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Mesa D, Barbieri E, Raimondi A, Freddi S, Miloro G, Jendrisek G, Caldieri G, Quarto M, Schiano Lomoriello I, Malabarba MG, Bresci A, Manetti F, Vernuccio F, Abdo H, Scita G, Lanzetti L, Polli D, Tacchetti C, Pinton P, Bonora M, Di Fiore PP, Sigismund S. A tripartite organelle platform links growth factor receptor signaling to mitochondrial metabolism. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5119. [PMID: 38879572 PMCID: PMC11180189 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49543-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/19/2024] Open
Abstract
One open question in the biology of growth factor receptors is how a quantitative input (i.e., ligand concentration) is decoded by the cell to produce specific response(s). Here, we show that an EGFR endocytic mechanism, non-clathrin endocytosis (NCE), which is activated only at high ligand concentrations and targets receptor to degradation, requires a tripartite organelle platform involving the plasma membrane (PM), endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria. At these contact sites, EGFR-dependent, ER-generated Ca2+ oscillations are sensed by mitochondria, leading to increased metabolism and ATP production. Locally released ATP is required for cortical actin remodeling and EGFR-NCE vesicle fission. The same biochemical circuitry is also needed for an effector function of EGFR, i.e., collective motility. The multiorganelle signaling platform herein described mediates direct communication between EGFR signaling and mitochondrial metabolism, and is predicted to have a broad impact on cell physiology as it is activated by another growth factor receptor, HGFR/MET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Mesa
- Department of Oncology and Hematology-Oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Raimondi
- Experimental Imaging Centre, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Università della Svizzera italiana (USI), Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Freddi
- Department of Oncology and Hematology-Oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Gorana Jendrisek
- Department of Oncology and Hematology-Oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Micaela Quarto
- Department of Oncology and Hematology-Oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Irene Schiano Lomoriello
- Department of Oncology and Hematology-Oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Malabarba
- Department of Oncology and Hematology-Oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Arianna Bresci
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Hind Abdo
- IFOM, The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgio Scita
- Department of Oncology and Hematology-Oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- IFOM, The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Letizia Lanzetti
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino Medical School, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
| | - Dario Polli
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
- CNR Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnology (CNR-IFN), Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Tacchetti
- Experimental Imaging Centre, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Pinton
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Experimental Medicine and Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Massimo Bonora
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Experimental Medicine and Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Pier Paolo Di Fiore
- Department of Oncology and Hematology-Oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
- IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy.
| | - Sara Sigismund
- Department of Oncology and Hematology-Oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
- IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy.
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Towsif EM, Miller BA, Ulrichs H, Shekhar S. Multicomponent depolymerization of actin filament pointed ends by cofilin and cyclase-associated protein depends upon filament age. Eur J Cell Biol 2024; 103:151423. [PMID: 38796920 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2024.151423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Intracellular actin networks assemble through the addition of ATP-actin subunits at the growing barbed ends of actin filaments. This is followed by "aging" of the filament via ATP hydrolysis and subsequent phosphate release. Aged ADP-actin subunits thus "treadmill" through the filament before being released back into the cytoplasmic monomer pool as a result of depolymerization at filament pointed ends. The necessity for aging before filament disassembly is reinforced by preferential binding of cofilin to aged ADP-actin subunits over newly-assembled ADP-Pi actin subunits in the filament. Consequently, investigations into how cofilin influences pointed-end depolymerization have, thus far, focused exclusively on aged ADP-actin filaments. Using microfluidics-assisted Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence (mf-TIRF) microscopy, we reveal that, similar to their effects on ADP filaments, cofilin and cyclase-associated protein (CAP) also promote pointed-end depolymerization of ADP-Pi filaments. Interestingly, the maximal rates of ADP-Pi filament depolymerization by CAP and cofilin together remain approximately 20-40 times lower than for ADP filaments. Further, we find that the promotion of ADP-Pi pointed-end depolymerization is conserved for all three mammalian cofilin isoforms. Taken together, the mechanisms presented here open the possibility of newly-assembled actin filaments being directly disassembled from their pointed-ends, thus bypassing the slow step of Pi release in the aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekram M Towsif
- Departments of Physics, Cell biology and Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Blake Andrew Miller
- Departments of Physics, Cell biology and Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Heidi Ulrichs
- Departments of Physics, Cell biology and Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Shashank Shekhar
- Departments of Physics, Cell biology and Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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3
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Niraula D, El Naqa I, Tuszynski JA, Gatenby RA. Modeling non-genetic information dynamics in cells using reservoir computing. iScience 2024; 27:109614. [PMID: 38632985 PMCID: PMC11022048 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Virtually all cells use energy-driven, ion-specific membrane pumps to maintain large transmembrane gradients of Na+, K+, Cl-, Mg++, and Ca++, but the corresponding evolutionary benefit remains unclear. We propose that these gradients enable a dynamic and versatile biological system that acquires, analyzes, and responds to environmental information. We hypothesize that environmental signals are transmitted into the cell by ion fluxes along pre-existing gradients through gated ion-specific membrane channels. The consequent changes in cytoplasmic ion concentration can generate a local response or orchestrate global/regional cellular dynamics through wire-like ion fluxes along pre-existing and self-assembling cytoskeleton to engage the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipesh Niraula
- Department of Machine Learning, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Issam El Naqa
- Department of Machine Learning, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Jack Adam Tuszynski
- Departments of Physics and Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Data Science and Engineering, The Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Turin 10129, Italy
| | - Robert A. Gatenby
- Departments of Radiology and Integrated Mathematical Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
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Towsif EM, Miller BA, Ulrichs H, Shekhar S. Multicomponent depolymerization of actin filament pointed ends by cofilin and cyclase-associated protein depends upon filament age. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.15.589566. [PMID: 38659736 PMCID: PMC11042253 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.15.589566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Intracellular actin networks assemble through the addition of ATP-actin subunits at the growing barbed ends of actin filaments. This is followed by "aging" of the filament via ATP hydrolysis and subsequent phosphate release. Aged ADP-actin subunits thus "treadmill" through the filament before being released back into the cytoplasmic monomer pool as a result of depolymerization at filament pointed ends. The necessity for aging before filament disassembly is reinforced by preferential binding of cofilin to aged ADP-actin subunits over newly-assembled ADP-Pi actin subunits in the filament. Consequently, investigations into how cofilin influences pointed-end depolymerization have, thus far, focused exclusively on aged ADP-actin filaments. Using microfluidics-assisted Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence (mf-TIRF) microscopy, we reveal that, similar to their effects on ADP filaments, cofilin and cyclase-associated protein (CAP) also promote pointed-end depolymerization of ADP-Pi filaments. Interestingly, the maximal rates of ADP-Pi filament depolymerization by CAP and cofilin together remain approximately 20-40 times lower than for ADP filaments. Further, we find that the promotion of ADP-Pi pointed-end depolymerization is conserved for all three mammalian cofilin isoforms. Taken together, the mechanisms presented here open the possibility of newly-assembled actin filaments being directly disassembled from their pointed-ends, thus bypassing the slow step of Pi release in the aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekram M. Towsif
- Departments of Physics, Cell biology and Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Blake Andrew Miller
- Departments of Physics, Cell biology and Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Heidi Ulrichs
- Departments of Physics, Cell biology and Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Shashank Shekhar
- Departments of Physics, Cell biology and Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
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5
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Dissanayake TU, Hughes J, Woehl TJ. Dynamic surface chemistry and interparticle interactions mediating chemically fueled dissipative assembly of colloids. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 650:972-982. [PMID: 37453321 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.06.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Dissipative assembly of colloids involves using a chemical fuel to temporarily activate organic colloid surface ligands to an assembly prone state. Colloids assemble into transient aggregates that disintegrate after the fuel is consumed. The underlying colloidal interactions controlling dissipative assembly have not been rigorously identified or quantified. We expect that fuel concentration dependent dissipative assembly behavior can be reconciled with measurements of dynamic colloid surface chemistry and colloidal interactions. EXPERIMENTS Carbodiimide chemistry was utilized to induce dissipative assembly of carboxylic acid functionalized polystyrene colloids. We measured aggregation kinetics, colloid surface hydrophobicity, and zeta potential as a function of time, which established that colloids underwent dissipative assembly for fuel concentrations between 5 and 12.5 mM and irreversible aggregation at higher fuel concentrations due to transient changes in surface chemistry. FINDINGS We formulated a pairwise colloidal interaction potential model including hydrophobic interactions quantified by fluorescence binding experiments. Fuel concentrations causing dissipative assembly displayed a transient increase in secondary minimum depth and a primary maximum much larger than the thermal potential. Fuel concentrations leading to irreversible aggregation displayed a primary maximum smaller than the thermal potential. This is the first study to quantify surface chemistry and interparticle interactions during dissipative colloid assembly and represents a foundational step in rationally designing more complex dissipative assembly systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thilini U Dissanayake
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Justin Hughes
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Taylor J Woehl
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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Ulrichs H, Gaska I, Shekhar S. Multicomponent regulation of actin barbed end assembly by twinfilin, formin and capping protein. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3981. [PMID: 37414761 PMCID: PMC10326068 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39655-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells control actin assembly by regulating reactions at actin filament barbed ends. Formins accelerate elongation, capping protein (CP) arrests growth and twinfilin promotes depolymerization at barbed ends. How these distinct activities get integrated within a shared cytoplasm is unclear. Using microfluidics-assisted TIRF microscopy, we find that formin, CP and twinfilin can simultaneously bind filament barbed ends. Three‑color, single-molecule experiments reveal that twinfilin cannot bind barbed ends occupied by formin unless CP is present. This trimeric complex is short-lived (~1 s), and results in dissociation of CP by twinfilin, promoting formin-based elongation. Thus, the depolymerase twinfilin acts as a pro-formin pro-polymerization factor when both CP and formin are present. While one twinfilin binding event is sufficient to displace CP from the barbed-end trimeric complex, ~31 twinfilin binding events are required to remove CP from a CP-capped barbed end. Our findings establish a paradigm where polymerases, depolymerases and cappers together tune actin assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Ulrichs
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Ignas Gaska
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Shashank Shekhar
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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7
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Hanafy NAN. Extracellular alkaline pH enhances migratory behaviors of hepatocellular carcinoma cells as a caution against the indiscriminate application of alkalinizing drug therapy: In vitro microscopic studies. Acta Histochem 2023; 125:152032. [PMID: 37119607 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2023.152032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
The migratory process is a highly organized, differentiated, and polarized stage by which many signaling pathways are regulated to control cell migration. Since the significant evidence of migrating cells is the reorganization of the cytoskeleton. In the recent study, the cell migration model was assessed on the fact that any disruption obtained in the cellular monolayer confluent, may cause stimulation for surrounding cells to migrate. We attempt to demonstrate the morphological alterations associated with these migrating cells. In this case, sterilized 1 N NaOH (1 µl) was used as alkaline burnt. It leads to scratching the monolayer of hepatocellular carcinoma (HLF cell line) allowing cells to lose their connection. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), fluorescence microscopy, light inverted microscopy, and dark field were used for discovering the morphological alterations associated with migrating cancer cells. The findings show that cells exhibited distinctive alterations including a polarizing stage, accumulation of the actin nodules in front of the nucleus, and protrusions. Nuclei appeared as lobulated shapes during migration. Lamellipodia and uropod were extended as well. Additionally, TGFβ1 proved its expression in HLF and SNU449 after their stimulation. It is demonstrated that hepatocellular carcinoma cells can migrate after their stimulation and there is a caution against the indiscriminate application of alkalinizing drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nemany A N Hanafy
- Nanomedicine group, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Kafrelsheikh University, 33516 Kafrelsheikh, Egypt.
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Ulrichs H, Gaska I, Shekhar S. Multicomponent regulation of actin barbed end assembly by twinfilin, formin and capping protein. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.24.538010. [PMID: 37163095 PMCID: PMC10168238 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.24.538010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Living cells assemble their actin networks by regulating reactions at the barbed end of actin filaments. Formins accelerate elongation, capping protein (CP) arrests growth and twinfilin promotes depolymerization at barbed ends. How cells integrate these disparate activities within a shared cytoplasm to produce diverse actin networks, each with distinct morphologies and finely tuned assembly kinetics, is unclear. We used microfluidics-assisted TIRF microscopy to investigate how formin mDia1, CP and twinfilin influence the elongation of actin filament barbed ends. We discovered that the three proteins can simultaneously bind a barbed end in a multiprotein complex. Three-color single molecule experiments showed that twinfilin cannot bind actin filament ends occupied by formin mDia1 unless CP is present. The trimeric complex is short-lived (∼1s) and results in rapid dissociation of CP by twinfilin causing resumption of rapid formin- based elongation. Thus, the depolymerase twinfilin acts as a pro-formin factor that promotes polymerization when both CP and formin are present. While a single twinfilin binding event is sufficient to displace CP from the trimeric complex, it takes about 30 independent twinfilin binding events to remove capping protein from CP-bound barbed end. Our findings establish a new paradigm in which polymerases, depolymerases and cappers work in concert to tune cellular actin assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Ulrichs
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Ignas Gaska
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Shashank Shekhar
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
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Kudryashova E, Ankita, Ulrichs H, Shekhar S, Kudryashov DS. Pointed-end processive elongation of actin filaments by Vibrio effectors VopF and VopL. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eadc9239. [PMID: 36399577 PMCID: PMC9674292 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adc9239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
According to the cellular actin dynamics paradigm, filaments grow at their barbed ends and depolymerize predominantly from their pointed ends to form polar structures and do productive work. We show that actin can elongate at the pointed end when assisted by Vibrio VopF/L toxins, which act as processive polymerases. In cells, processively moving VopF/L speckles are inhibited by factors blocking the pointed but not barbed ends. Multispectral single-molecule imaging confirmed that VopF molecules associate with the pointed end, actively promoting its elongation even in the presence of profilin. Consequently, VopF/L can break the actin cytoskeleton's polarity by compromising actin-based cellular processes. Therefore, actin filament design allows processive growth at both ends, which suggests unforeseen possibilities for cellular actin organization, particularly in specialized cells and compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Kudryashova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Ankita
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Heidi Ulrichs
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Shashank Shekhar
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Dmitri S. Kudryashov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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10
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Clarke HJ. Transzonal projections: Essential structures mediating intercellular communication in the mammalian ovarian follicle. Mol Reprod Dev 2022; 89:509-525. [PMID: 36112806 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The development of germ cells relies on contact and communication with neighboring somatic cells that provide metabolic support and regulatory signals. In females, contact is achieved through thin cytoplasmic processes that project from follicle cells surrounding the oocyte, extend through an extracellular matrix (ECM) that lies between them, and reach its surface. In mammals, the ECM is termed the zona pellucida and the follicular cell processes are termed transzonal projections (TZPs). TZPs become detectable when the zona pellucida is laid down during early folliculogenesis and subsequently increase in number as oocyte growth progresses. They then rapidly disappear at the time of ovulation, permanently breaking germ-soma contact. Here we review the life cycle and functions of the TZPs. We begin with an overview of the morphology and cytoskeletal structure of TZPs, in the context of actin- and tubulin-based cytoplasmic processes in other cell types. Next, we review the roles played by TZPs in mediating progression through successive stages of oocyte development. We then discuss two mechanisms that may generate TZPs-stretching at pre-existing points of granulosa cell-oocyte contact and elaboration of new processes that push through the zona pellucida-as well as gene products implicated in their formation or function. Finally, we describe the signaling pathways that cause TZPs to be retracted in response to signals that also trigger meiotic maturation and ovulation of the oocyte. The principles and mechanisms that govern TZP behavior may be relevant to understanding communication between physically separated cells in other physiological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh J Clarke
- Program in Child Health and Human Development, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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11
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Joliot A, Prochiantz A. Unconventional Secretion, Gate to Homeoprotein Intercellular Transfer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:926421. [PMID: 35837333 PMCID: PMC9274163 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.926421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Unconventional secretion allows for the secretion of fully mature and biologically active proteins mostly present in the cytoplasm or nucleus. Besides extra vesicle-driven secretion, non-extravesicular pathways also exist that specifically rely on the ability of the secreted proteins to translocate directly across the plasma membrane. This is the case for several homeoproteins, a family of over 300 transcription factors characterized by the structure of their DNA-binding homeodomain. The latter highly conserved homeodomain is necessary and sufficient for secretion, a process that requires PI(4,5)P2 binding, as is the case for FGF2 and HIV Tat unconventional secretion. An important feature of homeoproteins is their ability to cross membranes in both directions and thus to transfer between cells. This confers to homeoproteins their paracrine activity, an essential facet of their physiological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Joliot
- INSERM U932, Institut Curie Centre de Recherche, PSL Research University, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Alain Joliot,
| | - Alain Prochiantz
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS UMR 7241, INSERM U1050, PSL Research University, Labex MemoLife, Paris, France
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12
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Tumor endothelial marker 1 is upregulated in heart after cardiac injury and participates in cardiac remodeling. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10532. [PMID: 35732643 PMCID: PMC9218118 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14567-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor endothelial marker 1 (TEM1) is a transmembrane glycoprotein that appears on mesenchymal lineage-derived cells during embryogenesis, but its expression greatly reduces after birth. Re-upregulation of TEM1 is found in tumor angiogenesis, organ fibrosis and wound healing indicating its potential role in tissue remodeling and repair. The expression level and function of TEM1 in adult heart are unknown. In explanted hearts from heart failure (HF) patients received cardiac transplantation, immunofluorescence staining showed TEM1 was expressed in cardiomyocytes (CMs) and cardiac fibroblasts. Bioinformatics analysis showed TEM1 upregulation in mouse heart after coronary ligation. Cardiac TEM1 expression was reconfirmed in mouse HF induced by coronary ligation or doxorubicin injection. TEM1 expression increased in cultured CMs stimulated with mechanical stretch, doxorubicin and hypoxia. Further studies showed recombinant TEM1 (rTEM1) was a functional protein that influenced cell behaviors of CMs. It directly activated Erk and Akt through interaction with PDGF receptor. TEM1lacZ/lacZ mice had less collagen deposition and worse cardiac function than wild type mice. These results indicate that TEM1 expression increases in the heart after cardiac injury and works as a functional protein that participates in cardiac remodeling.
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13
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P-Cadherin Regulates Intestinal Epithelial Cell Migration and Mucosal Repair, but Is Dispensable for Colitis Associated Colon Cancer. Cells 2022; 11:cells11091467. [PMID: 35563773 PMCID: PMC9100778 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recurrent chronic mucosal inflammation, a characteristic of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), perturbs the intestinal epithelial homeostasis resulting in formation of mucosal wounds and, in most severe cases, leads to colitis-associated colon cancer (CAC). The altered structure of epithelial cell-cell adhesions is a hallmark of intestinal inflammation contributing to epithelial injury, repair, and tumorigenesis. P-cadherin is an important adhesion protein, poorly expressed in normal intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) but upregulated in inflamed and injured mucosa. The goal of this study was to investigate the roles of P-cadherin in regulating intestinal inflammation and CAC. P-cadherin expression was markedly induced in the colonic epithelium of human IBD patients and CAC tissues. The roles of P-cadherin were investigated in P-cadherin null mice using dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis and an azoxymethane (AOM)/DSS induced CAC. Although P-cadherin knockout did not affect the severity of acute DSS colitis, P-cadherin null mice exhibited faster recovery after colitis. No significant differences in the number of colonic tumors were observed in P-cadherin null and control mice. Consistently, the CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of P-cadherin in human IEC accelerated epithelial wound healing without affecting cell proliferation. The accelerated migration of P-cadherin depleted IEC was driven by activation of Src kinases, Rac1 GTPase and myosin II motors and was accompanied by transcriptional reprogramming of the cells. Our findings highlight P-cadherin as a negative regulator of IEC motility in vitro and mucosal repair in vivo. In contrast, this protein is dispensable for IEC proliferation and CAC development.
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14
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Kasioulis I, Dady A, James J, Prescott A, Halley PA, Storey KG. A lateral protrusion latticework connects neuroepithelial cells and is regulated during neurogenesis. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:274540. [PMID: 35217862 PMCID: PMC8995095 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic contacts between cells within the developing neuroepithelium are poorly understood but play important roles in cell and tissue morphology and cell signalling. Here, using live-cell imaging and electron microscopy we reveal multiple protrusive structures in neuroepithelial apical endfeet of the chick embryonic spinal cord, including sub-apical protrusions that extend laterally within the tissue, and observe similar structures in human neuroepithelium. We characterise the dynamics, shape and cytoskeleton of these lateral protrusions and distinguish them from cytonemes, filopodia and tunnelling nanotubes. We demonstrate that lateral protrusions form a latticework of membrane contacts between non-adjacent cells, depend on actin but not microtubule dynamics, and provide a lamellipodial-like platform for further extending fine actin-dependent filipodia. We find that lateral protrusions depend on the actin-binding protein WAVE1 (also known as WASF1): misexpression of mutant WAVE1 attenuated protrusion and generated a round-ended apical endfoot morphology. However, this did not alter apico-basal cell polarity or tissue integrity. During normal neuronal delamination, lateral protrusions were withdrawn, but precocious protrusion loss induced by mutant WAVE1 was insufficient to trigger neurogenesis. This study uncovers a new form of cell-cell contact within the developing neuroepithelium, regulation of which prefigures neuronal delamination. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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15
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Riegert J, Töpel A, Schieren J, Coryn R, Dibenedetto S, Braunmiller D, Zajt K, Schalla C, Rütten S, Zenke M, Pich A, Sechi A. Guiding cell adhesion and motility by modulating cross-linking and topographic properties of microgel arrays. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257495. [PMID: 34555082 PMCID: PMC8460069 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomaterial-driven modulation of cell adhesion and migration is a challenging
aspect of tissue engineering. Here, we investigated the impact of surface-bound
microgel arrays with variable geometry and adjustable cross-linking properties
on cell adhesion and migration. We show that cell migration is inversely
correlated with microgel array spacing, whereas directionality increases as
array spacing increases. Focal adhesion dynamics is also modulated by microgel
topography resulting in less dynamic focal adhesions on surface-bound microgels.
Microgels also modulate the motility and adhesion of Sertoli cells used as a
model for cell migration and adhesion. Both focal adhesion dynamics and speed
are reduced on microgels. Interestingly, Gas2L1, a component of the cytoskeleton
that mediates the interaction between microtubules and microfilaments, is
dispensable for the regulation of cell adhesion and migration on microgels.
Finally, increasing microgel cross-linking causes a clear reduction of focal
adhesion turnover in Sertoli cells. These findings not only show that spacing
and rigidity of surface-grafted microgels arrays can be effectively used to
modulate cell adhesion and motility of diverse cellular systems, but they also
form the basis for future developments in the fields of medicine and tissue
engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Riegert
- Dept. of Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen
University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Alexander Töpel
- Functional and Interactive Polymers, Institute of Technical and
Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen,
Germany
- DWI, Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., Aachen,
Germany
| | - Jana Schieren
- Dept. of Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen
University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Renee Coryn
- Dept. of Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen
University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stella Dibenedetto
- Dept. of Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen
University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Dominik Braunmiller
- Functional and Interactive Polymers, Institute of Technical and
Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen,
Germany
- DWI, Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., Aachen,
Germany
| | - Kamil Zajt
- Dept. of Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen
University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Carmen Schalla
- Dept. of Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen
University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stephan Rütten
- Electron Microscopy Facility, Institute of Pathology, RWTH Aachen
University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Martin Zenke
- Dept. of Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen
University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Andrij Pich
- Functional and Interactive Polymers, Institute of Technical and
Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen,
Germany
- DWI, Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., Aachen,
Germany
| | - Antonio Sechi
- Dept. of Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen
University, Aachen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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16
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Robaszkiewicz K, Jurewicz E, Moraczewska J, Filipek A. Ca 2+-dependent binding of S100A6 to cofilin-1 regulates actin filament polymerization-depolymerization dynamics. Cell Calcium 2021; 99:102457. [PMID: 34464867 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2021.102457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
S100A6 is a Ca2+-binding protein belonging to the S100 family. Many reports indicate that S100A6 is involved in actin filament organization, however the mechanism of S100A6 action in this process is not fully understood. By screening S100A6 binding partners in NIH3T3 mouse fibroblasts, we have found that S100A6 binds cofilin-1, a protein required for the dynamics of actin polymerization and depolymerization. By applying various biochemical and cell biology assays, we have shown that S100A6 bound to cofilin-1 in a Ca2+-dependent manner and increased cofilin-1 affinity for F-actin. Microscopic analysis indicated that S100A6 significantly decreased severing of the actin filaments induced by cofilin-1. Moreover, in the presence of cofilin-1, S100A6 stabilized the filaments by inhibiting their depolymerization. When S100A6 was present at sub-stoichiometric concentrations in relation to actin, polymerization of G-actin accelerated by cofilin-1 was increased. At higher S100A6:actin ratios the polymerization rate was decreased. Altogether, these results show that S100A6 regulates actin filament dynamics by controlling activity of cofilin-1 and suggest that this regulation is Ca2+ -dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Robaszkiewicz
- Kazimierz Wielki University, Department of Biological Sciences, 12 Poniatowskiego Street, 85-671 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Ewelina Jurewicz
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Moraczewska
- Kazimierz Wielki University, Department of Biological Sciences, 12 Poniatowskiego Street, 85-671 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - Anna Filipek
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
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17
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Devitt CC, Lee C, Cox RM, Papoulas O, Alvarado J, Shekhar S, Marcotte EM, Wallingford JB. Twinfilin1 controls lamellipodial protrusive activity and actin turnover during vertebrate gastrulation. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:jcs254011. [PMID: 34060614 PMCID: PMC8325956 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.254011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The dynamic control of the actin cytoskeleton is a key aspect of essentially all animal cell movements. Experiments in single migrating cells and in vitro systems have provided an exceptionally deep understanding of actin dynamics. However, we still know relatively little of how these systems are tuned in cell-type-specific ways, for example in the context of collective cell movements that sculpt the early embryo. Here, we provide an analysis of the actin-severing and depolymerization machinery during vertebrate gastrulation, with a focus on Twinfilin1 (Twf1) in Xenopus. We find that Twf1 is essential for convergent extension, and loss of Twf1 results in a disruption of lamellipodial dynamics and polarity. Moreover, Twf1 loss results in a failure to assemble polarized cytoplasmic actin cables, which are essential for convergent extension. These data provide an in vivo complement to our more-extensive understanding of Twf1 action in vitro and provide new links between the core machinery of actin regulation and the specialized cell behaviors of embryonic morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin C. Devitt
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Chanjae Lee
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Rachael M. Cox
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Ophelia Papoulas
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - José Alvarado
- Department of Physics, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Shashank Shekhar
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Edward M. Marcotte
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - John B. Wallingford
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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18
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Abbassi L, El-Hayek S, Carvalho KF, Wang W, Yang Q, Granados-Aparici S, Mondadori R, Bordignon V, Clarke HJ. Epidermal growth factor receptor signaling uncouples germ cells from the somatic follicular compartment at ovulation. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1438. [PMID: 33664246 PMCID: PMC7933413 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21644-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Germ cells are physically coupled to somatic support cells of the gonad during differentiation, but this coupling must be disrupted when they are mature, freeing them to participate in fertilization. In mammalian females, coupling occurs via specialized filopodia that project from the ovarian follicular granulosa cells to the oocyte. Here, we show that signaling through the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in the granulosa, which becomes activated at ovulation, uncouples the germ and somatic cells by triggering a massive and temporally synchronized retraction of the filopodia. Although EGFR signaling triggers meiotic maturation of the oocyte, filopodial retraction is independent of the germ cell state, being regulated solely within the somatic compartment, where it requires ERK-dependent calpain-mediated loss of filopodia-oocyte adhesion followed by Arp2/3-mediated filopodial shortening. By uncovering the mechanism regulating germ-soma uncoupling at ovulation, our results open a path to improving oocyte quality in human and animal reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laleh Abbassi
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Stephany El-Hayek
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Centre for Arab Genomic Studies, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Karen Freire Carvalho
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Wusu Wang
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Qin Yang
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Rafael Mondadori
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Vilceu Bordignon
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Hugh J Clarke
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada.
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
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19
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Vanslembrouck B, Ampe C, Hengel J. Time for rethinking the different β‐actin transgenic mouse models? Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2020; 77:527-543. [DOI: 10.1002/cm.21647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bieke Vanslembrouck
- Medical Cell Biology Research Group, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Ghent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Christophe Ampe
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Ghent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Jolanda Hengel
- Medical Cell Biology Research Group, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Ghent University Ghent Belgium
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20
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Heidings JB, Demosthene B, Merlino TR, Castaneda N, Kang EH. Gelsolin-mediated actin filament severing in crowded environments. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 532:548-554. [PMID: 32900483 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Gelsolin is a calcium-regulated actin binding protein that severs and caps actin filaments. Gelsolin's severing activity is important for regulating actin filament assembly dynamics that are required for cell motility as well as survival. The majority of in vitro studies of gelsolin have been performed in dilute buffer conditions which do not simulate the molecular interactions occurring in the crowded intracellular environment. We hypothesize that crowding results in greater gelsolin severing activity due to induced conformational changes in actin filaments and/or gelsolin. In this study, we evaluated the effects of crowding on gelsolin-mediated actin filament severing and gelsolin binding to actin filaments in crowded solutions, utilizing total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy and co-sedimentation assays. Our data indicates that the presence of crowders causes a decrease in the rate of gelsolin severing as well as a decrease in the amount of gelsolin bound to actin filaments, with greater effects caused by the polymeric crowder. Despite the severing rate decrease, gelsolin-mediated filament severing is increased in the presence of crowders. Understanding the crowding effect on gelsolin-mediated actin filament severing offers insight into the interactions between gelsolin and actin that occur inside the crowded cytoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Heidings
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA; NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32826, USA
| | - Bryan Demosthene
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32826, USA
| | - Theresa R Merlino
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32826, USA
| | - Nicholas Castaneda
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA; NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32826, USA
| | - Ellen H Kang
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32826, USA; Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA.
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21
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Abou-Ghali M, Kusters R, Körber S, Manzi J, Faix J, Sykes C, Plastino J. Capping protein is dispensable for polarized actin network growth and actin-based motility. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:15366-15375. [PMID: 32868296 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.015009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterodimeric capping protein (CP) binds the rapidly growing barbed ends of actin filaments and prevents the addition (or loss) of subunits. Capping activity is generally considered to be essential for actin-based motility induced by Arp2/3 complex nucleation. By stopping barbed end growth, CP favors nucleation of daughter filaments at the functionalized surface where the Arp2/3 complex is activated, thus creating polarized network growth, which is necessary for movement. However, here using an in vitro assay where Arp2/3 complex-based actin polymerization is induced on bead surfaces in the absence of CP, we produce robust polarized actin growth and motility. This is achieved either by adding the actin polymerase Ena/VASP or by boosting Arp2/3 complex activity at the surface. Another actin polymerase, the formin FMNL2, cannot substitute for CP, showing that polymerase activity alone is not enough to override the need for CP. Interfering with the polymerase activity of Ena/VASP, its surface recruitment or its bundling activity all reduce Ena/VASP's ability to maintain polarized network growth in the absence of CP. Taken together, our findings show that CP is dispensable for polarized actin growth and motility in situations where surface-directed polymerization is favored by whatever means over the growth of barbed ends in the network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majdouline Abou-Ghali
- Laboratoire Physico-Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Remy Kusters
- Centre de Recherche Interdisciplinaire, Université de Paris, INSERM U1284, Paris, France
| | - Sarah Körber
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - John Manzi
- Laboratoire Physico-Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Jan Faix
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Cécile Sykes
- Laboratoire Physico-Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Julie Plastino
- Laboratoire Physico-Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.
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22
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Horan BG, Hall AR, Vavylonis D. Insights into Actin Polymerization and Nucleation Using a Coarse-Grained Model. Biophys J 2020; 119:553-566. [PMID: 32668234 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied actin filament polymerization and nucleation with molecular dynamics simulations and a previously established coarse-grained model having each residue represented by a single interaction site located at the Cα atom. We approximate each actin protein as a fully or partially rigid unit to identify the equilibrium structural ensemble of interprotein complexes. Monomers in the F-actin configuration bound to both barbed and pointed ends of a short F-actin filament at the anticipated locations for polymerization. Binding at both ends occurred with similar affinity. Contacts between residues of the incoming subunit and the short filament were consistent with expectation from models based on crystallography, x-ray diffraction, and cryo-electron microscopy. Binding at the barbed and pointed end also occurred at an angle with respect to the polymerizable bound structure, and the angle range depended on the flexibility of the D-loop. Additional barbed end bound states were seen when the incoming subunit was in the G-actin form. Consistent with an activation barrier for pointed end polymerization, G-actin did not bind at an F-actin pointed end. In all cases, binding at the barbed end also occurred in a configuration similar to the antiparallel (lower) dimer. Individual monomers bound each other in a short-pitch helix complex in addition to other configurations, with several of them apparently nonproductive for polymerization. Simulations with multiple monomers in the F-actin form show assembly into filaments as well as transient aggregates at the barbed end. We discuss the implications of these observations on the kinetic pathway of actin filament nucleation and polymerization and possibilities for future improvements of the coarse-grained model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon G Horan
- Department of Physics, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
| | - Aaron R Hall
- Department of Physics, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
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23
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van Bodegraven EJ, Etienne-Manneville S. Intermediate filaments against actomyosin: the david and goliath of cell migration. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2020; 66:79-88. [PMID: 32623234 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2020.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Intermediate filaments (IFs), together with actin and microtubules, constitute the cytoskeleton and regulate essential biological processes including cell migration. Despite the well-described changes in the composition of IFs in migrating cells, the mechanism by which these changes may contribute to cell migration remains elusive. Recent studies show that IFs control cell migration by impacting the actomyosin machinery. This review discusses how the unique physical properties of IFs, the interplay between IFs and the actomyosin network, and the connection of IFs with cell adhesive structures participate in cell migration. We highlight the biochemical and mechanical mechanisms by which IFs control actomyosin-generated forces to influence migration speed and contribute to nuclear integrity and cell resilience to compressive forces in 2D, as well as in confined 3D migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma J van Bodegraven
- Cell Polarity, Migration and Cancer Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR3691 CNRS, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Etienne-Manneville
- Cell Polarity, Migration and Cancer Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR3691 CNRS, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, F-75015, Paris, France.
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24
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Kühn S, Enninga J. The actin comet guides the way: How
Listeria
actin subversion has impacted cell biology, infection biology and structural biology. Cell Microbiol 2020; 22:e13190. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Kühn
- Unit of Dynamics of Host‐Pathogen InteractionsInstitut Pasteur Paris France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS‐UMR3691) Paris France
| | - Jost Enninga
- Unit of Dynamics of Host‐Pathogen InteractionsInstitut Pasteur Paris France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS‐UMR3691) Paris France
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25
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McConnell P, Mekel M, Kozlov AG, Mooren OL, Lohman TM, Cooper JA. Comparative Analysis of CPI-Motif Regulation of Biochemical Functions of Actin Capping Protein. Biochemistry 2020; 59:1202-1215. [PMID: 32133840 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The heterodimeric actin capping protein (CP) is regulated by a set of proteins that contain CP-interacting (CPI) motifs. Outside of the CPI motif, the sequences of these proteins are unrelated and distinct. The CPI motif and surrounding sequences are conserved within a given protein family, when compared to those of other CPI-motif protein families. Using biochemical assays with purified proteins, we compared the ability of CPI-motif-containing peptides from different protein families (a) to bind to CP, (b) to allosterically inhibit barbed-end capping by CP, and (c) to allosterically inhibit interaction of CP with V-1, another regulator of CP. We found large differences in potency among the different CPI-motif-containing peptides, and the different functional assays showed different orders of potency. These biochemical differences among the CPI-motif peptides presumably reflect interactions between CP and CPI-motif peptides involving amino acid residues that are conserved but are not part of the strictly defined consensus, as it was originally identified in comparisons of sequences of CPI motifs across all protein families [Hernandez-Valladares, M., et al. (2010) Structural characterization of a capping protein interaction motif defines a family of actin filament regulators. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 17, 497-503; Bruck, S., et al. (2006) Identification of a Novel Inhibitory Actin-capping Protein Binding Motif in CD2-associated Protein. J. Biol. Chem. 281, 19196-19203]. These biochemical differences may be important for conserved distinct functions of CPI-motif protein families in cells with respect to the regulation of CP activity and actin assembly near membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick McConnell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Marlene Mekel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Alexander G Kozlov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Olivia L Mooren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Timothy M Lohman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - John A Cooper
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
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26
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Abstract
The regulation of actin dynamics is essential for various cellular processes. Former evidence suggests a correlation between the function of non-conventional myosin motors and actin dynamics. Here we investigate the contribution of myosin 1b to actin dynamics using sliding motility assays. We observe that sliding on myosin 1b immobilized or bound to a fluid bilayer enhances actin depolymerization at the barbed end, while sliding on myosin II, although 5 times faster, has no effect. This work reveals a non-conventional myosin motor as another type of depolymerase and points to its singular interactions with the actin barbed end. Former evidence suggests a correlation between the function of non-conventional myosin motors and actin dynamics. Here authors use in vitro assays in which they observe that actin sliding on myosin 1b immobilized or bound to a fluid bilayer enhances actin depolymerization at the barbed end.
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27
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Pan L, Lin Z, Tang X, Tian J, Zheng Q, Jing J, Xie L, Chen H, Lu Q, Wang H, Li Q, Han Y, Ji Y. S-Nitrosylation of Plastin-3 Exacerbates Thoracic Aortic Dissection Formation via Endothelial Barrier Dysfunction. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 40:175-188. [PMID: 31694393 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.119.313440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Thoracic aortic dissection (TAD) is a fatal disease that leads to aortic rupture and sudden death. However, little is known about the effect and molecular mechanism of S-nitrosylation (SNO) modifications in TAD formation. Approach and Results: SNO levels were higher in aortic tissues from TAD patients than in those from healthy controls, and PLS3 (plastin-3) SNO was identified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis. Furthermore, tail vein administration of endothelial-specific adeno-associated viruses of mutant PLS3-C566A (denitrosylated form) suppressed the development of TAD in mice, but the wild-type PLS3 (S-nitrosylated form) virus did not. Mechanistically, Ang II (angiotensin II)-induced PLS3 SNO enhanced the association of PLS3 with both plectin and cofilin via an iNOS (inducible nitric oxide synthase)-dependent pathway in endothelial cells. The formation of PLS3/plectin/cofilin complex promoted cell migration and tube formation but weakened adherens junction formation in Ang II-treated endothelial cells. Interestingly, denitrosylated form of PLS3 partially mitigated Ang II-induced PLS3/plectin/cofilin complex formation and cell junction disruption. Additionally, the inhibition of iNOS attenuated PLS3 SNO and the association of PLS3 with plectin and cofilin, thereby modulating endothelial barrier function. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that protein SNO modification in endothelial cells modulates the progression of aortic aneurysm and dissection. The iNOS-mediated SNO of PLS3 at the Cys566 site promoted its interaction with cofilin and plectin, thus contributing to endothelial barrier disruption and pathological angiogenesis in TAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Pan
- From the Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, China (L.P., Z.L., X.T., J.T., Q.Z., L.X., H.C., Y.J.)
| | - Zhe Lin
- From the Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, China (L.P., Z.L., X.T., J.T., Q.Z., L.X., H.C., Y.J.)
| | - Xin Tang
- From the Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, China (L.P., Z.L., X.T., J.T., Q.Z., L.X., H.C., Y.J.)
| | - Jiaxin Tian
- From the Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, China (L.P., Z.L., X.T., J.T., Q.Z., L.X., H.C., Y.J.)
| | - Qiao Zheng
- From the Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, China (L.P., Z.L., X.T., J.T., Q.Z., L.X., H.C., Y.J.)
| | - Jin Jing
- Department of Cardiovascular Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, China (J.J., Q.L.)
| | - Liping Xie
- From the Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, China (L.P., Z.L., X.T., J.T., Q.Z., L.X., H.C., Y.J.)
| | - Hongshan Chen
- From the Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, China (L.P., Z.L., X.T., J.T., Q.Z., L.X., H.C., Y.J.)
| | - Qiulun Lu
- Department of Cardiovascular Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, China (J.J., Q.L.)
| | - Hong Wang
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (H.W.)
| | - Qingguo Li
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, China (Q.L.)
| | - Yi Han
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, China (Y.H.)
| | - Yong Ji
- From the Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, China (L.P., Z.L., X.T., J.T., Q.Z., L.X., H.C., Y.J.)
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Johnson B, McConnell P, Kozlov AG, Mekel M, Lohman TM, Gross ML, Amarasinghe GK, Cooper JA. Allosteric Coupling of CARMIL and V-1 Binding to Capping Protein Revealed by Hydrogen-Deuterium Exchange. Cell Rep 2019; 23:2795-2804. [PMID: 29847807 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.04.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Actin assembly is important for cell motility. The ability of actin subunits to join or leave filaments via the barbed end is critical to actin dynamics. Capping protein (CP) binds to barbed ends to prevent subunit gain and loss and is regulated by proteins that include V-1 and CARMIL. V-1 inhibits CP by sterically blocking one binding site for actin. CARMILs bind at a distal site and decrease the affinity of CP for actin, suggested to be caused by conformational changes. We used hydrogen-deuterium exchange with mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) to probe changes in structural dynamics induced by V-1 and CARMIL binding to CP. V-1 and CARMIL induce changes in both proteins' binding sites on the surface of CP, along with a set of internal residues. Both also affect the conformation of CP's ββ subunit "tentacle," a second distal actin-binding site. Concerted regulation of actin assembly by CP occurs through allosteric couplings between CP modulator and actin binding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britney Johnson
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Patrick McConnell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Alex G Kozlov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Marlene Mekel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Timothy M Lohman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Michael L Gross
- Department of Chemistry, Box 1134, Washington University, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Gaya K Amarasinghe
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - John A Cooper
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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29
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Akimoto Y, Yan K, Miura Y, Tsumoto H, Toda T, Fukutomi T, Sugahara D, Kudo A, Arai T, Chiba Y, Kaname S, Hart GW, Endo T, Kawakami H. O-GlcNAcylation and phosphorylation of β-actin Ser 199 in diabetic nephropathy. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2019; 317:F1359-F1374. [PMID: 31566433 PMCID: PMC6879942 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00566.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The function of actin is regulated by various posttranslational modifications. We have previously shown that in the kidneys of nonobese type 2 diabetes model Goto-Kakizaki rats, increased O-GlcNAcylation of β-actin protein is observed. It has also been reported that both O-GlcNAcylation and phosphorylation occur on Ser199 of β-actin. However, their roles are not known. To elucidate their roles in diabetic nephropathy, we examined the rat kidney for changes in O-GlcNAcylation of Ser199 (gS199)-actin and in the phosphorylation of Ser199 (pS199)-actin. Both gS199- and pS199-actin molecules had an apparent molecular weight of 40 kDa and were localized as nonfilamentous actin in both the cytoplasm and nucleus. Compared with the normal kidney, the immunostaining intensity of gS199-actin increased in podocytes of the glomeruli and in proximal tubules of the diabetic kidney, whereas that of pS199-actin did not change in podocytes but decreased in proximal tubules. We confirmed that the same results could be observed in the glomeruli of the human diabetic kidney. In podocytes of glomeruli cultured in the presence of the O-GlcNAcase inhibitor Thiamet G, increased O-GlcNAcylation was accompanied by a concomitant decrease in the amount of filamentous actin and in morphological changes. Our present results demonstrate that dysregulation of O-GlcNAcylation and phosphorylation of Ser199 occurred in diabetes, which may contribute partially to the causes of the morphological changes in the glomeruli and tubules. gS199- and pS199-actin will thus be useful for the pathological evaluation of diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Akimoto
- Department of Anatomy, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kunimasa Yan
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuri Miura
- Research Team for Mechanism of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Tsumoto
- Research Team for Mechanism of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tosifusa Toda
- Research Team for Mechanism of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Fukutomi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sugahara
- Department of Anatomy, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kudo
- Department of Anatomy, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomio Arai
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, Itabashi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Chiba
- Department of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, Itabashi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinya Kaname
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Gerald W Hart
- Center for Complex Carbohydrates, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Tamao Endo
- Research Team for Mechanism of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hayato Kawakami
- Department of Anatomy, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
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30
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Wang J, Kou XL, Chen C, Wang M, Qi C, Wang J, You WY, Hu G, Chen J, Gao J. Hippocampal Wdr1 Deficit Impairs Learning and Memory by Perturbing F-actin Depolymerization in Mice. Cereb Cortex 2019; 29:4194-4207. [PMID: 30590446 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
WD repeat protein 1 (Wdr1), known as a cofactor of actin-depolymerizing factor (ADF)/cofilin, is conserved among eukaryotes, and it plays a critical role in the dynamic reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton. However, the function of Wdr1 in the central nervous system remains elusive. Using Wdr1 conditional knockout mice, we demonstrated that Wdr1 plays a significant role in regulating synaptic plasticity and memory. The knockout mice exhibited altered reversal spatial learning and fear responses. Moreover, the Wdr1 CKO mice showed significant abnormalities in spine morphology and synaptic function, including enhanced hippocampal long-term potentiation and impaired long-term depression. Furthermore, we observed that Wdr1 deficiency perturbed actin rearrangement through regulation of the ADF/cofilin activity. Taken together, these results indicate that Wdr1 in the hippocampal CA1 area plays a critical role in actin dynamics in associative learning and postsynaptic receptor availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disease of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Kou
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mei Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cui Qi
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disease of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disease of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei-Yan You
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Gang Hu
- Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disease of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiong Chen
- Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Gao
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disease of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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31
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Fuselier C, Terryn C, Berquand A, Crowet JM, Bonnomet A, Molinari M, Dauchez M, Martiny L, Schneider C. Low-diluted Phenacetinum disrupted the melanoma cancer cell migration. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9109. [PMID: 31235855 PMCID: PMC6591484 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45578-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Dynamic and reciprocal interactions generated by the communication between tumor cells and their matrix microenvironment, play a major role in the progression of a tumor. Indeed, the adhesion of specific sites to matrix components, associated with the repeated and coordinated formation of membrane protrusions, allow tumor cells to move along a determined pathway. Our study analyzed the mechanism of action of low-diluted Phenacetinum on murine cutaneous melanoma process in a fibronectin matrix environment. We demonstrated a reduction of dispersed cell migration, early and for as long as 24 h, by altering the formation of cell protrusions. Moreover, low-diluted Phenacetinum decreased cell stiffness highly on peripheral areas, due to a disruption of actin filaments located just under the plasma membrane. Finally, it modified the structure of the plasma membrane by accumulating large ordered lipid domains and disrupted B16 cell migration by a likely shift in the balance between ordered and disordered lipid phases. Whereas the correlation between the excess of lipid raft and cytoskeleton disrupting is not as yet established, it is clear that low-diluted Phenacetinum acts on the actin cytoskeleton organization, as confirmed by a decrease of cell stiffness affecting ultimately the establishment of an effective migration process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Fuselier
- CNRS UMR7369 MEDyC, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Christine Terryn
- Plateform PICT, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | | | - Jean-Marc Crowet
- CNRS UMR7369 MEDyC, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Arnaud Bonnomet
- Plateform PICT, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Michael Molinari
- LRN EA 4682, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Manuel Dauchez
- CNRS UMR7369 MEDyC, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Laurent Martiny
- CNRS UMR7369 MEDyC, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
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32
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Regulation of Blood-Testis Barrier (BTB) Dynamics, Role of Actin-, and Microtubule-Based Cytoskeletons. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1748:229-243. [PMID: 29453575 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7698-0_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The blood-testis barrier (BTB) is an important ultrastructure in the testis that supports meiosis and postmeiotic spermatid development since a delay in the establishment of a functional Sertoli cell barrier during postnatal development in rats or mice by 17-20 day postpartum (dpp) would lead to a delay of the first wave of meiosis. Furthermore, irreversible disruption of the BTB by toxicants also induces infertility in rodents. Herein, we summarize recent findings that BTB dynamics (i.e., disassembly, reassembly, and stabilization) are supported by the concerted efforts of the actin- and microtubule (MT)-based cytoskeletons. We focus on the role of two actin nucleation protein complexes, namely, the Arp2/3 (actin-related protein 2/3) complex and formin 1 (or the formin 1/spire 1 complex) known to induce actin nucleation, respectively, by conferring plasticity to actin cytoskeleton. We also focus on the MT plus (+)-end tracking protein (+TIP) EB1 (end-binding protein 1) which is known to confer MT stabilization. Furthermore, we discuss in particular how the interactions of these proteins modulate BTB dynamics during spermatogenesis. These findings also yield a novel hypothetical concept regarding the molecular mechanism that modulates BTB function.
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33
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Ju RJ, Stehbens SJ, Haass NK. The Role of Melanoma Cell-Stroma Interaction in Cell Motility, Invasion, and Metastasis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2018; 5:307. [PMID: 30460237 PMCID: PMC6232165 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of studying cancer cell invasion is highlighted by the fact that 90% of all cancer-related mortalities are due to metastatic disease. Melanoma metastasis is driven fundamentally by aberrant cell motility within three-dimensional or confined environments. Within this realm of cell motility, cytokines, growth factors, and their receptors are crucial for engaging signaling pathways, which both mediate crosstalk between cancer, stromal, and immune cells in addition to interactions with the surrounding microenvironment. Recently, the study of the mechanical biology of tumor cells, stromal cells and the mechanics of the microenvironment have emerged as important themes in driving invasion and metastasis. While current anti-melanoma therapies target either the MAPK signaling pathway or immune checkpoints, there are no drugs available that specifically inhibit motility and thus invasion and dissemination of melanoma cells during metastasis. One of the reasons for the lack of so-called "migrastatics" is that, despite decades of research, the precise biology of metastatic disease is still not fully understood. Metastatic disease has been traditionally lumped into a single classification, however what is now emergent is that the biology of melanoma metastasis is highly diverse, heterogeneous and exceedingly dynamic-suggesting that not all cases are created equal. The following mini-review discusses melanoma heterogeneity in the context of the emergent theme of mechanobiology and how it influences the tumor-stroma crosstalk during metastasis. Thus, highlighting future therapeutic options for migrastatics and mechanomedicines in the prevention and treatment of metastatic melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Ju
- The University of Queensland, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Samantha J. Stehbens
- The University of Queensland, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Nikolas K. Haass
- The University of Queensland, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Discipline of Dermatology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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34
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Lu H, Chen J, Luo Y, Xu H, Xiong L, Fu J. Curcolonol suppresses the motility of breast cancer cells by inhibiting LIM kinase 1 to downregulate cofilin 1 phosphorylation. Int J Oncol 2018; 53:2695-2704. [PMID: 30320377 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Curcolonol (CCL) is a furan type sesquiterpene isolated from several medical herbs. Based on previous results of anti-migratory activity screening, in this study, we investigated the effects of CCL on cancer cell motility. By in vitro migration assay, we found that CCL significantly inhibited the vertical and horizontal migration of breast cancer cells induced by transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1. In addition, CCL also exerted inhibitory effects on F-actin polymerization in breast cancer cells when the cells were dyed with phalloidin. Given the close association between F-actin and ADF/cofilin, the effects of CCL on the expression and phosphorylation of cofilin 1 were explored. It was observed that there were minimal changes in the expression of cofilin 1; however, the phosphorylation of cofilin 1 was significantly inhibited by CCL in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, CCL significantly inhibited the activity of LIM kinase 1 (LIMK1), although almost no effects were observed on LIMK1 expression and phosphorylation. However, the inhibitory effects of CCL on LIMK1 activity were antagonized and enhanced by the overexpression and knockdown of LIMK1, respectively. Based on the current data, it is thus suggested that the suppressive effects of CCL on breast cancer cell motility are due to its potential to reduce the phosphorylation of cofilin 1, which may be associated with the inhibition of the catalytic activity of LIMK1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Lu
- Network and Educational Technology Center, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330004, P.R. China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330004, P.R. China
| | - Yongming Luo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330004, P.R. China
| | - Huanjun Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330004, P.R. China
| | - Ling Xiong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330004, P.R. China
| | - Jianjiang Fu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330004, P.R. China
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35
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Lechuga S, Amin PH, Wolen AR, Ivanov AI. Adducins inhibit lung cancer cell migration through mechanisms involving regulation of cell-matrix adhesion and cadherin-11 expression. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2018; 1866:395-408. [PMID: 30290240 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cell migration is a critical mechanism controlling tissue morphogenesis, epithelial wound healing and tumor metastasis. Migrating cells depend on orchestrated remodeling of the plasma membrane and the underlying actin cytoskeleton, which is regulated by the spectrin-adducin-based membrane skeleton. Expression of adducins is altered during tumorigenesis, however, their involvement in metastatic dissemination of tumor cells remains poorly characterized. This study investigated the roles of α-adducin (ADD1) and γ-adducin (ADD3) in regulating migration and invasion of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. ADD1 was mislocalized, whereas ADD3 was markedly downregulated in NSCLC cells with the invasive mesenchymal phenotype. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of ADD1 and ADD3 in epithelial-type NSCLC and normal bronchial epithelial cells promoted their Boyden chamber migration and Matrigel invasion. Furthermore, overexpression of ADD1, but not ADD3, in mesenchymal-type NSCLC cells decreased cell migration and invasion. ADD1-overexpressing NSCLC cells demonstrated increased adhesion to the extracellular matrix (ECM), accompanied by enhanced assembly of focal adhesions and hyperphosphorylation of Src and paxillin. The increased adhesiveness and decreased motility of ADD1-overexpressing cells were reversed by siRNA-mediated knockdown of Src. By contrast, the accelerated migration of ADD1 and ADD3-depleted NSCLC cells was ECM adhesion-independent and was driven by the upregulated expression of pro-motile cadherin-11. Overall, our findings reveal a novel function of adducins as negative regulators of NSCLC cell migration and invasion, which could be essential for limiting lung cancer progression and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Lechuga
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute of Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, United States of America; Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States of America
| | - Parth H Amin
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States of America
| | - Aaron R Wolen
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States of America
| | - Andrei I Ivanov
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute of Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, United States of America; Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States of America.
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Fu J, Yu J, Chen J, Xu H, Luo Y, Lu H. In vitro inhibitory properties of sesquiterpenes from Chloranthus serratus on cell motility via down-regulation of LIMK1 activation in human breast cancer. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 49:23-31. [PMID: 30217259 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND LIM kinase 1 plays an important role in tumor cell invasion and metastasis by regulating architecture of actin cytoskeleton, and inhibiting activity of this kinase may be a promising strategy to prevent cancer cells from distant spread. In our previous studies, we found several extracts from the medical herbs in genus Chloranthus to exhibit anti-metastatic effects. PURPOSE The aim of this study is to find LIMK1 inhibitors from Chloranthus serratus, a medical herb from genus Chloranthus and to evaluate their effects on cell motility. METHODS Three sesquiterpenes, chloranthalactone E (compound 1), serralactone A (compound 2, SERA is used in the further testing), and 8β, 9α-dihydroxylindan-4(5), 7(11)-dien-8α, 12-olide (compound 3) were isolated from Chloranthus serratus, and the anti-LIMK1 activities of these compounds were investigated by kinase-Glo® luminescent kinase assay. Then, the anti-LIMK1 properties of SERA were verified by kinase-Glo® luminescent kinase assay and western blot assay. The effects of SERA on F-actin polymerization and cell migration were investigated by Phalloidin dying, AP 48 chamber system and ORIS™ cell migration assay. Furthermore, the inhibitory effects of SERA on LIMK1 were confirmed by overexpression of LIMK1 and small interfering RNA (siRNA) mediated gene silencing. RESULTS we reported here that among the three sesquiterpenes, SERA showed significantly inhibition on LIMK1 activity, and the IC50 values on MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 cells were 3.14 μM and 4.64 μM, respectively. Furthermore, it was also found that SERA significantly suppressed LIMK1 and cofilin1 phosphorylation, F-actin polymerization and also cell migration. Data from LIMK1 overexpression and RNA interfering assay confirmed that the inhibitory effects of SERA on LIMK1 was antagonized and enhanced by the overexpression and knockdown of LIMK1. CONCLUSION collectively, it was concluded that SERA exhibited significant inhibitory effects on breast cancer cells migration, and these effects of this sesquiterpene are due to its properties reducing the activation of LIM kinase 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjiang Fu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China.
| | - Juanjuan Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Chemistry of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Huanjun Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Yongming Luo
- Department of Chemistry of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Hong Lu
- Network and Educational Technology Center, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 818 Meiling Rd, Nanchang 330004, China.
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Tong CF, Zhang Y, Lü SQ, Li N, Gong YX, Yang H, Feng SL, Du Y, Huang DD, Long M. Binding of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 to β 2-integrin regulates distinct cell adhesion processes on hepatic and cerebral endothelium. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2018; 315:C409-C421. [PMID: 29791209 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00083.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Flowing polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) are forced to recruit toward inflamed tissue and adhere to vascular endothelial cells, which is primarily mediated by the binding of β2-integrins to ICAM-1. This process is distinct among different organs such as liver and brain; however, the underlying kinetic and mechanical mechanisms regulating tissue-specific recruitment of PMNs remain unclear. Here, binding kinetics measurement showed that ICAM-1 on murine hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) bound to lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) with higher on- and off-rates but lower effective affinity compared with macrophage-1 antigen (Mac-1), whereas ICAM-1 on cerebral endothelial cells (BMECs or bEnd.3 cells) bound to LFA-1 with higher on-rates, similar off-rates, and higher effective affinity compared with Mac-1. Physiologically, free crawling tests of PMN onto LSEC, BMEC, or bEnd.3 monolayers were consistent with those kinetics differences between two β2-integrins interacting with hepatic sinusoid or cerebral endothelium. Numerical calculations and Monte Carlo simulations validated tissue-specific contributions of β2-integrin-ICAM-1 kinetics to PMN crawling on hepatic sinusoid or cerebral endothelium. Thus, this work first quantified the biophysical regulation of PMN adhesion in hepatic sinusoids compared with cerebral endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Fang Tong
- Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China.,School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Shou-Qin Lü
- Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China.,School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Ning Li
- Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Yi-Xin Gong
- Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Hao Yang
- Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Shi-Liang Feng
- Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Yu Du
- Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Dan-Dan Huang
- Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Mian Long
- Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China.,School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
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Wu W, Zhou Q, Zhao W, Gong Y, Su A, Liu F, Liu Y, Li Z, Zhu J. Ginsenoside Rg3 Inhibition of Thyroid Cancer Metastasis Is Associated with Alternation of Actin Skeleton. J Med Food 2018; 21:849-857. [PMID: 30136914 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2017.4144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rg3, a bioactive constituent from Panax ginseng, is a worldwide well-known traditional Chinese medicine used as a tonic. It also has good antitumor activity by inhibiting tumors metastasis. Tumor metastasis is a high risk in thyroid cancer. However, the effect and molecular mechanism underlying the antimetastatic activity of Rg3 in thyroid cancer have not been reported. In our study, we found that Rg3 inhibited the growth of thyroid cancer in vitro and in vivo and significantly inhibited metastasis of thyroid cancer. Rg3 apparently inhibited the migration and invasion in four papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) cells (TPC-1, BCPAP, C643, and Ocut-2c cells) and pulmonary metastasis in lung metastasis model of C643 cells in nude mice. We further found that a possible mechanism of Rg3 inhibiting thyroid cancer cells metastasis was associated with inhibiting cells actin skeleton function. Rg3 inhibited lamellipodia formation and induced microspike formation by inhibiting Rho GTPase in thyroid cancer cells. Rg3 decreased the levels of Rac-1 and Cdc42 proteins. In addition, Rg3 decreased the expression levels of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9 proteins in four thyroid cancer cells. The results that Rg3 remarkably inhibited the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) protein in PTC cells and VEGF-A protein in anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) cells and decreased the staining of CD31 in PTC and ATC tumors hinted that Rg3 might inhibit the lymph node metastasis in PTC and angiogenesis in ATC. These studies suggested that Rg3 might be a useful agent for the treatment of metastatic thyroid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenshuang Wu
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University , Chengdu, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University , Chengdu, China
| | - Wanjun Zhao
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University , Chengdu, China
| | - Yanping Gong
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University , Chengdu, China
| | - Anping Su
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University , Chengdu, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University , Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University , Chengdu, China
| | - Zhihui Li
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University , Chengdu, China
| | - Jingqiang Zhu
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University , Chengdu, China
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Wen Q, Li N, Xiao X, Lui WY, Chu DS, Wong CKC, Lian Q, Ge R, Lee WM, Silvestrini B, Cheng CY. Actin nucleator Spire 1 is a regulator of ectoplasmic specialization in the testis. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:208. [PMID: 29434191 PMCID: PMC5833730 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-017-0201-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Germ cell differentiation during the epithelial cycle of spermatogenesis is accompanied by extensive remodeling at the Sertoli cell-cell and Sertoli cell-spermatid interface to accommodate the transport of preleptotene spermatocytes and developing spermatids across the blood-testis barrier (BTB) and the adluminal compartment of the seminiferous epithelium, respectively. The unique cell junction in the testis is the actin-rich ectoplasmic specialization (ES) designated basal ES at the Sertoli cell-cell interface, and the apical ES at the Sertoli-spermatid interface. Since ES dynamics (i.e., disassembly, reassembly and stabilization) are supported by actin microfilaments, which rapidly converts between their bundled and unbundled/branched configuration to confer plasticity to the ES, it is logical to speculate that actin nucleation proteins play a crucial role to ES dynamics. Herein, we reported findings that Spire 1, an actin nucleator known to polymerize actins into long stretches of linear microfilaments in cells, is an important regulator of ES dynamics. Its knockdown by RNAi in Sertoli cells cultured in vitro was found to impede the Sertoli cell tight junction (TJ)-permeability barrier through changes in the organization of F-actin across Sertoli cell cytosol. Unexpectedly, Spire 1 knockdown also perturbed microtubule (MT) organization in Sertoli cells cultured in vitro. Biochemical studies using cultured Sertoli cells and specific F-actin vs. MT polymerization assays supported the notion that a transient loss of Spire 1 by RNAi disrupted Sertoli cell actin and MT polymerization and bundling activities. These findings in vitro were reproduced in studies in vivo by RNAi using Spire 1-specific siRNA duplexes to transfect testes with Polyplus in vivo-jetPEI as a transfection medium with high transfection efficiency. Spire 1 knockdown in the testis led to gross disruption of F-actin and MT organization across the seminiferous epithelium, thereby impeding the transport of spermatids and phagosomes across the epithelium and perturbing spermatogenesis. In summary, Spire 1 is an ES regulator to support germ cell development during spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wen
- The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, Center for Biomedical Research, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Nan Li
- The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, Center for Biomedical Research, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Xiang Xiao
- The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, Center for Biomedical Research, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Department of Reproductive Physiology, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wing-Yee Lui
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Darren S Chu
- The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, Center for Biomedical Research, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Chris K C Wong
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qingquan Lian
- The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Renshan Ge
- The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Will M Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - C Yan Cheng
- The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, Center for Biomedical Research, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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Wu H, Yesilyurt HG, Yoon J, Terman JR. The MICALs are a Family of F-actin Dismantling Oxidoreductases Conserved from Drosophila to Humans. Sci Rep 2018; 8:937. [PMID: 29343822 PMCID: PMC5772675 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17943-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular form and function – and thus normal development and physiology – are specified via proteins that control the organization and dynamic properties of the actin cytoskeleton. Using the Drosophila model, we have recently identified an unusual actin regulatory enzyme, Mical, which is directly activated by F-actin to selectively post-translationally oxidize and destabilize filaments – regulating numerous cellular behaviors. Mical proteins are also present in mammals, but their actin regulatory properties, including comparisons among different family members, remain poorly defined. We now find that each human MICAL family member, MICAL-1, MICAL-2, and MICAL-3, directly induces F-actin dismantling and controls F-actin-mediated cellular remodeling. Specifically, each human MICAL selectively associates with F-actin, which directly induces MICALs catalytic activity. We also find that each human MICAL uses an NADPH-dependent Redox activity to post-translationally oxidize actin’s methionine (M) M44/M47 residues, directly dismantling filaments and limiting new polymerization. Genetic experiments also demonstrate that each human MICAL drives F-actin disassembly in vivo, reshaping cells and their membranous extensions. Our results go on to reveal that MsrB/SelR reductase enzymes counteract each MICAL’s effect on F-actin in vitro and in vivo. Collectively, our results therefore define the MICALs as an important phylogenetically-conserved family of catalytically-acting F-actin disassembly factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Wu
- Departments of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Harold C Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Hunkar Gizem Yesilyurt
- Departments of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Harold C Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Jimok Yoon
- Departments of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Harold C Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.,Drug Development Center, SK biopharmaceuticals Co. Ltd., Seongnam, 13494, Korea
| | - Jonathan R Terman
- Departments of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Harold C Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
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Shekhar S. Microfluidics-Assisted TIRF Imaging to Study Single Actin Filament Dynamics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 77:12.13.1-12.13.24. [PMID: 29227552 DOI: 10.1002/cpcb.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic assembly of actin filaments is essential for many cellular processes. The rates of assembly and disassembly of actin filaments are intricately controlled by regulatory proteins that interact with the ends and the sides of filaments and with actin monomers. TIRF-based single-filament imaging techniques have proven instrumental in uncovering mechanisms of actin regulation. In this unit, novel single-filament approaches using microfluidics-assisted TIRF imaging are described. These methods can be used to grow anchored actin filaments aligned in a flow, thus making the analysis much easier as compared to open flow cell approaches. The microfluidic nature of the system also enables rapid change of biochemical conditions and allows simultaneous imaging of a large number of actin filaments. Support protocols for preparing microfluidic chambers and purifying spectrin-actin seeds used for nucleating anchored filaments are also described. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashank Shekhar
- Department of Biochemistry, Rosenstiel Basic Medical Science Research Center, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts
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Abstract
During the process of neurogenesis, the stem cell committed to the neuronal cell fate starts a series of molecular and morphological changes. The understanding of the physio-pathology of mechanisms controlling the molecular and morphological changes occurring during neuronal differentiation is fundamental to the development of effective therapies for many neurologic diseases. Unfortunately, our knowledge of the biological events occurring in the cell during neuronal differentiation is still poor. In this study, we focus preliminarily on the relevance of the cytoskeletal rearrangements, which earlier drive the morphology of the neuronal precursors, and later the migrating/mature neurons. In fact, neuritogenesis, neurite branching, outgrowth and retraction are seminal to the development of a fully functional nervous system. With this in mind, we highlight the importance of iPSC technology to study the processes of cytoskeletal-driven morphological changes during neuronal differentiation.
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43
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Magliocca V, Petrini S, Franchin T, Borghi R, Niceforo A, Abbaszadeh Z, Bertini E, Compagnucci C. Identifying the dynamics of actin and tubulin polymerization in iPSCs and in iPSC-derived neurons. Oncotarget 2017; 8:111096-111109. [PMID: 29340040 PMCID: PMC5762308 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of the nervous system requires cytoskeleton-mediated processes coordinating self-renewal, migration, and differentiation of neurons. It is not surprising that many neurodevelopmental problems and neurodegenerative disorders are caused by deficiencies in cytoskeleton-related genes. For this reason, we focus on the cytoskeletal dynamics in proliferating iPSCs and in iPSC-derived neurons to better characterize the underpinnings of cytoskeletal organization looking at actin and tubulin repolymerization studies using the cell permeable probes SiR-Actin and SiR-Tubulin. During neurogenesis, each neuron extends an axon in a complex and changing environment to reach its final target. The dynamic behavior of the growth cone and its capacity to respond to multiple spatial information allows it to find its correct target. We decided to characterize various parameters of the actin filaments and microtubules. Our results suggest that a rapid re-organization of the cytoskeleton occurs 45 minutes after treatments with de-polymerizing agents in iPSCs and 60 minutes in iPSC-derived neurons in both actin filaments and microtubules. The quantitative data confirm that the actin filaments have a primary role in the re-organization of the cytoskeleton soon after de-polymerization, while microtubules have a major function following cytoskeletal stabilization. In conclusion, we investigate the possibility that de-polymerization of the actin filaments may have an impact on microtubules organization and that de-polymerization of the microtubules may affect the stability of the actin filaments. Our results suggest that a reciprocal influence of the actin filaments occurs over the microtubules and vice versa in both in iPSCs and iPSC-derived neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Magliocca
- Department of Neuroscience, Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Bambino Gesủ Children's Research Hospital, IRCCS, Rome 00146, Italy
| | - Stefania Petrini
- Confocal Microscopy Core Facility, Research Laboratories, Bambino Gesủ Children's Research Hospital, IRCCS, Rome 00146, Italy
| | - Tiziana Franchin
- Research Laboratories, Bambino Gesủ Children's Research Hospital, IRCCS, Rome 00146, Italy
| | - Rossella Borghi
- Department of Neuroscience, Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Bambino Gesủ Children's Research Hospital, IRCCS, Rome 00146, Italy.,Department of Science-LIME, University "Roma Tre", Rome 00146, Italy
| | - Alessia Niceforo
- Department of Neuroscience, Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Bambino Gesủ Children's Research Hospital, IRCCS, Rome 00146, Italy.,Department of Science-LIME, University "Roma Tre", Rome 00146, Italy
| | - Zeinab Abbaszadeh
- Confocal Microscopy Core Facility, Research Laboratories, Bambino Gesủ Children's Research Hospital, IRCCS, Rome 00146, Italy
| | - Enrico Bertini
- Department of Neuroscience, Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Bambino Gesủ Children's Research Hospital, IRCCS, Rome 00146, Italy
| | - Claudia Compagnucci
- Department of Neuroscience, Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Bambino Gesủ Children's Research Hospital, IRCCS, Rome 00146, Italy
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Breitbart H, Finkelstein M. Actin cytoskeleton and sperm function. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 506:372-377. [PMID: 29102633 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
For the acquisition of the ability to fertilize the egg, mammalian spermatozoa should undergo a series of biochemical transformations in the female reproductive tract, collectively called capacitation. The capacitated sperm can undergo the acrosomal exocytosis process near or on the oocyte, which allows the spermatozoon to penetrate and fertilize it. One of the main processes in capacitation involves dynamic cytoskeletal remodeling particularly of actin. Actin polymerization occurs during sperm capacitation and the produced F-actin should be depolymerized prior to the acrosomal exocytosis. In the present review, we describe the mechanisms that regulate F-actin formation during sperm capacitation and the F-actin dispersion prior to the acrosomal exocytosis. During sperm capacitation, the actin severing proteins gelsolin and cofilin are inactive and they undergo activation prior to the acrosomal exocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haim Breitbart
- The Mina & Everard Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel.
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Pruyne D. Probing the origins of metazoan formin diversity: Evidence for evolutionary relationships between metazoan and non-metazoan formin subtypes. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186081. [PMID: 28982189 PMCID: PMC5628938 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Formins are proteins that assist in regulating cytoskeletal organization through interactions with actin filaments and microtubules. Metazoans encode nine distinct formin subtypes based on sequence similarity, potentially allowing for great functional diversity for these proteins. Through the evolution of the eukaryotes, formins are believed to have repeatedly undergone rounds of gene duplications, followed by diversification and domain shuffling, but previous phylogenetic analyses have shed only a little light on the specific origins of different formin subtypes. To improve our understanding of this in the case of the metazoan formins, phylogenetic comparisons were made here of a broad range of metazoan and non-metazoan formin sequences. This analysis suggests a model in which eight of the nine metazoan formin subtypes arose from two ancestral proteins that were present in an ancient unikont ancestor. Additionally, evidence is shown suggesting the common ancestor of unikonts and bikonts was likely to have encoded at least two formins, a canonical Drf-type protein and a formin bearing a PTEN-like domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Pruyne
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Tunduguru R, Zhang J, Aslamy A, Salunkhe VA, Brozinick JT, Elmendorf JS, Thurmond DC. The actin-related p41ARC subunit contributes to p21-activated kinase-1 (PAK1)-mediated glucose uptake into skeletal muscle cells. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:19034-19043. [PMID: 28972183 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.801340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Defects in translocation of the glucose transporter GLUT4 are associated with peripheral insulin resistance, preclinical diabetes, and progression to type 2 diabetes. GLUT4 recruitment to the plasma membrane of skeletal muscle cells requires F-actin remodeling. Insulin signaling in muscle requires p21-activated kinase-1 (PAK1), whose downstream signaling triggers actin remodeling, which promotes GLUT4 vesicle translocation and glucose uptake into skeletal muscle cells. Actin remodeling is a cyclic process, and although PAK1 is known to initiate changes to the cortical actin-binding protein cofilin to stimulate the depolymerizing arm of the cycle, how PAK1 might trigger the polymerizing arm of the cycle remains unresolved. Toward this, we investigated whether PAK1 contributes to the mechanisms involving the actin-binding and -polymerizing proteins neural Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (N-WASP), cortactin, and ARP2/3 subunits. We found that the actin-polymerizing ARP2/3 subunit p41ARC is a PAK1 substrate in skeletal muscle cells. Moreover, co-immunoprecipitation experiments revealed that insulin stimulates p41ARC phosphorylation and increases its association with N-WASP coordinately with the associations of N-WASP with cortactin and actin. Importantly, all of these associations were ablated by the PAK inhibitor IPA3, suggesting that PAK1 activation lies upstream of these actin-polymerizing complexes. Using the N-WASP inhibitor wiskostatin, we further demonstrated that N-WASP is required for localized F-actin polymerization, GLUT4 vesicle translocation, and glucose uptake. These results expand the model of insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle cells by implicating p41ARC as a new component of the insulin-signaling cascade and connecting PAK1 signaling to N-WASP-cortactin-mediated actin polymerization and GLUT4 vesicle translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragadeepthi Tunduguru
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and.,the Department of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute and Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010, and
| | - Jing Zhang
- the Department of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute and Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010, and
| | - Arianne Aslamy
- the Department of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute and Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010, and.,Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases,Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Vishal A Salunkhe
- the Department of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute and Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010, and
| | | | - Jeffrey S Elmendorf
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and.,Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases,Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Debbie C Thurmond
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and .,the Department of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute and Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010, and.,Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases,Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
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Kumar S, Mansson A. Covalent and non-covalent chemical engineering of actin for biotechnological applications. Biotechnol Adv 2017; 35:867-888. [PMID: 28830772 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The cytoskeletal filaments are self-assembled protein polymers with 8-25nm diameters and up to several tens of micrometres length. They have a range of pivotal roles in eukaryotic cells, including transportation of intracellular cargoes (primarily microtubules with dynein and kinesin motors) and cell motility (primarily actin and myosin) where muscle contraction is one example. For two decades, the cytoskeletal filaments and their associated motor systems have been explored for nanotechnological applications including miniaturized sensor systems and lab-on-a-chip devices. Several developments have also revolved around possible exploitation of the filaments alone without their motor partners. Efforts to use the cytoskeletal filaments for applications often require chemical or genetic engineering of the filaments such as specific conjugation with fluorophores, antibodies, oligonucleotides or various macromolecular complexes e.g. nanoparticles. Similar conjugation methods are also instrumental for a range of fundamental biophysical studies. Here we review methods for non-covalent and covalent chemical modifications of actin filaments with focus on critical advantages and challenges of different methods as well as critical steps in the conjugation procedures. We also review potential uses of the engineered actin filaments in nanotechnological applications and in some key fundamental studies of actin and myosin function. Finally, we consider possible future lines of investigation that may be addressed by applying chemical conjugation of actin in new ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saroj Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Delhi 110042, India; Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Linnaeus University, SE-391 82 Kalmar, Sweden.
| | - Alf Mansson
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Linnaeus University, SE-391 82 Kalmar, Sweden.
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Lengerer B, Wunderer J, Pjeta R, Carta G, Kao D, Aboobaker A, Beisel C, Berezikov E, Salvenmoser W, Ladurner P. Organ specific gene expression in the regenerating tail of Macrostomum lignano. Dev Biol 2017; 433:448-460. [PMID: 28757111 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Temporal and spatial characterization of gene expression is a prerequisite for the understanding of cell-, tissue-, and organ-differentiation. In a multifaceted approach to investigate gene expression in the tail plate of the free-living marine flatworm Macrostomum lignano, we performed a posterior-region-specific in situ hybridization screen, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) of regenerating animals, and functional analyses of selected tail-specific genes. The in situ screen revealed transcripts expressed in the antrum, cement glands, adhesive organs, prostate glands, rhabdite glands, and other tissues. Next we used RNA-seq to characterize temporal expression in the regenerating tail plate revealing a time restricted onset of both adhesive organs and copulatory apparatus regeneration. In addition, we identified three novel previously unannotated genes solely expressed in the regenerating stylet. RNA interference showed that these genes are required for the formation of not only the stylet but the whole male copulatory apparatus. RNAi treated animals lacked the stylet, vesicula granulorum, seminal vesicle, false seminal vesicle, and prostate glands, while the other tissues of the tail plate, such as adhesive organs regenerated normally. In summary, our findings provide a large resource of expression data during homeostasis and regeneration of the morphologically complex tail regeneration and pave the way for a better understanding of organogenesis in M. lignano.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Lengerer
- Institute of Zoology and Center of Molecular Bioscience Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Julia Wunderer
- Institute of Zoology and Center of Molecular Bioscience Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Robert Pjeta
- Institute of Zoology and Center of Molecular Bioscience Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Giada Carta
- Division of Physiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Schöpfstraße 41/EG, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Damian Kao
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom.
| | - Aziz Aboobaker
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom.
| | - Christian Beisel
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Eugene Berezikov
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, NL-9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Willi Salvenmoser
- Institute of Zoology and Center of Molecular Bioscience Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Peter Ladurner
- Institute of Zoology and Center of Molecular Bioscience Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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Carlier MF, Shekhar S. Global treadmilling coordinates actin turnover and controls the size of actin networks. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2017. [PMID: 28248322 DOI: 10.1038/nrm.(2016)172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Various cellular processes (including cell motility) are driven by the regulated, polarized assembly of actin filaments into distinct force-producing arrays of defined size and architecture. Branched, linear, contractile and cytosolic arrays coexist in vivo, and cells intricately control the number, length and assembly rate of filaments in these arrays. Recent in vitro and in vivo studies have revealed novel molecular mechanisms that regulate the number of filament barbed and pointed ends and their respective assembly and disassembly rates, thus defining classes of dynamically different filaments, which coexist in the same cell. We propose that a global treadmilling process, in which a steady-state amount of polymerizable actin monomers is established by the dynamics of each network, is responsible for defining the size and turnover of coexisting actin networks. Furthermore, signal-induced changes in the partitioning of actin to distinct arrays (mediated by RHO GTPases) result in the establishment of various steady-state concentrations of polymerizable monomers, thereby globally influencing the growth rate of actin filaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-France Carlier
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, Paris 91190, France
| | - Shashank Shekhar
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, Paris 91190, France
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Rao SP, Ge XN, Sriramarao P. Regulation of Eosinophil Recruitment and Activation by Galectins in Allergic Asthma. Front Med (Lausanne) 2017; 4:68. [PMID: 28620605 PMCID: PMC5450023 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2017.00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are differentiated granulocytes that are recruited from the bone marrow to sites of inflammation via the vascular system. Allergic asthma is characterized by the presence of large numbers of eosinophils in the lungs and airways. Due to their capacity to rapidly release inflammatory mediators such as cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and cytotoxic granule proteins upon stimulation, eosinophils play a critical role in pro-inflammatory processes in allergen-exposed lungs. Identifying key players and understanding the molecular mechanisms directing eosinophil trafficking and recruitment to inflamed airways is a key to developing therapeutic strategies to limit their influx. Recent studies have brought to light the important role of glycans and glycan binding proteins in regulating recruitment of eosinophils. In addition to the role of previously identified eosinophil- and endothelial-expressed adhesion molecules in mediating eosinophil trafficking and recruitment to the inflamed airways, studies have also indicated a role for galectins (galectin-3) in this process. Galectins are mammalian lectins expressed by various cell types including eosinophils. Intracellularly, they can regulate biological processes such as cell motility. Extracellularly, galectins interact with β-galactosides in cell surface-expressed glycans to regulate cellular responses like production of inflammatory mediators, cell adhesion, migration, and apoptosis. Eosinophils express galectins intracellularly or on the cell surface where they interact with cell surface glycoconjugate receptors. Depending on the type (galectin-1, -3, etc.) and location (extracellular or intracellular, endogenous or exogenously delivered), galectins differentially regulate eosinophil recruitment, activation, and apoptosis and thus exert a pro- or anti-inflammatory outcome. Here, we have reviewed information pertaining to galectins (galectin-1, -3 -9, and -10) that are expressed by eosinophils themselves and/or other cells that play a role in eosinophil recruitment and function in the context of allergic asthma and their potential use as disease biomarkers or therapeutic targets for immunomodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savita P Rao
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Xiao Na Ge
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - P Sriramarao
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
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