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Musrati MA, De Baetselier P, Movahedi K, Van Ginderachter JA. Ontogeny, functions and reprogramming of Kupffer cells upon infectious disease. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1238452. [PMID: 37691953 PMCID: PMC10485603 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1238452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver is a vital metabolic organ that also performs important immune-regulatory functions. In the context of infections, the liver represents a target site for various pathogens, while also having an outstanding capacity to filter the blood from pathogens and to contain infections. Pathogen scavenging by the liver is primarily performed by its large and heterogeneous macrophage population. The major liver-resident macrophage population is located within the hepatic microcirculation and is known as Kupffer cells (KCs). Although other minor macrophages reside in the liver as well, KCs remain the best characterized and are the best well-known hepatic macrophage population to be functionally involved in the clearance of infections. The response of KCs to pathogenic insults often governs the overall severity and outcome of infections on the host. Moreover, infections also impart long-lasting, and rarely studied changes to the KC pool. In this review, we discuss current knowledge on the biology and the various roles of liver macrophages during infections. In addition, we reflect on the potential of infection history to imprint long-lasting effects on macrophages, in particular liver macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Amer Musrati
- Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Patrick De Baetselier
- Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kiavash Movahedi
- Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium
- Lab of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jo A. Van Ginderachter
- Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium
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2
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Momčilović S, Bogdanović A, Milošević MS, Mojsilović S, Marković DC, Kočović DM, Vignjević Petrinović S. Macrophages Provide Essential Support for Erythropoiesis, and Extracellular ATP Contributes to a Erythropoiesis-Supportive Microenvironment during Repeated Psychological Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11373. [PMID: 37511129 PMCID: PMC10379406 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Psychological stress is a significant contributor to various chronic diseases and affects multiple physiological processes including erythropoiesis. This study aimed to examine the tissue-specific contributions of macrophages and extracellular ATP, as a signal of disturbed tissue homeostasis, to erythropoiesis under conditions of repeated psychological stress. Adult male BALB/c mice were subjected to 2 h daily restraint stress for seven consecutive days. Clodronate-liposomes were used to deplete resident macrophages from the bone marrow and spleen two days prior to the first restraint procedure, as well as newly recruited macrophages, every third day for the duration of the experiment. Repeated stress induced a considerable increase in the number of erythroid progenitor cells as well as in the percentage of CD71+/Ter119+ and CD71-/Ter119+ cells in the bone marrow and spleen. Macrophage depletion completely abolished the stimulative effect of repeated stress on immature erythroid cells, and prevented stress-induced increases in ATP levels, P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) expression, and ectonucleotidase CD39 activity and expression in the bone marrow and spleen. The obtained results demonstrate the stimulative effects of repeated stress on erythroid cells, extracellular ATP levels, P2X7R expression, CD39 activity and expression within the bone marrow and spleen, as well as the essential role of macrophages in stress-induced changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanja Momčilović
- Group for Neuroendocrinology, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11129 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Andrija Bogdanović
- Clinic for Hematology, Clinical Center of Serbia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11129 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Maja S Milošević
- Group for Neuroendocrinology, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11129 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Slavko Mojsilović
- Group for Hematology and Stem Cells, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11129 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dragana C Marković
- Group for Immunology, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11129 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dušica M Kočović
- Group for Neuroendocrinology, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11129 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sanja Vignjević Petrinović
- Group for Neuroendocrinology, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11129 Belgrade, Serbia
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3
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Mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 orchestrates the interplay between hepatocytes and Kupffer cells to determine the outcome of immune-mediated hepatitis. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:1031. [PMID: 36494334 PMCID: PMC9734196 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05487-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The cell-cell interaction between hepatocytes and Kupffer cells (KCs) is crucial for maintaining liver homeostasis, and the loss of KCs and hepatocytes is known to represent a common pathogenic phenomenon in autoimmune hepatitis. Until now, the mechanisms of cell-cell interaction between hepatocytes and KCs involved in immune-mediated hepatitis remains unclear. Here we dissected the impact of activated mTORC1 on the cell-cell interaction of KCs and hepatocyte in immune-mediated hepatitis. In the liver from patients with AIH and mice administrated with Con-A, mTORC1 was activated in both KCs and hepatocytes. The activated mTORC1 signal in hepatocytes with Con-A challenge caused a markedly production of miR-329-3p. Upregulated miR-329-3p inhibited SGMS1 expression in KCs through paracrine, resulting in the death of KCs. Most of maintained KCs were p-S6 positive and distributed in hepatocyte mTORC1 negative area. The activation of mTORC1 enabled KCs expressed complement factor B (CFB) to enhance the complement alternative system, which produced more complement factors to aggravate liver injury. Our findings remonstrate a heterogeneous role of mTORC1 in specific cell type for maintaining tolerogenic liver environment, and will form the basis for the development of new interventions against immune-mediated hepatitis.
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4
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Yang Y, Wang Y, Guo L, Gao W, Tang TL, Yan M. Interaction between macrophages and ferroptosis. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:355. [PMID: 35429990 PMCID: PMC9013379 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04775-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Abstract Ferroptosis, a newly discovered iron-dependent cell death pathway, is characterized by lipid peroxidation and GSH depletion mediated by iron metabolism and is morphologically, biologically and genetically different from other programmed cell deaths. Besides, ferroptosis is usually found accompanied by inflammatory reactions. So far, it has been found participating in the development of many kinds of diseases. Macrophages are a group of immune cells that widely exist in our body for host defense and play an important role in tissue homeostasis by mediating inflammation and regulating iron, lipid and amino acid metabolisms through their unique functions like phagocytosis and efferocytosis, cytokines secretion and ROS production under different polarization. According to these common points in ferroptosis characteristics and macrophages functions, it’s obvious that there must be relationship between macrophages and ferroptosis. Therefore, our review aims at revealing the interaction between macrophages and ferroptosis concerning three metabolisms and integrating the application of certain relationship in curing diseases, mostly cancer. Finally, we also provide inspirations for further studies in therapy for some diseases by targeting certain resident macrophages in distinct tissues to regulate ferroptosis. Facts Ferroptosis is considered as a newly discovered form characterized by its nonapoptotic and iron-dependent lipid hydroperoxide, concerning iron, lipid and amino acid metabolisms. Ferroptosis has been widely found playing a crucial part in various diseases, including hepatic diseases, neurological diseases, cancer, etc. Macrophages are phagocytic immune cells, widely existing and owning various functions such as phagocytosis and efferocytosis, cytokines secretion and ROS production. Macrophages are proved to participate in mediating metabolisms and initiating immune reactions to maintain balance in our body. Recent studies try to treat cancer by altering macrophages’ polarization which damages tumor microenvironment and induces ferroptosis of cancer cells.
Open questions How do macrophages regulate ferroptosis of other tissue cells specifically? Can we use the interaction between macrophages and ferroptosis in treating diseases other than cancer? What can we do to treat diseases related to ferroptosis by targeting macrophages? Is the use of the relationship between macrophages and ferroptosis more effective than other therapies when treating diseases?
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lin Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wen Gao
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ting-Li Tang
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Miao Yan
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
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5
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Fischer C, Volani C, Komlódi T, Seifert M, Demetz E, Valente de Souza L, Auer K, Petzer V, von Raffay L, Moser P, Gnaiger E, Weiss G. Dietary Iron Overload and Hfe-/- Related Hemochromatosis Alter Hepatic Mitochondrial Function. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10111818. [PMID: 34829689 PMCID: PMC8615072 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10111818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is an essential co-factor for many cellular metabolic processes, and mitochondria are main sites of utilization. Iron accumulation promotes production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) via the catalytic activity of iron species. Herein, we investigated the consequences of dietary and genetic iron overload on mitochondrial function. C57BL/6N wildtype and Hfe-/- mice, the latter a genetic hemochromatosis model, received either normal diet (ND) or high iron diet (HI) for two weeks. Liver mitochondrial respiration was measured using high-resolution respirometry along with analysis of expression of specific proteins and ROS production. HI promoted tissue iron accumulation and slightly affected mitochondrial function in wildtype mice. Hepatic mitochondrial function was impaired in Hfe-/- mice on ND and HI. Compared to wildtype mice, Hfe-/- mice on ND showed increased mitochondrial respiratory capacity. Hfe-/- mice on HI showed very high liver iron levels, decreased mitochondrial respiratory capacity and increased ROS production associated with reduced mitochondrial aconitase activity. Although Hfe-/- resulted in increased mitochondrial iron loading, the concentration of metabolically reactive cytoplasmic iron and mitochondrial density remained unchanged. Our data show multiple effects of dietary and genetic iron loading on mitochondrial function and linked metabolic pathways, providing an explanation for fatigue in iron-overloaded hemochromatosis patients, and suggests iron reduction therapy for improvement of mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Fischer
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (C.F.); (C.V.); (M.S.); (E.D.); (L.V.d.S.); (K.A.); (V.P.); (L.v.R.)
| | - Chiara Volani
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (C.F.); (C.V.); (M.S.); (E.D.); (L.V.d.S.); (K.A.); (V.P.); (L.v.R.)
| | - Timea Komlódi
- Oroboros Instruments, Schöpfstrasse 18, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (T.K.); (E.G.)
| | - Markus Seifert
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (C.F.); (C.V.); (M.S.); (E.D.); (L.V.d.S.); (K.A.); (V.P.); (L.v.R.)
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Iron Metabolism and Anemia Research, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Egon Demetz
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (C.F.); (C.V.); (M.S.); (E.D.); (L.V.d.S.); (K.A.); (V.P.); (L.v.R.)
| | - Lara Valente de Souza
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (C.F.); (C.V.); (M.S.); (E.D.); (L.V.d.S.); (K.A.); (V.P.); (L.v.R.)
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Iron Metabolism and Anemia Research, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Kristina Auer
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (C.F.); (C.V.); (M.S.); (E.D.); (L.V.d.S.); (K.A.); (V.P.); (L.v.R.)
| | - Verena Petzer
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (C.F.); (C.V.); (M.S.); (E.D.); (L.V.d.S.); (K.A.); (V.P.); (L.v.R.)
| | - Laura von Raffay
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (C.F.); (C.V.); (M.S.); (E.D.); (L.V.d.S.); (K.A.); (V.P.); (L.v.R.)
| | - Patrizia Moser
- Department of Pathology, Innsbruck University Hospital, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
| | - Erich Gnaiger
- Oroboros Instruments, Schöpfstrasse 18, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (T.K.); (E.G.)
| | - Guenter Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (C.F.); (C.V.); (M.S.); (E.D.); (L.V.d.S.); (K.A.); (V.P.); (L.v.R.)
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Iron Metabolism and Anemia Research, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-(0)512/504-23251
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6
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Mertens C, Marques O, Horvat NK, Simonetti M, Muckenthaler MU, Jung M. The Macrophage Iron Signature in Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168457. [PMID: 34445160 PMCID: PMC8395084 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Throughout life, macrophages are located in every tissue of the body, where their main roles are to phagocytose cellular debris and recycle aging red blood cells. In the tissue niche, they promote homeostasis through trophic, regulatory, and repair functions by responding to internal and external stimuli. This in turn polarizes macrophages into a broad spectrum of functional activation states, also reflected in their iron-regulated gene profile. The fast adaptation to the environment in which they are located helps to maintain tissue homeostasis under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Mertens
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, University of Heidelberg, INF 350, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (O.M.); (N.K.H.); (M.U.M.)
- Correspondence: (C.M.); (M.J.); Tel.: +(49)-622-156-4582 (C.M.); +(49)-696-301-6931 (M.J.)
| | - Oriana Marques
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, University of Heidelberg, INF 350, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (O.M.); (N.K.H.); (M.U.M.)
- Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Natalie K. Horvat
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, University of Heidelberg, INF 350, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (O.M.); (N.K.H.); (M.U.M.)
- Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Collaboration for Joint PhD Degree between EMBL and the Faculty of Biosciences, University of Heidelberg, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Manuela Simonetti
- Institute of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, INF 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Martina U. Muckenthaler
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, University of Heidelberg, INF 350, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (O.M.); (N.K.H.); (M.U.M.)
- Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michaela Jung
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
- Correspondence: (C.M.); (M.J.); Tel.: +(49)-622-156-4582 (C.M.); +(49)-696-301-6931 (M.J.)
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7
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On Iron Metabolism and Its Regulation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094591. [PMID: 33925597 PMCID: PMC8123811 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron is a critical metal for several vital biological processes. Most of the body’s iron is bound to hemoglobin in erythrocytes. Iron from senescent red blood cells is recycled by macrophages in the spleen, liver and bone marrow. Dietary iron is taken up by the divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) in enterocytes and transported to portal blood via ferroportin (FPN), where it is bound to transferrin and taken up by hepatocytes, macrophages and bone marrow cells via transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1). While most of the physiologically active iron is bound hemoglobin, the major storage of most iron occurs in the liver in a ferritin-bound fashion. In response to an increased iron load, hepatocytes secrete the peptide hormone hepcidin, which binds to and induces internalization and degradation of the iron transporter FPN, thus controlling the amount of iron released from the cells into the blood. This review summarizes the key mechanisms and players involved in cellular and systemic iron regulation.
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8
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Thibaut R, Gage MC, Pineda-Torra I, Chabrier G, Venteclef N, Alzaid F. Liver macrophages and inflammation in physiology and physiopathology of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. FEBS J 2021; 289:3024-3057. [PMID: 33860630 PMCID: PMC9290065 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome, being a common comorbidity of type 2 diabetes and with important links to inflammation and insulin resistance. NAFLD represents a spectrum of liver conditions ranging from steatosis in the form of ectopic lipid storage, to inflammation and fibrosis in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Macrophages that populate the liver play important roles in maintaining liver homeostasis under normal physiology and in promoting inflammation and mediating fibrosis in the progression of NAFLD toward to NASH. Liver macrophages are a heterogenous group of innate immune cells, originating from the yolk sac or from circulating monocytes, that are required to maintain immune tolerance while being exposed portal and pancreatic blood flow rich in nutrients and hormones. Yet, liver macrophages retain a limited capacity to raise the alarm in response to danger signals. We now know that macrophages in the liver play both inflammatory and noninflammatory roles throughout the progression of NAFLD. Macrophage responses are mediated first at the level of cell surface receptors that integrate environmental stimuli, signals are transduced through multiple levels of regulation in the cell, and specific transcriptional programmes dictate effector functions. These effector functions play paramount roles in determining the course of disease in NAFLD and even more so in the progression towards NASH. The current review covers recent reports in the physiological and pathophysiological roles of liver macrophages in NAFLD. We emphasise the responses of liver macrophages to insulin resistance and the transcriptional machinery that dictates liver macrophage function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronan Thibaut
- Cordeliers Research Centre, INSERM, IMMEDIAB Laboratory, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, France
| | - Matthew C Gage
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Inès Pineda-Torra
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Cardiometabolic and Vascular Science, University College London, UK
| | - Gwladys Chabrier
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Nicolas Venteclef
- Cordeliers Research Centre, INSERM, IMMEDIAB Laboratory, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, France
| | - Fawaz Alzaid
- Cordeliers Research Centre, INSERM, IMMEDIAB Laboratory, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, France
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9
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Huang H, Zuzarte-Luis V, Fragoso G, Calvé A, Hoang TA, Oliero M, Chabot-Roy G, Mullins-Dansereau V, Lesage S, Santos MM. Acute invariant NKT cell activation triggers an immune response that drives prominent changes in iron homeostasis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21026. [PMID: 33273556 PMCID: PMC7713400 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78037-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron homeostasis is an essential biological process that ensures the tissue distribution of iron for various cellular processes. As the major producer of hepcidin, the liver is central to the regulation of iron metabolism. The liver is also home to many immune cells, which upon activation may greatly impact iron metabolism. Here, we focus on the role of invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells, a subset of T lymphocytes that, in mice, is most abundant in the liver. Activation of iNKT cells with the prototypical glycosphingolipid antigen, α-galactosylceramide, resulted in immune cell proliferation and biphasic changes in iron metabolism. This involved an early phase characterized by hypoferremia, hepcidin induction and ferroportin suppression, and a second phase associated with strong suppression of hepcidin despite elevated levels of circulating and tissue iron. We further show that these changes in iron metabolism are fully dependent on iNKT cell activation. Finally, we demonstrate that the biphasic regulation of hepcidin is independent of NK and Kupffer cells, and is initially driven by the STAT3 inflammatory pathway, whereas the second phase is regulated by repression of the BMP/SMAD signaling pathway. These findings indicate that iNKT activation and the resulting cell proliferation influence iron homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Huang
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Gabriela Fragoso
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Annie Calvé
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Tuan Anh Hoang
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Institut National de La Recherche Scientifique, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Manon Oliero
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Victor Mullins-Dansereau
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Sylvie Lesage
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre (CRHMR), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Manuela M Santos
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada. .,Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada. .,Nutrition and Microbiome Laboratory, CRCHUM-R10.426, 900 rue Saint-Denis, Montréal, Québec, H2X 0A9, Canada.
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10
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Abstract
Kupffer cells and hepatocytes maintain liver homeostasis. These cells could be separated based on their size and weight, by centrifugation using a density gradient after a liver perfusion. Here, we describe a methodology to isolate both Kupffer cells and hepatocytes from a single mouse, which provides the unique advantage of studying these two cell types from the same liver.
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11
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Winn NC, Volk KM, Hasty AH. Regulation of tissue iron homeostasis: the macrophage "ferrostat". JCI Insight 2020; 5:132964. [PMID: 31996481 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.132964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is an essential element for multiple fundamental biological processes required for life; yet iron overload can be cytotoxic. Consequently, iron concentrations at the cellular and tissue level must be exquisitely governed by mechanisms that complement and fine-tune systemic control. It is well appreciated that macrophages are vital for systemic iron homeostasis, supplying or sequestering iron as needed for erythropoiesis or bacteriostasis, respectively. Indeed, recycling of iron through erythrophagocytosis by splenic macrophages is a major contributor to systemic iron homeostasis. However, accumulating evidence suggests that tissue-resident macrophages regulate local iron availability and modulate the tissue microenvironment, contributing to cellular and tissue function. Here, we summarize the significance of tissue-specific regulation of iron availability and highlight how resident macrophages are critical for this process. This tissue-dependent regulation has broad implications for understanding both resident macrophage function and tissue iron homeostasis in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan C Winn
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Katrina M Volk
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Alyssa H Hasty
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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12
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Ma W, Zhao D, He F, Tang L. The Role of Kupffer Cells as Mediators of Adipose Tissue Lipolysis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:2689-2700. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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13
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Xu W, Peng F, Deng Y, Fan X, Li N. The emerging roles of eryptosis in liver diseases. Transfus Clin Biol 2019; 26:336-340. [PMID: 31201023 DOI: 10.1016/j.tracli.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Erythrocytes undergo programmed cell death, similar to apoptosis, known as eryptosis. This process is a result of several factors including hyperosmolarity, oxidative stress, and exposure to xenobiotics, and is characterized by the breakdown of membrane phospholipid asymmetry, the clustering of band 3, and the generation of red blood cell-derived microparticles. Under pathological conditions, the liver is the primary site of erythrocyte clearance and plays an important role in iron recycling. Phosphatidylserine exposure and band-3 clustering on eryptotic erythrocytes represent mainly pro-phagocytic signals. Further, the percentage of eryptotic erythrocytes is enhanced in the circulating blood of patients with hepatic failure, hyperbilirubinemia, and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. In this review, we concentrate on recent progress regarding the pathophysiological roles of eryptosis in liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Central South University, Xiangya Hospital, 410008 Changsha, China
| | - Fang Peng
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health, Central South University, Xiangya Hospital, 410008 Changsha, China
| | - Ying Deng
- The Hospital of Ningxiang County People, 410600 Changsha, China
| | - Xuegong Fan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis of Hunan Province, Central South University, Xiangya Hospital, 410008 Changsha, China
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Central South University, Xiangya Hospital, 410008 Changsha, China.
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14
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Angmo S, Rana S, Yadav K, Sandhir R, Singhal NK. Novel Liposome Eencapsulated Guanosine Di Phosphate based Therapeutic Target against Anemia of Inflammation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17684. [PMID: 30523271 PMCID: PMC6283875 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35992-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepcidin, master regulator of iron homeostasis, causes anemia under infectious and inflammatory conditions by reducing intestinal absorption of iron with decreased release of iron from macrophages and liver despite adequate iron stores leading to Anemia of Inflammation (AI). Many therapeutic trials have been carried out but none have been effective due to its adverse effects. In present study, we discover that Guanosine 5'-diphosphate (GDP) encapsulated in lipid vesicle (NH+) was found to inhibit NF-ҝB activation by limiting phosphorylation and degradation of IҝBα, thus, attenuating IL-6 secretion from macrophage cells. Moreover, the suppressed IL-6 levels down regulated JAK2/STAT3 pathway with decrease inflammation-mediated Hamp mRNA transcription (HepG2) and increase iron absorption (Caco2) in HepG2/Caco2 co-culture model. Analogous results were obtained in acute and chronic AI mice model thus, correcting haemoglobin level. These results proved NH + GDP as novel therapeutic agent to overcome limitations and suggests it as potential drug to ameliorate AI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanzin Angmo
- Food Science and Technology Department, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI) Sector-81(Knowledge City), PO Manauli, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Shilpa Rana
- Food Science and Technology Department, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI) Sector-81(Knowledge City), PO Manauli, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Kamalendra Yadav
- Food Science and Technology Department, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI) Sector-81(Knowledge City), PO Manauli, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Rajat Sandhir
- Department of Biochemistry, Panjab University, 160014, Chandigarh, India
| | - Nitin Kumar Singhal
- Food Science and Technology Department, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI) Sector-81(Knowledge City), PO Manauli, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, 140306, Punjab, India.
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15
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Volani C, Doerrier C, Demetz E, Haschka D, Paglia G, Lavdas AA, Gnaiger E, Weiss G. Dietary iron loading negatively affects liver mitochondrial function. Metallomics 2018; 9:1634-1644. [PMID: 29026901 DOI: 10.1039/c7mt00177k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Iron is an essential co-factor for several metabolic processes, including mitochondrial respiration, and mitochondria are the major sites of iron-utilization. Cellular iron homeostasis must be tightly regulated, as intracellular iron deficiency can lead to insufficient energy production, whereas iron overload triggers ROS (reactive oxygen species) formation via the Fenton reaction. So far little is known on how iron imbalances affect mitochondrial function in vivo and the impact of the genotype on that, we studied the effects of dietary iron loading on mitochondrial respiratory capacity in liver by comparing two genetically divergent mouse strains, namely C57BL/6N and FVB mice. Both mouse strains differed in their basal iron levels and their metabolic responses to iron loading as determined by expression of iron trafficking proteins (ferritin was increased in livers of animals receiving high iron diet) as well as tissue iron content (2-fold increase, FVB p = 0.0013; C57BL/6N p = 0.0022). Dietary iron exposure caused a significant impairment of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, especially regarding OXPHOS capacity (FVB p = 0.0006; C57BL/6N p = 0.0087) and S-ETS capacity (FVB p = 0.0281; C57BL/6N p = 0.0159). These effects were more pronounced in C57BL/6N than in FVB mice and were paralleled by an iron mediated induction of oxidative stress in mitochondria. The increased susceptibility of C57BL6/N mice to iron loading may be due to reduced expression of anti-oxidant defense mechanisms and altered iron trafficking upon dietary challenge pointing to a role of genetic modifiers for cellular and mitochondrial iron trafficking. Finally, iron-mediated induction of mitochondrial oxidative stress and reduction of oxidative phosphorylation may underlie fatigue in subjects with iron loading diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Volani
- Department of Internal Medicine II (Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology and Pneumology), Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstr. 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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16
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Nairz M, Dichtl S, Schroll A, Haschka D, Tymoszuk P, Theurl I, Weiss G. Iron and innate antimicrobial immunity-Depriving the pathogen, defending the host. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2018; 48:118-133. [PMID: 29773170 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The acute-phase response is triggered by the presence of infectious agents and danger signals which indicate hazards for the integrity of the mammalian body. One central feature of this response is the sequestration of iron into storage compartments including macrophages. This limits the availability of this essential nutrient for circulating pathogens, a host defence strategy known as 'nutritional immunity'. Iron metabolism and the immune response are intimately linked. In infections, the availability of iron affects both the efficacy of antimicrobial immune pathways and pathogen proliferation. However, host strategies to withhold iron from microbes vary according to the localization of pathogens: Infections with extracellular bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus, Klebsiella or Yersinia stimulate the expression of the iron-regulatory hormone hepcidin which targets the cellular iron-exporter ferroportin-1 causing its internalization and blockade of iron egress from absorptive enterocytes in the duodenum and iron-recycling macrophages. This mechanism disrupts both routes of iron delivery to the circulation, contributes to iron sequestration in the mononuclear phagocyte system and mediates the hypoferraemia of the acute phase response subsequently resulting in the development of anaemia of inflammation. When intracellular microbes are present, other strategies of microbial iron withdrawal are needed. For instance, in macrophages harbouring intracellular pathogens such as Chlamydia, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Listeria monocytogenes or Salmonella Typhimurium, ferroportin-1-mediated iron export is turned on for the removal of iron from infected cells. This also leads to reduced iron availability for intra-macrophage pathogens which inhibits their growth and in parallel strengthens anti-microbial effector pathways of macrophages including the formation of inducible nitric oxide synthase and tumour necrosis factor. Iron plays a key role in infectious diseases both as modulator of the innate immune response and as nutrient for microbes. We need to gain a more comprehensive understanding of how the body can differentially respond to infection by extra- or intracellular pathogens. This knowledge may allow us to modulate mammalian iron homeostasis pharmaceutically and to target iron-acquisition systems of pathogens, thus enabling us to treat infections with novel strategies that act independent of established antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Nairz
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Stefanie Dichtl
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andrea Schroll
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - David Haschka
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Piotr Tymoszuk
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Igor Theurl
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Günter Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
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17
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Grabherr F, Grander C, Adolph TE, Wieser V, Mayr L, Enrich B, Macheiner S, Sangineto M, Reiter A, Viveiros A, Zoller H, Bufler P, Moschen AR, Dinarello CA, Tilg H. Ethanol-mediated suppression of IL-37 licenses alcoholic liver disease. Liver Int 2018; 38:1095-1101. [PMID: 29193575 DOI: 10.1111/liv.13642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Chronic alcohol consumption and alcoholic liver disease (ALD) afflicts individuals with substantial morbidity and mortality with limited treatment options available. Hepatic inflammation, triggered by activated Kupffer cells, is a driving force in alcoholic liver disease. Interleukin 37 (IL-37) exerts anti-inflammatory effects in hepatic diseases, however, the impact of Interleukin 37 on alcoholic liver disease is unknown. In this study, we addressed the role of Interleukin 37 in alcoholic liver disease. METHODS We utilized Interleukin 37 expressing transgenic mice and human recombinant Interleukin 37 in models of alcoholic liver disease. Interleukin 37 expression was measured in liver samples of 20 alcoholic steatohepatitis and 36 non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients. RESULTS Interleukin 37 transgenic mice are not protected against hepatic injury and inflammation in alcoholic liver disease. Ethanol suppressed Interleukin 37 expression in transgenic mice. Alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH) patients similarly exhibited reduced Interleukin 37 expression when compared to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) patients. Human recombinant Interleukin 37 ameliorated hepatic inflammation in a binge drinking model of alcoholic liver disease. CONCLUSION We provide evidence for an exogenous noxae that suppresses Interleukin 37 expression which limits its anti-inflammatory effects in alcoholic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Grabherr
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christoph Grander
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Timon E Adolph
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Verena Wieser
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lisa Mayr
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Barbara Enrich
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sophie Macheiner
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Moris Sangineto
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Andreas Reiter
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andre Viveiros
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Heinz Zoller
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Philip Bufler
- Pädiatrische Gastroenterologie und Hepatologie, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, München, Germany
| | - Alexander R Moschen
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Herbert Tilg
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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18
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Keirsse J, Van Damme H, Geeraerts X, Beschin A, Raes G, Van Ginderachter JA. The role of hepatic macrophages in liver metastasis. Cell Immunol 2018; 330:202-215. [PMID: 29661474 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The liver is a major target organ for metastasis of both gastrointestinal and extra-gastrointestinal cancers. Due to its frequently inoperable nature, liver metastasis represents a leading cause of cancer-associated death worldwide. In the past years, the pivotal role of the immune system in this process is being increasingly recognised. In particular, the role of the hepatic macrophages, both recruited monocyte-derived macrophages (Mo-Mfs) and tissue-resident Kupffer cells (KCs), has been shown to be more versatile than initially imagined. However, the lack of tools to easily distinguish between these two macrophage populations has hampered the assignment of particular functionalities to specific hepatic macrophage subsets. In this Review, we highlight the most remarkable findings regarding the origin and functions of hepatic macrophage populations, and we provide a detailed description of their distinct roles in the different phases of the liver metastatic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Keirsse
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium; Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Helena Van Damme
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium; Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Xenia Geeraerts
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium; Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alain Beschin
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium; Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Geert Raes
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium; Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jo A Van Ginderachter
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium; Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
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19
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Hirayama D, Iida T, Nakase H. The Phagocytic Function of Macrophage-Enforcing Innate Immunity and Tissue Homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 19:E92. [PMID: 29286292 PMCID: PMC5796042 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 425] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are effector cells of the innate immune system that phagocytose bacteria and secrete both pro-inflammatory and antimicrobial mediators. In addition, macrophages play an important role in eliminating diseased and damaged cells through their programmed cell death. Generally, macrophages ingest and degrade dead cells, debris, tumor cells, and foreign materials. They promote homeostasis by responding to internal and external changes within the body, not only as phagocytes, but also through trophic, regulatory, and repair functions. Recent studies demonstrated that macrophages differentiate from hematopoietic stem cell-derived monocytes and embryonic yolk sac macrophages. The latter mainly give rise to tissue macrophages. Macrophages exist in all vertebrate tissues and have dual functions in host protection and tissue injury, which are maintained at a fine balance. Tissue macrophages have heterogeneous phenotypes in different tissue environments. In this review, we focused on the phagocytic function of macrophage-enforcing innate immunity and tissue homeostasis for a better understanding of the role of tissue macrophages in several pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Hirayama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Minami 1-jo Nishi 16-chome, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8543, Japan.
| | - Tomoya Iida
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Minami 1-jo Nishi 16-chome, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8543, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Nakase
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Minami 1-jo Nishi 16-chome, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8543, Japan.
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20
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Nairz M, Schroll A, Haschka D, Dichtl S, Tymoszuk P, Demetz E, Moser P, Haas H, Fang FC, Theurl I, Weiss G. Genetic and Dietary Iron Overload Differentially Affect the Course of Salmonella Typhimurium Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:110. [PMID: 28443246 PMCID: PMC5387078 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic and dietary forms of iron overload have distinctive clinical and pathophysiological features. HFE-associated hereditary hemochromatosis is characterized by overwhelming intestinal iron absorption, parenchymal iron deposition, and macrophage iron depletion. In contrast, excessive dietary iron intake results in iron deposition in macrophages. However, the functional consequences of genetic and dietary iron overload for the control of microbes are incompletely understood. Using Hfe+/+ and Hfe-/- mice in combination with oral iron overload in a model of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infection, we found animals of either genotype to induce hepcidin antimicrobial peptide expression and hypoferremia following systemic infection in an Hfe-independent manner. As predicted, Hfe-/- mice, a model of hereditary hemochromatosis, displayed reduced spleen iron content, which translated into improved control of Salmonella replication. Salmonella adapted to the iron-poor microenvironment in the spleens of Hfe-/- mice by inducing the expression of its siderophore iron-uptake machinery. Dietary iron loading resulted in higher bacterial numbers in both WT and Hfe-/- mice, although Hfe deficiency still resulted in better pathogen control and improved survival. This suggests that Hfe deficiency may exert protective effects in addition to the control of iron availability for intracellular bacteria. Our data show that a dynamic adaptation of iron metabolism in both immune cells and microbes shapes the host-pathogen interaction in the setting of systemic Salmonella infection. Moreover, Hfe-associated iron overload and dietary iron excess result in different outcomes in infection, indicating that tissue and cellular iron distribution determines the susceptibility to infection with specific pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Nairz
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of InnsbruckInnsbruck, Austria
| | - Andrea Schroll
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of InnsbruckInnsbruck, Austria
| | - David Haschka
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of InnsbruckInnsbruck, Austria
| | - Stefanie Dichtl
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of InnsbruckInnsbruck, Austria
| | - Piotr Tymoszuk
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of InnsbruckInnsbruck, Austria
| | - Egon Demetz
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of InnsbruckInnsbruck, Austria
| | - Patrizia Moser
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of InnsbruckInnsbruck, Austria
| | - Hubertus Haas
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, Biocenter, Medical University of InnsbruckInnsbruck, Austria
| | - Ferric C Fang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of WashingtonSeattle, WA, USA.,Department of Microbiology, University of WashingtonSeattle, WA, USA
| | - Igor Theurl
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of InnsbruckInnsbruck, Austria
| | - Günter Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of InnsbruckInnsbruck, Austria
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21
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Abstract
Macrophages represent a key cellular component of the liver, and are essential for maintaining tissue homeostasis and ensuring rapid responses to hepatic injury. Our understanding of liver macrophages has been revolutionized by the delineation of heterogeneous subsets of these cells. Kupffer cells are a self-sustaining, liver-resident population of macrophages and can be distinguished from the monocyte-derived macrophages that rapidly accumulate in the injured liver. Specific environmental signals further determine the polarization and function of hepatic macrophages. These cells promote the restoration of tissue integrity following liver injury or infection, but they can also contribute to the progression of liver diseases, including hepatitis, fibrosis and cancer. In this Review, we highlight novel findings regarding the origin, classification and function of hepatic macrophages, and we discuss their divergent roles in the healthy and diseased liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Krenkel
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Aachen, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Aachen, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
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22
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Nairz M, Theurl I, Swirski FK, Weiss G. "Pumping iron"-how macrophages handle iron at the systemic, microenvironmental, and cellular levels. Pflugers Arch 2017; 469:397-418. [PMID: 28251312 PMCID: PMC5362662 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-017-1944-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages reside in virtually every organ. First arising during embryogenesis, macrophages replenish themselves in the adult through a combination of self-renewal and influx of bone marrow-derived monocytes. As large phagocytic cells, macrophages participate in innate immunity while contributing to tissue-specific homeostatic functions. Among the key metabolic tasks are senescent red blood cell recycling, free heme detoxification, and provision of iron for de novo hemoglobin synthesis. While this systemic mechanism involves the shuttling of iron between spleen, liver, and bone marrow through the concerted function of defined macrophage populations, similar circuits appear to exist within the microenvironment of other organs. The high turnover of iron is the prerequisite for continuous erythropoiesis and tissue integrity but challenges macrophages’ ability to maintain cellular iron homeostasis and immune function. This review provides a brief overview of systemic, microenvironmental, and cellular aspects of macrophage iron handling with a focus on exciting and unresolved questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Nairz
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstr. 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria. .,Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Igor Theurl
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstr. 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Filip K Swirski
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Guenter Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstr. 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
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23
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Salger SA, Reading BJ, Noga EJ. Tissue localization of piscidin host-defense peptides during striped bass (Morone saxatilis) development. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 61:173-180. [PMID: 28034834 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diseases are a major cause of larval mortality in finfish aquaculture. Understanding ontogeny of the fish immune system and thus developmental timing of protective immune tissues and cells, may help to decrease serious losses of larval fishes when they are particularly vulnerable to infection. One component of the innate immune system of fishes is the host-defense peptides, which include the piscidins. Piscidins are small, amphipathic, α-helical peptides with a broad-spectrum of action against viral, bacterial, fungal, and protozoan pathogens. We describe for the first time the cellular and tissue localization of three different piscidins (1, 3, and 4) during striped bass (Morone saxatilis) larval ontogeny using immunofluorescent histochemistry. From 16 days post hatch to 12 months of age, piscidin staining was observed in cells of the epithelial tissues of gill, digestive tract, and skin, mainly in mast cells. Staining was also seen in presumptive hematopoietic cells in the head kidney. The three piscidins showed variable cellular and tissue staining patterns, possibly relating to differences in tissue susceptibility or pathogen specificity. This furthers our observation that the piscidins are not a monolithic family of antimicrobials, but that different AMPs have different (more specialized) functions. Furthermore, no immunofluorescent staining of piscidins was observed in post-vitellogenic oocytes, embryos, or larvae from hatch to 14 days post hatch, indicating that this critical component of the innate immune system is inactive in pre-hatch and young larval striped bass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Salger
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States.
| | - Benjamin J Reading
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Edward J Noga
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, United States
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24
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Iron deficiency or anemia of inflammation? : Differential diagnosis and mechanisms of anemia of inflammation. Wien Med Wochenschr 2016; 166:411-423. [PMID: 27557596 PMCID: PMC5065583 DOI: 10.1007/s10354-016-0505-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Iron deficiency and immune activation are the two most frequent causes of anemia, both of which are based on disturbances of iron homeostasis. Iron deficiency anemia results from a reduction of the body’s iron content due to blood loss, inadequate dietary iron intake, its malabsorption, or increased iron demand. Immune activation drives a diversion of iron fluxes from the erythropoietic bone marrow, where hemoglobinization takes place, to storage sites, particularly the mononuclear phagocytes system in liver and spleen. This results in iron-limited erythropoiesis and anemia. This review summarizes current diagnostic and pathophysiological concepts of iron deficiency anemia and anemia of inflammation, as well as combined conditions, and provides a brief outlook on novel therapeutic options.
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Theurl I, Hilgendorf I, Nairz M, Tymoszuk P, Haschka D, Asshoff M, He S, Gerhardt LMS, Holderried TAW, Seifert M, Sopper S, Fenn AM, Anzai A, Rattik S, McAlpine C, Theurl M, Wieghofer P, Iwamoto Y, Weber GF, Harder NK, Chousterman BG, Arvedson TL, McKee M, Wang F, Lutz OMD, Rezoagli E, Babitt JL, Berra L, Prinz M, Nahrendorf M, Weiss G, Weissleder R, Lin HY, Swirski FK. On-demand erythrocyte disposal and iron recycling requires transient macrophages in the liver. Nat Med 2016; 22:945-51. [PMID: 27428900 PMCID: PMC4957133 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Iron is an essential component of the erythrocyte protein hemoglobin and is crucial to oxygen transport in vertebrates. In the steady state, erythrocyte production is in equilibrium with erythrocyte removal. In various pathophysiological conditions, however, erythrocyte life span is compromised severely, which threatens the organism with anemia and iron toxicity. Here we identify an on-demand mechanism that clears erythrocytes and recycles iron. We show that monocytes that express high levels of lymphocyte antigen 6 complex, locus C1 (LY6C1, also known as Ly-6C) ingest stressed and senescent erythrocytes, accumulate in the liver via coordinated chemotactic cues, and differentiate into ferroportin 1 (FPN1, encoded by SLC40A1)-expressing macrophages that can deliver iron to hepatocytes. Monocyte-derived FPN1(+)Tim-4(neg) macrophages are transient, reside alongside embryonically derived T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain containing 4 (Timd4, also known as Tim-4)(high) Kupffer cells (KCs), and depend on the growth factor Csf1 and the transcription factor Nrf2 (encoded by Nfe2l2). The spleen, likewise, recruits iron-loaded Ly-6C(high) monocytes, but these do not differentiate into iron-recycling macrophages, owing to the suppressive action of Csf2. The accumulation of a transient macrophage population in the liver also occurs in mouse models of hemolytic anemia, anemia of inflammation, and sickle cell disease. Inhibition of monocyte recruitment to the liver during stressed erythrocyte delivery leads to kidney and liver damage. These observations identify the liver as the primary organ that supports rapid erythrocyte removal and iron recycling, and uncover a mechanism by which the body adapts to fluctuations in erythrocyte integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Theurl
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ingo Hilgendorf
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Heart Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Manfred Nairz
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Piotr Tymoszuk
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - David Haschka
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Malte Asshoff
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Shun He
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Louisa M. S. Gerhardt
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tobias A. W. Holderried
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Oncology, Hematology and Rheumatology, University Hospital, Bonn, Germany
| | - Markus Seifert
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sieghart Sopper
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ashley M. Fenn
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Atsushi Anzai
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sara Rattik
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cameron McAlpine
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Milan Theurl
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Peter Wieghofer
- Institute of Neuropathology, Freiburg University Medical Centre, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Yoshiko Iwamoto
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Georg F. Weber
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nina K. Harder
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Benjamin G. Chousterman
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Mary McKee
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Membrane Biology, Division of Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fudi Wang
- Department of Nutrition, Nutrition Discovery Innovation Center, Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | | | - Emanuele Rezoagli
- Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jodie L. Babitt
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Membrane Biology, Division of Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lorenzo Berra
- Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marco Prinz
- Institute of Neuropathology, Freiburg University Medical Centre, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Nahrendorf
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Guenter Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ralph Weissleder
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Herbert Y. Lin
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Membrane Biology, Division of Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Filip K. Swirski
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Nairz M, Schroll A, Haschka D, Dichtl S, Sonnweber T, Theurl I, Theurl M, Lindner E, Demetz E, Aßhoff M, Bellmann-Weiler R, Müller R, Gerner RR, Moschen AR, Baumgartner N, Moser PL, Talasz H, Tilg H, Fang FC, Weiss G. Lipocalin-2 ensures host defense against Salmonella Typhimurium by controlling macrophage iron homeostasis and immune response. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:3073-86. [PMID: 26332507 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201545569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Lipocalin-2 (Lcn2) is an innate immune peptide with pleiotropic effects. Lcn2 binds iron-laden bacterial siderophores, chemo-attracts neutrophils and has immunomodulatory and apoptosis-regulating effects. In this study, we show that upon infection with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, Lcn2 promotes iron export from Salmonella-infected macrophages, which reduces cellular iron content and enhances the generation of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Lcn2 represses IL-10 production while augmenting Nos2, TNF-α, and IL-6 expression. Lcn2(-/-) macrophages have elevated IL-10 levels as a consequence of increased iron content. The crucial role of Lcn-2/IL-10 interactions was further demonstrated by the greater ability of Lcn2(-/-) IL-10(-/-) macrophages and mice to control intracellular Salmonella proliferation in comparison to Lcn2(-/-) counterparts. Overexpression of the iron exporter ferroportin-1 in Lcn2(-/-) macrophages represses IL-10 and restores TNF-α and IL-6 production to the levels found in wild-type macrophages, so that killing and clearance of intracellular Salmonella is promoted. Our observations suggest that Lcn2 promotes host resistance to Salmonella Typhimurium infection by binding bacterial siderophores and suppressing IL-10 production, and that both functions are linked to its ability to shuttle iron from macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Nairz
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andrea Schroll
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - David Haschka
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Stefanie Dichtl
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas Sonnweber
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Igor Theurl
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Milan Theurl
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ewald Lindner
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Egon Demetz
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Malte Aßhoff
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Rosa Bellmann-Weiler
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Raphael Müller
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Romana R Gerner
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Alexander R Moschen
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Nadja Baumgartner
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Patrizia L Moser
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Heribert Talasz
- Biocenter, Division of Clinical Biochemistry, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Herbert Tilg
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ferric C Fang
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Günter Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
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Iron Homeostasis and Trypanosoma brucei Associated Immunopathogenicity Development: A Battle/Quest for Iron. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:819389. [PMID: 26090446 PMCID: PMC4450282 DOI: 10.1155/2015/819389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
African trypanosomosis is a chronic debilitating disease affecting the health and economic well-being of developing countries. The immune response during African trypanosome infection consisting of a strong proinflammatory M1-type activation of the myeloid phagocyte system (MYPS) results in iron deprivation for these extracellular parasites. Yet, the persistence of M1-type MYPS activation causes the development of anemia (anemia of chronic disease, ACD) as a most prominent pathological parameter in the mammalian host, due to enhanced erythrophagocytosis and retention of iron within the MYPS thereby depriving iron for erythropoiesis. In this review we give an overview of how parasites acquire iron from the host and how iron modulation of the host MYPS affects trypanosomosis-associated anemia development. Finally, we also discuss different strategies at the level of both the host and the parasite that can/might be used to modulate iron availability during African trypanosome infections.
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Inflammation and ER stress downregulate BDH2 expression and dysregulate intracellular iron in macrophages. J Immunol Res 2014; 2014:140728. [PMID: 25762501 PMCID: PMC4267003 DOI: 10.1155/2014/140728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages play a very important role in host defense and in iron homeostasis by engulfing senescent red blood cells and recycling iron. Hepcidin is the master iron regulating hormone that limits dietary iron absorption from the gut and limits iron egress from macrophages. Upon infection macrophages retain iron to limit its bioavailability which limits bacterial growth. Recently, a short chain butyrate dehydrogenase type 2 (BDH2) protein was reported to contain an iron responsive element and to mediate cellular iron trafficking by catalyzing the synthesis of the mammalian siderophore that binds labile iron; therefore, BDH2 plays a crucial role in intracellular iron homeostasis. However, BDH2 expression and regulation in macrophages have not yet been described. Here we show that LPS-induced inflammation combined with ER stress led to massive BDH2 downregulation, increased the expression of ER stress markers, upregulated hepcidin expression, downregulated ferroportin expression, caused iron retention in macrophages, and dysregulated cytokine release from macrophages. We also show that ER stress combined with inflammation synergistically upregulated the expression of the iron carrier protein NGAL and the stress-inducible heme degrading enzyme heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) leading to iron liberation. This is the first report to show that inflammation and ER stress downregulate the expression of BDH2 in human THP-1 macrophages.
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Nairz M, Schroll A, Demetz E, Tancevski I, Theurl I, Weiss G. 'Ride on the ferrous wheel'--the cycle of iron in macrophages in health and disease. Immunobiology 2014; 220:280-94. [PMID: 25240631 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2014.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Iron homeostasis and macrophage biology are closely interconnected. On the one hand, iron exerts multiple effects on macrophage polarization and functionality. On the other hand, macrophages are central for mammalian iron homeostasis. The phagocytosis of senescent erythrocytes and their degradation by macrophages enable efficient recycling of iron and the maintenance of systemic iron balance. Macrophages express multiple molecules and proteins for the acquisition and utilization of iron and many of these pathways are affected by inflammatory signals. Of note, iron availability within macrophages has significant effects on immune effector functions and metabolic pathways within these cells. This review summarizes the physiological and pathophysiological aspects of macrophage iron metabolism and highlights its relevant consequences on immune function and in common diseases such as infection and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Nairz
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Andrea Schroll
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Egon Demetz
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ivan Tancevski
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Igor Theurl
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Günter Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria.
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Theurl M, Nairz M, Schroll A, Sonnweber T, Asshoff M, Haschka D, Seifert M, Willenbacher W, Wilflingseder D, Posch W, Murphy AT, Witcher DR, Theurl I, Weiss G. Hepcidin as a predictive factor and therapeutic target in erythropoiesis-stimulating agent treatment for anemia of chronic disease in rats. Haematologica 2014; 99:1516-24. [PMID: 24895335 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2013.099481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Anemia of chronic disease is a multifactorial disorder, resulting mainly from inflammation-driven reticuloendothelial iron retention, impaired erythropoiesis, and reduced biological activity of erythropoietin. Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents have been used for the treatment of anemia of chronic disease, although with varying response rates and potential adverse effects. Serum concentrations of hepcidin, a key regulator of iron homeostasis, are increased in patients with anemia of chronic disease and linked to the pathogenesis of this disease, because hepcidin blocks cellular iron egress, thus limiting availability of iron for erythropoiesis. We tested whether serum hepcidin levels can predict and affect the therapeutic efficacy of erythropoiesis-stimulating agent treatment using a well-established rat model of anemia of chronic disease. We found that high pre-treatment hepcidin levels correlated with an impaired hematologic response to an erythropoiesis-stimulating agent in rats with anemia of chronic disease. Combined treatment with an erythropoiesis-stimulating agent and an inhibitor of hepcidin expression, LDN-193189, significantly reduced serum hepcidin levels, mobilized iron from tissue stores, increased serum iron levels and improved hemoglobin levels more effectively than did the erythropoiesis-stimulating agent or LDN-193189 monotherapy. In parallel, both the erythropoiesis-stimulating agent and erythropoiesis-stimulating agent/LDN-193189 combined reduced the expression of cytokines known to inhibit erythropoiesis. We conclude that serum hepcidin levels can predict the hematologic responsiveness to erythropoiesis-stimulating agent therapy in anemia of chronic disease. Pharmacological inhibition of hepcidin formation improves the erythropoiesis-stimulating agent's therapeutic efficacy, which may favor a reduction of erythropoiesis-stimulating agent dosages, costs and side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Theurl
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Manfred Nairz
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andrea Schroll
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas Sonnweber
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Malte Asshoff
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - David Haschka
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Markus Seifert
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Doris Wilflingseder
- Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Wilfried Posch
- Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Anthony T Murphy
- Biotechnology Discovery Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Derrick R Witcher
- Biotechnology Discovery Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Igor Theurl
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Günter Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
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Cau M, Melis MA, Congiu R, Galanello R. Iron-deficiency anemia secondary to mutations in genes controlling hepcidin. Expert Rev Hematol 2014; 3:205-16. [DOI: 10.1586/ehm.10.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Nairz M, Schleicher U, Schroll A, Sonnweber T, Theurl I, Ludwiczek S, Talasz H, Brandacher G, Moser PL, Muckenthaler MU, Fang FC, Bogdan C, Weiss G. Nitric oxide-mediated regulation of ferroportin-1 controls macrophage iron homeostasis and immune function in Salmonella infection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 210:855-73. [PMID: 23630227 PMCID: PMC3646493 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20121946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
NOS2-derived nitric oxide drives ferroportin-1–mediated iron export in Salmonella-infected macrophages, thus limiting bacterial growth. Nitric oxide (NO) generated by inducible NO synthase 2 (NOS2) affects cellular iron homeostasis, but the underlying molecular mechanisms and implications for NOS2-dependent pathogen control are incompletely understood. In this study, we found that NO up-regulated the expression of ferroportin-1 (Fpn1), the major cellular iron exporter, in mouse and human cells. Nos2−/− macrophages displayed increased iron content due to reduced Fpn1 expression and allowed for an enhanced iron acquisition by the intracellular bacterium Salmonella typhimurium. Nos2 gene disruption or inhibition of NOS2 activity led to an accumulation of iron in the spleen and splenic macrophages. Lack of NO formation resulted in impaired nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) expression, resulting in reduced Fpn1 transcription and diminished cellular iron egress. After infection of Nos2−/− macrophages or mice with S. typhimurium, the increased iron accumulation was paralleled by a reduced cytokine (TNF, IL-12, and IFN-γ) expression and impaired pathogen control, all of which were restored upon administration of the iron chelator deferasirox or hyperexpression of Fpn1 or Nrf2. Thus, the accumulation of iron in Nos2−/− macrophages counteracts a proinflammatory host immune response, and the protective effect of NO appears to partially result from its ability to prevent iron overload in macrophages
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Nairz
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Liu JY, Zhang Y, You RX, Zeng F, Guo D, Wang KP. Polysaccharide isolated from Angelica sinensis inhibits hepcidin expression in rats with iron deficiency anemia. J Med Food 2012; 15:923-9. [PMID: 22985399 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2012.2231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel polysaccharide named Angelica sinensis polysaccharide (ASP) was obtained from the powdered and defatted roots of A. sinensis (Oliv.) Diels. The molecular weight of ASP was determined to be 78 kDa and was 95.0% sugars consisting of mostly arabinose, glucose, and galactose with a molar ratio of 1:5.68:3.91. A previous study indicated that ASP may increase plasma iron levels by suppressing the expression of hepcidin, a negative regulator of body iron metabolism, in the liver. The present study aims to clarify the inhibitory effect of ASP on hepcidin expression in rat models of iron deficiency anemia (IDA), and clarify the mechanisms involved. It was demonstrated that ASP significantly reduced hepcidin expression by inhibiting the expression of mothers against decapentaplegic protein 4 (SMAD4) in liver and stimulating the secretion of erythropoietin, which further downregulated hepcidin by repressing CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBPα) and the phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3/5. The results indicate that ASP can suppress the expression of hepcidin in rats with IDA, and may be useful for the treatment of IDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Yu Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Wang Y, Liu X, Ma L, Yu Y, Yu H, Mohammed S, Chu G, Mu L, Zhang Q. Identification and characterization of a hepcidin from half-smooth tongue sole Cynoglossus semilaevis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 33:213-219. [PMID: 22565018 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Revised: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Hepcidin, an antimicrobial peptide, has a dual function including innate immunity and iron regulation. Here, based on the sequence of an EST database, we have isolated and characterized a hepcidin gene (referred to as CsHepcidin) from half-smooth tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis). Analysis of the coding regions indicated CsHepcidin gene comprised 3 exons and 2 introns. The putative CsHepcidin showed a great similarity to other hepcidin orthologues, particularly with respect to its 24 aa signal peptide, typical RX(K/R)R motif and eight conserved cysteine residues in the mature cationic peptide. Phylogenic analysis indicated that CsHepcidin was a hepcidin 1-type peptide of acanthopterygians, with highly homologous with Solea senegalensis hepcidin. In C. semilaevis ontogeny, CsHepcidin mRNA was detected at a low level in unfertilized eggs, increased on 6 d after hatching, and decreased remarkably at metamorphic stage. CsHepcidin transcripts showed a constitutive basal expression in most of the tissues, especially in liver. Challenge with formalin-inactivated Vibrio anguillarum led to significantly up-regulations of CsHepcidin gene in liver, head kidney and spleen in time-dependent manners. Biological activity analysis showed that recombinant CsHEP exhibited direct antimicrobial activity against bacterial pathogens in vitro, particularly showed strong activity against the principal fish pathogens, V. anguillarum and Edwardsiella tarda. All these results suggest that CsHepcidin may be involved in the initial response to invasion of microbial pathogens. Further exploration to elucidate the role of CsHepcidin in iron regulation and embryogenesis in C. semilaevis are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Wang
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, Qingdao, PR China
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Jin M, Zhao K, Huang Q, Xu C, Shang P. Isolation, structure and bioactivities of the polysaccharides from Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2012; 89:713-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Revised: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Moschen AR, Gerner R, Schroll A, Fritz T, Kaser A, Tilg H. A key role for Pre-B cell colony-enhancing factor in experimental hepatitis. Hepatology 2011; 54:675-86. [PMID: 21567435 DOI: 10.1002/hep.24416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2010] [Accepted: 04/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Pre-B cell colony-enhancing factor (PBEF), also known as nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase or visfatin, plays an important role in metabolic, inflammatory, and malignant diseases. Recent evidence suggests that blocking its enzymatic activity using a specific small-molecule inhibitor (FK866) might be beneficial in acute experimental inflammation. We investigated the role of PBEF in human liver disease and experimental hepatitis. PBEF serum levels and hepatic expression were determined in patients with chronic liver diseases. These studies were followed by in vivo experiments using concanavalin A (ConA) and D-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide (LPS) models of experimental hepatitis. PBEF was either overexpressed by hydrodynamic perfusion or inhibited by FK866. In vivo findings were corroborated studying inflammatory responses of lentivirally PBEF-silenced or control FL83B mouse hepatocytes. Here, we demonstrate that PBEF serum levels were increased in patients with chronic liver diseases irrespective of disease stage and etiology. In particular, we observed enhanced PBEF expression in hepatocytes. Liver-targeted overexpression of PBEF rendered mice more susceptible to ConA- and D-galactosamine/LPS-induced hepatitis compared with control animals. In contrast, inhibition of PBEF using FK866 protected mice from ConA-induced liver damage and apoptosis. Administration of FK866 resulted in depletion of liver nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide+ levels and reduced proinflammatory cytokine expression. Additionally, FK866 protected mice in the D-galactosamine/LPS model of acute hepatitis. In vitro, PBEF-silenced mouse hepatocytes showed decreased responses after stimulation with LPS, lipoteichoic acid, and tumor necrosis factor α. In primary murine Kupffer cells, FK866 suppressed LPS-induced interleukin (IL)-6 production, whereas incubation with recombinant PBEF resulted in increased IL-6 release. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that PBEF is of key importance in experimental hepatitis. Its specific inhibition might be considered a novel treatment option for inflammatory liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander R Moschen
- Christian Doppler Research Laboratory for Gut Inflammation, Department of Internal Medicine II, Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Pharmacologic inhibition of hepcidin expression reverses anemia of chronic inflammation in rats. Blood 2011; 118:4977-84. [PMID: 21730356 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-03-345066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Anemia of chronic inflammation (ACI) is the most frequent anemia in hospitalized patients and is associated with significant morbidity. A major underlying mechanism of ACI is the retention of iron within cells of the reticuloendothelial system (RES), thus making the metal unavailable for efficient erythropoiesis. This reticuloendothelial iron sequestration is primarily mediated by excess levels of the iron regulatory peptide hepcidin down-regulating the functional expression of the only known cellular iron export protein ferroportin resulting in blockade of iron egress from these cells. Using a well-established rat model of ACI, we herein provide novel evidence for effective treatment of ACI by blocking endogenous hepcidin production using the small molecule dorsomorphin derivative LDN-193189 or the protein soluble hemojuvelin-Fc (HJV.Fc) to inhibit bone morphogenetic protein-Smad mediated signaling required for effective hepcidin transcription. Pharmacologic inhibition of hepcidin expression results in mobilization of iron from the RES, stimulation of erythropoiesis and correction of anemia. Thus, hepcidin lowering agents are a promising new class of pharmacologic drugs to effectively combat ACI.
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Wang KP, Zeng F, Liu JY, Guo D, Zhang Y. Inhibitory effect of polysaccharides isolated from Angelica sinensis on hepcidin expression. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 134:944-8. [PMID: 21333724 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Revised: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 02/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Angelica sinensis polysaccharide is an important bioactive component of Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels that has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for treating gynecological disorders and anemia. AIM OF THE STUDY Previous study indicated that Angelica sinensis polysaccharide (ASP) may promote plasma iron levels by suppressing the expression of hepcidin, a negative regulator of body iron metabolism, in the liver. The present study aims to clarify the inhibitory effect of ASP on hepcidin expression as well as the involved mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS ASP (1g/kg) or vehicle (normal saline) was intragastrically administrated to rats everyday for 14 d. Intraperitoneal injections of recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO, 2000 U/kg) were given to positive control group. Erythropoietin and hepcidin levels in serum at different time points were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Western blot was used to investigate the expression of 6 pertinent signal proteins in liver. RESULTS ASP significantly reduced hepcidin expression by inhibiting the expression of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3/5 (STAT3/5) and mothers against decapentaplegic protein 4 (SMAD4) in liver and stimulating the secretion of erythropoietin, which further down-regulated hepcidin by repressing CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBPα), SMAD4, and the phosphorylation process of STAT3/5. CONCLUSIONS ASP can suppress the expression of hepcidin in normal rats, and may be used in the treatments of hepcidin-induced diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Ping Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, China
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Kakhlon O, Breuer W, Munnich A, Cabantchik ZI. Iron redistribution as a therapeutic strategy for treating diseases of localized iron accumulation. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2011; 88:187-96. [PMID: 20393584 DOI: 10.1139/y09-128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Defective iron utilization leading to either systemic or regional misdistribution of the metal has been identified as a critical feature of several different disorders. Iron concentrations can rise to toxic levels in mitochondria of excitable cells, often leaving the cytosol iron-depleted, in some forms of neurodegeneration with brain accumulation (NBIA) or following mutations in genes associated with mitochondrial functions, such as ABCB7 in X-linked sideroblastic anemia with ataxia (XLSA/A) or the genes encoding frataxin in Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA). In anemia of chronic disease (ACD), iron is withheld by macrophages, while iron levels in extracellular fluids (e.g., plasma) are drastically reduced. One possible therapeutic approach to these diseases is iron chelation, which is known to effectively reduce multiorgan iron deposition in iron-overloaded patients. However, iron chelation is probably inappropriate for disorders associated with misdistribution of iron within selected tissues or cells. One chelator in clinical use for treating iron overload, deferiprone (DFP), has been identified as a reversed siderophore, that is, an agent with iron-relocating abilities in settings of regional iron accumulation. DFP was applied to a cell model of FRDA, a paradigm of a disorder etiologically associated with cellular iron misdistribution. The treatment reduced the mitochondrial levels of labile iron pools (LIP) that were increased by frataxin deficiency. DFP also conferred upon cells protection against oxidative damage and concomitantly mediated the restoration of various metabolic parameters, including aconitase activity. Administration of DFP to FRDA patients for 6 months resulted in selective and significant reduction in foci of brain iron accumulation (assessed by T2* MRI) and initial functional improvements, with only minor changes in net body iron stores. The prospects of drug-mediated iron relocation versus those of chelation are discussed in relation to other disorders involving iron misdistribution, such as ACD and XLSA/A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Or Kakhlon
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Safra Campus at Givat Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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Ramos P, Melchiori L, Gardenghi S, Van-Roijen N, Grady RW, Ginzburg Y, Rivella S. Iron metabolism and ineffective erythropoiesis in beta-thalassemia mouse models. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010; 1202:24-30. [PMID: 20712768 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05596.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
beta-thalassemia is a disease associated with decreased beta-globin production leading to anemia, ineffective erythropoiesis, and iron overload. New mechanisms associated with modulation of erythropoiesis and iron metabolism have recently been discovered in thalassemic mice, improving our understanding of the pathophysiology of this disease. These discoveries have the potential to be translated into clinically-relevant therapeutic options to reduce ineffective erythropoiesis and iron overload. A new generation of therapies based on limiting ineffective erythropoiesis, iron absorption, and the correction of iron maldistribution could be on the way, possibly complementing and improving the current standard of patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Ramos
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Blood Foundation Laboratories, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
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Abstract
Perturbations in iron metabolism have been shown to dramatically impact host response to infection. The most common inherited iron overload disorder results from defects in the HFE gene product, a major histocompatibility complex class I-like protein that interacts with transferrin receptors. HFE-associated hemochromatosis is characterized by abnormally high levels of the iron efflux protein ferroportin. In this study, J774 murine macrophages overexpressing ferroportin were used to investigate the influence of iron metabolism on the release of nitric oxide (NO) in response to infection. Overexpression of ferroportin significantly impaired intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis growth during early stages of infection. When challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or M. tuberculosis infection, control macrophages increased NO synthesis, but macrophages overexpressing ferroportin had significantly impaired NO production in response to LPS or M. tuberculosis. Increased NO synthesis in control cells was accompanied by increased iNOS mRNA and protein, while upregulation of iNOS protein was markedly reduced when J744 cells overexpressing ferroportin were challenged with LPS or M. tuberculosis, thus limiting the bactericidal activity of these macrophages. The proinflammatory cytokine gamma interferon reversed the inhibitory effect of ferroportin overexpression on NO production. These results suggest a novel role for ferroportin in attenuating macrophage-mediated immune responses.
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Schroll A, Eller K, Huber JM, Theurl IM, Wolf AM, Weiss G, Rosenkranz AR. Tim3 is upregulated and protective in nephrotoxic serum nephritis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2010; 176:1716-24. [PMID: 20167865 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.090859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
T cell immunoglobulin and mucin protein-3 (Tim3) is mainly expressed on the cell surface of T-helper lymphocytes (T(H)) that negatively regulates T(H)-type 1 (T(H)-1) responses. Because blockade of Tim3 aggravates disease activity in T(H)-1-dependent diseases, we investigated whether Tim3 is involved in the pathogenesis of the T(H)-1-dependent nephrotoxic nephritis (NTS). We first evaluated Tim3 expression in mice after induction of nephrotoxic serum nephritis (NTS) and then studied the effects of anti-Tim3 treatment toward the course of NTS for up to seven days. Whereas Tim3 expression was undetectable in control mice, we found significantly increased Tim3 expression in kidneys, but not in draining lymph nodes, at one, four, and eight weeks after induction of NTS. Tim3-expressing cells that infiltrated kidneys of mice subjected to NTS turned out to be CD4(+) T cells rather than CD8(+) cytotoxic T cells and dendritic cells. Administration of a blocking anti-Tim3 antibody aggravated nephritis as shown by significantly increased albuminuria, respective histological changes, and increased expression of the kidney injury molecule lipocalin-2. In parallel, an increase of infiltrating T cells, macrophages, and macrophage pro-inflammatory cytokine formation as well as increased proliferation and apoptosis in kidneys of anti-Tim3-treated mice was detected. Together, we provide the first evidence that Tim3 is up-regulated in kidneys in NTS and that Tim3 exerts protective roles in the course of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Schroll
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Matak P, Chaston TB, Chung B, Srai SK, McKie AT, Sharp PA. Activated macrophages induce hepcidin expression in HuH7 hepatoma cells. Haematologica 2009; 94:773-80. [PMID: 19454498 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2008.003400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepcidin is an iron regulatory peptide produced by the liver in response to inflammation and elevated systemic iron. Recent studies suggest that circulating monocytes and resident liver macrophages--Küpffer cells--may influence both basal and inflammatory expression of hepcidin. DESIGN AND METHODS We used an in vitro co-culture model to investigate hepatocyte hepcidin regulation in the presence of activated THP1 macrophages. HuH7 hepatoma cells were co-cultured with differentiated THP1 macrophages for 24 h prior to the measurement of HuH7 hepcidin (HAMP) mRNA expression using quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and HAMP promoter activity using a luciferase reporter assay. Luciferase assays were performed using the wild type HAMP promoter, and constructs containing mutations in BMP/SMAD4, STAT3, C/EBP and E-BOX response elements. Neutralizing antibodies against interleukin-6, interleukin-1beta , and the bone morphogenetic protein inhibitor noggin were used to identify the macrophage-derived cytokines involved in the regulation of HAMP expression. RESULTS Co-culturing HuH7 cells with differentiated THP1 cells induced HAMP promoter activity and endogenous HAMP mRNA expression maximally after 24 h. This induction was fully neutralized in the presence of an interleukin-1beta antibody, and fully attenuated by mutations of the proximal C/EBP or BMP/SMAD4 response elements. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that the interleukin-1beta and bone morphogenetic protein signaling pathways are central to the regulation of HAMP expression by macrophages in this co-culture model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavle Matak
- Nutritional Sciences Division, King's College London, London, UK
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Harrison-Findik DD. Is the iron regulatory hormone hepcidin a risk factor for alcoholic liver disease? World J Gastroenterol 2009; 15:1186-93. [PMID: 19291818 PMCID: PMC2658862 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.15.1186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite heavy consumption over a long period of time, only a small number of alcoholics develop alcoholic liver disease. This alludes to the possibility that other factors, besides alcohol, may be involved in the progression of the disease. Over the years, many such factors have indeed been identified, including iron. Despite being crucial for various important biological processes, iron can also be harmful due to its ability to catalyze Fenton chemistry. Alcohol and iron have been shown to interact synergistically to cause liver injury. Iron-mediated cell signaling has been reported to be involved in the pathogenesis of experimental alcoholic liver disease. Hepcidin is an iron-regulatory hormone synthesized by the liver, which plays a pivotal role in iron homeostasis. Both acute and chronic alcohol exposure suppress hepcidin expression in the liver. The sera of patients with alcoholic liver disease, particularly those exhibiting higher serum iron indices, have also been reported to display reduced prohepcidin levels. Alcohol-mediated oxidative stress is involved in the inhibition of hepcidin promoter activity and transcription in the liver. This in turn leads to an increase in intestinal iron transport and liver iron storage. Hepcidin is expressed primarily in hepatocytes. It is noteworthy that both hepatocytes and Kupffer cells are involved in the progression of alcoholic liver disease. However, the activation of Kupffer cells and TNF-α signaling has been reported not to be involved in the down-regulation of hepcidin expression by alcohol in the liver. Alcohol acts within the parenchymal cells of the liver to suppress the synthesis of hepcidin. Due to its crucial role in the regulation of body iron stores, hepcidin may act as a secondary risk factor in the progression of alcoholic liver disease. The clarification of the mechanisms by which alcohol disrupts iron homeostasis will allow for further understanding of the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease.
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Piperno A, Mariani R, Trombini P, Girelli D. Hepcidin modulation in human diseases: From research to clinic. World J Gastroenterol 2009; 15:538-51. [PMID: 19195055 PMCID: PMC2653344 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.15.538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
By modulating hepcidin production, an organism controls intestinal iron absorption, iron uptake and mobilization from stores to meet body iron need. In recent years there has been important advancement in our knowledge of hepcidin regulation that also has implications for understanding the physiopathology of some human disorders. Since the discovery of hepcidin and the demonstration of its pivotal role in iron homeostasis, there has been a substantial interest in developing a reliable assay of the hormone in biological fluids. Measurement of hepcidin in biological fluids can improve our understanding of iron diseases and be a useful tool for diagnosis and clinical management of these disorders. We reviewed the literature and our own research on hepcidin to give an updated status of the situation in this rapidly evolving field.
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Harrison-Findik DD, Klein E, Evans J, Gollan J. Regulation of liver hepcidin expression by alcohol in vivo does not involve Kupffer cell activation or TNF-alpha signaling. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2009; 296:G112-8. [PMID: 19008338 PMCID: PMC3833991 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.90550.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol downregulates hepcidin expression in the liver leading to an increase in intestinal iron transport and liver iron storage. We have previously demonstrated that alcohol-mediated oxidative stress is involved in the inhibition of hepcidin transcription by alcohol in vivo. Kupffer cells and TNF-alpha play a key role in alcohol-induced liver injury. The aim of this study was to define their involvement in the regulation of hepcidin expression by alcohol. Kupffer cells were inactivated or depleted by employing gadolinium chloride and liposomes containing clodronate, respectively. Rats pair fed with the alcohol-Lieber-DeCarli diet for 6 wk and mice fed with 20% ethanol in the drinking water for 1 wk were used as experimental models. Interestingly, alcohol downregulated hepcidin expression in the livers of rats and mice independent of gadolinium chloride or clodronate treatment. One week of alcohol treatment was sufficient to induce a significant increase in TNF-alpha levels and phosphorylation of NF-kappaB subunit p65. The neutralization of TNF-alpha by specific antibodies inhibited p65 phosphorylation. However, neither the neutralization of TNF-alpha nor the lack of TNF-alpha receptor expression reversed alcohol-induced suppression of liver hepcidin expression. The level of alcohol-induced ROS in the liver was also undiminished following Kupffer cell inactivation or depletion. Our results demonstrate that alcohol-induced Kupffer cell activation and TNF-alpha signaling are not involved in the suppression of liver hepcidin expression by alcohol-mediated oxidative stress in vivo. Therefore, these findings suggest that alcohol acts within hepatocytes to suppress hepcidin expression and thereby influences iron homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duygu Dee Harrison-Findik
- Division of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 95820 UNMC, Omaha, NE 68198-5820, USA.
| | - Elizabeth Klein
- Division of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine
| | - John Evans
- Division of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine
| | - John Gollan
- Division of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine,Dean's Office, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
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