1
|
Gut P, Reischauer S, Stainier DYR, Arnaout R. LITTLE FISH, BIG DATA: ZEBRAFISH AS A MODEL FOR CARDIOVASCULAR AND METABOLIC DISEASE. Physiol Rev 2017; 97:889-938. [PMID: 28468832 PMCID: PMC5817164 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00038.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The burden of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases worldwide is staggering. The emergence of systems approaches in biology promises new therapies, faster and cheaper diagnostics, and personalized medicine. However, a profound understanding of pathogenic mechanisms at the cellular and molecular levels remains a fundamental requirement for discovery and therapeutics. Animal models of human disease are cornerstones of drug discovery as they allow identification of novel pharmacological targets by linking gene function with pathogenesis. The zebrafish model has been used for decades to study development and pathophysiology. More than ever, the specific strengths of the zebrafish model make it a prime partner in an age of discovery transformed by big-data approaches to genomics and disease. Zebrafish share a largely conserved physiology and anatomy with mammals. They allow a wide range of genetic manipulations, including the latest genome engineering approaches. They can be bred and studied with remarkable speed, enabling a range of large-scale phenotypic screens. Finally, zebrafish demonstrate an impressive regenerative capacity scientists hope to unlock in humans. Here, we provide a comprehensive guide on applications of zebrafish to investigate cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. We delineate advantages and limitations of zebrafish models of human disease and summarize their most significant contributions to understanding disease progression to date.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Gut
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, EPFL Innovation Park, Lausanne, Switzerland; Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany; and Cardiovascular Research Institute and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Sven Reischauer
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, EPFL Innovation Park, Lausanne, Switzerland; Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany; and Cardiovascular Research Institute and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Didier Y R Stainier
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, EPFL Innovation Park, Lausanne, Switzerland; Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany; and Cardiovascular Research Institute and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Rima Arnaout
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, EPFL Innovation Park, Lausanne, Switzerland; Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany; and Cardiovascular Research Institute and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
O’Hare EA, Yang R, Yerges-Armstrong L, Sreenivasan U, McFarland R, Leitch CC, Wilson MH, Narina S, Gorden A, Ryan K, Shuldiner AR, Farber SA, Wood GC, Still CD, Gerhard GS, Robishaw JD, Sztalryd C, Zaghloul NA. TM6SF2 rs58542926 impacts lipid processing in liver and small intestine. Hepatology 2017; 65:1526-1542. [PMID: 28027591 PMCID: PMC5397347 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The transmembrane 6 superfamily member 2 (TM6SF2) loss-of-function variant rs58542926 is a genetic risk factor for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and progression to fibrosis but is paradoxically associated with lower levels of hepatically derived triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. TM6SF2 is expressed predominantly in liver and small intestine, sites for triglyceride-rich lipoprotein biogenesis and export. In light of this, we hypothesized that TM6SF2 may exhibit analogous effects on both liver and intestine lipid homeostasis. To test this, we genotyped rs58542926 in 983 bariatric surgery patients from the Geisinger Medical Center for Nutrition and Weight Management, Geisinger Health System, in Pennsylvania and from 3,556 study participants enrolled in the Amish Complex Disease Research Program. Although these two cohorts have different metabolic profiles, carriers in both cohorts had improved fasting lipid profiles. Importantly, following a high-fat challenge, carriers in the Amish Complex Disease Research Program cohort exhibited significantly lower postprandial serum triglycerides, suggestive of a role for TM6SF2 in the small intestine. To gain further insight into this putative role, effects of TM6SF2 deficiency were studied in a zebrafish model and in cultured human Caco-2 enterocytes. In both systems TM6SF2 deficiency resulted in defects in small intestine metabolism in response to dietary lipids, including significantly increased lipid accumulation, decreased lipid clearance, and increased endoplasmic reticulum stress. CONCLUSIONS These data strongly support a role of TM6SF2 in the regulation of postprandial lipemia, potentially through a similar function for TM6SF2 in the lipidation and/or export of both hepatically and intestinally derived triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. (Hepatology 2017;65:1526-1542).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. O’Hare
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Rongze Yang
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Laura Yerges-Armstrong
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Urmilla Sreenivasan
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Rebecca McFarland
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Carmen C. Leitch
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Meredith H. Wilson
- Carnegie Institution for Science, Department of Embryology, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Shilpa Narina
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Alexis Gorden
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Kathy Ryan
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Alan R. Shuldiner
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Steve A. Farber
- Carnegie Institution for Science, Department of Embryology, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - G. Craig Wood
- Geisinger Clinic, Geisinger Obesity Research Institute, Danville PA 17822, USA
| | | | - Glenn S. Gerhard
- Geisinger Clinic, Geisinger Obesity Research Institute, Danville PA 17822, USA
| | - Janet D. Robishaw
- Geisinger Clinic, Geisinger Obesity Research Institute, Danville PA 17822, USA
| | - Carole Sztalryd
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Baltimore VA Medical Center, VA Research Service, Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC) and VA Maryland Health Care System, 10N Green Street Baltimore 21201, USA
| | - Norann A. Zaghloul
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
Although the zebrafish was initially developed as a model system to study embryonic development, it has gained increasing attention as an advantageous system to investigate human diseases, including intestinal disorders. Zebrafish embryos develop rapidly, and their digestive system is fully functional and visible by 5days post fertilization. There is a large degree of homology between the intestine of zebrafish and higher vertebrate organisms in terms of its cellular composition and function as both a digestive and immune organ. Furthermore, molecular pathways regulating injury and immune responses are highly conserved. In this chapter, we provide an overview of studies addressing developmental and physiological processes relevant to human intestinal disease. These studies include those related to congenital disorders, host-microbiota interactions, inflammatory diseases, motility disorders, and intestinal cancer. We also highlight the utility of zebrafish to functionally validate candidate genes identified through mutational analyses and genome-wide association studies, and discuss methodologies to investigate the intestinal biology that are unique to zebrafish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X Zhao
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - M Pack
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| |
Collapse
|