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Pan C, Ye J, Zhang S, Li X, Shi Y, Guo Y, Wang K, Sun P, Wu J, Wang H, Zhu L. Production of a promising modular proteinaceous self-assembled delivery system for vaccination. NANOSCALE 2023. [PMID: 37326289 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr06718h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Recently, there have been enormous advances in nano-delivery materials, especially safer and more biocompatible protein-based nanoparticles. Generally, proteinaceous nanoparticles (such as ferritin and virus-like particles) are self-assembled from some natural protein monomers. However, to ensure their capability of assembly, it is difficult to upgrade the protein structure through major modifications. Here, we have developed an efficient orthogonal modular proteinaceous self-assembly delivery system that could load antigens with an attractive coupling strategy. In brief, we constructed a nanocarrier by fusing two orthogonal domains-a pentameric cholera toxin B subunit and a trimer forming peptide-and an engineered streptavidin monomer for binding biotinylated antigens. After successfully preparing the nanoparticles, the receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and influenza virus haemagglutination antigen are used as model antigens for further evaluation. We found that the biotinylated antigen is able to bind to the nanoparticles with high affinity and achieve efficient lymph node drainage when loaded on the nanoparticles. Then, T cells are greatly activated and the formation of germinal centers is observed. Experiments of two mouse models demonstrate the strong antibody responses and prophylactic effects of these nanovaccines. Thus, we establish a proof-of-concept for the delivery system with the potential to load diverse antigen cargos to generate high-performance nanovaccines, thereby offering an attractive platform technology for nanovaccine preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, 100071, PR China.
| | - Jingqin Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, 100071, PR China.
| | - Sen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Millitary Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100071, PR China
| | - Xiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, 100071, PR China.
| | - Yixin Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, 100071, PR China.
| | - Yan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, 100071, PR China.
| | - Kangfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, 100071, PR China.
- College of Life Science, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, PR China
| | - Peng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, 100071, PR China.
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Jun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, 100071, PR China.
| | - Hengliang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, 100071, PR China.
| | - Li Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, 100071, PR China.
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Shesternya PA, Savchenko AA, Gritsenko OD, Vasileva AO, Kudryavtsev IV, Masterova AA, Isakov DV, Borisov AG. Features of Peripheral Blood Th-Cell Subset Composition and Serum Cytokine Level in Patients with Activity-Driven Ankylosing Spondylitis. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15111370. [PMID: 36355542 PMCID: PMC9695783 DOI: 10.3390/ph15111370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Th cells may exhibit pathological activity depending on the regulatory and functional signals sensed under a wide range of immunopathological conditions, including ankylosing spondylitis (AS). The relationship between Th cells and cytokines is important for diagnoses and for determining treatment. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between Th-cell subset composition and serum cytokine profile for patients with activity-driven AS. In our study, patients were divided into two groups according to disease activity: low-activity AS (ASDAS-CRP < 2.1) and high-activity AS (ASDAS-CRP > 2.1). The peripheral blood Th cell subset composition was studied by flow cytometry. Using multiplex analysis, serum cytokine levels were quantified and investigated. It was found that only patients with high-activity AS had reduced central memory (CM) Th1 cells (p = 0.035) but elevated numbers of CM (p = 0.014) and effector memory (EM) Th2 cells (p < 0.001). However, no activity-driven change in the Th17 cell subset composition was observed in AS patients. Moreover, low-AS activity patients had increased numbers of Tfh17 EM cells (p < 0.001), whereas high-AS activity was associated with elevated Tfh2 EM level (p = 0.031). The serum cytokine profiles in AS patients demonstrated that cues stimulating cellular immunity were increased, but patients with high-AS activity reveled increased IL-5 level (p = 0.017). Analyzing the data obtained from AS patients allowed us to conclude that Th cell subset differentiation was mainly affected during the CM stage and characterized the IL-23/IL-17 regulatory axis, whereas increased humoral immunity was observed in the high-AS activity group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel A. Shesternya
- Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, Ministry of Healthcare, 660022 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | - Andrei A. Savchenko
- Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, Ministry of Healthcare, 660022 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
- Federal Research Center “Krasnoyarsk Science Center”, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Scientific Research Institute of Medical Problems of the North, 660022 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Olga D. Gritsenko
- Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, Ministry of Healthcare, 660022 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Alexandra O. Vasileva
- Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, Ministry of Healthcare, 660022 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | | | - Alena A. Masterova
- Federal Research Center “Krasnoyarsk Science Center”, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Scientific Research Institute of Medical Problems of the North, 660022 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Dmitry V. Isakov
- Academician I.P. Pavlov First St. Petersburg State Medical University, Ministry of Healthcare, 197022 St. Peterburg, Russia
| | - Alexandr G. Borisov
- Federal Research Center “Krasnoyarsk Science Center”, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Scientific Research Institute of Medical Problems of the North, 660022 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
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Liu J, Tang T, Qu Z, Wang L, Si R, Wang H, Jiang Y. Elevated number of IL-21+ TFH and CD86+CD38+ B cells in blood of renal transplant recipients with AMR under conventional immuno-suppression. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2022; 36:20587384211048027. [PMID: 35012395 PMCID: PMC8755922 DOI: 10.1177/20587384211048027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study is to detect the number of different subsets of TFH and B cells in renal transplant recipients (RTR) with antibody-mediated acute rejection (AMR), acute rejection (AR), chronic rejection (CR), or transplant stable (TS). The present study was a prospective study. The numbers of ICOS +, PD-1+ and IL-21+ TFH, CD86+, CD38+, CD27+, and IgD- B cells in 21 patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and post-transplant times were measured by flow cytometry. The level of serum IL-21 was detected by ELISA. The numbers of circulating CD4+CXCR5+, CD4+CXCR5+ICOS+, CD4+CXCR5+PD-1+, CD4+CXCR5+IL-21+ TFH, CD19+CD86+, and CD19 +CD86+CD38+ B cells as well as the level of serum IL-21 in the AMR, AR, and CR groups at post-transplantation were significantly higher than those at pre-transplantation. In contrast, the number of circulating CD19+CD27+IgD B cells was significantly increased in the TS groups in respect to the other groups. Moreover, the numbers of circulating CD4+CXCR5+IL-21+ TFH cells, CD19+CD86+CD38+ B cells as well as the level of serum IL-21 were positive related to the level of serum Cr while showing negative correlated with the values of eGFR in the AMR groups at post-transplantation for 4 and 12 weeks. Circulating TFH cells may be a biomarker in RTR with AMR, which can promote the differentiation of B cells into plasma cells by activating B cells, thereby promoting disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration & Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, Genetic Diagnosis Center, 117971The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tongyu Tang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration & Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, Genetic Diagnosis Center, 117971The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhihui Qu
- Department of Nephrology, 117971the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Li Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration & Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, Genetic Diagnosis Center, 117971The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,159434Xu Zhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, China
| | - Rui Si
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration & Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, Genetic Diagnosis Center, 117971The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Haifeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration & Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, Genetic Diagnosis Center, 117971The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yanfang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration & Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, Genetic Diagnosis Center, 117971The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, 117971The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Liu Y, Hu X, Hu X, Yu L, Ji H, Li W, Cai Y, Cheng G, Jiang Y. T follicular helper cells improve the response of patients with chronic hepatitis B to interferon by promoting HBsAb production. J Gastroenterol 2022; 57:30-45. [PMID: 34988689 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-021-01840-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) seroconversion is considered the optimal outcome of the treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. In this study, we aimed to determine the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which pegylated interferon alpha (PEG-IFN-α) improves the seroconversion rate in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB). METHODS Flow cytometry was performed using circulating T follicular helper (TFH) cells from 15 healthy individuals and 45 patients with CHB presenting different treatment responses [complete response group (CRG), incomplete response group (ICRG), and nonresponse group (NRG)] to the standard 48-week regimen of PEG-IFN-α monotherapy to examine the significance of circulating TFH cells in the therapeutic response of patients with CHB to PEG-IFN-α. In addition, the capacities of different TFH subsets to activate B cells and stimulate IgG production were assessed by performing coculture experiments. RESULTS Longitudinal analysis revealed specific and significant increases in the numbers of CD40L+CD4+CXCR5+ TFH cells in the CRG compared with the NRG and ICRG. According to the results of in vitro coculture experiments, blocking CD40-CD40L signaling, but not ICOS-ICOSL signaling, specifically inhibits B-cell activation and IgG production. HBV may impair TFH cell function by enhancing inhibitory regulatory T-cell activity. Transcriptome analysis further revealed the upregulation of CD40L, but not of ICOS, in TFH cells isolated from the CRG. CONCLUSIONS TFH cells, particularly those with CD40L expression, stimulate B-cell differentiation and improve the HBsAg seroconversion rate in patients with CHB treated with PEG-IFN-α monotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, Genetic Diagnosis Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Xintong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, Genetic Diagnosis Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Xiaoli Hu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Lei Yu
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Fourth Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Huifan Ji
- Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wanyu Li
- Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yanjun Cai
- Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Genhong Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, Genetic Diagnosis Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Yanfang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, Genetic Diagnosis Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China. .,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
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d'Alessandro M, Bergantini L, Cameli P, Fanetti M, Alderighi L, Armati M, Refini RM, Alonzi V, Sestini P, Bargagli E. Immunologic responses to antifibrotic treatment in IPF patients. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 95:107525. [PMID: 33714885 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic progressive interstitial lung disease limited to the lungs. Immunological dysregulation may significantly participate in the pathophysiology of IPF. The immunological responses to nintedanib therapy in IPF patients were investigated for the first time in this study. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifty IPF patients (median age (IQR) 69 (65-75) years; 38 males), were selected retrospectively. Flowcytometry analysis were performed to phenotype immunological biomarkers in peripheral blood from IPF patients after 1 year of antifibrotic therapy and a group of healthy volunteers. RESULTS Before starting antifibrotic treatment, IPF patients showed increased CD1d+CD5+ (p = 0.0460), Treg (p = 0.0354), T effector (CD25highCD127high) (p = 0.0336), central cells (CD4+CD45RA-) (p = 0.0354), effector cells (CD4+CD45RA+) (p = 0.0249) and follicular cell percentages (p = 0.0006), notably Tfh1 (p = 0.0412) and Tfh17 (p = 0.0051) cell percentages, in respect with healthy controls (HC). After nintedanib therapy, Breg (p = 0.0302), T effector (p = 0.0468), Th17.1 (p = 0.0146) and follicular cells (p = 0.0006), notably Tfh1 (p = 0.0006) and Tfh17 (p = 0.0182) cell percentages, were significantly decreased. In the logistic regression, Tfh panel showed a significant area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUROC) to distinguish IPF than HC (90.5%), as well as t0 and t1 (99.3%). CONCLUSION In conclusion, the immunological results obtained in this study demonstrate that nintedanib significantly helps to restore immunological responses in IPF patients. These findings will be useful in the search for biomarkers predictive of response to antifibrotic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriana d'Alessandro
- Respiratory Diseases and Lung Transplantation, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences & Neurosciences, Siena University Hospital, Siena 53100, Italy.
| | - Laura Bergantini
- Respiratory Diseases and Lung Transplantation, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences & Neurosciences, Siena University Hospital, Siena 53100, Italy
| | - Paolo Cameli
- Respiratory Diseases and Lung Transplantation, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences & Neurosciences, Siena University Hospital, Siena 53100, Italy
| | - Matteo Fanetti
- Respiratory Diseases and Lung Transplantation, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences & Neurosciences, Siena University Hospital, Siena 53100, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Alderighi
- Respiratory Diseases and Lung Transplantation, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences & Neurosciences, Siena University Hospital, Siena 53100, Italy
| | - Martina Armati
- Respiratory Diseases and Lung Transplantation, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences & Neurosciences, Siena University Hospital, Siena 53100, Italy
| | - Rosa Metella Refini
- Respiratory Diseases and Lung Transplantation, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences & Neurosciences, Siena University Hospital, Siena 53100, Italy
| | - Valerio Alonzi
- Respiratory Diseases and Lung Transplantation, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences & Neurosciences, Siena University Hospital, Siena 53100, Italy
| | - Piersante Sestini
- Respiratory Diseases and Lung Transplantation, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences & Neurosciences, Siena University Hospital, Siena 53100, Italy
| | - Elena Bargagli
- Respiratory Diseases and Lung Transplantation, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences & Neurosciences, Siena University Hospital, Siena 53100, Italy
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Yong L, Chunyan W, Yan Y, Wanyu L, Huifan J, Pingwei Z, Yanfang J. Expanded circulating peripheral helper T cells in primary biliary cholangitis: Tph cells in PBC. Mol Immunol 2021; 131:44-50. [PMID: 33446391 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peripheral helper T (TPH) cells, a recently defined subset of Th cells, promote B cell differentiation and antibody production in inflamed tissues. This study investigated whether circulating TPH cells are associated with primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), a typical organ-specific autoimmune disease. METHODS Twenty PBC patients and 20 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HCs) were recruited. The circulating TPH cell subsets were analyzed by flow cytometry, and the associations of TPH cells with disease activity and plasma cells were determined. Functional analysis was performed using a TPH and B cell coculture experiment. RESULTS The frequencies of circulating TPH cells, ICOS+ TPH cells, and CD28+ TPH cells were increased in patients with PBC. Furthermore, the ICOS+ TPH cell level was higher in PBC patients with or without cirrhosis than in HCs, and the level decreased after treatment. Moreover, ICOS+ TPH cell levels correlated positively with specific clinical parameters (including anti-mitochondrial antibodies against M2 antigen (AMA-M2), IgM) and plasma cell levels, suggesting that the TPH cell activation status is associated with the severity of PBC. Coculture results revealed an enhanced ability of TPH cells from PBC patients to induce B cell differentiation. CONCLUSIONS Elevated numbers of TPH cells may be involved in the pathogenesis of PBC, and the activation status of TPH cells is related to the severity of PBC. Additionally, TPH cells can be used as a useful biomarker for evaluating the progression of PBC and may serve as a therapeutic target for PBC patients in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Yong
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration & Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, Genetic Diagnosis Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wang Chunyan
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration & Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, Genetic Diagnosis Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yu Yan
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration & Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, Genetic Diagnosis Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Li Wanyu
- Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ji Huifan
- Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhao Pingwei
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration & Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, Genetic Diagnosis Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Jiang Yanfang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration & Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, Genetic Diagnosis Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
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Moustafa H, Madkour M, Hamed F, Abouelnazar S, Abo Elwafa R, Moaaz M. Modulation of Memory B Cell Phenotypes and Toll-Like Receptor-7 in Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection During Direct-Acting Antiviral Interferon-Free Therapy: Correlation with Interleukin-7. Viral Immunol 2020; 34:227-240. [PMID: 33180667 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2020.0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major worldwide problem with the highest incidence rates in Egypt. It affects B cells that serve as reservoirs for persistent HCV, resulting in phenotypic B cell alterations. Interleukin-7 (IL-7) is a cytokine with antiviral activity, important for B cell physiology. In addition, B cell-intrinsic toll-like receptor-7 (TLR7) signaling is required for optimal B cell responses during chronic viral infection, and the deficiency of TLR7 in B cells is sufficient to significantly impact antibody responses. Based on their known immunomodulatory effects, we hypothesized that direct-acting antiviral interferon-free therapy may affect TLR7 expression and the exhausted peripheral B cell compartment with the possibility of their restoration in patients who achieved a sustained virological response and their correlation to IL-7 level. This prospective study was accomplished on 80 Egyptian HCV patients and 75 controls. Frequencies of peripheral B cell subsets, TLR7 gene expression, TLR7 protein, and serum IL-7 levels were investigated by flow cytometry, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. B cell subpopulations were exhausted and partially restored among HCV patients after receiving treatment, but not recovered with regard to activated mature or resting memory B cells. Almost all responders to direct antiviral drugs showed upregulation of TLR7 gene expression and correlated with the frequency of memory B cell, but not with IL-7. Moreover, IL-7 was not significantly different between groups although correlated with immature transitional B cells. Results may indicate the interplay between TLR7 and B cells during remission or progression of HCV. Thus, TLR7 could be used as a promising biomarker for assessment of antiviral treatment efficacy among chronically infected HCV patients, and that targeting TLR7 may be used as a potential prophylactic and/or therapeutic agent during chronic HCV as well as immune-potentiation of memory B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan Moustafa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Marwa Madkour
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Fathi Hamed
- Faculty of Medical Technology-Mussrata, Mussrata, Libya
| | - Salma Abouelnazar
- Department of Immunology and Allergy, Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Reham Abo Elwafa
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mai Moaaz
- Department of Immunology and Allergy, Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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