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Aboalroub AA, Al Azzam KM. Protein S-Nitrosylation: A Chemical Modification with Ubiquitous Biological Activities. Protein J 2024:10.1007/s10930-024-10223-y. [PMID: 39068633 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-024-10223-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) induces protein posttranslational modification (PTM), known as S-nitrosylation, which has started to gain attention as a critical regulator of thousands of substrate proteins. However, our understanding of the biological consequences of this emerging PTM is incomplete because of the limited number of identified S-nitrosylated proteins (S-NO proteins). Recent advances in detection methods have effectively contributed to broadening the spectrum of discovered S-NO proteins. This article briefly reviews the progress in S-NO protein detection methods and discusses how these methods are involved in characterizing the biological consequences of this PTM. Additionally, we provide insight into S-NO protein-related diseases, focusing on the role of these proteins in mitigating the severity of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam A Aboalroub
- Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Center (PDRC), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, 19328, Jordan.
| | - Khaldun M Al Azzam
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Jordan, Amman, 11942, Jordan
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2
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Fenton Navarro B, Casimiro Aguayo AA, Torres Gómez YL, Cervantes Alfaro M, Torner L. Early Life Stress Influences Oxidative Stress Enzyme Activities in Liver, Heart, Kidney, Suprarenal Glands, and Pancreas in Male and Female Rat Pups. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:802. [PMID: 39061871 PMCID: PMC11273735 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13070802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Early life stress (ELS) is a risk factor for the development of chronic diseases resulting from functional alterations of organs in the cardiorespiratory and renal systems. This work studied the changes in oxidative stress enzyme activities (EAs) of SOD, CAT, GPX, GR, GST, NOS, MDA, and FRAP in different organs (heart, liver, kidney, adrenal glands (AGs), and pancreas) of male and female Sprague-Dawley rat pups on postnatal day (PN) 15, immediately after basal and acute or chronic stress conditions were accomplished, as follows: basal control (BC; undisturbed maternal pups care), stress control (SC; 3 h maternal separation on PN15), basal maternal separation (BMS; daily 3 h maternal separation on PN 1-14), and stress maternal separation (SMS; daily 3 h maternal separation on PN 1-14 and 3 h maternal separation on PN15). Acute or long-term stress resulted in overall oxidative stress, increase in EA, and reduced antioxidant capacity in these organs. Some different response patterns, due to precedent SMS, were observed in specific organs, especially in the AGs. Acute stress exposure increases the EA, but chronic stress generates a response in the antioxidant system in some of the organs studied and is damped in response to a further challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertha Fenton Navarro
- Laboratorio de Glicobiología y Farmacognosia, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas y Biológicas “Dr. Ignacio Chávez”, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo. Av. Dr. Rafael Carrillo S/N, Esq. Dr. Salvador González Herrejón Bosque, Cuauhtémoc, Morelia 58020, Michoacán, Mexico; (A.A.C.A.); (Y.L.T.G.)
| | - Alexis Abraham Casimiro Aguayo
- Laboratorio de Glicobiología y Farmacognosia, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas y Biológicas “Dr. Ignacio Chávez”, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo. Av. Dr. Rafael Carrillo S/N, Esq. Dr. Salvador González Herrejón Bosque, Cuauhtémoc, Morelia 58020, Michoacán, Mexico; (A.A.C.A.); (Y.L.T.G.)
| | - Yayr Luis Torres Gómez
- Laboratorio de Glicobiología y Farmacognosia, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas y Biológicas “Dr. Ignacio Chávez”, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo. Av. Dr. Rafael Carrillo S/N, Esq. Dr. Salvador González Herrejón Bosque, Cuauhtémoc, Morelia 58020, Michoacán, Mexico; (A.A.C.A.); (Y.L.T.G.)
| | - Miguel Cervantes Alfaro
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas y Biológicas “Dr. Ignacio Chávez”, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia 58000, Michoacán, Mexico;
| | - Luz Torner
- Laboratorio de Neuroendocrinología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Michoacán, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social; Cam. de La Arboleda # 300, La Huerta, Morelia 58341, Michoacán, Mexico
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3
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Qiu F, Liu Y, Liu Z. The Role of Protein S-Nitrosylation in Mitochondrial Quality Control in Central Nervous System Diseases. Aging Dis 2024:AD.2024.0099. [PMID: 38739938 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2024.0099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
S-Nitrosylation is a reversible covalent post-translational modification. Under physiological conditions, S-nitrosylation plays a dynamic role in a wide range of biological processes by regulating the function of substrate proteins. Like other post-translational modifications, S-nitrosylation can affect protein conformation, activity, localization, aggregation, and protein interactions. Aberrant S-nitrosylation can lead to protein misfolding, mitochondrial fragmentation, synaptic damage, and autophagy. Mitochondria are essential organelles in energy production, metabolite biosynthesis, cell death, and immune responses, among other processes. Mitochondrial dysfunction can result in cell death and has been implicated in the development of many human diseases. Recent evidence suggests that S-nitrosylation and mitochondrial dysfunction are important modulators of the progression of several diseases. In this review, we highlight recent findings regarding the aberrant S- nitrosylation of mitochondrial proteins that regulate mitochondrial biosynthesis, fission and fusion, and autophagy. Specifically, we discuss the mechanisms by which S-nitrosylated mitochondrial proteins exercise mitochondrial quality control under pathological conditions, thereby influencing disease. A better understanding of these pathological events may provide novel therapeutic targets to mitigate the development of neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Qiu
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuqiang Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhiheng Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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4
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Liu S, Lu Q, Wang M, Guo H, Wang Y, Nong J, Wang S, Xia H, Xia T, Sun H. S-nitrosoglutathione reductase-dependent p65 denitrosation promotes osteoclastogenesis by facilitating recruitment of p65 to NFATc1 promoter. Bone 2024; 181:117036. [PMID: 38311303 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2024.117036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Osteoclasts, the exclusive bone resorptive cells, are indispensable for bone remodeling. Hence, understanding novel signaling modulators regulating osteoclastogenesis is clinically important. Nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 1 (NFATc1) is a master transcription factor in osteoclastogenesis, and binding of NF-κB p65 subunit to NFATc1 promoter is required for its expression. It is well-established that DNA binding activity of p65 can be regulated by various post-translational modifications, including S-nitrosation. Recent studies have demonstrated that S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR)-mediated protein denitrosation participated in cell fate commitment by regulating gene transcription. However, the role of GSNOR in osteoclastogenesis remains unexplored and enigmatic. Here, we investigated the effect of GSNOR-mediated denitrosation of p65 on osteoclastogenesis. Our results revealed that GSNOR was up-regulated during osteoclastogenesis in vitro. Moreover, GSNOR inhibition with a chemical inhibitor impaired osteoclast differentiation, podosome belt formation, and bone resorption activity. Furthermore, GSNOR inhibition enhanced the S-nitrosation level of p65, precluded the binding of p65 to NFATc1 promoter, and suppressed NFATc1 expression. In addition, mouse model of lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced calvarial osteolysis was employed to evaluate the therapeutic effect of GSNOR inhibitor in vivo. Our results indicated that GSNOR inhibitor treatment alleviated the inflammatory bone loss by impairing osteoclast formation in mice. Taken together, these data have shown that GSNOR activity is required for osteoclastogenesis by facilitating binding of p65 to NFATc1 promoter via promoting p65 denitrosation, suggesting that GSNOR may be a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of osteolytic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China; School of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Qian Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China; School of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China; Department of Oral Implantology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Huilin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Yiwen Wang
- School of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Jingwen Nong
- School of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- School of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Haibin Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China; Department of Oral Implantology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Ting Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China; Department of Oral Implantology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China.
| | - Huifang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China; Center for Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry, Optics Valley Branch, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China.
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Gui L, Tellios V, Xiang YY, Feng Q, Inoue W, Lu WY. Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase Regulates Cerebellar Parallel Fiber Slow EPSC in Purkinje Neurons by Modulating STIM1-Gated TRPC3-Containing Channels. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2024:10.1007/s12311-024-01683-0. [PMID: 38472628 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-024-01683-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Responding to burst stimulation of parallel fibers (PFs), cerebellar Purkinje neurons (PNs) generate a convolved synaptic response displaying a fast excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSCFast) followed by a slow EPSC (EPSCSlow). The latter is companied with a rise of intracellular Ca2+ and critical for motor coordination. The genesis of EPSCSlow in PNs results from activation of metabotropic type 1 glutamate receptor (mGluR1), oligomerization of stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) on the membrane of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and opening of transient receptor potential canonical 3 (TRPC3) channels on the plasma membrane. Neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) is abundantly expressed in PFs and granule neurons (GNs), catalyzing the production of nitric oxide (NO) hence regulating PF-PN synaptic function. We recently found that nNOS/NO regulates the morphological development of PNs through mGluR1-regulated Ca2+-dependent mechanism. This study investigated the role of nNOS/NO in regulating EPSCSlow. Electrophysiological analyses showed that EPSCSlow in cerebellar slices of nNOS knockout (nNOS-/-) mice was significantly larger than that in wildtype (WT) mice. Activation of mGluR1 in cultured PNs from nNOS-/- mice evoked larger TRPC3-channel mediated currents and intracellular Ca2+ rise than that in PNs from WT mice. In addition, nNOS inhibitor and NO-donor increased and decreased, respectively, the TRPC3-current and Ca2+ rise in PNs. Moreover, the NO-donor effectively decreased TRPC3 currents in HEK293 cells expressing WT STIM1, but not cells expressing a STIM1 with cysteine mutants. These novel findings indicate that nNOS/NO inhibits TRPC3-containig channel mediated cation influx during EPSCSlow, at least in part, by S-nitrosylation of STIM1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Gui
- Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street North, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Vasiliki Tellios
- Graduate Program of Neuroscience, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street North, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Yun-Yan Xiang
- Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street North, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Qingping Feng
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western, Ontario1151 Richmond Street North, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Wataru Inoue
- Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street North, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada.
- Graduate Program of Neuroscience, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street North, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada.
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western, Ontario1151 Richmond Street North, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada.
| | - Wei-Yang Lu
- Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street North, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada.
- Graduate Program of Neuroscience, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street North, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada.
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western, Ontario1151 Richmond Street North, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada.
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Taniguchi R, Moriya Y, Dohmae N, Suzuki T, Nakahara K, Kubota S, Takasugi N, Uehara T. Attenuation of protein arginine dimethylation via S-nitrosylation of protein arginine methyltransferase 1. J Pharmacol Sci 2024; 154:209-217. [PMID: 38395522 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2023.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Upregulation of nitric oxide (NO) production contributes to the pathogenesis of numerous diseases via S-nitrosylation, a post-translational modification of proteins. This process occurs due to the oxidative reaction between NO and a cysteine thiol group; however, the extent of this reaction remains unknown. S-Nitrosylation of PRMT1, a major asymmetric arginine methyltransferase of histones and numerous RNA metabolic proteins, was induced by NO donor treatment. We found that nitrosative stress leads to S-nitrosylation of cysteine 119, located near the active site, and attenuates the enzymatic activity of PRMT1. Interestingly, RNA sequencing analysis revealed similarities in the changes in expression elicited by NO and PRMT1 inhibitors or knockdown. A comprehensive search for PRMT1 substrates using the proximity-dependent biotin identification method highlighted many known and new substrates, including RNA-metabolizing enzymes. To validate this result, we selected the RNA helicase DDX3 and demonstrated that arginine methylation of DDX3 is induced by PRMT1 and attenuated by NO treatment. Our results suggest the existence of a novel regulatory system associated with transcription and RNA metabolism via protein S-nitrosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikako Taniguchi
- Department of Medicinal Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yuto Moriya
- Department of Medicinal Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Naoshi Dohmae
- Biomolecular Characterization Unit, Technology Platform Division, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takehiro Suzuki
- Biomolecular Characterization Unit, Technology Platform Division, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kengo Nakahara
- Department of Medicinal Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Sho Kubota
- Department of Medicinal Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Nobumasa Takasugi
- Department of Medicinal Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takashi Uehara
- Department of Medicinal Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.
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7
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Jimenez J, Dubey P, Carter B, Koomen JM, Markowitz J. A metabolic perspective on nitric oxide function in melanoma. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2024; 1879:189038. [PMID: 38061664 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2023.189038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) generated from nitric oxide synthase (NOS) exerts a dichotomous effect in melanoma, suppressing or promoting tumor progression. This dichotomy is thought to depend on the intracellular NO concentration and the cell type in which it is generated. Due to its central role in the metabolism of multiple critical constituents involved in signaling and stress, it is crucial to explore NO's contribution to the metabolic dysfunction of melanoma. This review will discuss many known metabolites linked to NO production in melanoma. We discuss the synthesis of these metabolites, their role in biochemical pathways, and how they alter the biological processes observed in the melanoma tumor microenvironment. The metabolic pathways altered by NO and the corresponding metabolites reinforce its dual role in melanoma and support investigating this effect for potential avenues of therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Jimenez
- Department of Cutaneous Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; Department of Oncologic Sciences, University of South Florida Morsani School of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Parul Dubey
- Department of Cutaneous Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Bethany Carter
- Department of Cutaneous Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - John M Koomen
- Molecular Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Joseph Markowitz
- Department of Cutaneous Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; Department of Oncologic Sciences, University of South Florida Morsani School of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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8
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Li Z, Huang Y, Lv B, Du J, Yang J, Fu L, Jin H. Gasotransmitter-Mediated Cysteinome Oxidative Posttranslational Modifications: Formation, Biological Effects, and Detection. Antioxid Redox Signal 2024; 40:145-167. [PMID: 37548538 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2023.0407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Gasotransmitters, including nitric oxide (NO), hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and sulfur dioxide (SO2), participate in various cellular processes via corresponding oxidative posttranslational modifications (oxiPTMs) of specific cysteines. Recent Advances: Accumulating evidence has clarified the mechanisms underlying the formation of oxiPTMs derived from gasotransmitters and their biological functions in multiple signal pathways. Because of the specific existence and functional importance, determining the sites of oxiPTMs in cysteine is crucial in biology. Recent advances in the development of selective probes, together with upgraded mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics, have enabled the quantitative analysis of cysteinome. To date, several cysteine residues have been identified as gasotransmitter targets. Critical Issues: To clearly understand the underlying mechanisms for gasotransmitter-mediated biological processes, it is important to identify modified targets. In this review, we summarize the chemical formation and biological effects of gasotransmitter-dependent oxiPTMs and highlight the state-of-the-art detection methods. Future Directions: Future studies in this field should aim to develop the next generation of probes for in situ labeling to improve spatial resolution and determine the dynamic change of oxiPTMs, which can lay the foundation for research on the molecular mechanisms and clinical translation of gasotransmitters. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 40, 145-167.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongmin Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yaqian Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Boyang Lv
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Junbao Du
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences, Beijing, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences, Beijing, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China
| | - Hongfang Jin
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Fronza MG, Ferreira BF, Pavan-Silva I, Guimarães FS, Lisboa SF. "NO" Time in Fear Response: Possible Implication of Nitric-Oxide-Related Mechanisms in PTSD. Molecules 2023; 29:89. [PMID: 38202672 PMCID: PMC10779493 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29010089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychiatric condition characterized by persistent fear responses and altered neurotransmitter functioning due to traumatic experiences. Stress predominantly affects glutamate, a neurotransmitter crucial for synaptic plasticity and memory formation. Activation of the N-Methyl-D-Aspartate glutamate receptors (NMDAR) can trigger the formation of a complex comprising postsynaptic density protein-95 (PSD95), the neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), and its adaptor protein (NOS1AP). This complex is pivotal in activating nNOS and nitric oxide (NO) production, which, in turn, activates downstream pathways that modulate neuronal signaling, including synaptic plasticity/transmission, inflammation, and cell death. The involvement of nNOS and NOS1AP in the susceptibility of PTSD and its comorbidities has been widely shown. Therefore, understanding the interplay between stress, fear, and NO is essential for comprehending the maintenance and progression of PTSD, since NO is involved in fear acquisition and extinction processes. Moreover, NO induces post-translational modifications (PTMs), including S-nitrosylation and nitration, which alter protein function and structure for intracellular signaling. Although evidence suggests that NO influences synaptic plasticity and memory processing, the specific role of PTMs in the pathophysiology of PTSD remains unclear. This review highlights pathways modulated by NO that could be relevant to stress and PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana G. Fronza
- Pharmacology Departament, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 14049-900, Brazil; (M.G.F.); (B.F.F.); (I.P.-S.)
| | - Bruna F. Ferreira
- Pharmacology Departament, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 14049-900, Brazil; (M.G.F.); (B.F.F.); (I.P.-S.)
| | - Isabela Pavan-Silva
- Pharmacology Departament, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 14049-900, Brazil; (M.G.F.); (B.F.F.); (I.P.-S.)
| | - Francisco S. Guimarães
- Pharmacology Departament, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 14049-900, Brazil; (M.G.F.); (B.F.F.); (I.P.-S.)
| | - Sabrina F. Lisboa
- Pharmacology Departament, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 14049-900, Brazil; (M.G.F.); (B.F.F.); (I.P.-S.)
- Biomolecular Sciences Department, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 14040-903, Brazil
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Panneerselvan P, Vasanthakumar K, Muthuswamy K, Krishnan V, Subramaniam S. Insights on the functional dualism of nitric oxide in the hallmarks of cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2023; 1878:189001. [PMID: 37858621 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2023.189001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO), a gaseous radical, governs a variety of physiological and pathological processes, including cancer, pro-inflammatory signalling, and vasodilation. The family of nitric oxide synthases (NOS), which comprises the constitutive forms, nNOS and eNOS, and the inducible form, iNOS, produces NO enzymatically. Additionally, NO can be generated non-enzymatically from the nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway. The anti- and pro-oxidant properties of NO and its functional dualism in cancer is due to its highly reactive nature. Numerous malignancies have NOS expression, which interferes with the tumour microenvironment to modulate the tumour's growth in both favourable and unfavourable ways. NO regulates a number of mechanisms in the tumour microenvironment, including metabolism, cell cycle, DNA repair, angiogenesis, and apoptosis/necrosis, depending on its concentration and spatiotemporal profile. This review focuses on the bi-modal impact of nitric oxide on the alteration of a few cancer hallmarks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabha Panneerselvan
- Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641046, India
| | - Keerthana Vasanthakumar
- Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641046, India
| | - Karthi Muthuswamy
- Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641046, India
| | - Vasanth Krishnan
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641046, India
| | - Selvakumar Subramaniam
- Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641046, India.
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11
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Maccallini C, Amoroso R. Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase and Post-Translational Modifications in the Development of Central Nervous System Diseases: Implications and Regulation. Molecules 2023; 28:6691. [PMID: 37764469 PMCID: PMC10538099 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In the Central Nervous System (CNS), Nitric Oxide (NO) is mainly biosynthesized by neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase (nNOS). The dysregulated activation of nNOS in neurons is critical in the development of different conditions affecting the CNS. The excessive production of NO by nNOS is responsible for a number of proteins' post-translational modifications (PTMs), which can lead to aberrant biochemical pathways, impairing CNS functions. In this review, we briefly revise the main implications of dysregulated nNOS in the progression of the most prevalent CNS neurodegenerative disorders, i.e., Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease, as well as in the development of neuronal disorders. Moreover, a specific focus on compounds able to modulate nNOS activity as promising therapeutics to tackle different neuronal diseases is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Maccallini
- Department of Pharmacy, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
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12
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Kho J, Polak U, Jiang MM, Odom JD, Hunter JV, Ali SM, Burrage LC, Nagamani SC, Pautler RG, Thompson HP, Urayama A, Jin Z, Lee B. Argininosuccinate lyase deficiency causes blood-brain barrier disruption via nitric oxide-mediated dysregulation of claudin expression. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e168475. [PMID: 37490345 PMCID: PMC10544197 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.168475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a critical signaling molecule that has been implicated in the pathogenesis of neurocognitive diseases. Both excessive and insufficient NO production have been linked to pathology. Previously, we have shown that argininosuccinate lyase deficiency (ASLD) is a novel model system to investigate cell-autonomous, nitric oxide synthase-dependent NO deficiency. Humans with ASLD are at increased risk for developing hyperammonemia due to a block in ureagenesis. However, natural history studies have shown that individuals with ASLD have multisystem disease including neurocognitive deficits that can be independent of ammonia. Here, using ASLD as a model of NO deficiency, we investigated the effects of NO on brain endothelial cells in vitro and the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in vivo. Knockdown of ASL in human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs) led to decreased transendothelial electrical resistance, indicative of increased cell permeability. Mechanistically, treatment with an NO donor or inhibition of Claudin-1 improved barrier integrity in ASL-deficient HBMECs. Furthermore, in vivo assessment of a hypomorphic mouse model of ASLD showed increased BBB leakage, which was partially rescued by NO supplementation. Our results suggest that ASL-mediated NO synthesis is required for proper maintenance of brain microvascular endothelial cell functions as well as BBB integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Kho
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics and
| | | | | | | | - Jill V. Hunter
- Department of Radiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Lindsay C. Burrage
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics and
- Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Sandesh C.S. Nagamani
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics and
- Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Robia G. Pautler
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Hannah P. Thompson
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Akihiko Urayama
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Zixue Jin
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics and
| | - Brendan Lee
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics and
- Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
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13
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Ramzan F, Abrar F, Mishra GG, Liao LMQ, Martin DDO. Lost in traffic: consequences of altered palmitoylation in neurodegeneration. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1166125. [PMID: 37324388 PMCID: PMC10268010 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1166125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the first molecular events in neurodegenerative diseases, regardless of etiology, is protein mislocalization. Protein mislocalization in neurons is often linked to proteostasis deficiencies leading to the build-up of misfolded proteins and/or organelles that contributes to cellular toxicity and cell death. By understanding how proteins mislocalize in neurons, we can develop novel therapeutics that target the earliest stages of neurodegeneration. A critical mechanism regulating protein localization and proteostasis in neurons is the protein-lipid modification S-acylation, the reversible addition of fatty acids to cysteine residues. S-acylation is more commonly referred to as S-palmitoylation or simply palmitoylation, which is the addition of the 16-carbon fatty acid palmitate to proteins. Like phosphorylation, palmitoylation is highly dynamic and tightly regulated by writers (i.e., palmitoyl acyltransferases) and erasers (i.e., depalmitoylating enzymes). The hydrophobic fatty acid anchors proteins to membranes; thus, the reversibility allows proteins to be re-directed to and from membranes based on local signaling factors. This is particularly important in the nervous system, where axons (output projections) can be meters long. Any disturbance in protein trafficking can have dire consequences. Indeed, many proteins involved in neurodegenerative diseases are palmitoylated, and many more have been identified in palmitoyl-proteomic studies. It follows that palmitoyl acyl transferase enzymes have also been implicated in numerous diseases. In addition, palmitoylation can work in concert with cellular mechanisms, like autophagy, to affect cell health and protein modifications, such as acetylation, nitrosylation, and ubiquitination, to affect protein function and turnover. Limited studies have further revealed a sexually dimorphic pattern of protein palmitoylation. Therefore, palmitoylation can have wide-reaching consequences in neurodegenerative diseases.
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14
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Beygmoradi A, Homaei A, Hemmati R, Fernandes P. Recombinant protein expression: Challenges in production and folding related matters. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 233:123407. [PMID: 36708896 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Protein folding is a biophysical process by which proteins reach a specific three-dimensional structure. The amino acid sequence of a polypeptide chain contains all the information needed to determine the final three-dimensional structure of a protein. When producing a recombinant protein, several problems can occur, including proteolysis, incorrect folding, formation of inclusion bodies, or protein aggregation, whereby the protein loses its natural structure. To overcome such limitations, several strategies have been developed to address each specific issue. Identification of proper protein refolding conditions can be challenging, and to tackle this high throughput screening for different recombinant protein folding conditions can prove a sound solution. Different approaches have emerged to tackle refolding issues. One particular approach to address folding issues involves molecular chaperones, highly conserved proteins that contribute to proper folding by shielding folding proteins from other proteins that could hinder the process. Proper protein folding is one of the main prerequisites for post-translational modifications. Incorrect folding, if not dealt with, can lead to a buildup of protein misfoldings that damage cells and cause widespread abnormalities. Said post-translational modifications, widespread in eukaryotes, are critical for protein structure, function and biological activity. Incorrect post-translational protein modifications may lead to individual consequences or aggregation of therapeutic proteins. In this review article, we have tried to examine some key aspects of recombinant protein expression. Accordingly, the relevance of these proteins is highlighted, major problems related to the production of recombinant protein and to refolding issues are pinpointed and suggested solutions are presented. An overview of post-translational modification, their biological significance and methods of identification are also provided. Overall, the work is expected to illustrate challenges in recombinant protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Beygmoradi
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Ahmad Homaei
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran.
| | - Roohullah Hemmati
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Pedro Fernandes
- DREAMS and Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Av. Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal; iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences and Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
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15
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Loron G, Pansiot J, Olivier P, Charriaut-Marlangue C, Baud O. Inhaled Nitric Oxide Promotes Angiogenesis in the Rodent Developing Brain. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065871. [PMID: 36982947 PMCID: PMC10054632 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) is a therapy used in neonates with pulmonary hypertension. Some evidence of its neuroprotective properties has been reported in both mature and immature brains subjected to injury. NO is a key mediator of the VEGF pathway, and angiogenesis may be involved in the reduced vulnerability to injury of white matter and the cortex conferred by iNO. Here, we report the effect of iNO on angiogenesis in the developing brain and its potential effectors. We found that iNO promotes angiogenesis in the developing white matter and cortex during a critical window in P14 rat pups. This shift in the developmental program of brain angiogenesis was not related to a regulation of NO synthases by exogenous NO exposure, nor the VEGF pathway or other angiogenic factors. The effects of iNO on brain angiogenesis were found to be mimicked by circulating nitrate/nitrite, suggesting that these carriers may play a role in transporting NO to the brain. Finally, our data show that the soluble guanylate cyclase/cGMP signaling pathway is likely to be involved in the pro-angiogenetic effect of iNO through thrombospondin-1, a glycoprotein of the extracellular matrix, inhibiting soluble guanylate cyclase through CD42 and CD36. In conclusion, this study provides new insights into the biological basis of the effect of iNO in the developing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gauthier Loron
- Service de Médecine Néonatale et de Réanimation Pédiatrique, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, CReSTIC, CHU Reims, 51100 Reims, France
| | - Julien Pansiot
- Inserm, NeuroDiderot, Faculty of Medicine, Université Paris Cité, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Paul Olivier
- Inserm, NeuroDiderot, Faculty of Medicine, Université Paris Cité, 75019 Paris, France
| | | | - Olivier Baud
- Inserm, NeuroDiderot, Faculty of Medicine, Université Paris Cité, 75019 Paris, France
- Division of Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care, Children's University Hospital of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
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16
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Verde C, Giordano D, Bruno S. NO and Heme Proteins: Cross-Talk between Heme and Cysteine Residues. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020321. [PMID: 36829880 PMCID: PMC9952723 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Heme proteins are a diverse group that includes several unrelated families. Their biological function is mainly associated with the reactivity of the heme group, which-among several other reactions-can bind to and react with nitric oxide (NO) and other nitrogen compounds for their production, scavenging, and transport. The S-nitrosylation of cysteine residues, which also results from the reaction with NO and other nitrogen compounds, is a post-translational modification regulating protein activity, with direct effects on a variety of signaling pathways. Heme proteins are unique in exhibiting this dual reactivity toward NO, with reported examples of cross-reactivity between the heme and cysteine residues within the same protein. In this work, we review the literature on this interplay, with particular emphasis on heme proteins in which heme-dependent nitrosylation has been reported and those for which both heme nitrosylation and S-nitrosylation have been associated with biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Verde
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources (IBBR), National Research Council (CNR), Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Napoli, Italy
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn (SZN), Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy
| | - Daniela Giordano
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources (IBBR), National Research Council (CNR), Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Napoli, Italy
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn (SZN), Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy
| | - Stefano Bruno
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
- Biopharmanet-TEC, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
- Correspondence:
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17
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Ralston NVC. Concomitant selenoenzyme inhibitor exposures as etiologic contributors to disease: Implications for preventative medicine. Arch Biochem Biophys 2023; 733:109469. [PMID: 36423662 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2022.109469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The physiological activities of selenium (Se) occur through enzymes that incorporate selenocysteine (Sec), a rare but important amino acid. The human genome includes 25 genes coding for Sec that employ it to catalyze challenging reactions. Selenoenzymes control thyroid hormones, calcium activities, immune responses, and perform other vital roles, but most are devoted to preventing and reversing oxidative damage. As the most potent intracellular nucleophile (pKa 5.2), Sec is vulnerable to binding by metallic and organic soft electrophiles (E*). These electron poor reactants initially form covalent bonds with nucleophiles such as cysteine (Cys) whose thiol (pKa 8.3) forms adducts which function as suicide substrates for selenoenzymes. These adducts orient E* to interact with Sec and since Se has a higher affinity for E* than sulfur, the E* transfers to Sec and irreversibly inhibits the enzyme's activity. Organic electrophiles have lower Se-binding affinities than metallic E*, but exposure sources are more abundant. Individuals with poor Se status are more vulnerable to the toxic effects of high E* exposures. The relative E*:Se stoichiometries remain undefined, but the aggregate effects of multiple E* exposures are predicted to be additive and possibly synergistic under certain conditions. The potential for the combined Se-binding effects of common pharmaceutical, dietary, or environmental E* require study, but even temporary loss of selenoenzyme activities would accentuate oxidative damage to tissues. As various degenerative diseases are associated with accumulating DNA damage, defining the effects of complementary E* exposures on selenoenzyme activities may enhance the ability of preventative medicine to support healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas V C Ralston
- Earth System Science and Policy, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA.
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18
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Steinert JR, Amal H. The contribution of an imbalanced redox signalling to neurological and neurodegenerative conditions. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 194:71-83. [PMID: 36435368 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide and other redox active molecules such as oxygen free radicals provide essential signalling in diverse neuronal functions, but their excess production and insufficient scavenging induces cytotoxic redox stress which is associated with numerous neurodegenerative and neurological conditions. A further component of redox signalling is mediated by a homeostatic regulation of divalent metal ions, the imbalance of which contributes to neuronal dysfunction. Additional antioxidant molecules such as glutathione and enzymes such as super oxide dismutase are involved in maintaining a physiological redox status within neurons. When cellular processes are perturbed and generation of free radicals overwhelms the antioxidants capacity of the neurons, a resulting redox damage leads to neuronal dysfunction and cell death. Cellular sources for production of redox-active molecules may include NADPH oxidases, mitochondria, cytochrome P450 and nitric oxide (NO)-generating enzymes, such as endothelial, neuronal and inducible NO synthases. Several neurodegenerative and developmental neurological conditions are associated with an imbalanced redox state as a result of neuroinflammatory processes leading to nitrosative and oxidative stress. Ongoing research aims at understanding the causes and consequences of such imbalanced redox homeostasis and its role in neuronal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joern R Steinert
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Nottingham, School of Life Sciences, Nottingham, NG7 2NR, UK.
| | - Haitham Amal
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
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19
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Impact of Reactive Species on Amino Acids-Biological Relevance in Proteins and Induced Pathologies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214049. [PMID: 36430532 PMCID: PMC9692786 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This review examines the impact of reactive species RS (of oxygen ROS, nitrogen RNS and halogens RHS) on various amino acids, analyzed from a reactive point of view of how during these reactions, the molecules are hydroxylated, nitrated, or halogenated such that they can lose their capacity to form part of the proteins or peptides, and can lose their function. The reactions of the RS with several amino acids are described, and an attempt was made to review and explain the chemical mechanisms of the formation of the hydroxylated, nitrated, and halogenated derivatives. One aim of this work is to provide a theoretical analysis of the amino acids and derivatives compounds in the possible positions. Tyrosine, methionine, cysteine, and tryptophan can react with the harmful peroxynitrite or •OH and •NO2 radicals and glycine, serine, alanine, valine, arginine, lysine, tyrosine, histidine, cysteine, methionine, cystine, tryptophan, glutamine and asparagine can react with hypochlorous acid HOCl. These theoretical results may help to explain the loss of function of proteins subjected to these three types of reactive stresses. We hope that this work can help to assess the potential damage that reactive species can cause to free amino acids or the corresponding residues when they are part of peptides and proteins.
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20
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Stomberski CT, Venetos NM, Zhou HL, Qian Z, Collison BR, Field SJ, Premont RT, Stamler JS. A multienzyme S-nitrosylation cascade regulates cholesterol homeostasis. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111538. [PMID: 36288700 PMCID: PMC9667709 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that protein S-nitrosylation is enzymatically regulated and that specificity in S-nitrosylation derives from dedicated S-nitrosylases and denitrosylases that conjugate and remove S-nitrosothiols, respectively. Here, we report that mice deficient in the protein denitrosylase SCoR2 (S-nitroso-Coenzyme A Reductase 2; AKR1A1) exhibit marked reductions in serum cholesterol due to reduced secretion of the cholesterol-regulating protein PCSK9. SCoR2 associates with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) secretory machinery to control an S-nitrosylation cascade involving ER cargo-selection proteins SAR1 and SURF4, which moonlight as S-nitrosylases. SAR1 acts as a SURF4 nitrosylase and SURF4 as a PCSK9 nitrosylase to inhibit PCSK9 secretion, while SCoR2 counteracts nitrosylase activity by promoting PCSK9 denitrosylation. Inhibition of PCSK9 by an NO-based drug requires nitrosylase activity, and small-molecule inhibition of SCoR2 phenocopies the PCSK9-mediated reductions in cholesterol observed in SCoR2-deficient mice. Our results reveal enzymatic machinery controlling cholesterol levels through S-nitrosylation and suggest a distinct treatment paradigm for cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin T Stomberski
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44016, USA; Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Nicholas M Venetos
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44016, USA; Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Hua-Lin Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44016, USA; Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Harrington Discovery Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44016, USA
| | - Zhaoxia Qian
- Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Harrington Discovery Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44016, USA
| | - Bryce R Collison
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Seth J Field
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44016, USA; Harrington Discovery Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44016, USA
| | - Richard T Premont
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44016, USA; Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Harrington Discovery Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44016, USA
| | - Jonathan S Stamler
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44016, USA; Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Harrington Discovery Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44016, USA.
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21
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In situ synthesis of ultrafine Cu 2O on layered double hydroxide for electrochemical detection of S-nitrosothiols. Talanta 2022; 250:123736. [PMID: 35858531 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The identification and quantitation of S-nitrosothiols (RSNO) has aroused enormous levels of attention, due to RSNO have many roles in vivo. Here, we synthesized the nanocomposites of ultrafine Cu2O/layered double hydroxide (u-Cu2O/LDH) by the in situ topotactic reduction of a Cu2+-containing LDH with ascorbic acid under gentle conditions and applied these u-Cu2O/LDH to detect and monitor RSNO. Electrochemical signals of u-Cu2O/LDH exhibited a wide N-acetyl-S-nitrosopenicillamine detection range from 5.0 nM-4.0 μM and 4.0 μM-400 μM, with a low detection limit of 1.58 nM. The sensor also exhibited good performance for other RSNO, such as S-nitrosoglutathione, S-nitrosocysteine, and S-nitrosohomocysteine with corresponding limits of detection at 1.94 nM, 1.23 nM and 1.62 nM, respectively. The high levels of selectivity and sensitivity to RSNO in complex biological environments can be attributed to the abundance of exposed active sites, and the underlying support structure. In addition, u-Cu2O/LDH also exhibited dynamic nitric oxide (NO) monitoring ability from living cells. Collectively, these results reveal that u-Cu2O/LDH exhibit a remarkable ability to quantify RSNO levels in complex samples, and could therefore provide new tools for exploring ultrafine nanomaterials as a potential biosensor to investigate biological events.
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22
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Chakraborty S, Mukherjee P, Sengupta R. Ribonucleotide reductase: Implications of thiol S-nitrosylation and tyrosine nitration for different subunits. Nitric Oxide 2022; 127:26-43. [PMID: 35850377 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2022.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) is a multi-subunit enzyme responsible for catalyzing the rate-limiting step in the production of deoxyribonucleotides essential for DNA synthesis and repair. The active RNR complex is composed of multimeric R1 and R2 subunits. The RNR catalysis involves the formation of tyrosyl radicals in R2 subunits and thiyl radicals in R1 subunits. Despite the quaternary structure and cofactor diversity, all the three classes of RNR have a conserved cysteine residue at the active site which is converted into a thiyl radical that initiates the substrate turnover, suggesting that the catalytic mechanism is somewhat similar for all three classes of the RNR enzyme. Increased RNR activity has been associated with malignant transformation, cancer cell growth, and tumorigenesis. Efforts concerning the understanding of RNR inhibition in designing potent RNR inhibitors/drugs as well as developing novel approaches for antibacterial, antiviral treatments, and cancer therapeutics with improved radiosensitization have been made in clinical research. This review highlights the precise and potent roles of NO in RNR inhibition by targeting both the subunits. Under nitrosative stress, the thiols of the R1 subunits have been found to be modified by S-nitrosylation and the tyrosyl radicals of the R2 subunits have been modified by nitration. In view of the recent advances and progresses in the field of nitrosative modifications and its fundamental role in signaling with implications in health and diseases, the present article focuses on the regulations of RNR activity by S-nitrosylation of thiols (R1 subunits) and nitration of tyrosyl residues (R2 subunits) which will further help in designing new drugs and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surupa Chakraborty
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Kolkata, 700135, West Bengal, India
| | - Prerona Mukherjee
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Kolkata, 700135, West Bengal, India
| | - Rajib Sengupta
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Kolkata, 700135, West Bengal, India.
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23
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Kumari R, Kumar R, Dey AK, Saha S, Maiti TK. S-Nitrosylation of OTUB1 Alters Its Stability and Ubc13 Binding. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:1517-1525. [PMID: 35500217 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
S-Nitrosylation is a reversible post-translational modification that regulates protein function involving the covalent attachment of the nitric oxide (NO) moiety to sulfhydryl residues of the protein. It is an important regulator in the cell signaling process under physiological conditions. However, the release of an excess amount of NO due to dysregulated NOS machinery causes aberrant S-nitrosylation of proteins, which affects protein folding, localization, and activity. Here, we have shown that OTUB1, a deubiquitinating enzyme, undergoes S-nitrosylation under redox stress conditions in vivo and in vitro. Previously, we have shown that OTUB1 forms an amyloid-like structure that promotes phosphorylation of α-synuclein and neuronal toxicity. However, the mechanistic insight into OTUB1 aggregation remains elusive. Here, we identified that OTUB1 undergoes S-nitrosylation in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells under rotenone-induced stress, as well as excitotoxic conditions, and in rotenone-treated mouse brains. The in vitro S-nitrosylation of OTUB1 followed by mass-spectrometry analysis has identified cysteine-23 and cysteine-91 as S-nitrosylation sites. S-Nitrosylated OTUB1 (SNO-OTUB1) diminished its catalytic activity, impaired its native structure, promoted amyloid-like aggregation, and compromised its binding with Ubc13. Thus, our results demonstrated that nitrosylation of OTUB1 might play a crucial role in regulating the ubiquitin signaling and Parkinson's disease pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raniki Kumari
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone Gurgaon-Faridabad Expressway, Faridabad 121001, India
- Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India
| | - Roshan Kumar
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone Gurgaon-Faridabad Expressway, Faridabad 121001, India
| | - Amit Kumar Dey
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone Gurgaon-Faridabad Expressway, Faridabad 121001, India
| | - Sandhini Saha
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone Gurgaon-Faridabad Expressway, Faridabad 121001, India
| | - Tushar Kanti Maiti
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone Gurgaon-Faridabad Expressway, Faridabad 121001, India
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A new look at the role of nitric oxide in preeclampsia: protein S-nitrosylation. Pregnancy Hypertens 2022; 29:14-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preghy.2022.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Ye H, Wu J, Liang Z, Zhang Y, Huang Z. Protein S-Nitrosation: Biochemistry, Identification, Molecular Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Applications. J Med Chem 2022; 65:5902-5925. [PMID: 35412827 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c02194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Protein S-nitrosation (SNO), a posttranslational modification (PTM) of cysteine (Cys) residues elicited by nitric oxide (NO), regulates a wide range of protein functions. As a crucial form of redox-based signaling by NO, SNO contributes significantly to the modulation of physiological functions, and SNO imbalance is closely linked to pathophysiological processes. Site-specific identification of the SNO protein is critical for understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms of protein function regulation. Although careful verification is needed, SNO modification data containing numerous functional proteins are a potential research direction for druggable target identification and drug discovery. Undoubtedly, SNO-related research is meaningful not only for the development of NO donor drugs but also for classic target-based drug design. Herein, we provide a comprehensive summary of SNO, including its origin and transport, identification, function, and potential contribution to drug discovery. Importantly, we propose new views to develop novel therapies based on potential protein SNO-sourced targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Drug Discovery, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P.R. China
| | - Jianbing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Drug Discovery, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P.R. China
| | - Zhuangzhuang Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Drug Discovery, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P.R. China
| | - Yihua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Drug Discovery, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P.R. China
| | - Zhangjian Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Drug Discovery, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P.R. China
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Ling P, Chen N, Sun X, Gao X, Wang L, Yang P, Gao F. Porphyrin decorated Cu2O nanocrystals for electroanalytical detection of S-Nitrosothiols. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1202:339687. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Cruz-Gregorio A, Aranda-Rivera AK, Pedraza-Chaverri J, Solano JD, Ibarra-Rubio ME. Redox-sensitive signaling pathways in renal cell carcinoma. Biofactors 2022; 48:342-358. [PMID: 34590744 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is one of the most lethal urological cancers, highly resistant to chemo and radiotherapy. Obesity and smoking are the best-known risk factors of RCC, both related to oxidative stress presence, suggesting a significant role in RCC development and maintenance. Surgical resection is the treatment of choice for localized RCC; however, this neoplasia is hardly diagnosable at its initial stages, occurring commonly in late phases and even when metastasis is already present. Systemic therapies are the option against RCC in these more advanced stages, such as cytokine therapy or a combination of tyrosine kinase inhibitors with immunotherapies; nevertheless, these strategies are still insufficient. A field poorly analyzed in this neoplasia is the status of cell signaling pathways sensible to the redox state, which have been associated with the development and maintenance of RCC. This review focuses on alterations reported in the following redox-sensitive molecules and signaling pathways in RCC: mitogen-activated protein kinases, protein kinase B (AKT)/tuberous sclerosis complex 2/mammalian target of rapamycin C1, AKT/glycogen synthase kinase 3/β-catenin, nuclear factor κB/inhibitor of κB/epidermal growth factor receptor, and protein kinase Cζ/cut-like homeodomain protein/factor inhibiting hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)/HIF as potential targets for redox therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Cruz-Gregorio
- Laboratorio F-225, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Ana Karina Aranda-Rivera
- Laboratorio F-315, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - José Pedraza-Chaverri
- Laboratorio F-315, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - José D Solano
- Laboratorio F-225, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - María Elena Ibarra-Rubio
- Laboratorio F-225, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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Hydropersulfides (RSSH) and Nitric Oxide (NO) Signaling: Possible Effects on S-Nitrosothiols (RS-NO). Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11010169. [PMID: 35052673 PMCID: PMC8773330 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11010169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
S-Nitrosothiol (RS-NO) formation in proteins and peptides have been implicated as factors in the etiology of many diseases and as possible regulators of thiol protein function. They have also been proposed as possible storage forms of nitric oxide (NO). However, despite their proposed functions/roles, there appears to be little consensus regarding the physiological mechanisms of RS-NO formation and degradation. Hydropersulfides (RSSH) have recently been discovered as endogenously generated species with unique reactivity. One important reaction of RSSH is with RS-NO, which leads to the degradation of RS-NO as well as the release of NO. Thus, it can be speculated that RSSH can be a factor in the regulation of steady-state RS-NO levels, and therefore may be important in RS-NO (patho)physiology. Moreover, RSSH-mediated NO release from RS-NO may be a possible mechanism allowing RS-NO to serve as a storage form of NO.
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Pande A, Mun BG, Rahim W, Khan M, Lee DS, Lee GM, Al Azzawi TNI, Hussain A, Kim CK, Yun BW. Phytohormonal Regulation Through Protein S-Nitrosylation Under Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:865542. [PMID: 35401598 PMCID: PMC8988057 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.865542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The liaison between Nitric oxide (NO) and phytohormones regulates a myriad of physiological processes at the cellular level. The interaction between NO and phytohormones is mainly influenced by NO-mediated post-translational modifications (PTMs) under basal as well as induced conditions. Protein S-nitrosylation is the most prominent and widely studied PTM among others. It is the selective but reversible redox-based covalent addition of a NO moiety to the sulfhydryl group of cysteine (Cys) molecule(s) on a target protein to form S-nitrosothiols. This process may involve either direct S-nitrosylation or indirect S-nitrosylation followed by transfer of NO group from one thiol to another (transnitrosylation). During S-nitrosylation, NO can directly target Cys residue (s) of key genes involved in hormone signaling thereby regulating their function. The phytohormones regulated by NO in this manner includes abscisic acid, auxin, gibberellic acid, cytokinin, ethylene, salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, brassinosteroid, and strigolactone during various metabolic and physiological conditions and environmental stress responses. S-nitrosylation of key proteins involved in the phytohormonal network occurs during their synthesis, degradation, or signaling roles depending upon the response required to maintain cellular homeostasis. This review presents the interaction between NO and phytohormones and the role of the canonical NO-mediated post-translational modification particularly, S-nitrosylation of key proteins involved in the phytohormonal networks under biotic and abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Pande
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Pathology and Functional Genomics, Department of Plant Biosciences, School of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Bong Gyu Mun
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Pathology and Functional Genomics, Department of Plant Biosciences, School of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Waqas Rahim
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Pathology and Functional Genomics, Department of Plant Biosciences, School of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Murtaza Khan
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Pathology and Functional Genomics, Department of Plant Biosciences, School of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Da Sol Lee
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Pathology and Functional Genomics, Department of Plant Biosciences, School of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Geun Mo Lee
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Pathology and Functional Genomics, Department of Plant Biosciences, School of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Tiba Nazar Ibrahim Al Azzawi
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Pathology and Functional Genomics, Department of Plant Biosciences, School of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Adil Hussain
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Entomology, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Chang Kil Kim
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Chang Kil Kim,
| | - Byung Wook Yun
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Pathology and Functional Genomics, Department of Plant Biosciences, School of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
- Byung Wook Yun,
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Bibli SI, Fleming I. Oxidative Post-Translational Modifications: A Focus on Cysteine S-Sulfhydration and the Regulation of Endothelial Fitness. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 35:1494-1514. [PMID: 34346251 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Changes in the oxidative balance can affect cellular physiology and adaptation through redox signaling. The endothelial cells that line blood vessels are particularly sensitive to reactive oxygen species, which can alter cell function by a number of mechanisms, including the oxidative post-translational modification (oxPTM) of proteins on critical cysteine thiols. Such modifications can act as redox-switches to alter the function of targeted proteins. Recent Advances: Mapping the cysteine oxPTM proteome and characterizing the effects of individual oxPTMs to gain insight into consequences for cellular responses has proven challenging. A recent addition to the list of reversible oxPTMs that contributes to cellular redox homeostasis is persulfidation or S-sulfhydration. Critical Issues: It has been estimated that up to 25% of proteins are S-sulfhydrated, making this modification almost as abundant as phosphorylation. In the endothelium, persulfides are generated by the trans-sulfuration pathway that catabolizes cysteine and cystathionine to generate hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and H2S-related sulfane sulfur compounds (H2Sn). This pathway is of particular importance for the vascular system, as the enzyme cystathionine γ lyase (CSE) in endothelial cells accounts for a significant portion of total vascular H2S/H2Sn production. Future Directions: Impaired CSE activity in endothelial dysfunction has been linked with marked changes in the endothelial cell S-sulfhydrome and can contribute to the development of atherosclerosis and hypertension. It will be interesting to determine how changes in the S-sulfhydration of specific networks of proteins contribute to endothelial cell physiology and pathophysiology. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 35, 1494-1514.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia-Iris Bibli
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site RheinMain, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ingrid Fleming
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site RheinMain, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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NRF2 activation protects against valproic acid-induced disruption of neurogenesis in P19 cells. Differentiation 2021; 123:18-29. [PMID: 34902770 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2021.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Valproic acid (VPA) is a commonly prescribed antiepileptic drug that causes fetal valproate syndrome (FVS) in developing embryos exposed to it. Symptoms of FVS include neural tube defects (NTDs), musculoskeletal abnormalities, and neurodevelopmental difficulties. One proposed mechanism of VPA-induced developmental toxicity is via oxidative stress, defined as the disruption of redox-sensitive cell signaling. We propose that redox imbalances caused by VPA exposure result in improper cellular differentiation that may contribute to FVS. In undifferentiated P19 mouse embryonal carcinoma cells treated with VPA, glutathione disulfide (GSSG) concentrations were higher and the glutathione (GSH)/GSSG redox potential (Eh) was more oxidizing compared to vehicle-treated control cells, both of which are indications of potential intracellular oxidative stress. Interestingly, VPA had no effect on GSH or GSSG levels in differentiated P19 neurons. Undifferentiated cells pretreated with 3H-1,2-dithiole-3-thione (D3T), an inducer of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) antioxidant response that combats cellular redox disruption, were protected from VPA-induced alterations to the GSH/GSSG system. To assess differential periods of susceptibility, P19 cells were exposed to VPA at various time points during their neuronal differentiation. Cells exposed to VPA early in the differentiation process did not undergo normal neurogenesis as measured by POU domain, class 5, transcription factor 1 (OCT4) and tubulin beta-3 chain (βIII-tubulin), markers of cell stemness and neuronal differentiation, respectively. Neurogenesis was improved with D3T pretreatments prior to VPA exposure. Furthermore, differentiating P19 cells treated with VPA exhibited increased protein oxidation that was diminished with D3T pretreatment. These findings demonstrate that VPA inhibits neurogenesis and propose NRF2-mediated redox homeostasis as a means to promote normal neuronal differentiation, thereby potentially decreasing the prevalence of FVS outcomes.
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Gangwar A, Paul S, Arya A, Ahmad Y, Bhargava K. Altitude acclimatization via hypoxia-mediated oxidative eustress involves interplay of protein nitrosylation and carbonylation: A redoxomics perspective. Life Sci 2021; 296:120021. [PMID: 34626604 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM Hypoxia is an important feature of multiple diseases like cancer and obesity and also an environmental stressor to high altitude travelers. Emerging research suggests the importance of redox signaling in physiological responses transforming the notion of oxidative stress into eustress and distress. However, the behavior of redox protein post-translational modifications (PTMs), and their correlation with stress acclimatization in humans remains sketchy. Scant information exists about modifications in redoxome during physiological exposure to environmental hypoxia. In this study, we investigated redox PTMs, nitrosylation and carbonylation, in context of extended environmental hypoxia exposure. METHODS The volunteers were confirmed to be free of any medical conditions and matched for age and weight. The human global redoxome and the affected networks were investigated using TMT-labeled quantitative proteo-bioinformatics and biochemical assays. The percolator PSM algorithm was used for peptide-spectrum match (PSM) validation in database searches. The FDR for peptide matches was set to 0.01. 1-way ANOVA and Tukey's Multiple Comparison test were used for biochemical assays. p-value<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Three independent experiments (biological replicates) were performed. Results were presented as Mean ± standard error of mean (SEM). KEY FINDINGS This investigation revealed direct and indirect interplay between nitrosylation and carbonylation especially within coagulation and inflammation networks; interlinked redox signaling (via nitrosylation‑carbonylation); and novel nitrosylation and carbonylation sites in individual proteins. SIGNIFICANCE This study elucidates the role of redox PTMs in hypoxia signaling favoring tolerance and survival. Also, we demonstrated direct and indirect interplay between nitrosylation and carbonylation is crucial to extended hypoxia tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamika Gangwar
- Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Defence R&D Organization (DRDO), Timarpur, New Delhi 110054, India
| | - Subhojit Paul
- Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Defence R&D Organization (DRDO), Timarpur, New Delhi 110054, India
| | - Aditya Arya
- Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Defence R&D Organization (DRDO), Timarpur, New Delhi 110054, India
| | - Yasmin Ahmad
- Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Defence R&D Organization (DRDO), Timarpur, New Delhi 110054, India.
| | - Kalpana Bhargava
- Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Defence R&D Organization (DRDO), Timarpur, New Delhi 110054, India.
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Chatterji A, Banerjee D, Billiar TR, Sengupta R. Understanding the role of S-nitrosylation/nitrosative stress in inflammation and the role of cellular denitrosylases in inflammation modulation: Implications in health and diseases. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 172:604-621. [PMID: 34245859 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
S-nitrosylation is a very fundamental post-translational modification of protein and non-protein thiols due the involvement of it in a variety of cellular processes including activation/inhibition of several ion channels such as ryanodine receptor in the cardiovascular system; blood vessel dilation; cGMP signaling and neurotransmission. S-nitrosothiol homeostasis in the cell is tightly regulated and perturbations in homeostasis result in an altered redox state leading to a plethora of disease conditions. However, the exact role of S-nitrosylated proteins and nitrosative stress metabolites in inflammation and in inflammation modulation is not well-reviewed. The cell utilizes its intricate defense mechanisms i.e. cellular denitrosylases such as Thioredoxin (Trx) and S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) systems to combat nitric oxide (NO) pathology which has also gained current attraction as novel anti-inflammatory molecules. This review attempts to provide state-of-the-art knowledge from past and present research on the mechanistic role of nitrosative stress intermediates (RNS, OONO-, PSNO) in pulmonary and autoimmune diseases and how cellular denitrosylases particularly GSNOR and Trx via imparting opposing effects can modulate and reduce inflammation in several health and disease conditions. This review would also bring into notice the existing gaps in current research where denitrosylases can be utilized for ameliorating inflammation that would leave avenues for future therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajanta Chatterji
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology Kolkata, Amity University Kolkata, Action Area II, Rajarhat, Newtown, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700135, India
| | - Debasmita Banerjee
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Kalyani, Block C, Nadia, Kalyani, West Bengal, 741235, India
| | - Timothy R Billiar
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 5213, USA
| | - Rajib Sengupta
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology Kolkata, Amity University Kolkata, Action Area II, Rajarhat, Newtown, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700135, India.
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Aranda-Rivera AK, Cruz-Gregorio A, Aparicio-Trejo OE, Ortega-Lozano AJ, Pedraza-Chaverri J. Redox signaling pathways in unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO)-induced renal fibrosis. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 172:65-81. [PMID: 34077780 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) is an experimental rodent model that mimics renal fibrosis associated with obstructive nephropathy in an accelerated manner. After UUO, the activation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases (NOXs) and mitochondrial dysfunction lead to reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction in the kidney. ROS are secondary messengers able to induce post-translational modifications (PTMs) in redox-sensitive proteins, which activate or deactivate signaling pathways. Therefore, in UUO, it has been proposed that ROS overproduction causes changes in said pathways promoting inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis that contribute to fibrosis development. Furthermore, mitochondrial metabolism impairment has been associated with UUO, contributing to renal damage in this model. Although ROS production and oxidative stress have been studied in UUO, the development of renal fibrosis associated with redox signaling pathways has not been addressed. This review focuses on the current information about the activation and deactivation of signaling pathways sensitive to a redox state and their effect on mitochondrial metabolism in the fibrosis development in the UUO model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Karina Aranda-Rivera
- Laboratorio F-315, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico; Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Laboratorio F-225, Ciudad de México, 04510, Mexico.
| | - Alfredo Cruz-Gregorio
- Laboratorio F-225, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Omar Emiliano Aparicio-Trejo
- Laboratorio F-315, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Ariadna Jazmín Ortega-Lozano
- Laboratorio F-315, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - José Pedraza-Chaverri
- Laboratorio F-315, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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Mitochondrial Redox Signaling and Oxidative Stress in Kidney Diseases. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11081144. [PMID: 34439810 PMCID: PMC8391472 DOI: 10.3390/biom11081144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are essential organelles in physiology and kidney diseases, because they produce cellular energy required to perform their function. During mitochondrial metabolism, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced. ROS function as secondary messengers, inducing redox-sensitive post-translational modifications (PTM) in proteins and activating or deactivating different cell signaling pathways. However, in kidney diseases, ROS overproduction causes oxidative stress (OS), inducing mitochondrial dysfunction and altering its metabolism and dynamics. The latter processes are closely related to changes in the cell redox-sensitive signaling pathways, causing inflammation and apoptosis cell death. Although mitochondrial metabolism, ROS production, and OS have been studied in kidney diseases, the role of redox signaling pathways in mitochondria has not been addressed. This review focuses on altering the metabolism and dynamics of mitochondria through the dysregulation of redox-sensitive signaling pathways in kidney diseases.
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Massa CM, Liu Z, Taylor S, Pettit AP, Stakheyeva MN, Korotkova E, Popova V, Atochina-Vasserman EN, Gow AJ. Biological Mechanisms of S-Nitrosothiol Formation and Degradation: How Is Specificity of S-Nitrosylation Achieved? Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10071111. [PMID: 34356344 PMCID: PMC8301044 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10071111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The modification of protein cysteine residues underlies some of the diverse biological functions of nitric oxide (NO) in physiology and disease. The formation of stable nitrosothiols occurs under biologically relevant conditions and time scales. However, the factors that determine the selective nature of this modification remain poorly understood, making it difficult to predict thiol targets and thus construct informatics networks. In this review, the biological chemistry of NO will be considered within the context of nitrosothiol formation and degradation whilst considering how specificity is achieved in this important post-translational modification. Since nitrosothiol formation requires a formal one-electron oxidation, a classification of reaction mechanisms is proposed regarding which species undergoes electron abstraction: NO, thiol or S-NO radical intermediate. Relevant kinetic, thermodynamic and mechanistic considerations will be examined and the impact of sources of NO and the chemical nature of potential reaction targets is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M. Massa
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08848, USA; (C.M.M.); (Z.L.); (S.T.); (A.P.P.)
| | - Ziping Liu
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08848, USA; (C.M.M.); (Z.L.); (S.T.); (A.P.P.)
| | - Sheryse Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08848, USA; (C.M.M.); (Z.L.); (S.T.); (A.P.P.)
| | - Ashley P. Pettit
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08848, USA; (C.M.M.); (Z.L.); (S.T.); (A.P.P.)
| | - Marena N. Stakheyeva
- RASA Center in Tomsk, Tomsk Polytechnic University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (M.N.S.); (E.N.A.-V.)
- Institute of Natural Resources, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenin Av. 30, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (E.K.); (V.P.)
| | - Elena Korotkova
- Institute of Natural Resources, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenin Av. 30, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (E.K.); (V.P.)
| | - Valentina Popova
- Institute of Natural Resources, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenin Av. 30, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (E.K.); (V.P.)
| | - Elena N. Atochina-Vasserman
- RASA Center in Tomsk, Tomsk Polytechnic University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (M.N.S.); (E.N.A.-V.)
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Andrew J. Gow
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08848, USA; (C.M.M.); (Z.L.); (S.T.); (A.P.P.)
- RASA Center in Tomsk, Tomsk Polytechnic University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (M.N.S.); (E.N.A.-V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-848-445-4612
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Almeida FCL, Sanches K, Pinheiro-Aguiar R, Almeida VS, Caruso IP. Protein Surface Interactions-Theoretical and Experimental Studies. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:706002. [PMID: 34307462 PMCID: PMC8298896 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.706002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we briefly describe a theoretical discussion of protein folding, presenting the relative contribution of the hydrophobic effect versus the stabilization of proteins via direct surface forces that sometimes may be overlooked. We present NMR-based studies showing the stability of proteins lacking a hydrophobic core which in turn present hydrophobic surface clusters, such as plant defensins. Protein dynamics measurements by NMR are the key feature to understand these dynamic surface clusters. We contextualize the measurement of protein dynamics by nuclear relaxation and the information available at protein surfaces and water cavities. We also discuss the presence of hydrophobic surface clusters in multidomain proteins and their participation in transient interactions which may regulate the function of these proteins. In the end, we discuss how surface interaction regulates the reactivity of certain protein post-translational modifications, such as S-nitrosation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio C L Almeida
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry-IBqM, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,National Center for Structural Biology and Bioimaging (CENABIO)/National Center for Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (CNRMN), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Karoline Sanches
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry-IBqM, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,National Center for Structural Biology and Bioimaging (CENABIO)/National Center for Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (CNRMN), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Multiuser Center for Biomolecular Innovation (CMIB), Institute of Biosciences, Letters and Exact Sciences (IBILCE), São Paulo State University "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ramon Pinheiro-Aguiar
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry-IBqM, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,National Center for Structural Biology and Bioimaging (CENABIO)/National Center for Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (CNRMN), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vitor S Almeida
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry-IBqM, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,National Center for Structural Biology and Bioimaging (CENABIO)/National Center for Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (CNRMN), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Icaro P Caruso
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry-IBqM, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,National Center for Structural Biology and Bioimaging (CENABIO)/National Center for Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (CNRMN), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Multiuser Center for Biomolecular Innovation (CMIB), Institute of Biosciences, Letters and Exact Sciences (IBILCE), São Paulo State University "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
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38
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Sharma V, Fernando V, Letson J, Walia Y, Zheng X, Fackelman D, Furuta S. S-Nitrosylation in Tumor Microenvironment. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094600. [PMID: 33925645 PMCID: PMC8124305 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
S-nitrosylation is a selective and reversible post-translational modification of protein thiols by nitric oxide (NO), which is a bioactive signaling molecule, to exert a variety of effects. These effects include the modulation of protein conformation, activity, stability, and protein-protein interactions. S-nitrosylation plays a central role in propagating NO signals within a cell, tissue, and tissue microenvironment, as the nitrosyl moiety can rapidly be transferred from one protein to another upon contact. This modification has also been reported to confer either tumor-suppressing or tumor-promoting effects and is portrayed as a process involved in every stage of cancer progression. In particular, S-nitrosylation has recently been found as an essential regulator of the tumor microenvironment (TME), the environment around a tumor governing the disease pathogenesis. This review aims to outline the effects of S-nitrosylation on different resident cells in the TME and the diverse outcomes in a context-dependent manner. Furthermore, we will discuss the therapeutic potentials of modulating S-nitrosylation levels in tumors.
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39
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Majewska AM, Mostek A. Gel-based fluorescent proteomic tools for investigating cell redox signaling. A mini-review. Electrophoresis 2021; 42:1378-1387. [PMID: 33783010 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The specific chemical reactivity of thiol groups makes protein cysteines susceptible to reactions with reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) resulting in the formation of various reversible and irreversible oxidative post-translational modifications (oxPTMs). This review highlights a number of gel-based redox proteomic approaches to detect protein oxPTMs, with particular emphasis on S-nitrosylation, which we believe are currently one of the most accurate way to analyze changes in the redox status of proteins. The information collected in this review relates to the recent progress regarding methods for the enrichment and identification of redox-modified proteins, with an emphasis on fluorescent gel proteomics. Gel-based fluorescent proteomic strategies are low-cost and easy-to-use tools for investigating the thiol proteome and can provide substantial information on redox signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Majewska
- Department of Gamete and Embryo Biology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Mostek
- Department of Gamete and Embryo Biology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
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40
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Poptic AL, Zhang S. Iron(II/III) Halide Complexes Promote the Interconversion of Nitric Oxide and S-Nitrosothiols through Reversible Fe-S Interaction. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:5190-5197. [PMID: 33705121 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Heme and non-heme iron in biology mediate the storage/release of NO• from S-nitrosothiols as a means to control the biological concentration of NO•. Despite their importance in many physiological processes, the mechanisms of N-S bond formation/cleavage at Fe centers have been controversial. Herein, we report the interconversion of NO• and S-nitrosothiols mediated by FeII/FeIII chloride complexes. The reaction of 2 equiv of S-nitrosothiol (Ph3CSNO) with [Cl6FeII2]2- results in facile release of NO• and formation of iron(III) halothiolate. Detailed spectroscopic studies, including in situ UV-vis, IR, and Mössbauer spectroscopy, support the interaction of the S atom with the FeII center. This is in contrast to the proposed mechanism of NO• release from the well-studied "red product" κ1-N bound S-nitrosothiol FeII complex, [(CN)5Fe(κ1-N-RSNO)]3-. Additionally, FeIII chloride can mediate NO• storage through the formation of S-nitrosothiols. Treatment of iron(III) halothiolate with 2 equiv of NO• regenerates Ph3CSNO with the FeII source trapped as the S = 3/2 {FeNO}7 species [Cl3FeNO]-, which is inert toward further coordination and activation of S-nitrosothiols. Our work demonstrates how labile iron can mediate the interconversion of NO•/thiolate and S-nitrosothiol, which has important implications toward how Nature manages the biological concentration of free NO•.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Poptic
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Shiyu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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41
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Exploiting S-nitrosylation for cancer therapy: facts and perspectives. Biochem J 2021; 477:3649-3672. [PMID: 33017470 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
S-nitrosylation, the post-translational modification of cysteines by nitric oxide, has been implicated in several cellular processes and tissue homeostasis. As a result, alterations in the mechanisms controlling the levels of S-nitrosylated proteins have been found in pathological states. In the last few years, a role in cancer has been proposed, supported by the evidence that various oncoproteins undergo gain- or loss-of-function modifications upon S-nitrosylation. Here, we aim at providing insight into the current knowledge about the role of S-nitrosylation in different aspects of cancer biology and report the main anticancer strategies based on: (i) reducing S-nitrosylation-mediated oncogenic effects, (ii) boosting S-nitrosylation to stimulate cell death, (iii) exploiting S-nitrosylation through synthetic lethality.
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42
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Chatterji A, Sengupta R. Cellular S-denitrosylases: Potential role and interplay of Thioredoxin, TRP14, and Glutaredoxin systems in thiol-dependent protein denitrosylation. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2021; 131:105904. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2020.105904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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43
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Bhatia V, Elnagary L, Dakshinamurti S. Tracing the path of inhaled nitric oxide: Biological consequences of protein nitrosylation. Pediatr Pulmonol 2021; 56:525-538. [PMID: 33289321 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.25201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a comprehensive regulator of vascular and airway tone. Endogenous NO produced by nitric oxide synthases regulates multiple signaling cascades, including activation of soluble guanylate cyclase to generate cGMP, relaxing smooth muscle cells. Inhaled NO is an established therapy for pulmonary hypertension in neonates, and has been recently proposed for the treatment of hypoxic respiratory failure and acute respiratory distress syndrome due to COVID-19. In this review, we summarize the effects of endogenous and exogenous NO on protein S-nitrosylation, which is the selective and reversible covalent attachment of a nitrogen monoxide group to the thiol side chain of cysteine. This posttranslational modification targets specific cysteines based on the acid/base sequence of surrounding residues, with significant impacts on protein interactions and function. S-nitrosothiol (SNO) formation is tightly compartmentalized and enzymatically controlled, but also propagated by nonenzymatic transnitrosylation of downstream protein targets. Redox-based nitrosylation and denitrosylation pathways dynamically regulate the equilibrium of SNO-proteins. We review the physiological roles of SNO proteins, including nitrosohemoglobin and autoregulation of blood flow through hypoxic vasodilation, and pathological effects of nitrosylation including inhibition of critical vasodilator enzymes; and discuss the intersection of NO source and dose with redox environment, in determining the effects of protein nitrosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Bhatia
- Biology of Breathing Group, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Lara Elnagary
- Biology of Breathing Group, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Shyamala Dakshinamurti
- Biology of Breathing Group, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.,Section of Neonatology, Departments of Pediatrics and Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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44
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Kalinina E, Novichkova M. Glutathione in Protein Redox Modulation through S-Glutathionylation and S-Nitrosylation. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26020435. [PMID: 33467703 PMCID: PMC7838997 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
S-glutathionylation and S-nitrosylation are reversible post-translational modifications on the cysteine thiol groups of proteins, which occur in cells under physiological conditions and oxidative/nitrosative stress both spontaneously and enzymatically. They are important for the regulation of the functional activity of proteins and intracellular processes. Connecting link and “switch” functions between S-glutathionylation and S-nitrosylation may be performed by GSNO, the generation of which depends on the GSH content, the GSH/GSSG ratio, and the cellular redox state. An important role in the regulation of these processes is played by Trx family enzymes (Trx, Grx, PDI), the activity of which is determined by the cellular redox status and depends on the GSH/GSSG ratio. In this review, we analyze data concerning the role of GSH/GSSG in the modulation of S-glutathionylation and S-nitrosylation and their relationship for the maintenance of cell viability.
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45
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Consalvi S, Poce G, Ghelardini C, Di Cesare Mannelli L, Patrignani P, Bruno A, Anzini M, Calderone V, Martelli A, Testai L, Giordani A, Biava M. Therapeutic potential for coxibs-nitric oxide releasing hybrids in cystic fibrosis. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 210:112983. [PMID: 33168231 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses the rational for further studies of COX-2 inhibitors-NO releaser hybrids (NO-Coxibs) in the pharmacological treatment of the airway inflammation in Cystic Fibrosis (CF). Our research group developed several classes of NO-Coxibs for the pharmacological treatment of arthritis, and among them several compounds showed an outstanding in vivo efficacy and good pharmacokinetic properties. The good antiinflammatory properties displayed by these compounds during the previous screening could, by itself, suggest appropriate candidates for further testing in CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Consalvi
- Department of Chemistry and Technologies of Drug, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Poce
- Department of Chemistry and Technologies of Drug, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Carla Ghelardini
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Florence, Via Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Florence, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Di Cesare Mannelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Florence, Via Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Florence, Italy
| | - Paola Patrignani
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, And Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), School of Medicine, G. D'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Annalisa Bruno
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, And Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), School of Medicine, G. D'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Maurizio Anzini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry, And Pharmacy, DoE 2018-2022, University of Siena, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Calderone
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alma Martelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lara Testai
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Mariangela Biava
- Department of Chemistry and Technologies of Drug, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.
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46
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Post-Translational S-Nitrosylation of Proteins in Regulating Cardiac Oxidative Stress. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9111051. [PMID: 33126514 PMCID: PMC7693965 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9111051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Like other post-translational modifications (PTMs) of proteins, S-nitrosylation has been considered a key regulatory mechanism of multiple cellular functions in many physiological and disease conditions. Emerging evidence has demonstrated that S-nitrosylation plays a crucial role in regulating redox homeostasis in the stressed heart, leading to discoveries in the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of heart diseases and cardiac protection. In this review, we summarize recent studies in understanding the molecular and biological basis of S-nitrosylation, including the formation, spatiotemporal specificity, homeostatic regulation, and association with cellular redox status. We also outline the currently available methods that have been applied to detect S-nitrosylation. Additionally, we synopsize the up-to-date studies of S-nitrosylation in various cardiac diseases in humans and animal models, and we discuss its therapeutic potential in cardiac protection. These pieces of information would bring new insights into understanding the role of S-nitrosylation in cardiac pathogenesis and provide novel avenues for developing novel therapeutic strategies for heart diseases.
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47
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The solution chemistry of nitric oxide and other reactive nitrogen species. Nitric Oxide 2020; 103:31-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2020.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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48
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Zheng WQ, Zhang Y, Yao Q, Chen Y, Qiao X, Wang ED, Chen C, Zhou XL. Nitrosative stress inhibits aminoacylation and editing activities of mitochondrial threonyl-tRNA synthetase by S-nitrosation. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:6799-6810. [PMID: 32484546 PMCID: PMC7337905 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Structure and/or function of proteins are frequently affected by oxidative/nitrosative stress via posttranslational modifications. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) constitute a class of ubiquitously expressed enzymes that control cellular protein homeostasis. Here, we found the activity of human mitochondrial (mt) threonyl-tRNA synthetase (hmtThrRS) is resistant to oxidative stress (H2O2) but profoundly sensitive to nitrosative stress (S-nitrosoglutathione, GSNO). Further study showed four Cys residues in hmtThrRS were modified by S-nitrosation upon GSNO treatment, and one residue was one of synthetic active sites. We analyzed the effect of modification at individual Cys residue on aminoacylation and editing activities of hmtThrRS in vitro and found that both activities were decreased. We further confirmed that S-nitrosation of mtThrRS could be readily detected in vivo in both human cells and various mouse tissues, and we systematically identified dozens of S-nitrosation-modified sites in most aaRSs, thus establishing both mitochondrial and cytoplasmic aaRS species with S-nitrosation ex vivo and in vivo, respectively. Interestingly, a decrease in the S-nitrosation modification level of mtThrRS was observed in a Huntington disease mouse model. Overall, our results establish, for the first time, a comprehensive S-nitrosation-modified aaRS network and a previously unknown mechanism on the basis of the inhibitory effect of S-nitrosation on hmtThrRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Qiang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuying Zhang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Qin Yao
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yuzhe Chen
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xinhua Qiao
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - En-Duo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chang Chen
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xiao-Long Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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49
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Daniel T, Faruq HM, Laura Magdalena J, Manuela G, Christopher Horst L. Role of GSH and Iron-Sulfur Glutaredoxins in Iron Metabolism-Review. Molecules 2020; 25:E3860. [PMID: 32854270 PMCID: PMC7503856 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25173860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) was initially identified and characterized for its redox properties and later for its contributions to detoxification reactions. Over the past decade, however, the essential contributions of glutathione to cellular iron metabolism have come more and more into focus. GSH is indispensable in mitochondrial iron-sulfur (FeS) cluster biosynthesis, primarily by co-ligating FeS clusters as a cofactor of the CGFS-type (class II) glutaredoxins (Grxs). GSH is required for the export of the yet to be defined FeS precursor from the mitochondria to the cytosol. In the cytosol, it is an essential cofactor, again of the multi-domain CGFS-type Grxs, master players in cellular iron and FeS trafficking. In this review, we summarize the recent advances and progress in this field. The most urgent open questions are discussed, such as the role of GSH in the export of FeS precursors from mitochondria, the physiological roles of the CGFS-type Grx interactions with BolA-like proteins and the cluster transfer between Grxs and recipient proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trnka Daniel
- Institute for Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Medicine, University of Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (T.D.); (H.M.F.); (J.L.M.); (G.M.)
| | - Hossain Md Faruq
- Institute for Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Medicine, University of Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (T.D.); (H.M.F.); (J.L.M.); (G.M.)
| | - Jordt Laura Magdalena
- Institute for Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Medicine, University of Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (T.D.); (H.M.F.); (J.L.M.); (G.M.)
| | - Gellert Manuela
- Institute for Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Medicine, University of Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (T.D.); (H.M.F.); (J.L.M.); (G.M.)
| | - Lillig Christopher Horst
- Christopher Horst Lillig, Institute for Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Straße, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
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Masetto F, Chegaev K, Gazzano E, Mullappilly N, Rolando B, Arpicco S, Fruttero R, Riganti C, Donadelli M. MRP5 nitration by NO-releasing gemcitabine encapsulated in liposomes confers sensitivity in chemoresistant pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2020; 1867:118824. [PMID: 32828758 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a therapy recalcitrant disease characterized by the aberrations in multiple genes that drive pathogenesis and drug chemoresistance. In this study, we synthesize a library of seven novel nitric oxide-releasing gemcitabine pro-drugs (NO-GEMs) in order to improve the effectiveness of GEM by exploiting the therapeutic effects of NO. Among these NO-GEM pro-drugs we select 5b as the most effective compound in GEM-resistant PDAC cells. After its encapsulation in liposomes for drug delivery the intracellular NO level increases and nitration associated to activity inhibition of the multidrug resistance associated protein 5 (MRP5; ABCC5) occurs. This results in GEM intracellular accumulation and enhanced apoptotic cell death in GEM-resistant PDAC cells, which express MRP5 at higher levels than GEM-sensitive cells. Our results support the development of a new anti-tumoral strategy to efficiently affect GEM-resistant PDAC cells based on the usage of NO-GEM pro-drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Masetto
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy
| | | | | | - Nidula Mullappilly
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Barbara Rolando
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Italy
| | - Silvia Arpicco
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Italy
| | - Roberta Fruttero
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Italy
| | | | - Massimo Donadelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy.
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