently because of metabolic limitations. Comparing the wiring of afferents, interneurons and output neurons within the olfactory glomeruli suggests a deep homology of insect and crustacean olfactory systems. However, both taxa followed distinct lineages during the evolutionary elaboration of their olfactory systems. A comparison with insects suggests their olfactory systems ö especially that of the vinegar fly ö to be superb examples for "economy of design". Such a comparison also inspires new thoughts about olfactory coding and the functioning of malacostracan olfactory systems in general.
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Mendes BDO, Rabelo LM, E Silva BC, de Souza JM, da Silva Castro AL, da Silva AR, de Lima Rodrigues AS, Malafaia G. Mice exposure to tannery effluents changes their olfactory capacity, and their response to predators and to the inhibitory avoidance test. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:19234-19248. [PMID: 28664498 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9504-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The current study has assessed whether the oral and/or dermal exposure of C57Bl/6 J mice to tannery effluent (a complex pollutant consisting of xenobiotic mixtures) could damage their olfactory functions, as well as whether it changes their aversive behavior in the inhibitory avoidance test. Accordingly, the animals were distributed in groups which were exposed or not to this xenobiotic through two different routes (oral and dermal), for 15 days. The effluent group subjected to oral exposure received drinking water containing 5% tannery effluent, whereas the animals in the dermal group were exposed to raw tannery effluent for 1 h/day. The animals dermally exposed to the tannery effluent (males and females) have shown the highest latency to find palatable food in the buried food test. The shortest time spent by the animals (orally or dermally) exposed to tannery effluent in the safety zone of the apparatus used in the predator exposure test, as well as the longest time spent by them in the aversive zone, have shown failures in their perception to the risk represented by the presence of the predator (cat). The passive avoidance test results have shown that the dermal exposure to tannery effluent led to partial memory deficit in male and female mice; therefore, the present study has confirmed the tannery effluent toxicity to mammals. Moreover, the present study was pioneer in demonstrating that the dermal exposure to this xenobiotic, even for a short period-of-time, can change the olfactory and cognitive functions of animals, as well as lead to harmful consequences to their health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna de Oliveira Mendes
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Biológicas, Instituto Federal Goiano-Campus Urutaí, Rodovia Geraldo Silva Nascimento, 2,5 km, Zona Rural, Urutaí, GO, Brazil
| | - Letícia Martins Rabelo
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Biológicas, Instituto Federal Goiano-Campus Urutaí, Rodovia Geraldo Silva Nascimento, 2,5 km, Zona Rural, Urutaí, GO, Brazil
| | - Bianca Costa E Silva
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Biológicas, Instituto Federal Goiano-Campus Urutaí, Rodovia Geraldo Silva Nascimento, 2,5 km, Zona Rural, Urutaí, GO, Brazil
| | - Joyce Moreira de Souza
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Biológicas, Instituto Federal Goiano-Campus Urutaí, Rodovia Geraldo Silva Nascimento, 2,5 km, Zona Rural, Urutaí, GO, Brazil
| | - André Luis da Silva Castro
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Conservação de Recursos Naturais do Cerrado, Instituto Federal Goiano-Campus Urutaí, Urutaí, GO, Brazil
| | | | - Aline Sueli de Lima Rodrigues
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Conservação de Recursos Naturais do Cerrado, Instituto Federal Goiano-Campus Urutaí, Urutaí, GO, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Malafaia
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Biológicas, Instituto Federal Goiano-Campus Urutaí, Rodovia Geraldo Silva Nascimento, 2,5 km, Zona Rural, Urutaí, GO, Brazil.
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Conservação de Recursos Naturais do Cerrado, Instituto Federal Goiano-Campus Urutaí, Urutaí, GO, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade Animal, Universidade Federal de Goiás-Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
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31
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Prospects of ionic liquids application in electronic and bioelectronic nose instruments. Trends Analyt Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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32
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Ihara N, Ikegaya Y, Takeuchi H. Quadruple Immunostaining of the Olfactory Bulb for Visualization of Olfactory Sensory Axon Molecular Identity Codes. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28605383 DOI: 10.3791/55893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The mouse olfactory system is often used to study mechanisms of neural circuit formation because of its simple anatomical structure. An Olfactory Sensory Neuron (OSN) is a bipolar cell with a single dendrite and a single unbranched axon. An OSN expresses only one Olfactory Receptor (OR) gene, OSNs expressing a given type of OR converge their axons to a few sets of invariant glomeruli in the Olfactory Bulb (OB). A remarkable feature of OSN projection is that the expressed ORs play instructive roles in axonal projection. ORs regulate the expression of multiple axon-sorting molecules and generate the combinatorial molecular code of axon-sorting molecules at the OSN axon termini. Thus, to understand the molecular mechanisms of OR-specific axon guidance mechanisms, it is vital to characterize their expression profiles at the OSN axon termini within the same glomerulus. The aim of this article was to introduce methods for collecting as many glomeruli as possible on a single OB section and for performing immunostaining using multiple antibodies. This would allow the comparison and analysis of the expression patterns of axon-sorting molecules without staining variation between OB sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Ihara
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Yuji Ikegaya
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo; Center for Information and Neural Networks, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology
| | - Haruki Takeuchi
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo; PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST);
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Dibattista M, Pifferi S, Boccaccio A, Menini A, Reisert J. The long tale of the calcium activated Cl - channels in olfactory transduction. Channels (Austin) 2017; 11:399-414. [PMID: 28301269 DOI: 10.1080/19336950.2017.1307489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ca2+-activated Cl- currents have been implicated in many cellular processes in different cells, but for many years, their molecular identity remained unknown. Particularly intriguing are Ca2+-activated Cl- currents in olfactory transduction, first described in the early 90s. Well characterized electrophysiologically, they carry most of the odorant-induced receptor current in the cilia of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs). After many attempts to determine their molecular identity, TMEM16B was found to be abundantly expressed in the cilia of OSNs in 2009 and having biophysical properties like those of the native olfactory channel. A TMEM16B knockout mouse confirmed that TMEM16B was indeed the olfactory Cl- channel but also suggested a limited role in olfactory physiology and behavior. The question then arises of what the precise role of TMEM16b in olfaction is. Here we review the long story of this channel and its possible roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Dibattista
- a Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs , University of Bari A. Moro , Bari , Italy
| | - Simone Pifferi
- b Neurobiology Group, SISSA, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati , Trieste , Italy
| | | | - Anna Menini
- b Neurobiology Group, SISSA, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati , Trieste , Italy
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Ravi N, Sanchez-Guardado L, Lois C, Kelsch W. Determination of the connectivity of newborn neurons in mammalian olfactory circuits. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:849-867. [PMID: 27695873 PMCID: PMC11107630 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2367-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian olfactory bulb is a forebrain structure just one synapse downstream from the olfactory sensory neurons and performs the complex computations of sensory inputs. The formation of this sensory circuit is shaped through activity-dependent and cell-intrinsic mechanisms. Recent studies have revealed that cell-type specific connectivity and the organization of synapses in dendritic compartments are determined through cell-intrinsic programs already preset in progenitor cells. These progenitor programs give rise to subpopulations within a neuron type that have distinct synaptic organizations. The intrinsically determined formation of distinct synaptic organizations requires factors from contacting cells that match the cell-intrinsic programs. While certain genes control wiring within the newly generated neurons, other regulatory genes provide intercellular signals and are only expressed in neurons that will form contacts with the newly generated cells. Here, the olfactory system has provided a useful model circuit to reveal the factors regulating assembly of the highly structured connectivity in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namasivayam Ravi
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Luis Sanchez-Guardado
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Carlos Lois
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA.
| | - Wolfgang Kelsch
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68159, Mannheim, Germany.
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Eerdunfu, Ihara N, Ligao B, Ikegaya Y, Takeuchi H. Differential timing of neurogenesis underlies dorsal-ventral topographic projection of olfactory sensory neurons. Neural Dev 2017; 12:2. [PMID: 28193234 PMCID: PMC5307877 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-017-0079-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The mammalian primary olfactory system has a spatially-ordered projection in which olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) located in the dorsomedial (DM) and ventrolateral (VL) region of the olfactory epithelium (OE) send their axons to the dorsal and ventral region of the olfactory bulb (OB), respectively. We previously found that OSN axonal projections occur sequentially, from the DM to the VL region of the OE. The differential timing of axonal projections is important for olfactory map formation because early-arriving OSN axons secrete guidance cues at the OB to help navigate late-arriving OSN axons. We hypothesized that the differential timing of axonal projections is regulated by the timing of OSN neurogenesis. To test this idea, we investigated spatiotemporal patterns of OSN neurogenesis during olfactory development. Methods and results To determine the time of OSN origin, we used two thymidine analogs, BrdU and EdU, which can be incorporated into cells in the S-phase of the cell-cycle. We injected these two analogs at different developmental time points and analyzed distribution patterns of labeled OSNs. We found that OSNs with different dates of origin were differentially distributed in the OE. The majority of OSNs generated at the early stage of development were located in the DM region of the OE, whereas OSNs generated at the later stage of development were preferentially located in the VL region of the OE. Conclusions These results indicate that the number of OSNs is sequentially increased from the DM to the VL axis of the OE. Moreover, the temporal sequence of OSN proliferation correlates with that of axonal extension and emergence of glomerular structures in the OB. Thus, we propose that the timing of OSN neurogenesis regulates that of OSN axonal projection and thereby helps preserve the topographic order of the olfactory glomerular map along the dorsal–ventral axis of the OB. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13064-017-0079-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eerdunfu
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, the Institute of Medical Science, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Naoki Ihara
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Bao Ligao
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yuji Ikegaya
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.,Center for Information and Neural Networks, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Suita City, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Haruki Takeuchi
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan. .,Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan.
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36
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Wang JW, Stifani S. Roles of Runx Genes in Nervous System Development. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 962:103-116. [PMID: 28299654 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-3233-2_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Runt-related (Runx) transcription factors play essential roles during development and adult tissue homeostasis and are responsible for several human diseases. They regulate a variety of biological mechanisms in numerous cell lineages. Recent years have seen significant progress in our understanding of the functions performed by Runx proteins in the developing and postnatal mammalian nervous system. In both central and peripheral nervous systems, Runx1 and Runx3 display remarkably specific expression in mostly non-overlapping groups of postmitotic neurons. In the central nervous system, Runx1 is involved in the development of selected motor neurons controlling neural circuits mediating vital functions such as chewing, swallowing, breathing, and locomotion. In the peripheral nervous system, Runx1 and Runx3 play essential roles during the development of sensory neurons involved in circuits mediating pain, itch, thermal sensation and sense of relative position. Runx1 and Runx3 orchestrate complex gene expression programs controlling neuronal subtype specification and axonal connectivity. Runx1 is also important in the olfactory system, where it regulates the progenitor-to-neuron transition in undifferentiated neural progenitor cells in the olfactory epithelium as well as the proliferation and developmental maturation of specific glial cells termed olfactory ensheathing cells. Moreover, upregulated Runx expression is associated with brain injury and disease. Increasing knowledge of the functions of Runx proteins in the developing and postnatal nervous system is therefore expected to improve our understanding of nervous system development, homeostasis and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Woong Wang
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A2B4, Canada
| | - Stefano Stifani
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A2B4, Canada.
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Genovese F, Bauersachs HG, Gräßer I, Kupke J, Magin L, Daiber P, Nakajima J, Möhrlen F, Messlinger K, Frings S. Possible role of calcitonin gene-related peptide in trigeminal modulation of glomerular microcircuits of the rodent olfactory bulb. Eur J Neurosci 2016; 45:587-600. [PMID: 27891688 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chemosensation in the mammalian nose comprises detection of odorants, irritants and pheromones. While the traditional view assigned one distinct sub-system to each stimulus type, recent research has produced a more complex picture. Odorants are not only detected by olfactory sensory neurons but also by the trigeminal system. Irritants, in turn, may have a distinct odor, and some pheromones are detected by the olfactory epithelium. Moreover, it is well established that irritants change odor perception and vice versa. A wealth of psychophysical evidence on olfactory-trigeminal interactions in humans contrasts with a paucity of structural insight. In particular, it is unclear whether the two systems communicate just by sharing stimuli, or whether neuronal connections mediate cross-modal signaling. One connection could exist in the olfactory bulb that performs the primary processing of olfactory signals and receives trigeminal innervation. In the present study, neuroanatomical tracing of the mouse ethmoid system illustrates how peptidergic fibers enter the glomerular layer of the olfactory bulb, where local microcircuits process and filter the afferent signal. Biochemical assays reveal release of calcitonin gene-related peptide from olfactory bulb slices and attenuation of cAMP signaling by the neuropeptide. In the non-stimulated tissue, the neuropeptide specifically inhibited the basal activity of calbindin-expressing periglomerular interneurons, but did not affect the basal activity of neurons expressing calretinin, parvalbumin, or tyrosine hydroxylase, nor the activity of astrocytes. This study represents a first step towards understanding trigeminal neuromodulation of olfactory-bulb microcircuits and provides a working hypothesis for trigeminal inhibition of olfactory signal processing. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Genovese
- Department of Animal Molecular Physiology, Centre of Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hanke Gwendolyn Bauersachs
- Department of Animal Molecular Physiology, Centre of Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ines Gräßer
- Department of Animal Molecular Physiology, Centre of Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Janina Kupke
- Department of Animal Molecular Physiology, Centre of Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Laila Magin
- Department of Animal Molecular Physiology, Centre of Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philipp Daiber
- Interfacultary Biomedical Faculty, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julika Nakajima
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Erlangen-Nuernberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Frank Möhrlen
- Department of Animal Molecular Physiology, Centre of Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Karl Messlinger
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Erlangen-Nuernberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stephan Frings
- Department of Animal Molecular Physiology, Centre of Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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38
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Regeneration and rewiring of rodent olfactory sensory neurons. Exp Neurol 2016; 287:395-408. [PMID: 27264358 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The olfactory sensory neurons are the only neurons in the mammalian nervous system that not only regenerate naturally and in response to injury, but also project to specific targets in the brain. The stem cells in the olfactory epithelium commit to both neuronal and non-neuronal lineages depending on the environmental conditions. They provide a continuous supply of new neurons. A newly generated neuron must express a specific odorant receptor gene and project to a central target consist of axons expressing the same receptor type. Recent studies have provided insights into this highly regulated, complex process. However, the molecular mechanisms that determine the regenerative capacity of stem cells, and the ability of newly generated neurons in directing their axons toward specific targets, remain elusive. Here we review progresses and controversies in the field and offer testable models.
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Abstract
UNLABELLED A hallmark of the nervous system is the presence of precise patterns of connections between different types of neurons. Many mechanisms can be used to establish specificity, including homophilic adhesion and synaptic refinement, but the range of strategies used across the nervous system remains unclear. To broaden the understanding of how neurons find their targets, we studied the developing murine cochlea, where two classes of spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs), type I and type II, navigate together to the sensory epithelium and then diverge to contact inner hair cells (IHCs) or outer hair cells (OHCs), respectively. Neurons with type I and type II morphologies are apparent before birth, suggesting that target selection might be accomplished by excluding type I processes from the OHC region. However, because type I processes appear to overshoot into type II territory postnatally, specificity may also depend on elimination of inappropriate synapses. To resolve these differences, we analyzed the morphology and dynamic behaviors of individual fibers and their branches as they interact with potential partners. We found that SGN processes continue to be segregated anatomically in the postnatal cochlea. Although type I-like fibers branched locally, few branches contacted OHCs, arguing against synaptic elimination. Instead, time-lapse imaging studies suggest a prominent role for retraction, first positioning processes to the appropriate region and then corralling branches during a subsequent period of exuberant growth and refinement. Thus, sequential stages of retraction can help to achieve target specificity, adding to the list of mechanisms available for sculpting neural circuits. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT During development, different types of neurons must form connections with specific synaptic targets, thereby creating the precise wiring diagram necessary for adult function. Although studies have revealed multiple mechanisms for target selection, we still know little about how different strategies are used to produce each circuit's unique pattern of connectivity. Here we combined neurite-tracing and time-lapse imaging to define the events that lead to the simple binary wiring specificity of the cochlea. A better understanding of how the cochlea is innervated will broaden our knowledge of target selection across the nervous system, offer new insights into the developmental origins of deafness, and guide efforts to restore connectivity in the damaged cochlea.
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Yoshihara SI, Takahashi H, Tsuboi A. Molecular Mechanisms Regulating the Dendritic Development of Newborn Olfactory Bulb Interneurons in a Sensory Experience-Dependent Manner. Front Neurosci 2016; 9:514. [PMID: 26793053 PMCID: PMC4709855 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitory interneurons in the olfactory bulb are generated continuously throughout life in the subventricular zone and differentiate into periglomerular and granule cells. Neural circuits that undergo reorganization by newborn olfactory bulb interneurons are necessary for odor detection, odor discrimination, olfactory memory, and innate olfactory responses. Although sensory experience has been shown to regulate development in a variety of species and in various structures, including the retina, cortex, and hippocampus, little is known about how sensory experience regulates the dendritic development of newborn olfactory bulb interneurons. Recent studies revealed that the 5T4 oncofetal trophoblast glycoprotein and the neuronal Per/Arnt/Sim domain protein 4 (Npas4) transcription factor regulate dendritic branching and dendritic spine formation, respectively, in olfactory bulb interneurons. Here, we summarize the molecular mechanisms that underlie the sensory input-dependent development of newborn interneurons and the formation of functional neural circuitry in the olfactory bulb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sei-Ichi Yoshihara
- Laboratory for the Molecular Biology of Neural Systems, Advanced Medical Research Center, Nara Medical University Kashihara, Japan
| | - Hiroo Takahashi
- Laboratory for the Molecular Biology of Neural Systems, Advanced Medical Research Center, Nara Medical University Kashihara, Japan
| | - Akio Tsuboi
- Laboratory for the Molecular Biology of Neural Systems, Advanced Medical Research Center, Nara Medical University Kashihara, Japan
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41
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Tromelin
- CNRS; UMR6265 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation; F-21000 Dijon France
- INRA; UMR1324 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation; F-21000 Dijon France
- Université de Bourgogne; UMR Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation; F-21000 Dijon France
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42
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Rattazzi L, Cariboni A, Poojara R, Shoenfeld Y, D'Acquisto F. Impaired sense of smell and altered olfactory system in RAG-1(-∕-) immunodeficient mice. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:318. [PMID: 26441494 PMCID: PMC4563081 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune deficiencies are often associated with a number of physical manifestations including loss of sense of smell and an increased level of anxiety. We have previously shown that T and B cell-deficient recombinase activating gene (RAG-1)(-∕-) knockout mice have an increased level of anxiety-like behavior and altered gene expression involved in olfaction. In this study, we expanded these findings by testing the structure and functional development of the olfactory system in RAG-1 (-∕-) mice. Our results show that these mice have a reduced engagement in different types of odors and this phenotype is associated with disorganized architecture of glomerular tissue and atrophy of the main olfactory epithelium. Most intriguingly this defect manifests specifically in adult age and is not due to impairment in the patterning of the olfactory neuron staining at the embryo stage. Together these findings provide a formerly unreported biological evidence for an altered function of the olfactory system in RAG-1 (-∕-) mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenza Rattazzi
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - Anna Cariboni
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan Milan, Italy ; Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London London, UK
| | - Ridhika Poojara
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - Yehuda Shoenfeld
- Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Centre, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Fulvio D'Acquisto
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry Queen Mary University of London, UK
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43
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Petrovic M, Schmucker D. Axonal wiring in neural development: Target-independent mechanisms help to establish precision and complexity. Bioessays 2015; 37:996-1004. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.201400222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Milan Petrovic
- Neuronal Wiring Laboratory; VIB; Leuven Belgium
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine; University of Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - Dietmar Schmucker
- Neuronal Wiring Laboratory; VIB; Leuven Belgium
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine; University of Leuven; Leuven Belgium
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44
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Barish S, Volkan PC. Mechanisms of olfactory receptor neuron specification in Drosophila. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2015; 4:609-21. [PMID: 26088441 PMCID: PMC4744966 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Detection of a broad range of chemosensory signals is necessary for the survival of multicellular organisms. Chemical signals are the main facilitators of foraging, escape, and social behaviors. To increase detection coverage, animal sensory systems have evolved to create a large number of neurons with highly specific functions. The olfactory system, much like the nervous system as a whole, is astonishingly diverse. The mouse olfactory system has millions of neurons with over a thousand classes, whereas the more compact Drosophila genome has approximately 80 odorant receptor genes that give rise to 50 neuronal classes and 1300 neurons in the adult.(4) Understanding how neuronal diversity is generated remains one of the central questions in developmental neurobiology. Here, we review the current knowledge on the development of the adult Drosophila olfactory system and the progress that has been made toward answering this central question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Barish
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Pelin Cayirlioglu Volkan
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Duke Institute of Brain Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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45
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Martinez E, Tran TS. Vertebrate spinal commissural neurons: a model system for studying axon guidance beyond the midline. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2015; 4:283-97. [PMID: 25619385 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
For bilaterally symmetric organisms, the transfer of information between the left and right side of the nervous system is mediated by commissures formed by neurons that project their axons across the body midline to the contralateral side of the central nervous system (CNS). After crossing the midline, many of these axons must travel long distances to reach their targets, including those that extend from spinal commissural neurons. Owing to the highly stereotyped trajectories of spinal commissural neurons that can be divided into several segments as these axons project to their targets, it is an ideal system for investigators to ask fundamental questions related to mechanisms of short- and long-range axon guidance, fasciculation, and choice point decisions at the midline intermediate target. In addition, studies of patterning genes of the nervous system have revealed complex transcription factor codes that function in a combinatorial fashion to specify individual classes of spinal neurons including commissural neurons. Despite these advances and the functional importance of spinal commissural neurons in mediating the transfer of external sensory information from the peripheral nervous system (PNS) to the CNS, only a handful of studies have begun to elucidate the mechanistic logic underlying their long-range pathfinding and the characterization of their synaptic targets. Using in vitro assays, in vivo labeling methodologies, in combination with both loss- and gain-of-function experiments, several studies have revealed that the molecular mechanisms of long-range spinal commissural axon pathfinding involve an interplay between classical axon guidance cues, morphogens and cell adhesion molecules. For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Martinez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
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46
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Locatelli FF, Rela L. Mosaic activity patterns and their relation to perceptual similarity: open discussions on the molecular basis and circuitry of odor recognition. J Neurochem 2014; 131:546-53. [PMID: 25123415 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Enormous advances have been made in the recent years in regard to the mechanisms and neural circuits by which odors are sensed and perceived. Part of this understanding has been gained from parallel studies in insects and rodents that show striking similarity in the mechanisms they use to sense, encode, and perceive odors. In this review, we provide a short introduction to the functioning of olfactory systems from transduction of odorant stimuli into electrical signals in sensory neurons to the anatomical and functional organization of the networks involved in neural representation of odors in the central nervous system. We make emphasis on the functional and anatomical architecture of the first synaptic relay of the olfactory circuit, the olfactory bulb in vertebrates and the antennal lobe in insects. We discuss how the exquisite and conserved architecture of this structure is established and how different odors are encoded in mosaic activity patterns. Finally, we discuss the validity of methods used to compare activation patterns in relation to perceptual similarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando F Locatelli
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología de la Memoria, Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, IFIByNE-CONICET, Argentina
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47
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Holbrook EH, Iwema CL, Peluso CE, Schwob JE. The regeneration of P2 olfactory sensory neurons is selectively impaired following methyl bromide lesion. Chem Senses 2014; 39:601-16. [PMID: 25056730 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bju033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The capacity of the peripheral olfactory system to recover after injury has not been thoroughly explored. P2-IRES-tauLacZ mice were exposed to methyl bromide, which causes epithelial damage and kills 90% of the P2 neurons. With subsequent neuronal regeneration, P2 neurons recover within their usual territory to equal control numbers by 1 month but then decline sharply to roughly 40% of control by 3 months. At this time, the P2 projection onto the olfactory bulb is erroneous in several respects. Instead of converging onto 1 or 2 glomeruli per surface, small collections of P2 axons innervate multiple glomeruli at roughly the same position in the bulb as in controls. Within these glomeruli, the P2 axons are aggregated near the edge, whereas the remainder of the glomerulus contains olfactory marker protein (+), non-P2 axons, violating the one receptor-one glomerulus rule normally observed. The aggregates are denser than found in control P2-innervated glomeruli, suggesting that the P2 axons may not be synaptically connected. Based on published literature and other data, we hypothesize that P2 neurons lose out in an activity-based competition for synaptic territory within the glomeruli and are not maintained at control numbers due to a lack of trophic support from the bulb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric H Holbrook
- Department of Otology and Laryngology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, 243 Charles Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA, Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Carrie L Iwema
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 766 Irving Avenue, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA and
| | - Carolyn E Peluso
- Program in Cell, Molecular, and Developmental Biology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - James E Schwob
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 766 Irving Avenue, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA and
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48
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Lokmane L, Garel S. Map transfer from the thalamus to the neocortex: inputs from the barrel field. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 35:147-55. [PMID: 25020201 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Sensory perception relies on the formation of stereotyped maps inside the brain. This feature is particularly well illustrated in the mammalian neocortex, which is subdivided into distinct cortical sensory areas that comprise topological maps, such as the somatosensory homunculus in humans or the barrel field of the large whiskers in rodents. How somatosensory maps are formed and relayed into the neocortex remain essential questions in developmental neuroscience. Here, we will present our current knowledge on whisker map transfer in the mouse model, with the goal of linking embryonic and postnatal studies into a comprehensive framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmilla Lokmane
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS, IBENS, 46 rue d'Ulm, Paris F-75005, France; Inserm, U1024, Paris F-75005, France; CNRS, UMR 8197, Paris F-75005, France.
| | - Sonia Garel
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS, IBENS, 46 rue d'Ulm, Paris F-75005, France; Inserm, U1024, Paris F-75005, France; CNRS, UMR 8197, Paris F-75005, France.
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