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Liu K, Wu S, Cui Y, Tao X, Li Y, Xiao X. Trophoblast fusion in fetal growth restriction is inhibited by CTGF in a cell-cycle-dependent manner. J Mol Histol 2024:10.1007/s10735-024-10239-9. [PMID: 39122896 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-024-10239-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is a relatively common complication of pregnancy, and insufficient syncytialization in the placenta may play an important role in the pathogenesis of FGR. However, the mechanism of impaired formation of the syncytiotrophoblast layer in FGR patients requires further exploration. In the present study, we demonstrated that the level of syncytialization was decreased in FGR patient placentas, while the expression of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) was significantly upregulated. CTGF was found to inhibit trophoblast fusion via regulating cell cycle progress of BeWo cells. Furthermore, we found that CTGF negatively regulates cell cycle arrest in a p21-dependent manner as overexpression of p21 could rescue the impaired syncytialization induced by CTGF-overexpression. Besides, we also identified that CTGF inhibits the expression of p21 through ITGB4/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Our study provided a new insight for elucidating the pathogenic mechanism of FGR and a novel idea for the clinical therapy of FGR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ketong Liu
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Fangxie Road 419, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Suwen Wu
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Fangxie Road 419, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430050, China
| | - Yutong Cui
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Fangxie Road 419, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Xiang Tao
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Fangxie Road 419, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Yanhong Li
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Fangxie Road 419, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - Xirong Xiao
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Fangxie Road 419, Shanghai, 200011, China.
- Kashi Prefecture Second People's Hospital, Jiankang Road 1, Kashgar, 844000, China.
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2
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Dang Q, Zhu Y, Zhang Y, Hu Z, Wei Y, Chen Z, Jiang X, Cai X, Yu H. Nuclear Binding Protein 2/Nesfatin-1 Affects Trophoblast Cell Fusion during Placental Development via the EGFR-PLCG1-CAMK4 Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1925. [PMID: 38339201 PMCID: PMC10856506 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that nuclear binding protein 2 (NUCB2) is expressed in the human placenta and increases with an increase in the syncytialization of trophoblast cells. This study aimed to investigate the role of NUCB2 in the differentiation and fusion of trophectoderm cells. In this study, the expression levels of NUCB2 and E-cadherin in the placentas of rats at different gestation stages were investigated. The results showed that there was an opposite trend between the expression of placental NUCB2 and E-cadherin in rat placentas in different trimesters. When primary human trophoblast (PHT) and BeWo cells were treated with high concentrations of Nesfatin-1, the trophoblast cell syncytialization was significantly inhibited. The effects of NUCB2 knockdown in BeWo cells and Forskolin-induced syncytialization were investigated. These cells showed a significantly decreased cell fusion rate. The mechanism underlying NUCB2-regulated trophoblast cell syncytialization was explored using RNA-Seq and the results indicated that the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-phospholipase C gamma 1 (PLCG1)-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV (CAMK4) pathway might be involved. The results suggested that the placental expression of NUCB2 plays an important role in the fusion of trophoblasts during differentiation via the EGFR-PLCG1-CAMK4 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinyu Dang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; (Q.D.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Z.H.); (Y.W.); (Z.C.); (X.C.)
| | - Yandi Zhu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; (Q.D.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Z.H.); (Y.W.); (Z.C.); (X.C.)
| | - Yadi Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; (Q.D.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Z.H.); (Y.W.); (Z.C.); (X.C.)
| | - Zhuo Hu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; (Q.D.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Z.H.); (Y.W.); (Z.C.); (X.C.)
| | - Yuchen Wei
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; (Q.D.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Z.H.); (Y.W.); (Z.C.); (X.C.)
| | - Zhaoyang Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; (Q.D.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Z.H.); (Y.W.); (Z.C.); (X.C.)
| | - Xinyin Jiang
- Departments of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Brooklyn College of City University of New York, New York, NY 11210, USA;
| | - Xiaxia Cai
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; (Q.D.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Z.H.); (Y.W.); (Z.C.); (X.C.)
| | - Huanling Yu
- Departments of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Brooklyn College of City University of New York, New York, NY 11210, USA;
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Ohyama N, Furugen A, Sawada R, Aoyagi R, Nishimura A, Umazume T, Narumi K, Kobayashi M. Effects of valproic acid on syncytialization in human placental trophoblast cell lines. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2023; 474:116611. [PMID: 37385477 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2023.116611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
The placenta is a critical organ for fetal development and a healthy pregnancy, and has multifaceted functions (e.g., substance exchange and hormone secretion). Syncytialization of trophoblasts is important for maintaining placental functions. Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological conditions worldwide. Therefore, this study aimed to reveal the influence of antiepileptic drugs, including valproic acid (VPA), carbamazepine, lamotrigine, gabapentin, levetiracetam, topiramate, lacosamide, and clobazam, at clinically relevant concentrations on syncytialization using in vitro models of trophoblasts. To induce differentiation into syncytiotrophoblast-like cells, BeWo cells were treated with forskolin. Exposure to VPA was found to dose-dependently influence syncytialization-associated genes (ERVW-1, ERVFRD-1, GJA1, CGB, CSH, SLC1A5, and ABCC4) in differentiated BeWo cells. Herein, the biomarkers between differentiated BeWo cells and the human trophoblast stem model (TSCT) were compared. In particular, MFSD2A levels were low in BeWo cells but abundant in TSCT cells. VPA exposure affected the expression of ERVW-1, ERVFRD-1, GJA1, CSH, MFSD2A, and ABCC4 in differentiated cells (ST-TSCT). Furthermore, VPA exposure attenuated BeWo and TSCT cell fusion. Finally, the relationships between neonatal/placental parameters and the expression of syncytialization markers in human term placentas were analyzed. MFSD2A expression was positively correlated with neonatal body weight, head circumference, chest circumference, and placental weight. Our findings have important implications for better understanding the mechanisms of toxicity of antiepileptic drugs and predicting the risks to placental and fetal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanami Ohyama
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics & Therapeutics, Division of Pharmasciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | - Ayako Furugen
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics & Therapeutics, Division of Pharmasciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Japan.
| | - Riko Sawada
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics & Therapeutics, Division of Pharmasciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Aoyagi
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics & Therapeutics, Division of Pharmasciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | | | - Takeshi Umazume
- Department of Obstetrics, Hokkaido University Hospital, Japan
| | - Katsuya Narumi
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics & Therapeutics, Division of Pharmasciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | - Masaki Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics & Therapeutics, Division of Pharmasciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Japan.
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Wang Q, Shi Y, Bian Q, Zhang N, Wang M, Wang J, Li X, Lai L, Zhao Z, Yu H. Molecular mechanisms of syncytin-1 in tumors and placental development related diseases. Discov Oncol 2023; 14:104. [PMID: 37326913 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-023-00702-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) have evolved from exogenous retroviruses and account for approximately 8% of the human genome. A growing number of findings suggest that the abnormal expression of HERV genes is associated with schizophrenia, multiple sclerosis, endometriosis, breast cancer, bladder cancer and other diseases. HERV-W env (syncytin-1) is a membrane glycoprotein which plays an important role in placental development. It includes embryo implantation, fusion of syncytiotrophoblasts and of fertilized eggs, and immune response. The abnormal expression of syncytin-1 is related to placental development-related diseases such as preeclampsia, infertility, and intrauterine growth restriction, as well as tumors such as neuroblastoma, endometrial cancer, and endometriosis. This review mainly focused on the molecular interactions of syncytin-1 in placental development-related diseases and tumors, to explore whether syncytin-1 can be an emerging biological marker and potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Jining Medical University, 133 Hehua Road, Jining, 272067, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Shi
- Department of Biochemistry, Jining Medical University, 133 Hehua Road, Jining, 272067, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Bian
- Collaborative Innovation Center, Jining Medical University, Jining, 272067, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pathophysiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Naibin Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Jining Medical University, 133 Hehua Road, Jining, 272067, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Jining Medical University, 133 Hehua Road, Jining, 272067, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianing Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Jining Medical University, 133 Hehua Road, Jining, 272067, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Jining Medical University, 133 Hehua Road, Jining, 272067, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Luhao Lai
- Collaborative Innovation Center, Jining Medical University, Jining, 272067, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhankui Zhao
- The Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, 89 Guhuai Road, Jining, 272029, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Honglian Yu
- Department of Biochemistry, Jining Medical University, 133 Hehua Road, Jining, 272067, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center, Jining Medical University, Jining, 272067, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
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5
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Orellana-Guerrero D, Uribe-Salazar JM, El-Sheikh Ali H, Scoggin KE, Ball B, Daels P, Finno CJ, Dini P. Dynamics of the Equine Placental DNA Methylome and Transcriptome from Mid- to Late Gestation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087084. [PMID: 37108254 PMCID: PMC10139181 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The placenta is a temporary organ that is essential for the survival of the fetus, with a lifelong effect on the health of both the offspring and the dam. The functions of the placenta are controlled by its dynamic gene expression during gestation. In this study, we aimed to investigate the equine placental DNA methylome as one of the fundamental mechanisms that controls the gene expression dynamic. Chorioallantois samples from four (4M), six (6M), and ten (10M) months of gestation were used to map the methylation pattern of the placenta. Globally, methylation levels increased toward the end of gestation. We identified 921 differentially methylated regions (DMRs) between 4M and 6M, 1225 DMRs between 4M and 10M, and 1026 DMRs between 6M and 10M. A total of 817 genes carried DMRs comparing 4M and 6M, 978 comparing 4M and 10M, and 804 comparing 6M and 10M. We compared the transcriptomes between the samples and found 1381 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) when comparing 4M and 6M, 1428 DEGs between 4M and 10M, and 741 DEGs between 6M and 10M. Finally, we overlapped the DEGs and genes carrying DMRs (DMRs-DEGs). Genes exhibiting (a) higher expression, low methylation and (b) low expression, high methylation at different time points were identified. The majority of these DMRs-DEGs were located in introns (48.4%), promoters (25.8%), and exons (17.7%) and were involved in changes in the extracellular matrix; regulation of epithelial cell migration; vascularization; and regulation of minerals, glucose, and metabolites, among other factors. Overall, this is the first report highlighting the dynamics in the equine placenta methylome during normal pregnancy. The findings presented serve as a foundation for future studies on the impact of abnormal methylation on the outcomes of equine pregnancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Orellana-Guerrero
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | | | - Hossam El-Sheikh Ali
- Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Kirsten E Scoggin
- Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Barry Ball
- Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Peter Daels
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Carrie J Finno
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Pouya Dini
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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6
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A comprehensive investigation of human endogenous retroviral syncytin proteins and their receptors in men with normozoospermia and impaired semen quality. J Assist Reprod Genet 2023; 40:97-111. [PMID: 36469256 PMCID: PMC9734899 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-022-02673-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The study aims to investigate first the presence of Syncytin 2 and its receptor, MFSD2, in human sperm, and second whether the expressions of Syncytin 1, Syncytin 2, and their receptors, SLC1A5 and MFSD2, differ between normozoospermic, asthenozoospermic, oligozoospermic, and oligoasthenozoospermic human sperm samples. METHODS The localization patterns and expression levels of syncytins and their receptors were evaluated in normozoospermic (concentration = 88.9 ± 5.5 × 106, motility = 79.2 ± 3.15%, n = 30), asthenozoospermic (concentration = 51.7 ± 7.18 × 106, motility = 24.0 ± 3.12%, n = 15), mild oligozoospermic (concentration = 13.5 ± 2.17 × 106, motility = 72.1 ± 6.5%, n = 15), moderate oligozoospermic (concentration = 8.4 ± 3.21 × 106, motility = 65.1 ± 8.9%, n = 15), severe oligozoospermic (concentration = 2.1 ± 1.01 × 106, motility = 67.5 ± 3.2%, n = 15), and oligoasthenozoospermic (concentration = 5.5 ± 3.21 × 106, motility = 18.5 ± 1.2%, n = 15) samples by immunofluorescence staining and western blot. RESULTS Syncytins and their receptors visualized by immunofluorescence showed similar staining patterns with slight staining of the tail in all spermatozoa regardless of normozoospermia, asthenozoospermia, oligozoospermia, or oligoasthenozoospermia. The localization patterns were categorized as equatorial segment, midpiece region, acrosome, and post-acrosomal areas. The combined staining patterns were also detected as acrosomal cap plus post acrosomal region, the midpiece plus equatorial segment, and midpiece plus acrosomal region. However, some sperm cells were categorized as non-stained. Both syncytin proteins were most intensely localized in the midpiece region, while their receptors were predominantly present in the midpiece plus acrosomal region. Conspicuously, syncytins and their receptors showed decreased expression in asthenozospermic, oligozoospermic, and oligoasthenozoospermic samples compared to normozoospermic samples. CONCLUSION The expression patterns of HERV-derived syncytins and their receptors were identical regardless of the spermatozoa in men with normozoospermia versus impaired semen quality. Further, asthenozoospermia, oligozoospermia, and oligoasthenozoospermia as male fertility issues are associated with decreased expression of both syncytins and their receptors.
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7
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Zhou H, Zhao C, Wang P, Yang W, Zhu H, Zhang S. Regulators involved in trophoblast syncytialization in the placenta of intrauterine growth restriction. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1107182. [PMID: 36798658 PMCID: PMC9927020 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1107182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Placental dysfunction refers to the insufficiency of placental perfusion and chronic hypoxia during early pregnancy, which impairs placental function and causes inadequate supply of oxygen and nutrients to the fetus, affecting fetal development and health. Fetal intrauterine growth restriction, one of the most common outcomes of pregnancy-induced hypertensions, can be caused by placental dysfunction, resulting from deficient trophoblast syncytialization, inadequate trophoblast invasion and impaired vascular remodeling. During placental development, cytotrophoblasts fuse to form a multinucleated syncytia barrier, which supplies oxygen and nutrients to meet the metabolic demands for fetal growth. A reduction in the cell fusion index and the number of nuclei in the syncytiotrophoblast are found in the placentas of pregnancies complicated by IUGR, suggesting that the occurrence of IUGR may be related to inadequate trophoblast syncytialization. During the multiple processes of trophoblasts syncytialization, specific proteins and several signaling pathways are involved in coordinating these events and regulating placental function. In addition, epigenetic modifications, cell metabolism, senescence, and autophagy are also involved. Study findings have indicated several abnormally expressed syncytialization-related proteins and signaling pathways in the placentas of pregnancies complicated by IUGR, suggesting that these elements may play a crucial role in the occurrence of IUGR. In this review, we discuss the regulators of trophoblast syncytialization and their abnormal expression in the placentas of pregnancies complicated by IUGR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanjing Zhou
- Assisted Reproduction Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Dysfunction Management of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chenqiong Zhao
- Assisted Reproduction Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Dysfunction Management of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peixin Wang
- Assisted Reproduction Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Dysfunction Management of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weijie Yang
- Assisted Reproduction Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Dysfunction Management of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haiyan Zhu
- Assisted Reproduction Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Dysfunction Management of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Songying Zhang, ; Haiyan Zhu,
| | - Songying Zhang
- Assisted Reproduction Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Dysfunction Management of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Songying Zhang, ; Haiyan Zhu,
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8
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Sakahashi Y, Higashisaka K, Isaka R, Izutani R, Seo J, Furuta A, Yamaki-Ushijima A, Tsujino H, Haga Y, Nakashima A, Tsutsumi Y. Silver nanoparticles suppress forskolin-induced syncytialization in BeWo cells. Nanotoxicology 2022; 16:883-894. [PMID: 36595448 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2022.2162994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Opportunities for the exposure of pregnant women to engineered nanoparticles have been increasing with the expanding use of these materials. Therefore, there are concerns that nanoparticles could have adverse effects on the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy. The effects of nanoparticles on the mother and fetus have been evaluated from this perspective, but there is still little knowledge about the effects on placentation and function acquisition, which are essential for the successful establishment and maintenance of pregnancy. Formation of the syncytiotrophoblast is indispensable for the acquisition of placental function, and impairment of syncytialization inevitably affects pregnancy outcomes. Here, we assessed the effect of nanoparticles on placental formation by using forskolin-treated BeWo cells, a typical in vitro model of trophoblast syncytialization. Immunofluorescence staining analysis revealed that silver nanoparticles with a diameter of 10 nm (nAg10) (at 0.156 µg/mL) significantly decreased the proportion of syncytialized BeWo cells, but gold nanoparticles with a diameter of 10 nm did not. Consistently, only nAg10 (at 0.156 µg/mL) significantly suppressed forskolin-induced elevation of CGB and SDC1 mRNA expression levels and human chorionic gonadotropin β production in a dose-dependent manner; these molecules are all markers of syncytialization. Besides, nAg10 significantly decreased the expression of ERVFRD-1, which encodes proteins associated with cell fusion. Moreover, nAg10 tended to suppress the expression of sFlt-1 e15a, a placental angiogenesis marker. Collectively, our data suggest that nAg10 could suppress formation of the syncytiotrophoblast and that induce placental dysfunction and the following poor pregnancy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Sakahashi
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Safety Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuma Higashisaka
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Safety Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Institute for Advanced Co-Creation Studies, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryo Isaka
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Safety Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Rina Izutani
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Safety Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jiwon Seo
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Safety Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Furuta
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Akemi Yamaki-Ushijima
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Tsujino
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Safety Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,The Museum of Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuya Haga
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Safety Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akitoshi Nakashima
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Yasuo Tsutsumi
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Safety Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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9
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Andrawus M, Sharvit L, Atzmon G. Epigenetics and Pregnancy: Conditional Snapshot or Rolling Event. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:12698. [PMID: 36293556 PMCID: PMC9603966 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetics modification such as DNA methylation can affect maternal health during the gestation period. Furthermore, pregnancy can drive a range of physiological and molecular changes that have the potential to contribute to pathological conditions. Pregnancy-related risk factors include multiple environmental, behavioral, and hereditary factors that can impact maternal DNA methylation with long-lasting consequences. Identification of the epigenetic patterns linked to poor pregnancy outcomes is crucial since changes in DNA methylation patterns can have long-term effects. In this review, we provide an overview of the epigenetic changes that influence pregnancy-related molecular programming such as gestational diabetes, immune response, and pre-eclampsia, in an effort to close the gap in current understanding regarding interactions between the environment, the genetics of the fetus, and the pregnant woman.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gil Atzmon
- Department of Human Biology, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel
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10
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Timms K, Holder B, Day A, Mclaughlin J, Forbes KA, Westwood M. Watermelon-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Influence Human Ex Vivo Placental Cell Behavior by Altering Intestinal Secretions. Mol Nutr Food Res 2022; 66:e2200013. [PMID: 35938208 PMCID: PMC9787345 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202200013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE During pregnancy, mother-to-fetus transfer of nutrients is mediated by the placenta; sub-optimal placental development and/or function results in fetal growth restriction (FGR), and the attendant risk of stillbirth, neurodevelopmental delay, and non-communicable diseases in adulthood. A maternal diet high in fruit and vegetables lowers the risk of FGR but the association cannot be explained fully by known macro- and micronutrients. METHODS AND RESULTS This study investigates if dietary-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) can regulate placental function. The study characterizes the microRNA and protein cargo of EVs isolated from watermelon, show they are actively internalized by human intestinal epithelial cells in vitro, use mass spectrometry to demonstrate that they alter the intestinal secretome and bioinformatic analyses to predict the likely affected pathways in cells/tissues distal to gut. Application of the watermelon EV-modified intestinal secretome to human placental trophoblast cells and ex vivo tissue explants affects the trophoblast proteome and key aspects of trophoblast behavior, including migration and syncytialization. CONCLUSION Dietary-derived plant EVs can modify intestinal communication with distal tissues, including the placenta. Harnessing the beneficial properties of dietary-derived plant EVs and/or exploiting their potential as natural delivery agents may provide new ways to improve placental function and reduce rates of FGR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Timms
- Maternal and Fetal Health Research CentreSchool of Medical SciencesUniversity of ManchesterManchesterM13 9WLUK,Manchester University NHS Foundation TrustManchester Academic Health Sciences CentreManchesterM13 9WLUK
| | - Beth Holder
- Department of MetabolismDigestion and ReproductionInstitute of Reproductive and Developmental BiologyImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Anil Day
- Division of Molecular and Cellular FunctionSchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of ManchesterManchesterM13 9PTUK
| | - John Mclaughlin
- Division of DiabetesEndocrinology and GastroenterologyUniversity of ManchesterManchesterM13 9PTUK,Department of GastroenterologySalford Royal NHS Foundation TrustSalfordM6 8HDUK
| | - Karen A. Forbes
- Discovery and Translational Science DepartmentLeeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic MedicineFaculty of Medicine and HealthUniversity of LeedsLeedsLS2 9JTUK
| | - Melissa Westwood
- Maternal and Fetal Health Research CentreSchool of Medical SciencesUniversity of ManchesterManchesterM13 9WLUK,Manchester University NHS Foundation TrustManchester Academic Health Sciences CentreManchesterM13 9WLUK
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11
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Mezzano L, Morán JP, Moreira-Espinoza MJ, Triquell MF, Mezzano J, Díaz-Luján CM, Fretes RE. Chagas disease affects the human placental barrier's turnover dynamics during pregnancy. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2022; 117:e210304. [PMID: 35766782 PMCID: PMC9239690 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760210304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trypanosoma cruzi crosses the placental barrier and produces the congenital transmission of Chagas disease (CD). Structural alterations of the chorionic villi by this parasite have been described in vitro, but little is known about trophoblast turnover in placentas from women with CD. OBJECTIVE To analyze the proliferation and fusion processes in placentas from women with CD. METHODS Archived human term placenta paraffin-embedded blocks were used, from women with CD (CDP), and no pathology (NP). Immunohistochemistry tests were performed for Ki67 to calculate the proliferation index (PI) of cytotrophoblast (CTB) and Syncytin-1, a fusion marker of syncytiotrophoblast (STB). Hematoxylin/Eosin stained sections were employed to analyze STB percentages, STB detachment areas and syncytial knots quantity. Non parametric Student's t-tests were performed (p < 0.05). RESULTS Syncytial knots and STB detachment significantly increased in placental villi from the CDP group. STB percentage was significantly lower in the CDP group as well as the PI and Syncytin-1 expression significantly decreased in these placentas, compared with control (NP). CONCLUSION Dynamic of trophoblast turnover is altered in placentas from women with CD. These changes may lead into a gap in the placental barrier possibly allowing the parasite entry into the chorionic villi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Mezzano
- National University of Córdoba, Institute of Research in Health Sciences (CONICET), Medicine School, Cellular Biology Institute, Cathedra of Cellular Biology, Histology and Embryology, Córdoba, Argentina,+ Corresponding authors: /
| | - Joana Paola Morán
- National University of Córdoba, Institute of Research in Health Sciences (CONICET), Medicine School, Cellular Biology Institute, Cathedra of Cellular Biology, Histology and Embryology, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María José Moreira-Espinoza
- National University of Córdoba, Institute of Research in Health Sciences (CONICET), Medicine School, Cellular Biology Institute, Cathedra of Cellular Biology, Histology and Embryology, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María Fernanda Triquell
- National University of Córdoba, Institute of Research in Health Sciences (CONICET), Medicine School, Cellular Biology Institute, Cathedra of Cellular Biology, Histology and Embryology, Córdoba, Argentina,National University of Villa María, Institute of Human Sciences, Histology, Cytology and Embryology Department, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Julieta Mezzano
- Tufts University, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cintia María Díaz-Luján
- National University of Córdoba, Institute of Research in Health Sciences (CONICET), Medicine School, Cellular Biology Institute, Cathedra of Cellular Biology, Histology and Embryology, Córdoba, Argentina,National University of Villa María, Institute of Human Sciences, Histology, Cytology and Embryology Department, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ricardo Emilio Fretes
- National University of Córdoba, Institute of Research in Health Sciences (CONICET), Medicine School, Cellular Biology Institute, Cathedra of Cellular Biology, Histology and Embryology, Córdoba, Argentina,National University of Villa María, Institute of Human Sciences, Histology, Cytology and Embryology Department, Córdoba, Argentina,+ Corresponding authors: /
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12
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Wang YN, Ye Y, Zhou D, Guo ZW, Xiong Z, Gong XX, Jiang SW, Chen H. The Role of Syncytin in Placental Angiogenesis and Fetal Growth. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:852561. [PMID: 35493107 PMCID: PMC9039138 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.852561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Syncytin, a retroviral envelope protein, is specifically expressed on trophoblast cells and mediates formation of the syncytiotrophoblast through fusogenic activity. Decreased expression of Syncytin was found in fetal growth restriction placentas. Results: By generating an inducible knockout of the syncytin-a gene in mice, we show a specific disruption of placental angiogenesis with abnormal formation of two syncytiotrophoblast layers. Consistent with the defects observed in vivo, conditioned medium collected from trophoblast cells, following Syncytin-1 knockdown, contains lower expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and placental growth factor, and higher levels of soluble fms-like protein kinase-1 in BeWo and HTR-8/SVneo cells which related with suppressed PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, and is reduced in ability to induce tube formation by HUVECs. Conclusion: Syncytin participates in angiogenesis during placental development was first identified both in vivo and in vitro. Here, we give a new sight on understanding syncytin and pathophysiology of placenta related disease such as fetal growth restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Nan Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Yixin Ye
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Da Zhou
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Ze-Wen Guo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shantou Central Hospital, Shantou, China
| | - Zhelei Xiong
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Xing-Xing Gong
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Shi-Wen Jiang
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, The Affiliated Wuxi Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Haibin Chen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
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13
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Wang YN, Ye YX, Guo ZW, Xiong ZL, Sun QS, Zhou D, Jiang SW, Chen H. Inducible knockout of syncytin-a leads to poor placental glucose transport in mice. Placenta 2022; 121:155-163. [PMID: 35349915 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2022.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cell-cell fusion of cytotrophoblasts into the syncytiotrophoblast layer is a key process in placental development. Syncytin, an endogenous retroviral envelope protein, is expressed in placental trophoblasts and specifically mediates syncytiotrophoblast layer formation. Syncytin deficiency has been observed in fetal growth-restricted placentas. Abnormal fetal growth, especially fetal growth restriction, is associated with the decreased expression of glucose transporters. Here, we aimed to determine the role of syncytin in fetal growth restriction in placental glucose transport capacity. METHODS To better explore the function of syncytin in fetal growth-restricted placenta, we generated an inducible knockout mouse model of syncytin-a gene. The expression levels of glucose transporters in BeWo cells were measured before and after HERV-W knockdown. RESULTS Syncytin-A disruption was associated with significant abnormalities in placental and fetal development in mice. Syncytin-A destruction causes extensive abnormalities in the maternal-fetal exchange structures in the labyrinth, including an extremely reduced number and dramatically irregular distribution of fetal vessels. Moreover, glucose transporter 1, glucose transporters 3, and connexin 26 expression levels decreased after E14.5. Consistently, low glucose transporter 1, glucose transporter 3, and connexin 26 levels were observed in HERV-W-silenced BeWo cells. DISCUSSION Syncytin-A is crucial for both syncytiotrophoblast layer development and morphogenesis, suggesting that syncytin-A disruption leads to fetal growth restriction associated with abnormalities in the maternal-fetal exchange barrier and decreased glucose transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Nan Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Shantou University Medical College, China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, China
| | - Yi-Xin Ye
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Shantou University Medical College, China
| | - Ze-Wen Guo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shantou Central Hospital, China
| | - Zhe-Lei Xiong
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Shantou University Medical College, China
| | - Qi-Si Sun
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Shantou University Medical College, China
| | - Da Zhou
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Shantou University Medical College, China
| | - Shi-Wen Jiang
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, The Affiliated Wuxi Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haibin Chen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Shantou University Medical College, China.
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14
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Colson A, Sonveaux P, Debiève F, Sferruzzi-Perri AN. Adaptations of the human placenta to hypoxia: opportunities for interventions in fetal growth restriction. Hum Reprod Update 2020; 27:531-569. [PMID: 33377492 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmaa053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The placenta is the functional interface between the mother and the fetus during pregnancy, and a critical determinant of fetal growth and life-long health. In the first trimester, it develops under a low-oxygen environment, which is essential for the conceptus who has little defense against reactive oxygen species produced during oxidative metabolism. However, failure of invasive trophoblasts to sufficiently remodel uterine arteries toward dilated vessels by the end of the first trimester can lead to reduced/intermittent blood flow, persistent hypoxia and oxidative stress in the placenta with consequences for fetal growth. Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is observed in ∼10% of pregnancies and is frequently seen in association with other pregnancy complications, such as preeclampsia (PE). FGR is one of the main challenges for obstetricians and pediatricians, as smaller fetuses have greater perinatal risks of morbidity and mortality and postnatal risks of neurodevelopmental and cardio-metabolic disorders. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE The aim of this review was to examine the importance of placental responses to changing oxygen environments during abnormal pregnancy in terms of cellular, molecular and functional changes in order to highlight new therapeutic pathways, and to pinpoint approaches aimed at enhancing oxygen supply and/or mitigating oxidative stress in the placenta as a mean of optimizing fetal growth. SEARCH METHODS An extensive online search of peer-reviewed articles using PubMed was performed with combinations of search terms including pregnancy, placenta, trophoblast, oxygen, hypoxia, high altitude, FGR and PE (last updated in May 2020). OUTCOMES Trophoblast differentiation and placental establishment are governed by oxygen availability/hypoxia in early pregnancy. The placental response to late gestational hypoxia includes changes in syncytialization, mitochondrial functions, endoplasmic reticulum stress, hormone production, nutrient handling and angiogenic factor secretion. The nature of these changes depends on the extent of hypoxia, with some responses appearing adaptive and others appearing detrimental to the placental support of fetal growth. Emerging approaches that aim to increase placental oxygen supply and/or reduce the impacts of excessive oxidative stress are promising for their potential to prevent/treat FGR. WIDER IMPLICATIONS There are many risks and challenges of intervening during pregnancy that must be considered. The establishment of human trophoblast stem cell lines and organoids will allow further mechanistic studies of the effects of hypoxia and may lead to advanced screening of drugs for use in pregnancies complicated by placental insufficiency/hypoxia. Since no treatments are currently available, a better understanding of placental adaptations to hypoxia would help to develop therapies or repurpose drugs to optimize placental function and fetal growth, with life-long benefits to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Colson
- Pole of Obstetrics, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.,Pole of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Obstetrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pierre Sonveaux
- Pole of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Frédéric Debiève
- Pole of Obstetrics, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Obstetrics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Amanda N Sferruzzi-Perri
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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15
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Bergallo M, Marozio L, Botta G, Tancredi A, Daprà V, Galliano I, Montanari P, Coscia A, Benedetto C, Tovo PA. Human Endogenous Retroviruses Are Preferentially Expressed in Mononuclear Cells From Cord Blood Than From Maternal Blood and in the Fetal Part of Placenta. Front Pediatr 2020; 8:244. [PMID: 32478020 PMCID: PMC7240011 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2020.00244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Placenta shows high transcription levels of human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) that are overexpressed during embryonic and fetal development. Methods: In order to gather further information on the degree of HERV activation in maternal and fetal tissues we assessed the transcription levels of pol genes of HERV-H, -K, and -W in PBMCs of newborns and their mothers as well as in chorion (fetal part) and decidua basalis (maternal part) of the placenta using a real time PCR assay. Results: Transcripts of pol genes of the three HERV families were significantly higher in mononuclear cells from cord blood than from maternal blood and in the fetal part than in the maternal part of the placenta. Conclusions: The HERV over-expressions in cells and tissues of the offspring are further clues that they play pivotal physiologic roles during early life events and suggest that HERV-driven abnormalities of pregnancy and fetal development may derive mostly from the conceptus, not from the mother.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Bergallo
- Pediatric Laboratory, Department of Pediatric Sciences and Public Health, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,Department of Pediatric Sciences and Public Health, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Luca Marozio
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Obstetrics and Gynecology 1, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Giovanni Botta
- Department of Pathology AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Annalisa Tancredi
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Obstetrics and Gynecology 1, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Valentina Daprà
- Pediatric Laboratory, Department of Pediatric Sciences and Public Health, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,Department of Pediatric Sciences and Public Health, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Ilaria Galliano
- Pediatric Laboratory, Department of Pediatric Sciences and Public Health, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,Department of Pediatric Sciences and Public Health, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Paola Montanari
- Pediatric Laboratory, Department of Pediatric Sciences and Public Health, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,Department of Pediatric Sciences and Public Health, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Alessandra Coscia
- Neonatology Unit, Department of Pediatric Sciences and Public Health, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Chiara Benedetto
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Obstetrics and Gynecology 1, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Pier Angelo Tovo
- Department of Pediatric Sciences and Public Health, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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16
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Mocker A, Schmidt M, Huebner H, Wachtveitl R, Cordasic N, Menendez-Castro C, Hartner A, Fahlbusch FB. Expression of Retinoid Acid Receptor-Responsive Genes in Rodent Models of Placental Pathology. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010242. [PMID: 31905805 PMCID: PMC6981780 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In humans, retinoic acid receptor responders (RARRES) have been shown to be altered in third trimester placentas complicated by the pathologies preeclampsia (PE) and PE with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). Currently, little is known about the role of placental Rarres in rodents. Therefore, we examined the localization and expression of Rarres1 and 2 in placentas obtained from a Wistar rat model of isocaloric maternal protein restriction (E18.5, IUGR-like features) and from an eNOS-knockout mouse model (E15 and E18.5, PE-like features). In both rodent models, Rarres1 and 2 were mainly localized in the placental spongiotrophoblast and giant cells. Their placental expression, as well as the expression of the Rarres2 receptor chemokine-like receptor 1 (CmklR1), was largely unaltered at the examined gestational ages in both animal models. Our results have shown that RARRES1 and 2 may have different expression and roles in human and rodent placentas, thereby underlining immanent limitations of comparative interspecies placentology. Further functional studies are required to elucidate the potential involvement of these proteins in early placentogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Mocker
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (A.M.); (M.S.); (C.M.-C.); (A.H.)
| | - Marius Schmidt
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (A.M.); (M.S.); (C.M.-C.); (A.H.)
| | - Hanna Huebner
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics/Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany;
| | - Rainer Wachtveitl
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (R.W.); (N.C.)
| | - Nada Cordasic
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (R.W.); (N.C.)
| | - Carlos Menendez-Castro
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (A.M.); (M.S.); (C.M.-C.); (A.H.)
| | - Andrea Hartner
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (A.M.); (M.S.); (C.M.-C.); (A.H.)
| | - Fabian B. Fahlbusch
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (A.M.); (M.S.); (C.M.-C.); (A.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-9131-853-3118; Fax: +49-9131-853-3714
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Kamrani A, Alipourfard I, Ahmadi-Khiavi H, Yousefi M, Rostamzadeh D, Izadi M, Ahmadi M. The role of epigenetic changes in preeclampsia. Biofactors 2019; 45:712-724. [PMID: 31343798 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Preeclampsia (PE) is a disorder affecting 2-10% of pregnancies and has a major role for perinatal and maternal mortality and morbidity. PE can be occurred by initiation of new hypertension combined with proteinuria after 20 weeks gestation, as well as various reasons such as inflammatory cytokines, poor trophoblast invasion can be related with PE disease. Environmental factors can cause epigenetic changes including DNA methylation, microRNAs (miRNAs), and histone modification that may be related to different diseases such as PE. Abnormal DNA methylation during placentation is the most important epigenetic factor correlated with PE. Moreover, changes in histone modification like acetylation and also the effect of overregulation or low regulation of miRNAs or long noncoding RNAs on variety signaling pathways can be resulted in PE. The aim of this review is to describe of studies about epigenetic changes in PE and its therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Kamrani
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Student's Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Iraj Alipourfard
- Center of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Mehdi Yousefi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Davood Rostamzadeh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Morteza Izadi
- Health Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Ahmadi
- Reproductive Biology Department, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Women's Reproductive Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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18
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Transcriptional activity of human endogenous retroviruses is higher at birth in inversed correlation with gestational age. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2018; 68:273-279. [PMID: 30578937 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) have been studied in relation to the onset and/or progression of several diseases. However, increasing evidence highlights that they also have important physiologic roles, for instance they are involved in preimplantation embryonic growth and in placentation. We assessed the transcriptional activity of HERVs in PBMCs of healthy newborns, infants and children to gather further information on their potential physiological roles. mRNA expression of HERV-H, K and W was evaluated in PBMCs of 63 preterm newborns, 47 term newborns, 38 infants (1-24 months of age), and 36 children (25-131 months of age) using a PCR real time Taqman amplification assay and normalization to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). The expression levels of HERV-H, K, and W were significantly higher at birth than in infancy and childhood. Furthermore, HERV activation was highest in preterm newborns and a significant inverse correlation was found between HERV transcripts and duration of pregnancy. The overexpression of HERVs at birth in inversed correlation with gestational age are further clues of their potential involvement in early life events.
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19
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Huebner H, Knoerr B, Betzler A, Hartner A, Kehl S, Baier F, Wachter D, Strick R, Beckmann M, Fahlbusch F, Ruebner M. Detyrosinated tubulin is decreased in fetal vessels of preeclampsia placentas. Placenta 2018; 62:58-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2017.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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20
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Bustamante Rivera YY, Brütting C, Schmidt C, Volkmer I, Staege MS. Endogenous Retrovirus 3 - History, Physiology, and Pathology. Front Microbiol 2018; 8:2691. [PMID: 29379485 PMCID: PMC5775217 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Endogenous viral elements (EVE) seem to be present in all eukaryotic genomes. The composition of EVE varies between different species. The endogenous retrovirus 3 (ERV3) is one of these elements that is present only in humans and other Catarrhini. Conservation of ERV3 in most of the investigated Catarrhini and the expression pattern in normal tissues suggest a putative physiological role of ERV3. On the other hand, ERV3 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of auto-immunity and cancer. In the present review we summarize knowledge about this interesting EVE. We propose the model that expression of ERV3 (and probably other EVE loci) under pathological conditions might be part of a metazoan SOS response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christine Brütting
- Department of Paediatrics I, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Caroline Schmidt
- Department of Paediatrics I, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Ines Volkmer
- Department of Paediatrics I, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Martin S Staege
- Department of Paediatrics I, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
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Makaroun SP, Himes KP. Differential Methylation of Syncytin-1 and 2 Distinguishes Fetal Growth Restriction from Physiologic Small for Gestational Age. AJP Rep 2018; 8:e18-e24. [PMID: 29472990 PMCID: PMC5821508 DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1627473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The retroviral genes encoding Syncytin-1 ( SYN1 ) and Syncytin-2 ( SYN2 ) are epigenetically regulated, uniquely expressed in the placenta and critical to placental function. We sought to determine if placental expression and methylation patterns of SYN1 and SYN2 from pregnancies complicated by fetal growth restriction (FGR) differed from physiologic small for gestational age (SGA) and appropriate for gestational age (AGA) controls. Study Design Placental biopsies were obtained from AGA, SGA and FGR neonates delivered at >36 weeks gestation. SGA and FGR were defined as birth weight <10% with FGR additionally requiring abnormal fetal testing. We quantified DNA methylation of SYN1 and SYN2 by EpiTyper and gene expression by RT-qPCR. Results We identified 10 AGA, 9 SGA and 7 FGR placentas. There was decreased methylation in SYN1 and SYN2 in FGR relative to AGA and SGA. When the sum of SYN1 and SYN2 methylation was used for prediction of FGR from SGA, the area under the receiver operator characteristic curve was 0.9048 (0.7602, 1). Conclusion SYN1 and SYN2 methylation marks differ in FGR and SGA. We plan future studies to examine these markers in cell free DNA to determine if these methylation changes could be used as a biomarker for FGR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami P Makaroun
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Katherine P Himes
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Huebner H, Hartner A, Rascher W, Strick RR, Kehl S, Heindl F, Wachter DL, Beckmann Md MW, Fahlbusch FB, Ruebner M. Expression and Regulation of Retinoic Acid Receptor Responders in the Human Placenta. Reprod Sci 2017; 25:1357-1370. [PMID: 29246089 DOI: 10.1177/1933719117746761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Retinoic acid (RA) signaling through its receptors (RARA, RARB, RARG, and the retinoic X receptor RXRA) is essential for healthy placental and fetal development. An important group of genes regulated by RA are the RA receptor responders (RARRES1, 2, and 3). We set out to analyze their expression and regulation in healthy and pathologically altered placentas of preeclampsia (PE) and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) as well as in trophoblast cell lines. METHODS We performed immunohistochemical staining on placental sections and analyzed gene expression by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Additionally, we performed cell culture experiments and stimulated Swan71 and Jeg-3 cells with different RA derivates and 2'-deoxy-5-azacytidine (AZA) to induce DNA demethylation. RESULTS RARRES1, 2, and 3 and RARA, RARB, RARG, and RXRA are expressed in the extravillous part of the placenta. RARRES1, RARA, RARG, and RXRA were additionally detected in villous cytotrophoblasts. RARRES gene expression was induced via activation of RARA, RARB, and RARG in trophoblast cells. RARRES1 was overexpressed in villous trophoblasts and the syncytiotrophoblast from PE placentas, but not in IUGR without PE. Promoter methylation was detectable for RARRES1 and RARB based on their sensitivity toward AZA treatment of trophoblast cell lines. DISCUSSION RARRES1, 2 and 3 are expressed in the functional compartments of the human placenta and can be regulated by RA. We hypothesize that the epigenetic suppression of trophoblast RARRES1 and RARB expression and the upregulation of RARRES1 in PE trophoblast cells suggest an involvement of environmental factors (eg, maternal vitamin A intake) in the pathogenesis of this pregnancy complication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Huebner
- 1 Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andrea Hartner
- 2 Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Rascher
- 2 Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Reiner R Strick
- 1 Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sven Kehl
- 1 Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Felix Heindl
- 1 Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - David L Wachter
- 3 Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany * The authors are contributed equally
| | - Matthias W Beckmann Md
- 1 Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Fabian B Fahlbusch
- 2 Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthias Ruebner
- 1 Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Huebner H, Strick R, Wachter DL, Kehl S, Strissel PL, Schneider-Stock R, Hartner A, Rascher W, Horn LC, Beckmann MW, Ruebner M, Fahlbusch FB. Hypermethylation and loss of retinoic acid receptor responder 1 expression in human choriocarcinoma. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2017; 36:165. [PMID: 29169400 PMCID: PMC5701501 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-017-0634-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Human placental development resembles tumorigenesis, due to the invasive and fusogenic potential of trophoblasts. However, these features are tightly controlled in trophoblasts. Disturbance of this spatial and temporal regulation is thought to contribute to the rare formation of choriocarcinomas. Promoter hypermethylation and loss of the tumor suppressor Retinoic acid receptor responder 1 (RARRES1) were shown to contribute to cancer progression. Our study investigated the epigenetic and transcriptional regulation of RARRES1 in healthy human placenta in comparison to choriocarcinoma cell lines and cases. Methods Three choriocarcinoma cell lines (Jeg-3, JAR and BeWo) were treated with three different retinoic acid derivates (Am580, Tazarotene and all-trans retinoic acid) and 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine. We analyzed RARRES1 promoter methylation by pyrosequencing and performed realtime-PCR quantification to determine RARRES1 expression in placental tissue and trophoblastic cell lines. Additionally, RARRES1 was stained in healthy placentas and in biopsies of choriocarcinoma cases (n = 10) as well as the first trimester trophoblast cell line Swan71 by immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry. Results In the choriocarcinoma cell lines, RARRES1 expression could not be induced by sole retinoic acid treatment. Stimulation with 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine significantly induced RARRES1 expression, which then could be further increased with Am580, Tazarotene and all-trans retinoic acid. In comparison to healthy placenta, choriocarcinoma cell lines showed a hypermethylation of the RARRES1 promoter, which correlated with a reduced RARRES1 expression. In concordance, RARRES1 protein expression was lost in choriocarcinoma tissue. Additionally, in the trophoblastic cell line Swan71, we found a significant induction of RARRES1 expression with increased cell density, during mitosis and in syncytial knots. Conclusions Our findings showed that RARRES1 expression is absent in choriocarcinoma due to promoter methylation. Based on our analysis, we hypothesize that RARRES1 might exert tumor suppressive functions in multiple cellular processes (e.g. cell cycle regulation, adhesion, invasion and apoptosis). Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13046-017-0634-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Huebner
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Erlangen, Germany
| | - R Strick
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Erlangen, Germany
| | - D L Wachter
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Erlangen, Germany
| | - S Kehl
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Erlangen, Germany
| | - P L Strissel
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Erlangen, Germany
| | - R Schneider-Stock
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Erlangen, Germany
| | - A Hartner
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Loschgestraße 15, 91054 Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - W Rascher
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Loschgestraße 15, 91054 Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - L C Horn
- Division Molecular Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - M W Beckmann
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Erlangen, Germany
| | - M Ruebner
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Erlangen, Germany
| | - F B Fahlbusch
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Loschgestraße 15, 91054 Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.
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Intrauterine growth retardation-associated syncytin b hypermethylation in maternal rat blood revealed by DNA methylation array analysis. Pediatr Res 2017; 82:704-711. [PMID: 28604758 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2017.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundEmerging evidence suggests that DNA methylation in maternal blood is a promising target for intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) screening, a common developmental toxicity. Here, we aimed to screen out IUGR-related DNA methylation status in maternal blood via high-throughput profiling.MethodsPregnant Wistar rats were subcutaneously administered nicotine (1 mg/kg) twice per day from gestational day (GD) 11 to GD20 to establish the IUGR model. MeDIP array assays and the following GO analysis were used to evaluate DNA methylation status in maternal blood. One placental development-associated gene was selected for further confirmation.ResultsGenes regulating the development of multiple organs and major body systems had changed DNA methylation frequencies in the maternal blood of IUGR rats. Placental development, which can affect the development of multiple fetal organs and induce IUGR, is a hypermethylated cluster consisting of four significantly changed genes, including syncytin b (Synb), Lrrc15, Met, and Tex19.1. With the most significant change, Synb hypermethylation in maternal blood was confirmed by bisulfite-sequencing PCR (BSP). Moreover, decreased Synb expression and histological changes were observed in IUGR placentae.ConclusionThe IUGR-associated DNA methylation profile in maternal blood, such as placenta-related Synb hypermethylation, provides evidence for further studies on possible IUGR biomarkers.
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Grandi N, Tramontano E. Type W Human Endogenous Retrovirus (HERV-W) Integrations and Their Mobilization by L1 Machinery: Contribution to the Human Transcriptome and Impact on the Host Physiopathology. Viruses 2017; 9:v9070162. [PMID: 28653997 PMCID: PMC5537654 DOI: 10.3390/v9070162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Endogenous Retroviruses (HERVs) are ancient infection relics constituting ~8% of our DNA. While HERVs’ genomic characterization is still ongoing, impressive amounts of data have been obtained regarding their general expression across tissues. Among HERVs, one of the most studied is the W group, which is the sole HERV group specifically mobilized by the long interspersed element-1 (LINE-1) machinery, providing a source of novel insertions by retrotransposition of HERV-W processed pseudogenes, and comprising a member encoding a functional envelope protein coopted for human placentation. The HERV-W group has been intensively investigated for its putative role in several diseases, such as cancer, inflammation, and autoimmunity. Despite major interest in the link between HERV-W expression and human pathogenesis, no conclusive correlation has been demonstrated so far. In general, (i) the absence of a proper identification of the specific HERV-W sequences expressed in a given condition; and (ii) the lack of studies attempting to connect the various observations in the same experimental conditions are the major problems preventing the definitive assessment of the HERV-W impact on human physiopathology. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the HERV-W group presence within the human genome and its expression in physiological tissues as well as in the main pathological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Grandi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato SS554, 09042 Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Enzo Tramontano
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato SS554, 09042 Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy.
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 09042 Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy.
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Herdl S, Huebner H, Volkert G, Marek I, Menendez-Castro C, Noegel SC, Ruebner M, Rascher W, Hartner A, Fahlbusch FB. Integrin α8 Is Abundant in Human, Rat, and Mouse Trophoblasts. Reprod Sci 2017; 24:1426-1437. [PMID: 28136130 DOI: 10.1177/1933719116689597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Integrins exert regulatory functions in placentogenesis. Null mutation of certain integrin α subunits leads to placental defects with subsequent fetal growth restriction or embryonic lethality in mice. So far, the placental role of α8 integrin remains to be determined. METHODS Localization of α8 integrin and its ligands, fibronectin (FN) and osteopontin (OPN), was studied by immunohistochemistry in human, rat, and mouse placenta. The vascularization of the placental labyrinth layer of α8 integrin-deficient mice was determined by CD31 staining. In humans, α8 integrin expression was assessed via real-time polymerase chain reaction in healthy placentas, in the placental pathologies such as intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), preeclampsia, and HELLP-syndrome (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelet count), as well as in primary extravillous trophoblasts (EVT) and villous trophoblasts. RESULTS In humans, α8 integrin was detected in first and third trimester syncytiotrophoblast and EVT. Although OPN showed the same localization, FN was observed in EVT only. No expressional changes in α8 integrin were detected in the placental pathologies studied. Rodent placenta showed α8 integrin expression in giant cells and in the labyrinth layer. The localization of OPN and FN, however, showed species-specific differences. Knockout of α8 integrin in mice did not cause IUGR, despite some reduction in labyrinth layer vascularization. CONCLUSION α8 Integrin is expressed in functional placental compartments among its ligands, OPN and/or FN, across species. Although this may point to a regulatory role in trophoblast function, our data from α8 integrin-deficient mice indicated only mild placental pathology. Thus, the lack of placental α8 integrin seems to be largely compensated for.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Herdl
- 1 Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hanna Huebner
- 2 Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gudrun Volkert
- 1 Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ines Marek
- 1 Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Carlos Menendez-Castro
- 1 Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stephanie C Noegel
- 1 Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthias Ruebner
- 2 Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Rascher
- 1 Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andrea Hartner
- 1 Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Fabian B Fahlbusch
- 1 Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Contribution of Syncytins and Other Endogenous Retroviral Envelopes to Human Placenta Pathologies. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2017; 145:111-162. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Lo HF, Tsai CY, Chen CP, Wang LJ, Lee YS, Chen CY, Liang CT, Cheong ML, Chen H. Association of dysfunctional synapse defective 1 (SYDE1) with restricted fetal growth - SYDE1 regulates placental cell migration and invasion. J Pathol 2016; 241:324-336. [PMID: 27917469 DOI: 10.1002/path.4835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor glial cells missing 1 (GCM1) regulates trophoblast differentiation and function during placentation. Decreased GCM1 expression is associated with pre-eclampsia, suggesting that abnormal expression of GCM1 target genes may contribute to the pathogenesis of pregnancy complications. Here we identified a novel GCM1 target gene, synapse defective 1 (SYDE1), which encodes a RhoGAP that is highly expressed in human placenta, and demonstrated that SYDE1 promotes cytoskeletal remodelling and cell migration and invasion. Importantly, genetic ablation of murine Syde1 results in small fetuses and placentas with aberrant phenotypes in the placental-yolk sac barrier, maternal-trophoblast interface, and placental vascularization. Microarray analysis revealed altered expression of renin-1, angiotensin I converting enzyme 2, angiotensin II type 1a receptor, and membrane metalloendopeptidase of the renin-angiotensin system in Syde1-knockout placenta, which may compensate for the vascular defects to maintain normal blood pressure. As pregnancy proceeds, growth restriction of the Syde1-/- fetuses and placentas continues, with elevated expression of the Syde1 homologue Syde2 in placenta. Syde2 may compensate for the loss of Syde1 function because SYDE2, but not the GAP-dead SYDE2 mutant, reverses migration and invasion activities of SYDE1-knockdown JAR trophoblast cells. Clinically, we further detected decreased SYDE1 expression in preterm and term IUGR placentas compared with gestational age-matched controls. Our study suggests a novel mechanism for GCM1 and SYDE1 in regulation of trophoblast cell migration and invasion during placental development and that decreased SYDE1 expression is associated with IUGR. Copyright © 2016 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Fan Lo
- Graduate Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yen Tsai
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Chie-Pein Chen
- Division of High Risk Pregnancy, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 104, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Jie Wang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Shien Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Ming Chuan University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yu Chen
- Division of High Risk Pregnancy, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 104, Taiwan
| | | | - Mei-Leng Cheong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Hungwen Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.,Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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Rozner AE, Durning M, Kropp J, Wiepz GJ, Golos TG. Macrophages modulate the growth and differentiation of rhesus monkey embryonic trophoblasts. Am J Reprod Immunol 2016; 76:364-375. [PMID: 27637575 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Immune cells within the endometrium at implantation are thought to play an important role in implantation, although their exact role is not well understood. METHOD OF STUDY A co-culture system of rhesus monkey embryos and maternal immune cells was established. Blastocysts obtained by in vitro fertilization were co-cultured with peripheral blood cells or decidual macrophages. Culture media were collected to assess secretions. Embryo growth was monitored, and trophoblasts were evaluated for proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation. RESULTS Embryonic trophoblast outgrowths were visible within 6 days of culture, and the area of embryo outgrowth was reduced when blastocysts were cultured with peripheral-derived or decidual macrophages. Trophoblast proliferation was not significantly affected with macrophage co-culture while chorionic gonadotropin secretion was increased. Trophoblast expression of CDH 11 and GJA1 was increased, suggesting that macrophages accelerate differentiation of peri-implantation trophoblasts. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate an important role of macrophages in placentation and pregnancy success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann E Rozner
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Maureen Durning
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jenna Kropp
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Gregory J Wiepz
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Thaddeus G Golos
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA. .,Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA. .,Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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Soygur B, Sati L. The role of syncytins in human reproduction and reproductive organ cancers. Reproduction 2016; 152:R167-78. [PMID: 27486264 DOI: 10.1530/rep-16-0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Human life begins with sperm and oocyte fusion. After fertilization, various fusion events occur during human embryogenesis and morphogenesis. For example, the fusion of trophoblastic cells constitutes a key process for normal placental development. Fusion in the placenta is facilitated by syncytin 1 and syncytin 2. These syncytins arose from retroviral sequences that entered the primate genome 25 million and more than 40 million years ago respectively. About 8% of the human genome consists of similar human endogenous retroviral (HERVs) sequences. Many are inactive because of mutations or deletions. However, the role of the few that remain transcriptionally active has not been fully elucidated. Syncytin proteins maintain cell-cell fusogenic activity based on ENV: gene-mediated viral cell entry. In this review, we summarize how syncytins and their receptors are involved in fusion events during human reproduction. The significance of syncytins in tumorigenesis is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bikem Soygur
- Department of Histology and EmbryologyAkdeniz University School of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Leyla Sati
- Department of Histology and EmbryologyAkdeniz University School of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey
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The endocannabinoid system: A novel player in human placentation. Reprod Toxicol 2016; 61:58-67. [PMID: 26965993 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis sativa is the most consumed illegal drug around the world. Its consumption during pregnancy is associated with gestational complications, particularly with fetal growth restriction. Endocannabinoids (eCBs) are lipid molecules that act by activating the G-protein coupled cannabinoid receptors, which are also target of the phytocannabinoid Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). The endocannabinoid system (ECS) participates in distinct biological processes, including pain, inflammation, neuroprotection, and several reproductive events. In addition, an abnormal expression of ECS is associated with infertility and miscarriages. This manuscript will review and discuss the expression of ECS in normal and pathological human placentas, and the role of eCBs and THC in trophoblast proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, and function. The current evidence points towards a role of ECS in human placentation, shedding light on the contribution of the eCBs in the coordination of human placentation, and in the cellular mechanisms underlying the deleterious effects of cannabis consumption during pregnancy.
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Bolze PA, Patrier S, Cheynet V, Oriol G, Massardier J, Hajri T, Guillotte M, Bossus M, Sanlaville D, Golfier F, Mallet F. Expression patterns of ERVWE1/Syncytin-1 and other placentally expressed human endogenous retroviruses along the malignant transformation process of hydatidiform moles. Placenta 2016; 39:116-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2016.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Revised: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Abstract
Mammalian life begins with a cell-cell fusion event, i.e. the fusion of the spermatozoid with the oocyte and needs further cell-cell fusion processes for the development, growth, and maintenance of tissues and organs over the whole life span. Furthermore, cellular fusion plays a role in infection, cancer, and stem cell-dependent regeneration as well as including an expanded meaning of partial cellular fusion, nanotube formation, and microparticle-cell fusion. The cellular fusion process is highly regulated by proteins which carry the information to organize and regulate membranes allowing the merge of two separate lipid bilayers into one. The regulation of this genetically and epigenetically controlled process is achieved by different kinds of signals leading to communication of fusing cells. The local cellular and extracellular environment additionally initiates specific cell signaling necessary for the induction of the cell-cell fusion process. Common motifs exist in distinct cell-cell fusion processes and their regulation. However, there is specific regulation of different cell-cell fusion processes, e.g. myoblast, placental, osteoclast, and stem cell fusion. Hence, specialized fusion events vary between cell types and species. Molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown, especially limited knowledge is present for cancer and stem cell fusion mechanisms and regulation. More research is necessary for the understanding of cellular fusion processes which can lead to development of new therapeutic strategies grounding on cellular fusion regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Willkomm
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
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Costa MA. Scrutinising the regulators of syncytialization and their expression in pregnancy-related conditions. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 420:180-93. [PMID: 26586208 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The placenta is important for the success of gestation and foetal development. In fact, this specialized pregnancy organ is essential for foetal nourishment, support, and protection. In the placenta, there are different cell populations, including four subtypes of trophoblasts. Cytotrophoblasts fuse and differentiate into the multinucleated syncytiotrophoblast (syncytialization). Syncytialization is a hallmark of placentation and is highly regulated by numerous molecules with distinct roles. Placentas from pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction or trisomy 21 have been associated with a defective syncytialization and an altered expression of its modulators. This work proposes to review the molecules that promote or inhibit both fusion and biochemical differentiation of cytotrophoblasts. Moreover, it will also analyse the syncytialization modulators abnormally expressed in pathological placentas, highlighting the molecules that may contribute to the aetiology of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Costa
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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Lu X, He Y, Zhu C, Wang H, Chen S, Lin HY. Twist1 is involved in trophoblast syncytialization by regulating GCM1. Placenta 2016; 39:45-54. [PMID: 26992674 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The multinucleated syncytiotrophoblast (STB) is maintained and regenerated by the fusion of underlying cytotrophoblast cells (CTBs) and is responsible for a number of functions in the human placenta. Deficiencies in this structure may result in pregnancy-associated diseases. However, the detailed mechanisms underlying trophoblast syncytialization await further investigation. METHODS The location of the transcription factor Twist1 in human placental tissues was identified by immunohistochemistry. The expression of Twist1 and glial cells missing-1 (GCM1) was evaluated by qPCR or western blotting in two cell-fusion models including forskolin-induced fusion of BeWo cells and spontaneous syncytialization of CTBs. The key role of Twist1 in trophoblast differentiation was identified using BeWo cells transfected with Twist1-specific siRNA. We investigated the effect of hypoxia on the expression of Twist1 and GCM1 in primary CTBs cultured with 2% oxygen. The Twist1 binding region in the GCM1 gene was detected by chromatin-immunoprecipitation. RESULTS Twist1 was expressed in human placental tissues, and the expression of Twist1 and GCM1 increased in a time-dependent manner during spontaneous syncytialization of primary CTBs and forskolin-induced fusion of BeWo cells. A reduction in Twist1 and GCM1 expression was observed under hypoxic conditions and was accompanied by inhibition of trophoblast syncytialization. Moreover, siRNA-mediated silencing of Twist1 resulted in inhibition of BeWo cells fusion and down-regulation of GCM1 expression. Furthermore, Twist1 was found to bind to the E-box-enriched region in intron 2 of the GCM1 gene during forskolin-induced fusion of BeWo cells. DISCUSSION The above results suggest that Twist1 is required during trophoblast syncytialization. Twist1 may promote trophoblast syncytialization by regulating the expression of GCM1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, PR China
| | - Yuxia He
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, PR China
| | - Cheng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, PR China
| | - Hongmei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, PR China
| | - Shiling Chen
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, PR China.
| | - Hai-Yan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, PR China.
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Buslei R, Strissel PL, Henke C, Schey R, Lang N, Ruebner M, Stolt CC, Fabry B, Buchfelder M, Strick R. Activation and regulation of endogenous retroviral genes in the human pituitary gland and related endocrine tumours. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2015; 41:180-200. [PMID: 24635849 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Adenohypophysis (AH) hormone-producing cells represent the origin of diverse groups of pituitary adenomas (PA). Deregulation of hypothalamic hormone receptors, growth factors and cAMP signalling have been implicated in the aetiology of PA. Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are derived from past exogenous retroviral infections and represent more than 8% of the human genome. Some ERV genes encode open reading frames and produce functional proteins, for example, the ERVW-1 envelope gene Syncytin-1, essential for placentogenesis, but also deregulated in human tumours. Data concerning ERV expression in the AH and related endocrine tumours are missing. METHODS Syncytin-1 protein was analysed in normal AH (n = 15) and compared with five PA subtypes (n = 117) by immunohistochemistry. Absolute gene expression of 20 ERV functional envelope genes and ERVW-5 gag was measured. PA tissues were examined for Syncytin-1 and the cAMP signalling marker phospho-CREB-Ser133 using immunohistochemistry. Isolated primary human PA cells were treated with different hormones. Murine embryonic and adult pituitary gland ERV expressions were compared with human AH. RESULTS Syncytin-1 protein colocalized with corticotropic cells of AH. In contrast, all PA demonstrated significant Syncytin-1 protein overexpression, supporting deregulation. All other ERV genes showed significant up-regulations in different PA subtypes. Phospho-CREB-Ser133 and Syncytin-1 colocalized in PA cells. Cultivated primary PA cells with ACTH or CRH induced their respective receptors and ERV genes. Syncytin-A/-B, murine orthologues to human Syncytin-1/-2, localized to embryonic and adult pituitary glands demonstrating functional mammalian conservation. CONCLUSIONS Deregulated ERV genes may contribute to PA development via cAMP signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf Buslei
- Institute of Neuropathology, University-Clinic Erlangen, Lab for Molecular Medicine, Erlangen, Germany
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The placenta: phenotypic and epigenetic modifications induced by Assisted Reproductive Technologies throughout pregnancy. Clin Epigenetics 2015; 7:87. [PMID: 26300992 PMCID: PMC4546204 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-015-0120-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Today, there is growing interest in the potential epigenetic risk related to assisted reproductive technologies (ART). Much evidence in the literature supports the hypothesis that adverse pregnancy outcomes linked to ART are associated with abnormal trophoblastic invasion. The aim of this review is to investigate the relationship between epigenetic dysregulation caused by ART and subsequent placental response. The dialogue between the endometrium and the embryo is a crucial step to achieve successful trophoblastic invasion, thus ensuring a non-complicated pregnancy and healthy offspring. However, as described in this review, ART could impair both actors involved in this dialogue. First, ART may induce epigenetic defects in the conceptus by modifying the embryo environment. Second, as a result of hormone treatments, ART may impair endometrial receptivity. In some cases, it results in embryonic growth arrest but, when the development of the embryo continues, the placenta could bring adaptive responses throughout pregnancy. Amongst the different mechanisms, epigenetics, especially thanks to a finely tuned network of imprinted genes stimulated by foetal signals, may modify nutrient transfer, placental growth and vascularization. If these coping mechanisms are overwhelmed, improper maternal-foetal exchanges occur, potentially leading to adverse pregnancy outcomes such as abortion, preeclampsia or intra-uterine growth restriction. But in most cases, successful placental adaptation enables normal progress of the pregnancy. Nevertheless, the risks induced by these modifications during pregnancy are not fully understood. Metabolic diseases later in life could be exacerbated through the memory of epigenetic adaptation mechanisms established during pregnancy. Thus, more research is still needed to better understand abnormal interactions between the embryo and the milieu in artificial conditions. As trophectoderm cells are in direct contact with the environment, they deserve to be studied in more detail. The ultimate goal of these studies will be to render ART protocols safer. Optimization of the environment will be the key to improving the dialogue between the endometrium and embryo, so as to ensure that placentation after ART is similar to that following natural conception.
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Li L, Schust DJ. Isolation, purification and in vitro differentiation of cytotrophoblast cells from human term placenta. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2015; 13:71. [PMID: 26156160 PMCID: PMC4497497 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-015-0070-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The syncytialization of cytotrophoblast cells to syncytiotrophoblast is central to human placental transport and hormone production. Many techniques for in vitro study of this process have been proposed and new investigators to the field may find the literature in the field daunting. Here, we present a straightforward and reliable method to establish this important model using modern but readily available tools and reagents. METHODS Villous cytotrophoblast cells are obtained from term placenta using mild enzymatic degradation, Percoll gradient centrifugation, negative magnetic cell sorting using an antibody against classical major histocompatibility complex molecules and in vitro culture on a matrix-coated growth surface. RESULTS The purity of isolated cytotrophoblast cells exceeds 98 % as assessed by cytokeratin-7 expression using flow cytometry. Contamination by mesenchymal cells, extravillous trophoblast cells, leukocytes, Hofbauer and endothelial cells is minimized (less than 2 % when analyzed for vimentin, HLA-G, CD45, CD163 and CD31 using flow cytometry). Isolated cytotrophoblast cells began to aggregate into monolayers of mononucleated cells within about 12 h of plating. By 72 h in culture, most cytotrophoblast cells have differentiated into syncytiotrophoblast as demonstrated by a loss of intercellular E-cadherin expression upon fusion into multinucleated syncytia. After 72 h in culture, nearly every cultured cell expresses syncytiotrophoblast markers, including cytokeratin-7, human chorionic gonadotropin-β (β-hCG) and the fusion-related proteins glial cell missing-1 (GCM-1) and syncytin. CONCLUSIONS We present an efficient and reliable method for isolating of cytotrophoblast cells with high purity and complete differentiation into syncytiotrophoblast in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Li
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, University of Missouri School of Medicine, 500 N. Keene Street, Columbia, MO, USA.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangzhou Medical University Affiliated Guangzhou First People's Hospital, 1 Panfu Road, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Danny J Schust
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, University of Missouri School of Medicine, 500 N. Keene Street, Columbia, MO, USA.
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Frese S, Ruebner M, Suhr F, Konou TM, Tappe KA, Toigo M, Jung HH, Henke C, Steigleder R, Strissel PL, Huebner H, Beckmann MW, van der Keylen P, Schoser B, Schiffer T, Frese L, Bloch W, Strick R. Long-Term Endurance Exercise in Humans Stimulates Cell Fusion of Myoblasts along with Fusogenic Endogenous Retroviral Genes In Vivo. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132099. [PMID: 26154387 PMCID: PMC4495930 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Myogenesis is defined as growth, differentiation and repair of muscles where cell fusion of myoblasts to multinucleated myofibers is one major characteristic. Other cell fusion events in humans are found with bone resorbing osteoclasts and placental syncytiotrophoblasts. No unifying gene regulation for natural cell fusions has been found. We analyzed skeletal muscle biopsies of competitive cyclists for muscle-specific attributes and expression of human endogenous retrovirus (ERV) envelope genes due to their involvement in cell fusion of osteoclasts and syncytiotrophoblasts. Comparing muscle biopsies from post- with the pre-competitive seasons a significant 2.25-fold increase of myonuclei/mm fiber, a 2.38-fold decrease of fiber area/nucleus and a 3.1-fold decrease of satellite cells (SCs) occurred. We propose that during the pre-competitive season SC proliferation occurred following with increased cell fusion during the competitive season. Expression of twenty-two envelope genes of muscle biopsies demonstrated a significant increase of putative muscle-cell fusogenic genes Syncytin-1 and Syncytin-3, but also for the non-fusogenic erv3. Immunohistochemistry analyses showed that Syncytin-1 mainly localized to the sarcolemma of myofibers positive for myosin heavy-chain isotypes. Cellular receptors SLC1A4 and SLC1A5 of Syncytin-1 showed significant decrease of expression in post-competitive muscles compared with the pre-competitive season, but only SLC1A4 protein expression localized throughout the myofiber. Erv3 protein was strongly expressed throughout the myofiber, whereas envK1-7 localized to SC nuclei and myonuclei. Syncytin-1 transcription factors, PPARγ and RXRα, showed no protein expression in the myofiber, whereas the pCREB-Ser133 activator of Syncytin-1 was enriched to SC nuclei and myonuclei. Syncytin-1, Syncytin-3, SLC1A4 and PAX7 gene regulations along with MyoD1 and myogenin were verified during proliferating or actively-fusing human primary myoblast cell cultures, resembling muscle biopsies of cyclists. Myoblast treatment with anti-Synycytin-1 abrogated cell fusion in vitro. Our findings support functional roles for ERV envelope proteins, especially Syncytin-1, contributing to cell fusion of myotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Frese
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Muengersdorf, Cologne, Germany
- University Hospital Zurich, Department of Neurology, Frauenklinikstrasse, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, Exercise Physiology, ETH Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Ruebner
- Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, University-Clinic Erlangen, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Erlangen, Universitaetsstrasse, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Frank Suhr
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Muengersdorf, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thierry M. Konou
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Muengersdorf, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kim A. Tappe
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Muengersdorf, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marco Toigo
- Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, Exercise Physiology, ETH Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse, Zurich, Switzerland
- University of Zurich, Balgrist University Hospital, Department of Orthopaedics, Forchstrasse, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hans H. Jung
- University Hospital Zurich, Department of Neurology, Frauenklinikstrasse, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christine Henke
- Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, University-Clinic Erlangen, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Erlangen, Universitaetsstrasse, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ruth Steigleder
- Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, University-Clinic Erlangen, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Erlangen, Universitaetsstrasse, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Pamela L. Strissel
- Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, University-Clinic Erlangen, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Erlangen, Universitaetsstrasse, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hanna Huebner
- Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, University-Clinic Erlangen, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Erlangen, Universitaetsstrasse, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthias W. Beckmann
- Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, University-Clinic Erlangen, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Erlangen, Universitaetsstrasse, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Piet van der Keylen
- Institute of Anatomy, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Krankenhausstrasse, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Benedikt Schoser
- Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Department of Neurology, Friedrich Baur Institute, Ziemssenstrasse, Munich, Germany
| | - Thorsten Schiffer
- German Sport University Cologne, Outpatient Clinic for Sports Traumatology and Public Health Consultation, Am Sportpark Muengersdorf, Cologne, Germany
| | - Laura Frese
- University Hospital and University Zurich, Division of Surgical Research, Raemistrasse, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wilhelm Bloch
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Muengersdorf, Cologne, Germany
- The German Research Centre of Elite Sport, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Muengersdorf, Cologne, Germany
| | - Reiner Strick
- Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, University-Clinic Erlangen, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Erlangen, Universitaetsstrasse, Erlangen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Fahlbusch FB, Ruebner M, Huebner H, Volkert G, Bartunik H, Winterfeld I, Hartner A, Menendez-Castro C, Noegel SC, Marek I, Wachter D, Schneider-Stock R, Beckmann MW, Kehl S, Rascher W. Trophoblast expression dynamics of the tumor suppressor gene gastrokine 2. Histochem Cell Biol 2015; 144:281-91. [PMID: 26070363 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-015-1336-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Gastrokines (GKNs) were originally described as stomach-specific tumor suppressor genes. Recently, we identified GKN1 in extravillous trophoblasts (EVT) of human placenta. GKN1 treatment reduced the migration of the trophoblast cell line JEG-3. GKN2 is known to inhibit the proliferation, migration and invasion of gastric cancer cells and may interact with GKN1. Recently, GKN2 was detected in the placental yolk sac of mice. We therefore aimed to further characterize placental GKN2 expression. By immunohistochemistry, healthy first-trimester placenta showed ubiquitous staining for GKN2 at its early gestational stage. At later gestational stages, a more differentiated expression pattern in EVT and villous cytotrophoblasts became evident. In healthy third-trimester placenta, only EVT retained strong GKN2 immunoreactivity. In contrast, HELLP placentas showed a tendency of increased levels of GKN2 expression with a more prominent GKN2 staining in their syncytiotrophoblast. Choriocarcinoma cell lines did not express GKN2. Besides its trophoblastic expression, we found human GKN2 in fibrotic villi, in amniotic membrane and umbilical cord. GKN2 co-localized with smooth muscle actin in villous myofibroblasts and with HLA-G and GKN1 in EVT. In the rodent placenta, GKN2 was specifically located in the spongiotrophoblast layer. Thus, the gestational age-dependent and compartment-specific expression pattern of GKN2 points to a role for placental development. The syncytial expression of GKN2 in HELLP placentas might represent a reduced state of functional differentiation of the syncytiotrophoblast. Moreover, the specific GKN2 expression in the rodent spongiotrophoblast layer (equivalent to human EVT) might suggest an important role in EVT physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian B Fahlbusch
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Loschgestr. 15, 91054, Erlangen, Germany,
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Costa MA, Keating E, Fonseca BM, Teixeira NA, Correia-da-Silva G. 2-Arachidonoylglycerol impairs human cytotrophoblast cells syncytialization: influence of endocannabinoid signalling in placental development. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 399:386-94. [PMID: 25199616 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A balanced cytotrophoblast cell turnover is crucial for placental development and anomalies in this process associated with gestational diseases. The endocannabinoid system (ECS) has emerged as a new player in several biological processes. However, its influence during placental development is still unknown. We report here the expression of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) main metabolic enzymes in human cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblast. We also showed that 2-AG induced a decrease in placental alkaline phosphatase activity, human chorionic gonadotropin secretion and Leptin mRNA levels. Moreover, 2-AG reduced glial cell missing 1 and syncytin-2 transcription and the number of nuclei in syncytium. These effects were mediated by cannabinoid receptors and may result from 2-AG inhibition of the cAMP/PKA signalling pathway. Our data suggest that 2-AG may interfere with the biochemical and morphological differentiation of human cytotrophoblasts, through a CB receptor-dependent mechanism, shedding light on a role for the ECS in placental development.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Costa
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Bioquímica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Biologia Celular e Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IBMC), Porto, Portugal
| | - E Keating
- Departmento de Bioquímica U38FCT, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Center for Biotechnology and Fine Chemistry, School of Biotechnology, Portuguese Catholic University, Porto, Portugal
| | - B M Fonseca
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Bioquímica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Biologia Celular e Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IBMC), Porto, Portugal
| | - N A Teixeira
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Bioquímica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Biologia Celular e Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IBMC), Porto, Portugal
| | - G Correia-da-Silva
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Bioquímica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Biologia Celular e Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IBMC), Porto, Portugal.
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Racca AC, Ridano ME, Camolotto S, Genti-Raimondi S, Panzetta-Dutari GM. A novel regulator of human villous trophoblast fusion: the Krüppel-like factor 6. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 21:347-58. [DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gau113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 is expressed in human cytotrophoblasts: induction of cell apoptosis and impairment of syncytialization. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 57:177-85. [PMID: 25450464 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The normal development of placenta relies essentially on a balanced proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis of cytotrophoblasts. These processes are tightly regulated by several hormones, cytokines, lipids and other molecules and anomalies in these events are associated with gestational complications. The cation channel transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) is expressed in several organs and tissues and it participates in cellular events like nociception, inflammation and cell death. However, the expression and importance of this receptor in human placenta still remains unknown. In this work, we found that TRPV1 is expressed in human cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts. Furthermore, the TRPV1 agonists capsaicin and anandamide decreased cytotrophoblast viability and induced morphological alterations, such as chromatin condensation and fragmentation, which suggest the occurrence of apoptosis. Also, both TRPV1 agonists induced a loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and an increase of caspase 3/7 activity and production of reactive species of oxygen and nitrogen. Furthermore, capsaicin (10 μM) impaired the spontaneous in vitro differentiation of cytotrophoblasts into syncytiotrophoblasts by triggering TRPV1, as observed by the decrease in placental alkaline phosphatase activity and in human chorionic gonadotropin secretion. On the other hand, anandamide decreased placental alkaline phosphatase activity via a TRPV1-independent mechanism but did not influence the secretion of human chorionic gonadotropin. In conclusion, we showed that TRPV1 is expressed in human cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts and also reported the involvement of this receptor in cytotrophoblast apoptosis and differentiation.
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Liempi A, Castillo C, Duaso J, Droguett D, Sandoval A, Barahona K, Hernández A, Galanti N, Maya JD, Kemmerling U. Trypanosoma cruzi induces trophoblast differentiation: a potential local antiparasitic mechanism of the human placenta? Placenta 2014; 35:1035-42. [PMID: 25315217 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2014.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The congenital transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi) is responsible for one-third of new Chagas disease cases each year. During congenital transmission, the parasite breaks down the placental barrier formed by the trophoblast, basal laminae and villous stroma. The observation that only 5% of infected mothers transmit the parasite to the fetus implies that the placenta may impair parasite transmission. The trophoblast undergoes continuous epithelial turnover, which is considered part of innate immunity. Therefore, we propose that T. cruzi induces differentiation in the trophoblast as part of a local antiparasitic mechanism of the placenta. METHODS We analyzed β-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG) and syncytin protein expression in HPCVE and BeWo cells using immunofluorescence and western blotting. Additionally, β-hCG secretion into the culture medium was measured by ELISA. We assessed the differentiation of trophoblastic cells in BeWo cells using the two-color fusion assay and by determining desmoplakin re-distribution. RESULTS T. cruzi trypomastigotes induce β-hCG secretion and protein expression as well as syncytin protein expression in HPCVE and BeWo cells. Additionally, the parasite induces the trophoblast fusion of BeWo cells. DISCUSSION T. cruzi induces differentiation of the trophoblast, which may contribute to increase the trophoblast turnover. The turnover could be a component of local antiparasitic mechanisms in the human placenta.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Liempi
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - C Castillo
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - J Duaso
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - D Droguett
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Estomatología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Talca, Chile
| | - A Sandoval
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - K Barahona
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - A Hernández
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - N Galanti
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - J D Maya
- Programa de Farmacología Molecular y Clínica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - U Kemmerling
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Huang Q, Chen H, Li J, Oliver M, Ma X, Byck D, Gao Y, Jiang SW. Epigenetic and non-epigenetic regulation of syncytin-1 expression in human placenta and cancer tissues. Cell Signal 2014; 26:648-56. [PMID: 24216608 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Syncytin-1 is a human endogenous retroviral envelope gene (HERVW1) product specifically expressed in placental trophoblasts. By mediating the formation of syncytiotrophoblasts through cell-cell fusion, syncytin-1 plays a critical role for the placental barrier, endocrine and exchange functions. During pregnancy, syncytin-1 expression is dynamically regulated by various pathophysiological factors and pathways. This review summarizes and examines published data on epigenetic and non-epigenetic regulation of syncytin-1 gene expression, with a focus on the changes of syncytin-1 DNA methylation and expression in placental trophoblasts under preeclamptic and hypoxic conditions. The functions of syncytiotrophoblasts, the fusogenic and non-fusogenic activities of syncytin-1, and aberrant activation of syncytin-1 expression in cancer cells are also discussed. New findings on the epigenetic regulation of syncytin-1 in placentas from monozygotic/dichorionic discordant twins are analyzed. The close correlation among changes of DNMTs expression, syncytin-1 gene methylation, and syncytin-1 mRNA levels, in placentas associated with discordant fetal growth indicated a dynamic nature of syncytin-1 regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Huang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China; Department of Biological Science, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, GA 31404, USA
| | - Haibin Chen
- Department of Department of Histology and Embryology, Shantou University Medical College, Guandong, China
| | - Jinping Li
- Department of Biological Science, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, GA 31404, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mayo Medical College, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation, 55902, USA
| | - Matthew Oliver
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Memorial Health University Medical Center, Savannah, GA 31404, USA
| | - Xiaoling Ma
- Department of Biological Science, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, GA 31404, USA
| | - David Byck
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Memorial Health University Medical Center, Savannah, GA 31404, USA
| | - Ya Gao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China.
| | - Shi-Wen Jiang
- Department of Biological Science, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, GA 31404, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mayo Medical College, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation, 55902, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Memorial Health University Medical Center, Savannah, GA 31404, USA.
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Fahlbusch FB, Ruebner M, Huebner H, Volkert G, Zuern C, Thiel F, Koch M, Menendez-Castro C, Wachter DL, Hartner A, Rascher W. The tumor suppressor gastrokine-1 is expressed in placenta and contributes to the regulation of trophoblast migration. Placenta 2013; 34:1027-35. [PMID: 23993393 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2013.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gastrokine-1 (GKN1) is a secreted auto-/paracrine protein, described to be expressed in the gastric mucosa. In gastric cancers GKN1 expression is commonly down-regulated. While current research focusses on the exploration of tumor-suppressive properties of GKN1 with regard to its potential clinical use in the treatment of gastroenterologic tumor disease, nothing is known about GKN1 expression and function in other organ systems. We investigated GKN1 expression in placental tissue and cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS GKN1 was localized using immunohistochemistry in first and third trimester placental tissue, hydatidiform moles and various gestational trophoblastic neoplasias. We determined the expression of GKN1 in immunomagnetic bead-separated term placental cells and in choriocarcinoma cell lines. The role of GKN1 for JEG-3 migration was studied using live cell imaging. E-cadherin, MMP-2 and -9, TIMP-1 and -2, as well as urokinase (uPA) expression levels were determined. RESULTS GKN1 is expressed in healthy third trimester placentas. Its expression is specifically limited to the extravillous trophoblast (EVT). GKN1 expression is significantly reduced in choriocarcinoma cell lines and gestational trophoblastic neoplasias. GKN1 attenuates the migration of JEG-3 choriocarcinoma cells in vitro, possibly via AKT-mediated induction of E-cadherin. GKN1 treatment reduced MMP-9 expression in JEG-3. DISCUSSION Besides its role in gastric physiology our results clearly indicate regulatory functions of GKN1 in the EVT at the feto-maternal interface during pregnancy. Based on our findings in the JEG-3 choriocarcinoma cell line, an auto-/paracrine role of GKN1 for EVT motility and villous anchorage at the basal plate is conceivable. Thus, the tumor suppressor GKN1 is expressed in placental EVT and might contribute to the regulation of EVT migration/invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- F B Fahlbusch
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Loschgestrasse 15, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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Riddell MR, Winkler-Lowen B, Jiang Y, Guilbert LJ, Davidge ST. Fibrocyte-like cells from intrauterine growth restriction placentas have a reduced ability to stimulate angiogenesis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 183:1025-33. [PMID: 23835310 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Revised: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is a common complication of pregnancy whereby the fetus fails to achieve its genetic growth potential. Malformation of the placental vasculature is observed in IUGR and may be due to the development of the placenta in a chronically hypoxic environment. Recently, we identified that the predominant stromal cells in the angiogenic zones of the placenta are fibrocyte-like cells. The conditioned medium from fibrocyte-like cells (FcCM) has been shown to stimulate angiogenesis in vitro. Thus, we hypothesized that FcCM from IUGR cells would have a reduced ability to stimulate angiogenesis and that chronic hypoxia would decrease the ability of both normal and IUGR fibrocyte-like cells to stimulate angiogenesis. IUGR FcCM had a reduced ability to stimulate endothelial tubule-like structure formation and an increased ability to stimulate endothelial migration compared with normal FcCM. However, normal and IUGR FcCM produced in chronic hypoxia did not alter endothelial proliferation, migration, or tubule-like structure formation. IUGR FcCM was found to have reduced levels of the pro-angiogenic cytokine IL-8 and increased levels of the anti-angiogenic factors activin-A and pigment epithelium-derived growth factor. Thus, alterations in the ability of IUGR fibrocyte-like cells to stimulate angiogenesis may contribute to the development of vascular malformation in IUGR, but in vitro these changes cannot be attributed to a chronically hypoxic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan R Riddell
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Henke C, Ruebner M, Faschingbauer F, Stolt CC, Schaefer N, Lang N, Beckmann MW, Strissel PL, Strick R. Regulation of murine placentogenesis by the retroviral genes Syncytin-A, Syncytin-B and Peg10. Differentiation 2013; 85:150-60. [PMID: 23807393 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The murine placenta has a trichorial structure with two multinucleated syncytiotrophoblast (SCT) layers representing a barrier between the maternal and fetal blood system. Genes of endogenous retroviruses and retrotransposon-derived paternally expressed genes (Peg), remnants of past infections and integrations in the genome, have essential functions in placentogenesis. Previous studies showed that the envelope genes Syncytin-A and Syncytin-B were essential for cell-cell fusion of the SCT. The goal of this study was to analyze the temporal localization and expression of nine genes throughout placental development from embryonic day (E)8.5 to E18.5 using in situ-hybridization and absolute RNA-quantification. These included a comparison of previously characterized genes from the labyrinth Syncytin-A, Syncytin-B, Gcm1, the junctional zone PL-1, PL-2, Plf, Tpbpa with two further characterized genes Peg10 and Tpbpb. Syncytin-A and Syncytin-B RNA localized to SCT-I and SCT-II, respectively. Peg10 RNA localized to all extraembryonic tissues, specifically to the parietal and sinusoidal TGC of the labyrinth layer, which is in contact with SCT-I and the maternal blood. All three retroviral/retrotransposon-derived genes showed the highest expression at E16.5, but Peg10 with 188,917.1 molecules/ng cDNA was 208-fold and 106.8-fold higher expressed than Syncytin-A and Syncytin-B, respectively. Tpbpb localized to the junctional zone and showed the highest expression at E16.5 along with PL-2, Plf, Tpbpa, but not PL-1, which decreased in expression at E10.5. To investigate a role of Syncytin-A, Syncytin-B and Peg10 in cell-cell fusion, we established a cell culture system with fractionated primary trophoblasts from murine placentae. Culturing trophoblasts for up to 72h partly resembled trophoblast development in vivo according to the nine marker genes. Knockdown of Syncytin-A demonstrated a functional regulation of cell-cell fusion, where knockdown of Peg10 showed no involvement in cell fusion. Due to the expression of Peg10 in TGCs, we propose an essential functional role in the fetal-maternal blood system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Henke
- University-Clinic Erlangen, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Universitaetsstr. 21-23, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
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Hiden U, Ghaffari-Tabrizi N, Gauster M, Tam-Amersdorfer C, Cetin I, Dieber-Rotheneder M, Lang U, Desoye G. Membrane-type matrix metalloproteinase 1 regulates trophoblast functions and is reduced in fetal growth restriction. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 182:1563-71. [PMID: 23470162 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Revised: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Fetal growth restriction (FGR) results from placental insufficiency to adequately supply the fetus. This insufficiency involves impaired cytotrophoblast functions, including reduced migration and invasion, proliferation, and syncytium formation. Membrane-type matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MT1-MMP) is a key enzyme in these cellular processes. MT1-MMP exists in various forms: a 63-kDa proenzyme is synthesized as primary translation product, which is cleaved into a 57-kDa membrane-anchored active form. We hypothesized that reduced placental MT1-MMP in FGR impairs trophoblast functions. MT1-MMP mRNA and active enzyme was quantified in placentas from FGR and age-matched control pregnancies. MT1-MMP protein was localized in first-trimester and term placentas. Putative MT1-MMP functions in trophoblasts were determined using two blocking antibodies for measuring migration and proliferation, as well as fusion of primary trophoblasts and trophoblast-derived cells. MT1-MMP was expressed predominantly in the syncytiotrophoblast and the villous and extravillous cytotrophoblasts. In FGR placentas, levels of MT1-MMP mRNA and of active MT1-MMP protein were reduced (-34.2%, P < 0.05, and -21.5%, P < 0.01, respectively), compared with age-matched controls. MT1-MMP-blocking antibodies diminished migration, proliferation, and trophoblast fusion. We conclude that reduced placental MT1-MMP in FGR may contribute to the impaired trophoblast functions associated with this pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Hiden
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
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Whitehead CL, Walker SP, Ye L, Mendis S, Kaitu'u-Lino TJ, Lappas M, Tong S. Placental specific mRNA in the maternal circulation are globally dysregulated in pregnancies complicated by fetal growth restriction. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013; 98:E429-36. [PMID: 23337725 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2012-2468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is a leading cause of perinatal mortality, yet no reliable screening test exists. Placental specific mRNA in the maternal circulation may reflect changes in the placental transcriptome in FGR and could be a novel biomarker for FGR. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to identify placental specific RNA detectable in the maternal circulation and examine whether they are differentially expressed in severe preterm FGR. DESIGN In silico screening was used to identify placental specific RNAs. Their expression in cases of severe FGR vs controls was examined in both maternal blood and placenta by microarray, RT-PCR, and in situ hybridization. RESULTS Via in silico analysis, we identified 137 genes very highly expressed in the placenta relative to other tissues. Using microarray, we found that they were detectable in the maternal blood and were globally dysregulated with preterm FGR; 75 genes (55%) had a ≥1.5-fold differential expression compared to controls. Eight genes (ERVWE-1, PSG1, PLAC4, TAC3, PLAC3, CRH, CSH1, and KISS1) were validated by RT-PCR to be significantly increased in both maternal blood and placenta in a larger cohort of severe FGR compared to controls. In situ hybridization confirmed PAPPA2 and ERVWE-1 localized to the syncytiotrophoblast. CONCLUSION There is global differential expression of placental specific mRNA in the maternal blood in pregnancies complicated by severe preterm FGR. Placental specific mRNA in maternal blood may represent a new class of biomarkers for preterm FGR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare L Whitehead
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Melbourne, Mercy Hospital for Women, 163 Studley Road, Heidelberg 3084, Victoria, Australia
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