1
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Sahni A, Alsing J, Narra HP, Montini M, Zafar Y, Sahni SK. Endothelial Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Activation with Different Strains of R. rickettsii: Possible Role in Rickettsial Pathogenesis. Microorganisms 2024; 12:296. [PMID: 38399700 PMCID: PMC10892065 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12020296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Rickettsia rickettsii is an obligate intracellular pathogen that primarily targets endothelial cells (ECs), leading to vascular inflammation and dysfunction. Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) regulates several cellular processes that directly affect host immune responses to bacterial pathogens. Here, we infected ECs with two R. rickettsii strains, avirulent (Iowa) and highly virulent Sheila Smith (SS) to identify differences in the kinetics and/or intensity of mTOR activation to establish a correlation between mTOR response and bacterial virulence. Endothelial mTOR activation with the highly virulent SS strain was significantly higher than with the avirulent Iowa strain. Similarly, there was increased LC3-II lipidation with the virulent SS strain compared with the avirulent Iowa strain of R. rickettsii. mTOR inhibitors rapamycin and Torin2 significantly increased bacterial growth and replication in the ECs, as evidenced by a more than six-fold increase in rickettsia copy numbers at 48 h post-infection. Further, the knockdown of mTOR with Raptor and Rictor siRNA resulted in a higher rickettsial copy number and the altered expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-6, and IL-8. These results are the first to reveal that endothelial mTOR activation and the early induction of autophagy might be governed by bacterial virulence and have established the mTOR pathway as an important regulator of endothelial inflammation, host immunity, and microbial replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abha Sahni
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA; (J.A.); (H.P.N.); (M.M.); (Y.Z.)
| | | | | | | | | | - Sanjeev K. Sahni
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA; (J.A.); (H.P.N.); (M.M.); (Y.Z.)
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2
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Caligaris M, Sampaio-Marques B, Hatakeyama R, Pillet B, Ludovico P, De Virgilio C, Winderickx J, Nicastro R. The Yeast Protein Kinase Sch9 Functions as a Central Nutrient-Responsive Hub That Calibrates Metabolic and Stress-Related Responses. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:787. [PMID: 37623558 PMCID: PMC10455444 DOI: 10.3390/jof9080787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Yeast cells are equipped with different nutrient signaling pathways that enable them to sense the availability of various nutrients and adjust metabolism and growth accordingly. These pathways are part of an intricate network since most of them are cross-regulated and subject to feedback regulation at different levels. In yeast, a central role is played by Sch9, a protein kinase that functions as a proximal effector of the conserved growth-regulatory TORC1 complex to mediate information on the availability of free amino acids. However, recent studies established that Sch9 is more than a TORC1-effector as its activity is tuned by several other kinases. This allows Sch9 to function as an integrator that aligns different input signals to achieve accuracy in metabolic responses and stress-related molecular adaptations. In this review, we highlight the latest findings on the structure and regulation of Sch9, as well as its role as a nutrient-responsive hub that impacts on growth and longevity of yeast cells. Given that most key players impinging on Sch9 are well-conserved, we also discuss how studies on Sch9 can be instrumental to further elucidate mechanisms underpinning healthy aging in mammalians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Caligaris
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; (M.C.); (B.P.); (C.D.V.)
| | - Belém Sampaio-Marques
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (B.S.-M.); (P.L.)
- ICVS/3B’s-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4806-909 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Riko Hatakeyama
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK;
| | - Benjamin Pillet
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; (M.C.); (B.P.); (C.D.V.)
| | - Paula Ludovico
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (B.S.-M.); (P.L.)
- ICVS/3B’s-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4806-909 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Claudio De Virgilio
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; (M.C.); (B.P.); (C.D.V.)
| | - Joris Winderickx
- Department of Biology, Functional Biology, KU Leuven, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium;
| | - Raffaele Nicastro
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; (M.C.); (B.P.); (C.D.V.)
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3
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Li YL, Zhang TZ, Han LK, He C, Pan YR, Fan B, Li GY. The AMPK-dependent inhibition of autophagy plays a crucial role in protecting photoreceptor from photooxidative injury. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2023; 245:112735. [PMID: 37302156 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2023.112735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Excessive light exposure can potentially cause irreversible damage to the various photoreceptor cells, and this aspect has been considered as an important factor leading to the progression of the different retinal diseases. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) are crucial intracellular signaling hubs involved in the regulation of cellular metabolism, energy homeostasis, cellular growth and autophagy. A number of previous studies have indicated that either AMPK activation or mTOR inhibition can promote autophagy in most cases. In the current study, we have established an in vitro as well as in vivo photooxidation-damaged photoreceptor model and investigated the possible influence of visible light exposure in the AMPK/mTOR/autophagy signaling pathway. We have also explored the potential regulatory effects of AMPK/mTOR on light-induced autophagy and protection achieved by suppressing autophagy in photooxidation-damaged photoreceptors. We observed that light exposure led to a significant activation of mTOR and autophagy in the photoreceptor cells. However, intriguingly, AMPK activation or mTOR inhibition significantly inhibited rather than promoting autophagy, which was termed as AMPK-dependent inhibition of autophagy. In addition, either indirectly suppressing autophagy by AMPK activation/ mTOR inhibition or directly blocking autophagy with an inhibitor exerted a significant protective effect on the photoreceptor cells against the photooxidative damage. Neuroprotective effects caused by the AMPK-dependent inhibition of autophagy were also verified with a retinal light injured mouse model in vivo. Overall, our findings demonstrated that AMPK / mTOR pathway could inhibit autophagy through AMPK-dependent inhibition of autophagy to significantly protect the photoreceptors from photooxidative injury, which may aid to further develop novel targeted retinal neuroprotective drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Lin Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Norman Bethune Hospital of JiLin University, ChangChun, China
| | - Tian-Zi Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia University for the Nationalities, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Li-Kun Han
- Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia University for the Nationalities, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Chang He
- Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia University for the Nationalities, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Yi-Ran Pan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Norman Bethune Hospital of JiLin University, ChangChun, China
| | - Bin Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Norman Bethune Hospital of JiLin University, ChangChun, China.
| | - Guang-Yu Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Norman Bethune Hospital of JiLin University, ChangChun, China.
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4
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Kogot-Levin A, Riahi Y, Abramovich I, Mosenzon O, Agranovich B, Kadosh L, Ben-Haroush Schyr R, Kleiman D, Hinden L, Cerasi E, Ben-Zvi D, Bernal-Mizrachi E, Tam J, Gottlieb E, Leibowitz G. Mapping the metabolic reprogramming induced by sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e164296. [PMID: 36809274 PMCID: PMC10132155 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.164296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is associated with increased risk for kidney disease, heart failure, and mortality. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) prevent these adverse outcomes; however, the mechanisms involved are not clear. We generated a roadmap of the metabolic alterations that occur in different organs in diabetes and in response to SGLT2i. In vivo metabolic labeling with 13C-glucose in normoglycemic and diabetic mice treated with or without dapagliflozin, followed by metabolomics and metabolic flux analyses, showed that, in diabetes, glycolysis and glucose oxidation are impaired in the kidney, liver, and heart. Treatment with dapagliflozin failed to rescue glycolysis. SGLT2 inhibition increased glucose oxidation in all organs; in the kidney, this was associated with modulation of the redox state. Diabetes was associated with altered methionine cycle metabolism, evident by decreased betaine and methionine levels, whereas treatment with SGLT2i increased hepatic betaine along with decreased homocysteine levels. mTORC1 activity was inhibited by SGLT2i along with stimulation of AMPK in both normoglycemic and diabetic animals, possibly explaining the protective effects against kidney, liver, and heart diseases. Collectively, our findings suggest that SGLT2i induces metabolic reprogramming orchestrated by AMPK-mTORC1 signaling with common and distinct effects in various tissues, with implications for diabetes and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aviram Kogot-Levin
- Diabetes Unit and Endocrine Service, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yael Riahi
- Diabetes Unit and Endocrine Service, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ifat Abramovich
- The laboratory for Metabolism in Health and Disease, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology Haifa, Israel
| | - Ofri Mosenzon
- Diabetes Unit and Endocrine Service, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Bella Agranovich
- The laboratory for Metabolism in Health and Disease, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology Haifa, Israel
| | - Liat Kadosh
- Diabetes Unit and Endocrine Service, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Rachel Ben-Haroush Schyr
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada, Faculty of Medicine, and
| | - Doron Kleiman
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada, Faculty of Medicine, and
| | - Liad Hinden
- Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Erol Cerasi
- Diabetes Unit and Endocrine Service, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Danny Ben-Zvi
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada, Faculty of Medicine, and
| | - Ernesto Bernal-Mizrachi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Joseph Tam
- Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Eyal Gottlieb
- The laboratory for Metabolism in Health and Disease, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology Haifa, Israel
| | - Gil Leibowitz
- Diabetes Unit and Endocrine Service, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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5
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Wang Y, Luo H, Liu Y, Yang C, Yin Y, Tan B. Multimodal rehabilitation promotes axonal sprouting and functional recovery in a murine model of spinal cord injury (SCI). Neurosci Lett 2023; 795:137029. [PMID: 36566832 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2022.137029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating neurological disorder affecting millions of people worldwide, resulting in severe and permanent disabilities that significantly impact the individual's life. Rehabilitation is a commonly accepted and effective clinical treatment modality for neurological disabilities. A single form of rehabilitation training is, however, limited. Indeed, recent studies have reported that a combination of various training strategies may be more promising in promoting functional recovery. However, few studies have focused on combining different forms of rehabilitative training. Here, we investigated the effect of combining treadmill training and single pellet grasping in a well-established model of murine SCI to assess whether combining rehabilitation approaches improve outcomes. In brief, one week following crush SCI, mice were subjected to the treadmill and single pellet grasping training (SPG) for a period of six weeks. Biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) was used to anterogradely trace corticospinal tract axons to assess functionally relevant axonal sprouting. Our results revealed that the combined training upregulated p-S6 expression, facilitated axonal sprouting, increased the formation of functional synaptic connections, and promoted functional recovery of the upper limb. Our study provides experimental evidence for the benefit of combining multiple modalities of rehabilitative strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhang Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China.
| | - Haodong Luo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Department of Special War Wound, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Ce Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Department of Special War Wound, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Ying Yin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China.
| | - Botao Tan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China.
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6
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Powers T. The origin story of rapamycin: systemic bias in biomedical research and cold war politics. Mol Biol Cell 2022; 33:pe7. [PMID: 36228182 PMCID: PMC9634974 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e22-08-0377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
METEI (Medical Expedition to Easter Island) was a Canadian-led expedition to Easter Island in 1964 that led to the discovery of rapamycin, launching a billion-dollar drug industry and major field of biomedical research. Stanley's Dream, by medical historian Jacalyn Duffin, provides remarkable details about METEI and raises important and timely questions about systemic bias in biomedical studies, the relationship between science and geopolitics, as well as obligations of pharmaceutical companies to indigenous communities. As such, this book is a must-read for those interested in the intersection of science and society as well as anyone who has used rapamycin, or one of many derivatives, in their laboratory or clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ted Powers
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616,*Address correspondence to: Ted Powers ()
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7
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The Antiemetic Mechanisms of Gingerols against Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:1753430. [PMID: 35251202 PMCID: PMC8893993 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1753430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) is a common and painful side effect that occurs in cancer patients receiving chemotherapeutic drugs. Although an abundance of agents are applied to prevent CINV, there is still lack of effective control in delayed nausea and vomiting. Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.), a traditional antiemetic herb, draws attention due to its therapeutic effect in treating acute and delayed CINV. Its main bioactive pungent constituents, gingerols, contribute to the antiemetic effect against CINV primarily. A growing number of reports have made progress in investigating the mechanisms of gingerols and their single ingredients against CINV. In this review, we searched for relevant studies in PubMed database to summarize the mechanism of gingerols in the prevention of CINV and provided a preliminary prediction on the potential targets and signaling pathways using network pharmacology, laying a foundation for further researches.
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8
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Associations of Genetic Polymorphisms of mTOR rs2295080 T/G and rs1883965 G/A with Susceptibility of Urinary System Cancers. DISEASE MARKERS 2022; 2022:1720851. [PMID: 35082928 PMCID: PMC8786550 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1720851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background. Genetic polymorphisms in mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling axis can influence the susceptibility of cancer. The relationship between mTOR gene variants rs2295080 T/G and rs1883965 G/A and the risk of cancer remains inconsistent. The present study is aimed at comprehensively investigating the association between mTOR polymorphisms and susceptibility to cancer. Methods. We conducted a comprehensive assessment using odds ratios (ORs), corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and in silico tools to evaluate the effect of mTOR variations. Immunohistochemical staining (IHS) and GSEA analysis were used to investigate the expression of mTOR in urinary system cancer. Results. The pooled analysis involved 22 case-control studies including 14,747 cancer patients and 16,399 controls. The rs2295080 T/G polymorphism was associated with the risk of cancer (G-allele versus T-allele,
,
–0.98,
; GT versus TT,
,
–0.96,
; GG+GT versus TT,
,
–0.96,
), especially for cancers of the urinary system, breast, and blood. Variation rs1883965 G/A was associated with cancer susceptibility, especially for digestive cancer. IHS analysis showed that mTOR was upregulated in prostate and bladder cancer. GSEA revealed that the insulin signaling pathway, lysine degradation pathway, and mTOR signaling pathway were enriched in the high mTOR expression group. Conclusions. The mTOR rs2295080 T/G polymorphism may be associated with susceptibility of urinary cancer. The expression of mTOR is positively correlated with tumor malignancy in prostate cancer.
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Salazar-Díaz K, Dong Y, Papdi C, Ferruzca-Rubio EM, Olea-Badillo G, Ryabova LA, Dinkova TD. TOR senses and regulates spermidine metabolism during seedling establishment and growth in maize and Arabidopsis. iScience 2021; 24:103260. [PMID: 34765910 PMCID: PMC8571727 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Spermidine (Spd) is a nitrogen sink and signaling molecule that plays pivotal roles in eukaryotic cell growth and must be finetuned to meet various energy demands. In eukaryotes, target of rapamycin (TOR) is a central nutrient sensor, especially N, and a master-regulator of growth and development. Here, we discovered that Spd stimulates the growth of maize and Arabidopsis seedlings through TOR signaling. Inhibition of Spd biosynthesis led to TOR inactivation and growth defects. Furthermore, disruption of a TOR complex partner RAPTOR1B abolished seedling growth stimulation by Spd. Strikingly, TOR activated by Spd promotes translation of key metabolic enzyme upstream open reading frame (uORF)-containing mRNAs, PAO and CuAO, by facilitating translation reinitiation and providing feedback to polyamine metabolism and TOR activation. The Spd-TOR relay protected young-age seedlings of maize from expeditious stress heat shock. Our results demonstrate Spd is an upstream effector of TOR kinase in planta and provide its potential application for crop protection. Spermidine (Spd) stimulates growth of maize and Arabidopsis by activating TOR signaling TOR stimulates translation efficiency of uORF-containing mRNAs involved in Spd catabolism TOR provides feedback to polyamine homeostasis in response to excess of Spd The Spd-TOR signaling axis protects maize seedlings from expeditious heat stress
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenia Salazar-Díaz
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, México
| | - Yihan Dong
- Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Csaba Papdi
- Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Ernesto Miguel Ferruzca-Rubio
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, México
| | - Grecia Olea-Badillo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, México
| | - Lyubov A Ryabova
- Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Tzvetanka D Dinkova
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, México
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10
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López-Cortés A, Abarca E, Silva L, Velastegui E, León-Sosa A, Karolys G, Cabrera F, Caicedo A. Identification of key proteins in the signaling crossroads between wound healing and cancer hallmark phenotypes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17245. [PMID: 34446793 PMCID: PMC8390472 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96750-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Wound healing (WH) and cancer seem to share common cellular and molecular processes that could work in a tight balance to maintain tissue homeostasis or, when unregulated, drive tumor progression. The "Cancer Hallmarks" comprise crucial biological properties that mediate the advancement of the disease and affect patient prognosis. These hallmarks have been proposed to overlap with essential features of the WH process. However, common hallmarks and proteins actively participating in both processes have yet to be described. In this work we identify 21 WH proteins strongly linked with solid tumors by integrated TCGA Pan-Cancer and multi-omics analyses. These proteins were associated with eight of the ten described cancer hallmarks, especially avoiding immune destruction. These results show that WH and cancer's common proteins are involved in the microenvironment modification of solid tissues and immune system regulation. This set of proteins, between WH and cancer, could represent key targets for developing therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés López-Cortés
- grid.412257.70000 0004 0485 6316Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Quito, Ecuador ,Latin American Network for the Implementation and Validation of Clinical Pharmacogenomics Guidelines (RELIVAF-CYTED), Madrid, Spain ,grid.8073.c0000 0001 2176 8535RNASA-IMEDIR, Computer Science Faculty, Universidad of A Coruna, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Estefanía Abarca
- grid.442129.8Carrera de Biotecnología, Universidad Politécnica Salesiana UPS, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Leonardo Silva
- grid.442129.8Carrera de Biotecnología, Universidad Politécnica Salesiana UPS, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Erick Velastegui
- grid.442129.8Carrera de Biotecnología, Universidad Politécnica Salesiana UPS, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Ariana León-Sosa
- grid.412251.10000 0000 9008 4711Instituto de Investigaciones en Biomedicina iBioMed, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Germania Karolys
- grid.442129.8Carrera de Biotecnología, Universidad Politécnica Salesiana UPS, Quito, Ecuador ,grid.442129.8Grupo de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias Aplicadas a los Recursos Biológicos, Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Francisco Cabrera
- grid.412251.10000 0000 9008 4711Instituto de Investigaciones en Biomedicina iBioMed, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador ,grid.412251.10000 0000 9008 4711Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Andrés Caicedo
- grid.412251.10000 0000 9008 4711Instituto de Investigaciones en Biomedicina iBioMed, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador ,grid.412251.10000 0000 9008 4711Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador ,Mito-Act Research Consortium, Quito, Ecuador ,grid.412251.10000 0000 9008 4711Sistemas Médicos SIME, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador
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11
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Jankowska U, Skupien-Rabian B, Swiderska B, Prus G, Dziedzicka-Wasylewska M, Kedracka-Krok S. Proteome Analysis of PC12 Cells Reveals Alterations in Translation Regulation and Actin Signaling Induced by Clozapine. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:2097-2111. [PMID: 34024016 PMCID: PMC8254727 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03348-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Although antipsychotics are routinely used in the treatment of schizophrenia for the last decades, their precise mechanism of action is still unclear. In this study, we investigated changes in the PC12 cells’ proteome under the influence of clozapine, risperidone, and haloperidol to identify protein pathways regulated by antipsychotics. Analysis of the protein profiles in two time points: after 12 and 24 h of incubation with drugs revealed significant alterations in 510 proteins. Further canonical pathway analysis revealed an inhibition of ciliary trophic factor signaling after treatment with haloperidol and showed a decrease in acute phase response signaling in the risperidone group. Interestingly, all tested drugs have caused changes in PC12 proteome which correspond to inhibition of cytokines: tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1). We also found that the 12-h incubation with clozapine caused up-regulation of protein kinase A signaling and translation machinery. After 24 h of treatment with clozapine, the inhibition of the actin cytoskeleton signaling and Rho proteins signaling was revealed. The obtained results suggest that the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) and 2 (mTORC2) play a central role in the signal transduction of clozapine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Jankowska
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7a str, 30-387, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Bozena Skupien-Rabian
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7a str, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Bianka Swiderska
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Gabriela Prus
- Department of Physical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marta Dziedzicka-Wasylewska
- Department of Physical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, Krakow, Poland
| | - Sylwia Kedracka-Krok
- Department of Physical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, Krakow, Poland
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12
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Erfan OS, Sonpol HMA, Abd El-Kader M. Protective effect of rapamycin against acrylamide-induced hepatotoxicity: The associations between autophagy, apoptosis, and necroptosis. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2021; 304:1984-1998. [PMID: 33480149 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Acrylamide (ACRL) was demonstrated to induce hepatotoxicity and programmed cell death (PCD). Rapamycin (RAPA)-induced autophagy had been reported to limit the progression of hepatocellular injury in experimental models. This research was designed to study two death pathways involved in ACRL-induced hepatotoxicity and the modulating effect of RAPA on the resulting hepatic injury. Thirty-six adult male rats were divided into three groups: control group, ACRL-treated group (20 mg kg/day), and the last group co-treated with ACRL plus RAPA (0.5 mg kg/day). Drugs were administered for 21 days via oral gavage. Blood samples were collected to assess alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Livers were dissected; parts were used for detection of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) tissue levels. Other parts were processed for hematoxylin and eosin, Masson's trichrome staining, immunostaining for microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3B (LC3), ubiquitin-binding protein (p62), caspase-3, and receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1). ACRL induced a significant elevation in ALT, AST, MDA levels, and reduction in the SOD level. ACRL also induced hepatocellular injury, fibrosis, and defective autophagy indicated by elevation of LC3 and p62 and increased p62/LC3 ratio. Moreover, it increased the apoptotic (caspase-3) and necroptotic (RIPK1) markers expression. RAPA significantly reduced liver enzymes, oxidative stress, fibrosis, and improved liver histology. Moreover, RAPA decreased p62/LC3 ratio indicated enhanced autophagy, and significantly reduced caspase-3 and RIPK1 expression. In conclusion, RAPA maintained autophagic activity which may save the hepatocytes from PCD and enhance cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omnia S Erfan
- Anatomy and embryology department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Hany M A Sonpol
- Anatomy and embryology department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.,Basic medical sciences department, College of Medicine, University of Bisha, Bisha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marwa Abd El-Kader
- Anatomy and embryology department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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13
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Activation of Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) in Human Endothelial Cells Infected with Pathogenic Spotted Fever Group Rickettsiae. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197179. [PMID: 33003310 PMCID: PMC7582468 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Attributed to the tropism for host microvascular endothelium lining the blood vessels, vascular inflammation and dysfunction represent salient features of rickettsial pathogenesis, yet the details of fundamentally important pathogen interactions with host endothelial cells (ECs) as the primary targets of infection remain poorly appreciated. Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), a serine/threonine protein kinase of the phosphatidylinositol kinase-related kinase family, assembles into two functionally distinct complexes, namely mTORC1 (Raptor) and mTORC2 (Rictor), implicated in the determination of innate immune responses to intracellular pathogens via transcriptional regulation. In the present study, we investigated activation status of mTOR and its potential contributions to host EC responses during Rickettsia rickettsii and R. conorii infection. Protein lysates from infected ECs were analyzed for threonine 421/serine 424 phosphorylation of p70 S6 kinase (p70 S6K) and that of serine 2448 on mTOR itself as established markers of mTORC1 activation. For mTORC2, we assessed phosphorylation of protein kinase B (PKB or Akt) and protein kinase C (PKC), respectively, on serine 473 and serine 657. The results suggest increased phosphorylation of p70 S6K and mTOR during Rickettsia infection of ECs as early as 3 h and persisting for up to 24 h post-infection. The steady-state levels of phospho-Akt and phospho-PKC were also increased. Infection with pathogenic rickettsiae also resulted in the formation of microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 (LC3-II) puncta and increased lipidation of LC3-II, a response significantly inhibited by introduction of siRNA targeting mTORC1 into ECs. These findings thus yield first evidence for the activation of both mTORC1 and mTORC2 during EC infection in vitro with Rickettsia species and suggest that early induction of autophagy in response to intracellular infection might be regulated by this important pathway known to function as a central integrator of cellular immunity and inflammation.
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14
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Britto FA, Dumas K, Giorgetti-Peraldi S, Ollendorff V, Favier FB. Is REDD1 a metabolic double agent? Lessons from physiology and pathology. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2020; 319:C807-C824. [PMID: 32877205 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00340.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The Akt/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway governs macromolecule synthesis, cell growth, and metabolism in response to nutrients and growth factors. Regulated in development and DNA damage response (REDD)1 is a conserved and ubiquitous protein, which is transiently induced in response to multiple stimuli. Acting like an endogenous inhibitor of the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, REDD1 protein has been shown to regulate cell growth, mitochondrial function, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. Recent studies also indicate that timely REDD1 expression limits Akt/mTOR-dependent synthesis processes to spare energy during metabolic stresses, avoiding energy collapse and detrimental consequences. In contrast to this beneficial role for metabolic adaptation, REDD1 chronic expression appears involved in the pathogenesis of several diseases. Indeed, REDD1 expression is found as an early biomarker in many pathologies including inflammatory diseases, cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, depression, diabetes, and obesity. Moreover, prolonged REDD1 expression is associated with cell apoptosis, excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and inflammation activation leading to tissue damage. In this review, we decipher several mechanisms that make REDD1 a likely metabolic double agent depending on its duration of expression in different physiological and pathological contexts. We also discuss the role played by REDD1 in the cross talk between the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway and the energetic metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karine Dumas
- Université Cote d'Azur, INSERM, UMR1065, C3M, Nice, France
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15
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Luo X, Wu S, Jiang Y, Wang L, Li G, Qing Y, Liu J, Zhang D. Inhibition of autophagy by geniposide protects against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 85:106609. [PMID: 32446199 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Geniposide (GP), extracted from a traditional Chinese herb Gardenia jasminoides, has extensive pharmacological effects. But the effects and the potential mechanisms of GP on myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury are poorly understood. In present study, we investigated the effect of GP on myocardial I/R injury in vivo and hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) in vitro respectively, and its mechanism. The results showed that GP reduced myocardial infarct size, alleviated acute myocardial injury, improved cardiac function, regulated apoptosis-related proteins and inhibited apoptosis. In vitro experiments revealed that GP enhanced the cell viability, regulated apoptosis-related proteins and prevented cell apoptosis during H/R in H9c2 cells. GP inhibited the expression of autophagy-related proteins and autophagosome accumulation both in vivo and in vitro. The effects of GP were blocked by rapamycin (RAPA) administration. In summary, our results showed that GP protected against myocardial I/R injury and involved inhibition of autophagy, which might be through activating AKT/mTOR signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuexiu Luo
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Shiyong Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan Province, China
| | - Youqing Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Liyou Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Guoxing Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yuhong Qing
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Dongying Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
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16
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Riggi M, Kusmider B, Loewith R. The flipside of the TOR coin - TORC2 and plasma membrane homeostasis at a glance. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:133/9/jcs242040. [PMID: 32393676 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.242040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Target of rapamycin (TOR) is a serine/threonine protein kinase conserved in most eukaryote organisms. TOR assembles into two multiprotein complexes (TORC1 and TORC2), which function as regulators of cellular growth and homeostasis by serving as direct transducers of extracellular biotic and abiotic signals, and, through their participation in intrinsic feedback loops, respectively. TORC1, the better-studied complex, is mainly involved in cell volume homeostasis through regulating accumulation of proteins and other macromolecules, while the functions of the lesser-studied TORC2 are only now starting to emerge. In this Cell Science at a Glance article and accompanying poster, we aim to highlight recent advances in our understanding of TORC2 signalling, particularly those derived from studies in yeast wherein TORC2 has emerged as a major regulator of cell surface homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot Riggi
- Swiss National Centre for Competence in Research Program Chemical Biology, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Molecular Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Beata Kusmider
- Swiss National Centre for Competence in Research Program Chemical Biology, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Molecular Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Robbie Loewith
- Swiss National Centre for Competence in Research Program Chemical Biology, Geneva, Switzerland .,Department of Molecular Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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17
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Xiao Y, Zhou L, Zhang T, Qin C, Wei P, Luo L, Luo L, Huang G, Chen A, Liu G. Anti-fibrosis activity of quercetin attenuates rabbit tracheal stenosis via the TGF-β/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. Life Sci 2020; 250:117552. [PMID: 32179074 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS This study aimed to explore the possible mechanism of trauma-induced laryngotracheal stenosis and potential protective and therapeutic efficacy of quercetin on trauma-induced laryngotracheal stenosis. MAIN METHODS The expression and activity of fibrotic factors [interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, autophagy related 5 (ATG5), collagen (COL)-1, tumor growth factor (TGF)-β COL-3, microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3A (LC3), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)] and fibrotic signaling mediators [mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and phosphorylated AKT (pAKT)] were detected by real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR), ELISA, Western blot, and immunohistochemical staining, respectively, in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced WI-38 (a human embryonic lung fibroblast cell line) cellular fibrotic model and a trauma-induced rabbit tracheal stenosis model, with and without quercetin treatment. KEY FINDINGS Pre-treatment with quercetin significantly reversed the LPS-induced upregulation of pro-fibrotic factors (IL-6, IL-8, COL-1, COL-3, LC3) and fibrotic signaling mediators (mTOR and AKT), and it induced the downregulation of ATG5 in the WI-38 cells. Furthermore, the anti-fibrotic activity of quercetin was confirmed in the trauma-induced rabbit tracheal stenosis model. Thus, the nasogastric administration of quercetin attenuated the tracheal stenosis of the rabbit tracheal stenosis model, in addition to effectively reversing an increase in pro-fibrotic factors (VEGF, IL-6, TGF-β, COL-1, and COL-3) and fibrotic signaling mediators (mTOR and AKT), as well as downregulating ATG5 of the rabbit tracheal stenosis model. SIGNIFICANCE Quercetin exhibits anti-fibrotic activity by inhibiting pro-fibrotic factors and AKT/mTOR signaling pathway, in addition to activating autophagy activity. This study provided experimental evidence supporting the application of quercetin in tracheal stenosis, clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangbao Xiao
- Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China; Endoscopy Center of Hunan Chest Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Endoscopy Center of Hunan Chest Hospital, Changsha, China
| | | | | | - Peng Wei
- Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Li Luo
- Endoscopy Center of Hunan Chest Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Linzi Luo
- Endoscopy Center of Hunan Chest Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Guojun Huang
- Endoscopy Center of Hunan Chest Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Anji Chen
- Endoscopy Center of Hunan Chest Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Guangnan Liu
- Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China; Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine of The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.
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18
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Loss of TSC complex enhances gluconeogenesis via upregulation of Dlk1-Dio3 locus miRNAs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:1524-1532. [PMID: 31919282 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1918931117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of the tumor suppressor tuberous sclerosis complex 1 (Tsc1) in the liver promotes gluconeogenesis and glucose intolerance. We asked whether this could be attributed to aberrant expression of small RNAs. We performed small-RNA sequencing on liver of Tsc1-knockout mice, and found that miRNAs of the delta-like homolog 1 (Dlk1)-deiodinase iodothyronine type III (Dio3) locus are up-regulated in an mTORC1-dependent manner. Sustained mTORC1 signaling during development prevented CpG methylation and silencing of the Dlk1-Dio3 locus, thereby increasing miRNA transcription. Deletion of miRNAs encoded by the Dlk1-Dio3 locus reduced gluconeogenesis, glucose intolerance, and fasting blood glucose levels. Thus, miRNAs contribute to the metabolic effects observed upon loss of TSC1 and hyperactivation of mTORC1 in the liver. Furthermore, we show that miRNA is a downstream effector of hyperactive mTORC1 signaling.
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19
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Kaushal GP, Chandrashekar K, Juncos LA, Shah SV. Autophagy Function and Regulation in Kidney Disease. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10010100. [PMID: 31936109 PMCID: PMC7022273 DOI: 10.3390/biom10010100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a dynamic process by which intracellular damaged macromolecules and organelles are degraded and recycled for the synthesis of new cellular components. Basal autophagy in the kidney acts as a quality control system and is vital for cellular metabolic and organelle homeostasis. Under pathological conditions, autophagy facilitates cellular adaptation; however, activation of autophagy in response to renal injury may be insufficient to provide protection, especially under dysregulated conditions. Kidney-specific deletion of Atg genes in mice has consistently demonstrated worsened acute kidney injury (AKI) outcomes supporting the notion of a pro-survival role of autophagy. Recent studies have also begun to unfold the role of autophagy in progressive renal disease and subsequent fibrosis. Autophagy also influences tubular cell death in renal injury. In this review, we reported the current understanding of autophagy regulation and its role in the pathogenesis of renal injury. In particular, the classic mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-dependent signaling pathway and other mTOR-independent alternative signaling pathways of autophagy regulation were described. Finally, we summarized the impact of autophagy activation on different forms of cell death, including apoptosis and regulated necrosis, associated with the pathophysiology of renal injury. Understanding the regulatory mechanisms of autophagy would identify important targets for therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gur P. Kaushal
- Renal Section, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System Little Rock, Arkansas and Division of Nephrology, 4300 W 7th St, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; (L.A.J.); (S.V.S.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-501-257-5834; Fax: +1-501-257-5827
| | - Kiran Chandrashekar
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA;
| | - Luis A. Juncos
- Renal Section, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System Little Rock, Arkansas and Division of Nephrology, 4300 W 7th St, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; (L.A.J.); (S.V.S.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA;
| | - Sudhir V. Shah
- Renal Section, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System Little Rock, Arkansas and Division of Nephrology, 4300 W 7th St, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; (L.A.J.); (S.V.S.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA;
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20
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Grazioso TP, Brandt M, Djouder N. Diet, Microbiota, and Colorectal Cancer. iScience 2019; 21:168-187. [PMID: 31669832 PMCID: PMC6889474 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium is a very dynamic tissue under a high regenerative pressure, which makes it susceptible to malignant transformation. Proper integration of various cell signaling pathways and a balanced cross talk between different cell types composing the organ are required to maintain intestinal homeostasis. Dysregulation of this balance can lead to colorectal cancer (CRC). Here, we review important insights into molecular and cellular mechanisms of CRC. We discuss how perturbation in complex regulatory networks, including the Wnt, Notch, BMP, and Hedgehog pathways; and how variations in inflammatory signaling, nutrients, and microbiota can affect intestinal homeostasis contributing to the malignant transformation of intestinal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana P Grazioso
- Molecular Oncology Programme, Growth Factors, Nutrients and Cancer Group, Centro Nacional Investigaciones Oncológicas, CNIO, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Marta Brandt
- Molecular Oncology Programme, Growth Factors, Nutrients and Cancer Group, Centro Nacional Investigaciones Oncológicas, CNIO, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Nabil Djouder
- Molecular Oncology Programme, Growth Factors, Nutrients and Cancer Group, Centro Nacional Investigaciones Oncológicas, CNIO, Madrid 28029, Spain.
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21
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Mas-Parés B, Xargay-Torrent S, Bonmatí A, Lizarraga-Mollinedo E, Martínez-Calcerrada JM, Carreras-Badosa G, Prats-Puig A, de Zegher F, Ibáñez L, López-Bermejo A, Bassols J. Umbilical Cord miRNAs in Small-for-Gestational-Age Children and Association With Catch-Up Growth: A Pilot Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:5285-5298. [PMID: 31125087 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2018-02346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Catch-up growth in infants who are small for gestational age (SGA) is a risk factor for the development of cardiometabolic diseases in adulthood. The basis and mechanisms underpinning catch-up growth in newborns who are SGA are unknown. OBJECTIVE To identify umbilical cord miRNAs associated with catch-up growth in infants who are SGA and study their relationship with offspring's cardiometabolic parameters. DESIGN miRNA PCR panels were used to study the miRNA profile in umbilical cord tissue of five infants who were SGA with catch-up (SGA-CU), five without catch-up (SGA-nonCU), and five control infants [appropriate for gestational age (AGA)]. The miRNAs with the smallest nominal P values were validated in 64 infants (22 AGA, 18 SGA-nonCU, and 24 SGA-CU) and correlated with anthropometric parameters at 1 (n = 64) and 6 years of age (n = 30). RESULTS miR-501-3p, miR-576-5p, miR-770-5p, and miR-876-3p had nominally significant associations with increased weight, height, weight catch-up, and height catch-up at 1 year, and miR-374b-3p, miR-548c-5p, and miR-576-5p had nominally significant associations with increased weight, height, waist, hip, and renal fat at 6 years. Multivariate analysis suggested miR-576-5p as a predictor of weight catch-up and height catch-up at 1 year, as well as weight, waist, and renal fat at 6 years. In silico studies suggested that miR-576-5p participates in the regulation of inflammatory, growth, and proliferation signaling pathways. CONCLUSIONS Umbilical cord miRNAs could be novel biomarkers for the early identification of catch-up growth in infants who are SGA. miR-576-5p may contribute to the regulation of postnatal growth and influence the risk for cardiometabolic diseases associated with a mismatch between prenatal and postnatal weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berta Mas-Parés
- Maternal-Fetal Metabolic Research Group, Girona Institute for Biomedical Research, Salt, Spain
| | - Sílvia Xargay-Torrent
- Pediatric Endocrinology Research Group, Girona Institute for Biomedical Research, Salt, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Gemma Carreras-Badosa
- Pediatric Endocrinology Research Group, Girona Institute for Biomedical Research, Salt, Spain
| | - Anna Prats-Puig
- Department of Physical Therapy, University School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Girona (EUSES-UdG), Girona, Spain
| | - Francis de Zegher
- Department of Development and Regeneration, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lourdes Ibáñez
- Department of Endocrinology, Pediatric Research Institute, Sant Joan de Déu Children's Hospital, Esplugues, Barcelona, Spain
- Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Abel López-Bermejo
- Pediatric Endocrinology Research Group, Girona Institute for Biomedical Research, Salt, Spain
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. Josep Trueta Hospital, Girona, Spain
| | - Judit Bassols
- Maternal-Fetal Metabolic Research Group, Girona Institute for Biomedical Research, Salt, Spain
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22
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Molecular Interactions Between Reactive Oxygen Species and Autophagy in Kidney Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20153791. [PMID: 31382550 PMCID: PMC6696055 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are highly reactive signaling molecules that maintain redox homeostasis in mammalian cells. Dysregulation of redox homeostasis under pathological conditions results in excessive generation of ROS, culminating in oxidative stress and the associated oxidative damage of cellular components. ROS and oxidative stress play a vital role in the pathogenesis of acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease, and it is well documented that increased oxidative stress in patients enhances the progression of renal diseases. Oxidative stress activates autophagy, which facilitates cellular adaptation and diminishes oxidative damage by degrading and recycling intracellular oxidized and damaged macromolecules and dysfunctional organelles. In this review, we report the current understanding of the molecular regulation of autophagy in response to oxidative stress in general and in the pathogenesis of kidney diseases. We summarize how the molecular interactions between ROS and autophagy involve ROS-mediated activation of autophagy and autophagy-mediated reduction of oxidative stress. In particular, we describe how ROS impact various signaling pathways of autophagy, including mTORC1-ULK1, AMPK-mTORC1-ULK1, and Keap1-Nrf2-p62, as well as selective autophagy including mitophagy and pexophagy. Precise elucidation of the molecular mechanisms of interactions between ROS and autophagy in the pathogenesis of renal diseases may identify novel targets for development of drugs for preventing renal injury.
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Amino acid transporter SLC6A14 depends on heat shock protein HSP90 in trafficking to the cell surface. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2019; 1866:1544-1555. [PMID: 31326539 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Plasma membrane transporter SLC6A14 transports all neutral and basic amino acids in a Na/Cl - dependent way and it is up-regulated in many types of cancer. Mass spectrometry analysis of overexpressed SLC6A14-associated proteins identified, among others, the presence of cytosolic heat shock proteins (HSPs) and co-chaperones. We detected co-localization of overexpressed and native SLC6A14 with HSP90-beta and HSP70 (HSPA14). Proximity ligation assay confirmed a direct interaction of overexpressed SLC6A14 with both HSPs. Treatment with radicicol and VER155008, specific inhibitors of HSP90 and HSP70, respectively, attenuated these interactions and strongly reduced transporter presence at the cell surface, what resulted from the diminished level of the total transporter protein. Distortion of SLC6A14 proper folding by both HSPs inhibitors directed the transporter towards endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation pathway, a process reversed by the proteasome inhibitor - bortezomib. As demonstrated in an in vitro ATPase assay of recombinant purified HSP90-beta, the peptides corresponding to C-terminal amino acid sequence following the last transmembrane domain of SLC6A14 affected the HSP90-beta activity. These results indicate that a plasma membrane protein folding can be controlled not only by chaperones in the endoplasmic reticulum, but also those localized in the cytosol.
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Abstract
Autophagy is a self-eating catabolic pathway that contributes to liver homeostasis through its role in energy balance and in the quality control of the cytoplasm, by removing misfolded proteins, damaged organelles and lipid droplets. Autophagy not only regulates hepatocyte functions but also impacts on non-parenchymal cells, such as endothelial cells, macrophages and hepatic stellate cells. Deregulation of autophagy has been linked to many liver diseases and its modulation is now recognized as a potential new therapeutic strategy. Indeed, enhancing autophagy may prevent the progression of a number of liver diseases, including storage disorders (alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, Wilson's disease), acute liver injury, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and chronic alcohol-related liver disease. Nevertheless, in some situations such as fibrosis, targeting specific liver cells must be considered, as autophagy displays opposing functions depending on the cell type. In addition, an optimal therapeutic time-window should be identified, since autophagy might be beneficial in the initial stages of disease, but detrimental at more advanced stages, as in the case of hepatocellular carcinoma. Finally, identifying biomarkers of autophagy and methods to monitor autophagic flux in vivo are important steps for the future development of personalized autophagy-targeting strategies. In this review, we provide an update on the regulatory role of autophagy in various aspects of liver pathophysiology, describing the different strategies to manipulate autophagy and discussing the potential to modulate autophagy as a therapeutic strategy in the context of liver diseases.
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25
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Mukaneza Y, Cohen A, Rivard MÈ, Tardif J, Deschênes S, Ruiz M, Laprise C, Des Rosiers C, Coderre L. mTORC1 is required for expression of LRPPRC and cytochrome- c oxidase but not HIF-1α in Leigh syndrome French Canadian type patient fibroblasts. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2019; 317:C58-C67. [PMID: 30995105 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00160.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Leigh syndrome French Canadian type (LSFC) is a mitochondrial disease caused by mutations in the leucine-rich pentatricopeptide repeat-containing (LRPPRC) gene leading to a reduction of cytochrome-c oxidase (COX) expression reaching 50% in skin fibroblasts. We have shown that under basal conditions, LSFC and control cells display similar ATP levels. We hypothesized that this occurs through upregulation of mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR)-mediated metabolic reprogramming. Our results showed that compared with controls, LSFC cells exhibited an upregulation of the mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1)/p70 ribosomal S6 kinase pathway and higher levels of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) and its downstream target pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 (PDHK1), a regulator of mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase 1 (PDH1). Consistent with these signaling alterations, LSFC cells displayed a 40-61% increase in [U-13C6]glucose contribution to pyruvate, lactate, and alanine formation, as well as higher levels of the phosphorylated and inactive form of PDH1-α. Interestingly, inhibition of mTOR with rapamycin did not alter HIF-1α or PDHK1 protein levels in LSFC fibroblasts. However, this treatment increased PDH1-α phosphorylation in control and LSFC cells and reduced ATP levels in control cells. Rapamycin also decreased LRPPRC expression by 41 and 11% in LSFC and control cells, respectively, and selectively reduced COX subunit IV expression in LSFC fibroblasts. Taken together, our data demonstrate the importance of mTORC1, independent of the HIF-1α/PDHK1 axis, in maintaining LRPPRC and COX expression in LSFC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvette Mukaneza
- Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal , Montreal, Quebec , Canada.,Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute , Montreal, Quebec , Canada
| | - Aaron Cohen
- Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute , Montreal, Quebec , Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Rivard
- Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute , Montreal, Quebec , Canada
| | - Jessica Tardif
- Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, Quebec , Canada
| | - Sonia Deschênes
- Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute , Montreal, Quebec , Canada
| | - Matthieu Ruiz
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal , Montreal, Quebec , Canada.,Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute , Montreal, Quebec , Canada
| | | | - Catherine Laprise
- Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, Quebec , Canada
| | - Christine Des Rosiers
- Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal , Montreal, Quebec , Canada.,Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute , Montreal, Quebec , Canada
| | - Lise Coderre
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal , Montreal, Quebec , Canada.,Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute , Montreal, Quebec , Canada
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26
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Jiang Y, Berg MD, Genereaux J, Ahmed K, Duennwald ML, Brandl CJ, Lajoie P. Sfp1 links TORC1 and cell growth regulation to the yeast SAGA‐complex component Tra1 in response to polyQ proteotoxicity. Traffic 2019; 20:267-283. [DOI: 10.1111/tra.12637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Jiang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyThe University of Western Ontario London Ontario Canada
| | - Matthew D. Berg
- Department of BiochemistryThe University of Western Ontario London Ontario Canada
| | - Julie Genereaux
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyThe University of Western Ontario London Ontario Canada
- Department of BiochemistryThe University of Western Ontario London Ontario Canada
| | - Khadija Ahmed
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyThe University of Western Ontario London Ontario Canada
| | - Martin L. Duennwald
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyThe University of Western Ontario London Ontario Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineThe University of Western Ontario London Ontario Canada
| | | | - Patrick Lajoie
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyThe University of Western Ontario London Ontario Canada
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27
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Ma Y, Vassetzky Y, Dokudovskaya S. mTORC1 pathway in DNA damage response. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2018; 1865:1293-1311. [PMID: 29936127 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Living organisms have evolved various mechanisms to control their metabolism and response to various stresses, allowing them to survive and grow in different environments. In eukaryotes, the highly conserved mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway integrates both intracellular and extracellular signals and serves as a central regulator of cellular metabolism, proliferation and survival. A growing body of evidence indicates that mTOR signaling is closely related to another cellular protection mechanism, the DNA damage response (DDR). Many factors important for the DDR are also involved in the mTOR pathway. In this review, we discuss how these two pathways communicate to ensure an efficient protection of the cell against metabolic and genotoxic stresses. We also describe how anticancer therapies benefit from simultaneous targeting of the DDR and mTOR pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinxing Ma
- CNRS UMR 8126, Université Paris-Sud 11, Institut Gustave Roussy, 114, rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Yegor Vassetzky
- CNRS UMR 8126, Université Paris-Sud 11, Institut Gustave Roussy, 114, rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Svetlana Dokudovskaya
- CNRS UMR 8126, Université Paris-Sud 11, Institut Gustave Roussy, 114, rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France.
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28
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Who does TORC2 talk to? Biochem J 2018; 475:1721-1738. [PMID: 29794170 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20180130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The target of rapamycin (TOR) is a protein kinase that, by forming complexes with partner proteins, governs diverse cellular signalling networks to regulate a wide range of processes. TOR thus plays central roles in maintaining normal cellular functions and, when dysregulated, in diverse diseases. TOR forms two distinct types of multiprotein complexes (TOR complexes 1 and 2, TORC1 and TORC2). TORC1 and TORC2 differ in their composition, their control and their substrates, so that they play quite distinct roles in cellular physiology. Much effort has been focused on deciphering the detailed regulatory links within the TOR pathways and the structure and control of TOR complexes. In this review, we summarize recent advances in understanding mammalian (m) TORC2, its structure, its regulation, and its substrates, which link TORC2 signalling to the control of cell functions. It is now clear that TORC2 regulates several aspects of cell metabolism, including lipogenesis and glucose transport. It also regulates gene transcription, the cytoskeleton, and the activity of a subset of other protein kinases.
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29
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Maeda N, Abdullahi A, Beatty B, Dhanani Z, Adegoke OAJ. Depletion of the mRNA translation initiation inhibitor, programmed cell death protein 4 (PDCD4), impairs L6 myotube formation. Physiol Rep 2018; 5:5/17/e13395. [PMID: 28899909 PMCID: PMC5599859 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanistic (mammalian) target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling is vital for optimal muscle mass and function. Although the significance of mTORC1 in stimulating muscle growth is unequivocal, evidence in support of its role during muscle regeneration is less clear. Here, we showed that the abundance (protein and mRNA) of the mTORC1/S6K1 substrate, programmed cell death protein 4 (PDCD4), is upregulated at the onset of differentiation of L6 and C2C12 cells. The increase in PDCD4 was not associated with any changes in S6K1 activation, but the abundance of beta transducing repeat‐containing protein (β‐TrCP), the ubiquitin ligase that targets PDCD4 for degradation, increased. Myoblasts lacking PDCD4 showed impaired myotube formation and had markedly low levels of MHC‐1. Analysis of poly (ADP‐ribose) Polymerase (PARP), caspase 7 and caspase 3 indicated reduced apoptosis in PDCD4‐deficient cells. Our data demonstrate a role for PDCD4 in muscle cell formation and suggest that interventions that target this protein may hold promise for managing conditions associated with impaired myotube formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Maeda
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science and Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Abdikarim Abdullahi
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science and Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brendan Beatty
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science and Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zameer Dhanani
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science and Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Olasunkanmi A J Adegoke
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science and Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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30
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The Long Journey of mTOR Inhibitors and the Long Path That Is Still Ahead. Transplantation 2018; 102:S1-S2. [PMID: 29369969 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000001950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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31
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Ruiz A, Dror E, Handschin C, Furrer R, Perez-Schindler J, Bachmann C, Treves S, Zorzato F. Over-expression of a retinol dehydrogenase (SRP35/DHRS7C) in skeletal muscle activates mTORC2, enhances glucose metabolism and muscle performance. Sci Rep 2018; 8:636. [PMID: 29330505 PMCID: PMC5766524 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18844-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
SRP-35 is a short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase belonging to the DHRS7C dehydrogenase/ reductase family 7. Here we show that its over-expression in mouse skeletal muscles induces enhanced muscle performance in vivo, which is not related to alterations in excitation-contraction coupling but rather linked to enhanced glucose metabolism. Over-expression of SRP-35 causes increased phosphorylation of AktS473, triggering plasmalemmal targeting of GLUT4 and higher glucose uptake into muscles. SRP-35 signaling involves RARα and RARγ (non-genomic effect), PI3K and mTORC2. We also demonstrate that all-trans retinoic acid, a downstream product of the enzymatic activity of SRP-35, mimics the effect of SRP-35 in skeletal muscle, inducing a synergistic effect with insulin on AKTS473 phosphorylation. These results indicate that SRP-35 affects skeletal muscle metabolism and may represent an important target for the treatment of metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Ruiz
- Departments of Anesthesia and of Biomedicine, Basel University Hospital, Hebelstrasse 20, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Erez Dror
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Regula Furrer
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Christoph Bachmann
- Departments of Anesthesia and of Biomedicine, Basel University Hospital, Hebelstrasse 20, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Susan Treves
- Departments of Anesthesia and of Biomedicine, Basel University Hospital, Hebelstrasse 20, 4031, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Life Sciences, General Pathology section, University of Ferrara, Via Borsari 46, 44100, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Francesco Zorzato
- Departments of Anesthesia and of Biomedicine, Basel University Hospital, Hebelstrasse 20, 4031, Basel, Switzerland. .,Department of Life Sciences, General Pathology section, University of Ferrara, Via Borsari 46, 44100, Ferrara, Italy.
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32
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mTORC1 Inactivation Promotes Colitis-Induced Colorectal Cancer but Protects from APC Loss-Dependent Tumorigenesis. Cell Metab 2018; 27:118-135.e8. [PMID: 29275959 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Dietary habits that can induce inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are major colorectal cancer (CRC) risk factors, but mechanisms linking nutrients, IBD, and CRC are unknown. Using human data and mouse models, we show that mTORC1 inactivation-induced chromosomal instability impairs intestinal crypt proliferation and regeneration, CDK4/6 dependently. This triggers interleukin (IL)-6-associated reparative inflammation, inducing crypt hyper-proliferation, wound healing, and CRC. Blocking IL-6 signaling or reactivating mTORC1 reduces inflammation-induced CRC, so mTORC1 activation suppresses tumorigenesis in IBD. Conversely, mTORC1 inactivation is beneficial in APC loss-dependent CRC. Thus, IL-6 blockers or protein-rich-diet-linked mTORC1 activation may prevent IBD-associated CRC. However, abolishing mTORC1 can mitigate CRC in predisposed patients with APC mutations. Our work reveals mTORC1 oncogenic and tumor-suppressive roles in intestinal epithelium and avenues to optimized and personalized therapeutic regimens for CRC.
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33
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Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway has been studied in the context of an impressive number of biological processes and disease states, including major diseases of the lung such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, as well as the rare condition lymphangioleiomyomatosis. The involvement of mTOR in so many disease states (in and out of the lung) raises the question how one signaling pathway can have overlapping but diverse roles seemingly everywhere. Findings in the last decade have placed the mTOR pathway in a new context as an important, conserved mediator of the aging process. This offers one explanation for the pleiotropic effects of mTOR: -that many chronic diseases are also diseases of aging and that pathways modulating aging will have widespread effects on associated disease. However, this may not be the entire story, because mTOR is also implicated in a large number of diseases not linked to aging. In this article, we discuss the current state of knowledge regarding mTOR, especially in the context of lung pathologies, and offer a potential explanation for its widespread involvement in human disease.
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34
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Lindqvist LM, Tandoc K, Topisirovic I, Furic L. Cross-talk between protein synthesis, energy metabolism and autophagy in cancer. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2017; 48:104-111. [PMID: 29179096 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Translation is a pivotal step in the regulation of gene expression as well as one of the most energy consuming processes in the cell. Dysregulation of translation caused by the aberrant function of upstream signaling pathways and/or perturbations in the expression or function of components of the translation machinery is frequent in cancer. In this review, we discuss emerging findings that highlight hitherto unappreciated aspects of signaling to the translation apparatus with the particular focus on emerging connections between protein synthesis, autophagy and energy homeostasis in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Lindqvist
- Cell Signalling and Cell Death Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia.
| | - Kristofferson Tandoc
- Lady Davis Institute, SMBD JGH, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3T 1E2; Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3T2, Canada
| | - Ivan Topisirovic
- Lady Davis Institute, SMBD JGH, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3T 1E2; Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3T2, Canada; Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3T2, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3T2, Canada
| | - Luc Furic
- Prostate Cancer Translational Research Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Cancer Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Anatomy & Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia.
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35
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Targeting AMPK, mTOR and β-Catenin by Combined Metformin and Aspirin Therapy in HCC: An Appraisal in Egyptian HCC Patients. Mol Diagn Ther 2017; 22:115-127. [DOI: 10.1007/s40291-017-0307-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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36
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Jiao Y, Tan S, Xiong J. Proteomic changes of CD4 +/CD25 +/forkhead box p3 + regulatory T cells in a 30-day rat model of sepsis survival. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:5619-5628. [PMID: 29285101 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is defined as life threatening organ dysfunction arising from a dysregulated host response to infection. The outcomes of sepsis include early mortality, delayed mortality and recovery, and depend on the inflammatory response. Previous studies have demonstrated that regulatory T cells (Tregs) are important in determining the outcome of sepsis, as their suppressive function serves a role in maintaining immune homeostasis. However, Treg-mediated immunosuppression during the course of sepsis remains unclear and little is known about the survival of patients following diagnosis. Studying the survivors of sepsis may explain the mechanisms of natural recovery. Therefore, a 30-day rat model of sepsis survival was established in the current study. Cluster of differentiation CD4+/CD25+/forkhead box p3+ Tregs were isolated from the blood and spleens of rats undergoing cecal ligation and puncture or sham surgery, using flow cytometry. Proteomic analysis was performed using nano high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Several different biological pathways associated with uncommon differentially-expressed proteins were identified in the blood and spleen survivor and sham groups. Extracellular-regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase, as well as integrin and actin cytoskeletal pathway elements, including Ras-related protein 1b, talin 1 and filamin A, were associated with Tregs in the blood. Pathway elements associated with cell cycle regulators in the B-cell translocation gene family of proteins, tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 4, Hippo signaling, P70-S6 kinase 1, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signaling and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 biosynthesis were associated with Tregs from the spleen including phosphatase 2A activator regulatory factor 4, histone arginine methyltransferase, CD4, major histocompatibility complex class I antigens, 14-3-3 protein θ and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate cytochrome P450 reductase. These results explain the mechanism by which Tregs naturally recover and indicates that Tregs in the blood and spleen vary. Differentially-expressed proteins serving a role in these pathways provide additional insight for the identification of new targets for the diagnosis and treatment of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxia Jiao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116027, P.R. China
| | - Siqi Tan
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116027, P.R. China
| | - Junyu Xiong
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116027, P.R. China
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37
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Gruss OJ, Meduri R, Schilling M, Fischer U. UsnRNP biogenesis: mechanisms and regulation. Chromosoma 2017; 126:577-593. [PMID: 28766049 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-017-0637-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Macromolecular complexes composed of proteins or proteins and nucleic acids rather than individual macromolecules mediate many cellular activities. Maintenance of these activities is essential for cell viability and requires the coordinated production of the individual complex components as well as their faithful incorporation into functional entities. Failure of complex assembly may have fatal consequences and can cause severe diseases. While many macromolecular complexes can form spontaneously in vitro, they often require aid from assembly factors including assembly chaperones in the crowded cellular environment. The assembly of RNA protein complexes implicated in the maturation of pre-mRNAs (termed UsnRNPs) has proven to be a paradigm to understand the action of assembly factors and chaperones. UsnRNPs are assembled by factors united in protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5)- and survival motor neuron (SMN)-complexes, which act sequentially in the UsnRNP production line. While the PRMT5-complex pre-arranges specific sets of proteins into stable intermediates, the SMN complex displaces assembly factors from these intermediates and unites them with UsnRNA to form the assembled RNP. Despite advanced mechanistic understanding of UsnRNP assembly, our knowledge of regulatory features of this essential and ubiquitous cellular function remains remarkably incomplete. One may argue that the process operates as a default biosynthesis pathway and does not require sophisticated regulatory cues. Simple theoretical considerations and a number of experimental data, however, indicate that regulation of UsnRNP assembly most likely happens at multiple levels. This review will not only summarize how individual components of this assembly line act mechanistically but also why, how, and when the UsnRNP workflow might be regulated by means of posttranslational modification in response to cellular signaling cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver J Gruss
- Department of Genetics, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Str. 13, 53115, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Rajyalakshmi Meduri
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Würzburg, Biozentrum, Am Hubland, D-97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Schilling
- Department of Genetics, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Str. 13, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Utz Fischer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Würzburg, Biozentrum, Am Hubland, D-97074, Würzburg, Germany.
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38
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The Architecture of the Rag GTPase Signaling Network. Biomolecules 2017; 7:biom7030048. [PMID: 28788436 PMCID: PMC5618229 DOI: 10.3390/biom7030048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolutionarily conserved target of rapamycin complex 1 (TORC1) couples an array of intra- and extracellular stimuli to cell growth, proliferation and metabolism, and its deregulation is associated with various human pathologies such as immunodeficiency, epilepsy, and cancer. Among the diverse stimuli impinging on TORC1, amino acids represent essential input signals, but how they control TORC1 has long remained a mystery. The recent discovery of the Rag GTPases, which assemble as heterodimeric complexes on vacuolar/lysosomal membranes, as central elements of an amino acid signaling network upstream of TORC1 in yeast, flies, and mammalian cells represented a breakthrough in this field. Here, we review the architecture of the Rag GTPase signaling network with a special focus on structural aspects of the Rag GTPases and their regulators in yeast and highlight both the evolutionary conservation and divergence of the mechanisms that control Rag GTPases.
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39
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Melanocytic nevi and melanoma: unraveling a complex relationship. Oncogene 2017; 36:5771-5792. [PMID: 28604751 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 33% of melanomas are derived directly from benign, melanocytic nevi. Despite this, the vast majority of melanocytic nevi, which typically form as a result of BRAFV600E-activating mutations, will never progress to melanoma. Herein, we synthesize basic scientific insights and data from mouse models with common observations from clinical practice to comprehensively review melanocytic nevus biology. In particular, we focus on the mechanisms by which growth arrest is established after BRAFV600E mutation. Means by which growth arrest can be overcome and how melanocytic nevi relate to melanoma are also considered. Finally, we present a new conceptual paradigm for understanding the growth arrest of melanocytic nevi in vivo termed stable clonal expansion. This review builds upon the canonical hypothesis of oncogene-induced senescence in growth arrest and tumor suppression in melanocytic nevi and melanoma.
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40
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Development of a Whole Organism Platform for Phenotype-Based Analysis of IGF1R-PI3K-Akt-Tor Action. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1994. [PMID: 28515443 PMCID: PMC5435685 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01687-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant regulation of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF)/insulin (IIS)-PI3K-AKT-TOR signaling pathway is linked to major human diseases, and key components of this pathway are targets for therapeutic intervention. Current assays are molecular target- or cell culture-based platforms. Due to the great in vivo complexities inherited in this pathway, there is an unmet need for whole organism based assays. Here we report the development of a zebrafish transgenic line, Tg(igfbp5a:GFP), which faithfully reports the mitotic action of IGF1R-PI3K-Akt-Tor signaling in epithelial cells in real-time. This platform is well suited for high-throughput assays and real-time cell cycle analysis. Using this platform, the dynamics of epithelial cell proliferation in response to low [Ca2+] stress and the distinct roles of Torc1 and Torc2 were elucidated. The availability of Tg(igfbp5a:GFP) line provides a whole organism platform for phenotype-based discovery of novel players and inhibitors in the IIS-PI3K-Akt-Tor signaling pathway.
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41
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Merhi A, Delrée P, Marini AM. The metabolic waste ammonium regulates mTORC2 and mTORC1 signaling. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44602. [PMID: 28303961 PMCID: PMC5355986 DOI: 10.1038/srep44602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Two structurally and functionally distinct mammalian TOR complexes control cell growth and metabolism in physiological and pathological contexts including cancer. Upregulated glutaminolysis is part of the metabolic reprogramming occurring in cancer, providing fuels for growth but also liberating ammonium, a potent neurotoxic waste product. Here, we identify ammonium as a novel dose-dependent signal mediating rapid mTORC2 activation and further regulating mTORC1. We show that ammonium induces rapid RICTOR-dependent phosphorylation of AKT-S473, a process requiring the PI3K pathway and further involving the Src-family kinase YES1, the FAK kinase and the ITGβ1 integrin. Release of calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum store triggers rapid mTORC2 activation, similar to ammonium-induced activation, the latter being conversely prevented by calcium chelation.Moreover, in analogy to growth factors, ammonium triggers the AKT-dependent phosphoinhibition of the TSC complex and of PRAS40, two negative regulators of mTORC1. Consistent with mTORC1 stimulation, ammonium induces the inhibitory phosphorylation of 4EBP1, a negative regulator of protein biogenesis. Ammonium however dually impacts on the phosphorylation of p70S6K1 triggering a transient AKT-independent decrease in the phosphorylation of this second mTORC1 readout. Finally, we reveal ammonium as a dose-dependent stimulator of proliferation. This study underscores an mTORC2 and mTORC1 response to the so-called ammonium waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Merhi
- Biology of Membrane Transport, IBMM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Rue des Professeurs Jeener et Brachet 12, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium.,Institute of Pathology and Genetics, Avenue Georges Lemaître 25, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium.,Tumour Bank, Institute of Pathology and Genetics, Avenue Georges Lemaître 25, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Paul Delrée
- Institute of Pathology and Genetics, Avenue Georges Lemaître 25, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium.,Tumour Bank, Institute of Pathology and Genetics, Avenue Georges Lemaître 25, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Anna Maria Marini
- Biology of Membrane Transport, IBMM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Rue des Professeurs Jeener et Brachet 12, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
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42
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Zhou L, Liu S, Han M, Feng S, Liang J, Li Z, Li Y, Lu H, Liu T, Ma Y, Cheng J. MicroRNA-185 induces potent autophagy via AKT signaling in hepatocellular carcinoma. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317694313. [PMID: 28240051 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317694313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have demonstrated that microRNA 185 may be a promising therapeutic target in liver cancer. However, its role in hepatocellular carcinoma is largely unknown. In this study, the proliferation of human HepG2 cells was inhibited by transfection of microRNA 185 mimics. Cell-cycle analysis revealed arrest at the G0/G1 phase. Transfection of HepG2 cells with microRNA 185 mimics significantly induced apoptosis. These data confirmed microRNA 185 as a potent cancer suppressor. We demonstrated that microRNA 185 was a compelling inducer of autophagy, for the first time. When cell autophagy was inhibited by chloroquine or 3-methyladenine, microRNA 185 induced more cell apoptosis. MicroRNA 185 acted as a cancer suppressor by regulating AKT1 expression and phosphorylation. Dual-luciferase reporter assays indicated that microRNA 185 suppressed the expression of target genes including RHEB, RICTOR, and AKT1 by directly interacting with their 3'-untranslated regions. Binding site mutations eliminated microRNA 185 responsiveness. Our findings demonstrate a new role of microRNA 185 as a key regulator of hepatocellular carcinoma via autophagy by dysregulation of AKT1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhou
- 1 Beijing Ditan Hospital, Peking University Teaching Hospital, Beijing, China.,2 Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Shunai Liu
- 2 Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China.,3 Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Han
- 1 Beijing Ditan Hospital, Peking University Teaching Hospital, Beijing, China.,2 Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Shenghu Feng
- 1 Beijing Ditan Hospital, Peking University Teaching Hospital, Beijing, China.,2 Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jinqiu Liang
- 4 Division of Infectious Disease, Civil Aviation General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongshu Li
- 2 Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China.,3 Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yaru Li
- 2 Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China.,3 Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongping Lu
- 2 Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China.,3 Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Liu
- 1 Beijing Ditan Hospital, Peking University Teaching Hospital, Beijing, China.,2 Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yanhua Ma
- 1 Beijing Ditan Hospital, Peking University Teaching Hospital, Beijing, China.,2 Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Cheng
- 1 Beijing Ditan Hospital, Peking University Teaching Hospital, Beijing, China.,2 Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China.,3 Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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43
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Villar VH, Nguyen TL, Delcroix V, Terés S, Bouchecareilh M, Salin B, Bodineau C, Vacher P, Priault M, Soubeyran P, Durán RV. mTORC1 inhibition in cancer cells protects from glutaminolysis-mediated apoptosis during nutrient limitation. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14124. [PMID: 28112156 PMCID: PMC5264013 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A master coordinator of cell growth, mTORC1 is activated by different metabolic inputs, particularly the metabolism of glutamine (glutaminolysis), to control a vast range of cellular processes, including autophagy. As a well-recognized tumour promoter, inhibitors of mTORC1 such as rapamycin have been approved as anti-cancer agents, but their overall outcome in patients is rather poor. Here we show that mTORC1 also presents tumour suppressor features in conditions of nutrient restrictions. Thus, the activation of mTORC1 by glutaminolysis during nutritional imbalance inhibits autophagy and induces apoptosis in cancer cells. Importantly, rapamycin treatment reactivates autophagy and prevents the mTORC1-mediated apoptosis. We also observe that the ability of mTORC1 to activate apoptosis is mediated by the adaptor protein p62. Thus, the mTORC1-mediated upregulation of p62 during nutrient imbalance induces the binding of p62 to caspase 8 and the subsequent activation of the caspase pathway. Our data highlight the role of autophagy as a survival mechanism upon rapamycin treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor H. Villar
- Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie, INSERM U1218, Université de Bordeaux, 2 Rue Robert Escarpit, Pessac 33607, France
| | - Tra Ly Nguyen
- Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie, INSERM U1218, Université de Bordeaux, 2 Rue Robert Escarpit, Pessac 33607, France
| | - Vanessa Delcroix
- Institut Bergonié, INSERM U1218, 229 Cours de l'Argonne, Bordeaux 33076, France
| | - Silvia Terés
- Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie, INSERM U1218, Université de Bordeaux, 2 Rue Robert Escarpit, Pessac 33607, France
| | - Marion Bouchecareilh
- Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires, CNRS UMR 5095, Université de Bordeaux, 1 Rue Camille Saint-Saëns, Bordeaux 33077, France
| | - Bénédicte Salin
- Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires, CNRS UMR 5095, Université de Bordeaux, 1 Rue Camille Saint-Saëns, Bordeaux 33077, France
| | - Clément Bodineau
- Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie, INSERM U1218, Université de Bordeaux, 2 Rue Robert Escarpit, Pessac 33607, France
| | - Pierre Vacher
- Institut Bergonié, INSERM U1218, 229 Cours de l'Argonne, Bordeaux 33076, France
| | - Muriel Priault
- Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires, CNRS UMR 5095, Université de Bordeaux, 1 Rue Camille Saint-Saëns, Bordeaux 33077, France
| | - Pierre Soubeyran
- Institut Bergonié, INSERM U1218, 229 Cours de l'Argonne, Bordeaux 33076, France
| | - Raúl V. Durán
- Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie, INSERM U1218, Université de Bordeaux, 2 Rue Robert Escarpit, Pessac 33607, France
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44
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González A, Hall MN. Nutrient sensing and TOR signaling in yeast and mammals. EMBO J 2017; 36:397-408. [PMID: 28096180 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201696010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 481] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Coordinating cell growth with nutrient availability is critical for cell survival. The evolutionarily conserved TOR (target of rapamycin) controls cell growth in response to nutrients, in particular amino acids. As a central controller of cell growth, mTOR (mammalian TOR) is implicated in several disorders, including cancer, obesity, and diabetes. Here, we review how nutrient availability is sensed and transduced to TOR in budding yeast and mammals. A better understanding of how nutrient availability is transduced to TOR may allow novel strategies in the treatment for mTOR-related diseases.
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45
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Martinez CS, Piazza VG, González L, Fang Y, Bartke A, Turyn D, Miquet JG, Sotelo AI. Mitogenic signaling pathways in the liver of growth hormone (GH)-overexpressing mice during the growth period. Cell Cycle 2016; 15:748-59. [PMID: 27028000 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2016.1148844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) is a pleiotropic hormone that triggers STATs, ERK1/2 and Akt signaling, related to cell growth and proliferation. Transgenic mice overexpressing GH present increased body size, with a disproportionate liver enlargement due to hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the hepatocytes. We had described enhanced mitogenic signaling in liver of young adult transgenic mice. We now evaluate the activation of these signaling cascades during the growth period and relate them to the morphological alterations found. Signaling mediators, cell cycle regulators and transcription factors involved in cellular growth in the liver of GH-overexpressing growing mice were assessed by immunoblotting, RT-qPCR and immunohistochemistry. Hepatocyte enlargement can be seen as early as 2-weeks of age in GH-overexpressing animals, although it is more pronounced in young adults. Levels of cell cycle mediators PCNA and cyclin D1, and transcription factor c-Jun increase with age in transgenic mice with no changes in normal mice, whereas c-Myc levels are higher in 2-week-old transgenic animals and cyclin E levels decline with age for both genotypes. STAT3, Akt and GSK3 present higher activation in the adult transgenic mice than in the growing animals, while for c-Src and mTOR, phosphorylation in GH-overexpressing mice is higher than in control siblings at 4 and 9 weeks of age. No significant changes are observed for ERK1/2, neither by age or genotype. Thus, the majority of the mitogenic signaling pathways are gradually up-regulated in the liver of GH-transgenic mice, giving rise to the hepatic morphological changes these mice exhibit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina S Martinez
- a Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Verónica G Piazza
- a Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Lorena González
- a Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Yimin Fang
- b Department of Geriatrics (A.B.) , School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University , Springfield , IL , USA
| | - Andrzej Bartke
- b Department of Geriatrics (A.B.) , School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University , Springfield , IL , USA
| | - Daniel Turyn
- a Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Johanna G Miquet
- a Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Ana I Sotelo
- a Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica , Buenos Aires , Argentina
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46
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Guri Y, Hall MN. mTOR Signaling Confers Resistance to Targeted Cancer Drugs. Trends Cancer 2016; 2:688-697. [PMID: 28741507 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a complex disease and a leading cause of death worldwide. Extensive research over decades has led to the development of therapies that target cancer-specific signaling pathways. However, the clinical benefits of such drugs are at best transient due to tumors displaying intrinsic or adaptive resistance. The underlying compensatory pathways that allow cancer cells to circumvent a drug blockade are poorly understood. We review here recent studies suggesting that mammalian TOR (mTOR) signaling is a major compensatory pathway conferring resistance to many cancer drugs. mTOR-mediated resistance can be cell-autonomous or non-cell-autonomous. These findings suggest that mTOR signaling should be monitored routinely in tumors and that an mTOR inhibitor should be considered as a co-therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yakir Guri
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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47
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Alves de Castro P, dos Reis TF, Dolan SK, Manfiolli AO, Brown NA, Jones GW, Doyle S, Riaño-Pachón DM, Squina FM, Caldana C, Singh A, Del Poeta M, Hagiwara D, Silva-Rocha R, Goldman GH. The Aspergillus fumigatus SchA SCH9 kinase modulates SakA HOG1 MAP kinase activity and it is essential for virulence. Mol Microbiol 2016; 102:642-671. [PMID: 27538790 PMCID: PMC5207228 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The serine-threonine kinase TOR, the Target of Rapamycin, is an important regulator of nutrient, energy and stress signaling in eukaryotes. Sch9, a Ser/Thr kinase of AGC family (the cAMP-dependent PKA, cGMP- dependent protein kinase G and phospholipid-dependent protein kinase C family), is a substrate of TOR. Here, we characterized the fungal opportunistic pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus Sch9 homologue (SchA). The schA null mutant was sensitive to rapamycin, high concentrations of calcium, hyperosmotic stress and SchA was involved in iron metabolism. The ΔschA null mutant showed increased phosphorylation of SakA, the A. fumigatus Hog1 homologue. The schA null mutant has increased and decreased trehalose and glycerol accumulation, respectively, suggesting SchA performs different roles for glycerol and trehalose accumulation during osmotic stress. The schA was transcriptionally regulated by osmotic stress and this response was dependent on SakA and MpkC. The double ΔschA ΔsakA and ΔschA ΔmpkC mutants were more sensitive to osmotic stress than the corresponding parental strains. Transcriptomics and proteomics identified direct and indirect targets of SchA post-exposure to hyperosmotic stress. Finally, ΔschA was avirulent in a low dose murine infection model. Our results suggest there is a complex network of interactions amongst the A. fumigatus TOR, SakA and SchA pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Alves de Castro
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Thaila Fernanda dos Reis
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Stephen K. Dolan
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Adriana Oliveira Manfiolli
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Neil Andrew Brown
- Plant Biology and Crop Science, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Gary W. Jones
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Sean Doyle
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Diego M. Riaño-Pachón
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Caixa Postal 6192, Campinas, São Paulo, CEP 13083-970, Brasil
| | - Fábio Márcio Squina
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Caixa Postal 6192, Campinas, São Paulo, CEP 13083-970, Brasil
| | - Camila Caldana
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Caixa Postal 6192, Campinas, São Paulo, CEP 13083-970, Brasil
- Max Planck Partner Group at Brazilian Bioethanol Science and Technology Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ashutosh Singh
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Maurizio Del Poeta
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Daisuke Hagiwara
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Rafael Silva-Rocha
- Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Gustavo H. Goldman
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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48
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Zhang L, Justus S, Xu Y, Pluchenik T, Hsu CW, Yang J, Duong JK, Lin CS, Jia Y, Bassuk AG, Mahajan VB, Tsang SH. Reprogramming towards anabolism impedes degeneration in a preclinical model of retinitis pigmentosa. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:4244-4255. [PMID: 27516389 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is an incurable neurodegenerative condition featuring photoreceptor death that leads to blindness. Currently, there is no approved therapeutic for photoreceptor degenerative conditions like RP and atrophic age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Although there are promising results in human gene therapy, RP is a genetically diverse disorder, such that gene-specific therapies would be practical in a small fraction of patients with RP. Here, we explore a non-gene-specific strategy that entails reprogramming photoreceptors towards anabolism by upregulating the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. We conditionally ablated the tuberous sclerosis complex 1 (Tsc1) gene, an mTOR inhibitor, in the rods of the Pde6bH620Q/H620Q preclinical RP mouse model and observed, functionally and morphologically, an improvement in the survival of rods and cones at early and late disease stages. These results elucidate the ability of reprogramming the metabolome to slow photoreceptor degeneration. This strategy may also be applicable to a wider range of neurodegenerative diseases, as enhancement of nutrient uptake is not gene-specific and is implicated in multiple pathologies. Enhancing anabolism promoted neuronal survival and function and could potentially benefit a number of photoreceptor and other degenerative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Zhang
- Barbara & Donald Jonas Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, and Bernard & Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Departments of Ophthalmology and Pathology & Cell Biology, Institute of Human Nutrition, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA.,Shanxi Eye Hospital, affiliated with Shanxi Medical University, Xinghualing, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Sally Justus
- Barbara & Donald Jonas Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, and Bernard & Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Departments of Ophthalmology and Pathology & Cell Biology, Institute of Human Nutrition, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yu Xu
- Barbara & Donald Jonas Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, and Bernard & Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Departments of Ophthalmology and Pathology & Cell Biology, Institute of Human Nutrition, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tamara Pluchenik
- Barbara & Donald Jonas Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, and Bernard & Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Departments of Ophthalmology and Pathology & Cell Biology, Institute of Human Nutrition, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chun-Wei Hsu
- Barbara & Donald Jonas Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, and Bernard & Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Departments of Ophthalmology and Pathology & Cell Biology, Institute of Human Nutrition, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jin Yang
- Barbara & Donald Jonas Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, and Bernard & Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Departments of Ophthalmology and Pathology & Cell Biology, Institute of Human Nutrition, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA.,Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jimmy K Duong
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Chyuan-Sheng Lin
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Transgenic Animal Facility, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yading Jia
- Shanxi Eye Hospital, affiliated with Shanxi Medical University, Xinghualing, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Alexander G Bassuk
- Department of Pediatrics and Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Vinit B Mahajan
- Omics Laboratory, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Stephen H Tsang
- Barbara & Donald Jonas Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, and Bernard & Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Departments of Ophthalmology and Pathology & Cell Biology, Institute of Human Nutrition, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA .,Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
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Schmidlin T, Garrigues L, Lane CS, Mulder TC, van Doorn S, Post H, de Graaf EL, Lemeer S, Heck AJR, Altelaar AFM. Assessment of SRM, MRM3, and DIA for the targeted analysis of phosphorylation dynamics in non-small cell lung cancer. Proteomics 2016; 16:2193-205. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201500453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Schmidlin
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics; Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences; Utrecht University and Netherlands Proteomics Centre; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Luc Garrigues
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics; Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences; Utrecht University and Netherlands Proteomics Centre; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | | | - T. Celine Mulder
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics; Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences; Utrecht University and Netherlands Proteomics Centre; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Sander van Doorn
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics; Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences; Utrecht University and Netherlands Proteomics Centre; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Harm Post
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics; Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences; Utrecht University and Netherlands Proteomics Centre; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Erik L. de Graaf
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics; Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences; Utrecht University and Netherlands Proteomics Centre; Utrecht The Netherlands
- Current address: Erik L. de Graaf, Fondazione Pisana per la Scienza ONLUS; Via Panfilo Castaldi 2; 56121 Pisa Italy
| | - Simone Lemeer
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics; Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences; Utrecht University and Netherlands Proteomics Centre; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Albert J. R. Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics; Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences; Utrecht University and Netherlands Proteomics Centre; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - A. F. Maarten Altelaar
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics; Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences; Utrecht University and Netherlands Proteomics Centre; Utrecht The Netherlands
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