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Martin MS, Jacob-Dolan JW, Pham VTT, Sjoblom NM, Scheck RA. The chemical language of protein glycation. Nat Chem Biol 2024:10.1038/s41589-024-01644-y. [PMID: 38942948 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-024-01644-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Glycation is a non-enzymatic post-translational modification (PTM) that is correlated with many diseases, including diabetes, cancer and age-related disorders. Although recent work points to the importance of glycation as a functional PTM, it remains an open question whether glycation has a causal role in cellular signaling and/or disease development. In this Review, we contextualize glycation as a specific mechanism of carbon stress and consolidate what is known about advanced glycation end-product (AGE) structures and mechanisms. We highlight the current understanding of glycation as a PTM, focusing on mechanisms for installing, removing or recognizing AGEs. Finally, we discuss challenges that have hampered a more complete understanding of the biological consequences of glycation. The development of tools for predicting, modulating, mimicking or capturing glycation will be essential for interpreting a post-translational glycation network. Therefore, continued insights into the chemistry of glycation will be necessary to advance understanding of glycation biology.
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Lyu C, Kong W, Liu Z, Wang S, Zhao P, Liang K, Niu Y, Yang W, Xiang C, Hu X, Li X, Du Y. Advanced glycation end-products as mediators of the aberrant crosslinking of extracellular matrix in scarred liver tissue. Nat Biomed Eng 2023; 7:1437-1454. [PMID: 37037967 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-023-01019-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix of cirrhotic liver tissue is highly crosslinked. Here we show that advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) mediate crosslinking in liver extracellular matrix and that high levels of crosslinking are a hallmark of cirrhosis. We used liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to quantify the degree of crosslinking of the matrix of decellularized cirrhotic liver samples from patients and from two mouse models of liver fibrosis and show that the structure, biomechanics and degree of AGE-mediated crosslinking of the matrices can be recapitulated in collagen matrix crosslinked by AGEs in vitro. Analyses via cryo-electron microscopy and optical tweezers revealed that crosslinked collagen fibrils form thick bundles with reduced stress relaxation rates; moreover, they resist remodelling by macrophages, leading to reductions in their levels of adhesion-associated proteins, altering HDAC3 expression and the organization of their cytoskeleton, and promoting a type II immune response of macrophages. We also show that rosmarinic acid inhibited AGE-mediated crosslinking and alleviated the progression of fibrosis in mice. Our findings support the development of therapeutics targeting crosslinked extracellular matrix in scarred liver tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Lyu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenyu Kong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiqiang Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Sihan Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Kaini Liang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yudi Niu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Canhong Xiang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyu Hu
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xueming Li
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanan Du
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
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Waqas K, Muller M, Koedam M, El Kadi Y, Zillikens MC, van der Eerden BCJ. Methylglyoxal - an advanced glycation end products (AGEs) precursor - Inhibits differentiation of human MSC-derived osteoblasts in vitro independently of receptor for AGEs (RAGE). Bone 2022; 164:116526. [PMID: 35995334 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2022.116526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
A major precursor of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) - methylglyoxal (MG) - is a reactive carbonyl metabolite that originates from glycolytic pathways. MG formation and accumulation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetes and age-related chronic musculoskeletal disorders. Human bone marrow-derived stromal cells (BMSCs) are multipotent cells that have the potential to differentiate into cells of mesenchymal origin including osteoblasts, but the role of MG on their differentiation is unclear. We therefore evaluated the effect of MG on proliferation and differentiation of BMSC-derived osteoblasts. Cells were treated with different concentrations of MG (600, 800 and 1000 μM). Cell viability was assessed using a Cell Counting Kit-8 assay. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and calcium deposition assays were performed to evaluate osteoblast differentiation and mineralization. Gene expression was measured using qRT-PCR, whereas AGE specific receptor (RAGE) and collagen 1 were examined by immunocytochemistry and Western blotting. RAGE knockdown was performed by transducing RAGE specific short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) using lentivirus. During osteogenic differentiation, MG treatment resulted in reduction of cell viability (27.7 %), ALP activity (45.5 %) and mineralization (82.3 %) compared to untreated cells. MG significantly decreased expression of genes involved in osteogenic differentiation - RUNX2 (2.8 fold), ALPL (3.2 fold), MG detoxification through glyoxalase - GLO1 (3 fold) and collagen metabolism - COL1A1 (4.9 fold), COL1A2 (6.8 fold), LOX (5.4 fold) and PLOD1 (1.7 fold). MG significantly reduced expression of collagen 1 (53.3 %) and RAGE (43.1 %) at protein levels. Co-treatment with a MG scavenger - aminoguanidine - prevented all negative effects of MG. RAGE-specific knockdown during MG treatment did not reverse the effects on cell viability, osteogenic differentiation or collagen metabolism. In conclusion, MG treatment can negatively influence the collagen metabolism and differentiation of BMSCs-derived osteoblasts through a RAGE independent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komal Waqas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Max Muller
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marijke Koedam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Youssra El Kadi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M Carola Zillikens
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - B C J van der Eerden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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In Vitro Methodologies to Study the Role of Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs) in Neurodegeneration. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14020363. [PMID: 35057544 PMCID: PMC8777776 DOI: 10.3390/nu14020363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) can be present in food or be endogenously produced in biological systems. Their formation has been associated with chronic neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The implication of AGEs in neurodegeneration is related to their ability to bind to AGE-specific receptors and the ability of their precursors to induce the so-called “dicarbonyl stress”, resulting in cross-linking and protein damage. However, the mode of action underlying their role in neurodegeneration remains unclear. While some research has been carried out in observational clinical studies, further in vitro studies may help elucidate these underlying modes of action. This review presents and discusses in vitro methodologies used in research on the potential role of AGEs in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. The overview reveals the main concepts linking AGEs to neurodegeneration, the current findings, and the available and advisable in vitro models to study their role. Moreover, the major questions regarding the role of AGEs in neurodegenerative diseases and the challenges and discrepancies in the research field are discussed.
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MD2 activation by direct AGE interaction drives inflammatory diabetic cardiomyopathy. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2148. [PMID: 32358497 PMCID: PMC7195432 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15978-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperglycemia activates toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) to induce inflammation in diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM). However, the mechanisms of TLR4 activation remain unclear. Here we examine the role of myeloid differentiation 2 (MD2), a co-receptor of TLR4, in high glucose (HG)- and diabetes-induced inflammatory cardiomyopathy. We show increased MD2 in heart tissues of diabetic mice and serum of human diabetic subjects. MD2 deficiency in mice inhibits TLR4 pathway activation, which correlates with reduced myocardial remodeling and improved cardiac function. Mechanistically, we show that HG induces extracellular advanced glycation end products (AGEs), which bind directly to MD2, leading to formation of AGEs-MD2-TLR4 complex and initiation of pro-inflammatory pathways. We further detect elevated AGE-MD2 complexes in heart tissues and serum of diabetic mice and human subjects with DCM. In summary, we uncover a new mechanism of HG-induced inflammatory responses and myocardial injury, in which AGE products directly bind MD2 to drive inflammatory DCM. The mechanisms underlying cardiac inflammation in diabetic cardiomyopathy are incompletely understood. Here the authors show that advanced glycation end products bind to the TLR4 co-receptor MD2 initiating pro-inflammatory pathways.
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Hellwig M, Humpf HU, Hengstler J, Mally A, Vieths S, Henle T. Quality Criteria for Studies on Dietary Glycation Compounds and Human Health. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:11307-11311. [PMID: 31514500 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b04172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Current reports increasingly associate dietary "advanced glycation end products" ("AGEs") resulting from the Maillard reaction (glycation) between reducing sugars and amino compounds in foods with pathophysiological consequences, such as chronic inflammation, atherosclerosis, and metabolic syndrome. Heated foods are therefore suggested to pose a potential risk for human health. However, studies in this field are very often based on questionable quantitative data and inadequate structural characterization. To improve the situation, the present perspective suggests quality criteria for future studies and the assessment of the currently available literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hellwig
- Chair of Food Chemistry , Technische Universität Dresden , 01062 Dresden , Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Humpf
- Institute of Food Chemistry , Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , 48149 Münster , Germany
| | - Jan Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo) , 44139 Dortmund , Germany
| | - Angela Mally
- Institute of Pharmacolgy and Toxicology , University of Würzburg , 97078 Würzburg , Germany
| | | | - Thomas Henle
- Chair of Food Chemistry , Technische Universität Dresden , 01062 Dresden , Germany
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Glycation-induced modification of tissue-specific ECM proteins: A pathophysiological mechanism in degenerative diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2019; 1863:129411. [PMID: 31400438 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2019.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glycation driven generation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and their patho-physiological role in human degenerative diseases has remained one of the thrust areas in the mainstream of disease biology. Glycation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins have deleterious effect on the mechanical and functional properties of tissues. Owing to the adverse pathophysiological concerns of glycation, there is a need to decipher the underlying mechanisms. SCOPE OF REVIEW AGE-modified ECM proteins affect the cell in the vicinity by altering protein structure-function, matrix-matrix or matrix-cell interaction and by activating signalling pathway through receptor for AGE. This review is intended for addressing the AGE-induced modification of tissue-specific ECM proteins and its implication in the pathogenesis of various organ-specific human ailments. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The glycation affects the canonical cell behaviour due to alteration in the interaction of glycated ECM with receptors like integrins and discodin domain, and the signalling cues generated subsequently affect the downstream signalling pathways. Consequently, the variation of structural and functional properties of tissues due to matrix glycation helps in the initiation or progression of the disease condition. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This review offers comprehensive knowledge about the remodelling of glycation induced ECM and tissue-specific pathological concerns. As glycation of ECM affects the normal tissues and cell behaviour, the scientific discourse may also provide cues for developing candidate drugs that may help in attenuating the adverse effects of AGEs and perhaps open a research window of tailoring novel strategies for the management of glycation induced human degenerative diseases.
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Lampi MC, Reinhart-King CA. Targeting extracellular matrix stiffness to attenuate disease: From molecular mechanisms to clinical trials. Sci Transl Med 2018; 10:10/422/eaao0475. [DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aao0475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tissues stiffen during aging and during the pathological progression of cancer, fibrosis, and cardiovascular disease. Extracellular matrix stiffness is emerging as a prominent mechanical cue that precedes disease and drives its progression by altering cellular behaviors. Targeting extracellular matrix mechanics, by preventing or reversing tissue stiffening or interrupting the cellular response, is a therapeutic approach with clinical potential. Major drivers of changes to the mechanical properties of the extracellular matrix include phenotypically converted myofibroblasts, transforming growth factor β (TGFβ), and matrix cross-linking. Potential pharmacological interventions to overcome extracellular matrix stiffening are emerging clinically. Aside from targeting stiffening directly, alternative approaches to mitigate the effects of increased matrix stiffness aim to identify and inhibit the downstream cellular response to matrix stiffness. Therapeutic interventions that target tissue stiffening are discussed in the context of their limitations, preclinical drug development efforts, and clinical trials.
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Son S, Hwang I, Han SH, Shin JS, Shin OS, Yu JW. Advanced glycation end products impair NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated innate immune responses in macrophages. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:20437-20448. [PMID: 29051224 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.806307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are adducts formed on proteins by glycation with reducing sugars, such as glucose, and tend to form and accumulate under hyperglycemic conditions. AGE accumulation alters protein function and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of many degenerative diseases such as diabetic complications. AGEs have also been shown to promote the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, but the roles of AGEs in inflammasome signaling have not been explored in detail. Here, we present evidence that AGEs attenuate activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) as determined by caspase-1 processing and interleukin-1β production. AGEs also dampened the assembly of the NLRP3 inflammasome, but did not affect the NLRC4 or AIM2 inflammasome activation. Moreover, our data indicated that AGE treatment inhibited Toll-like receptor (TLR)-dependent production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in BMDMs. This immunosuppressive effect of AGE was not associated with a receptor for AGEs (RAGE)-mediated signaling. Instead, AGE treatment markedly suppressed lipopolysaccharide-induced M1 polarization of macrophages. Furthermore, AGEs significantly dampened innate immune responses including NLRP3 inflammasome activation and type-I interferon production in macrophages upon influenza virus infection. These observations collectively suggest that AGEs could impair host NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated innate immune defenses against RNA virus infection leading to an increased susceptibility to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghwan Son
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science
| | - Inhwa Hwang
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science
| | - Seung Hyeok Han
- the Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Kidney Disease Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea and
| | - Jeon-Soo Shin
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science
| | - Ok Sarah Shin
- the Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul 08308, Korea
| | - Je-Wook Yu
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science,
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10
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Welsh KJ, Kirkman MS, Sacks DB. Role of Glycated Proteins in the Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes: Research Gaps and Future Directions. Diabetes Care 2016; 39:1299-306. [PMID: 27457632 PMCID: PMC4955935 DOI: 10.2337/dc15-2727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kerry J Welsh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - M Sue Kirkman
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - David B Sacks
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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Colzani M, Criscuolo A, Casali G, Carini M, Aldini G. A method to produce fully characterized ubiquitin covalently modified by 4-hydroxy-nonenal, glyoxal, methylglyoxal, and malondialdehyde. Free Radic Res 2016; 50:328-36. [PMID: 26554438 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2015.1118472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Reactive carbonyl species (RCS) and the corresponding protein adducts (advanced glycoxidation or lipoxidation end products, i.e. AGEs and ALEs) are now widely studied from different points of view, since they can be considered as biomarkers, pathogenic factors, toxic mediators and drug targets. One of the main limits of the research in this field is the lack of standardized and fully characterized AGEs and ALEs to be used for biological, toxicological, and analytical studies. In this work, we set up a procedure to prepare and fully characterize a set of AGEs and ALEs by incubating ubiquitin - a model protein selected as target for carbonylation - with four different RCS: 4-hydroxy-trans-2-nonenal (HNE), methylglyoxal (MGO), glyoxal (GO), and malondialdehyde (MDA). After 24 h of incubation, the extent of protein carbonylation was estimated using a recently developed quantitative strategy based on high-resolution mass spectrometry. The resulting AGEs and ALEs were fully characterized by both intact protein and bottom-up analyses in terms of: stoichiometry of the total amount of modified protein, elucidation of the structure of the RCS-deriving adducts, and localization of the RCS-modified amino acids. Each RCS exhibited different reactivity toward ubiquitin, as detected by quantifying the extent of protein modification. The order of reactivity was MGO > GO > HNE > MDA. A variety of reaction products was identified and mapped on lysine, arginine, and histidine residues of the protein. In summary, a highly standardized and reproducible method to prepare fully characterized AGEs/ALEs is here presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Colzani
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan , Italy
| | - Angela Criscuolo
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan , Italy
| | - Gaia Casali
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan , Italy
| | - Marina Carini
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan , Italy
| | - Giancarlo Aldini
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan , Italy
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12
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Abstract
AbstractDietary advanced glycation end products (AGE) formed during heating of food have gained interest as potential nutritional toxins with adverse effects on inflammation and glucose metabolism. In the present study, we investigated the short-term effects of high and low molecular weight (HMW and LMW) dietary AGE on insulin sensitivity, expression of the receptor for AGE (RAGE), the AGE receptor 1 (AGER1) and TNF-α, F2-isoprostaglandins, body composition and food intake. For 2 weeks, thirty-six Sprague–Dawley rats were fed a diet containing 20 % milk powder with different proportions of this being given as heated milk powder (0, 40 or 100 %), either native (HMW) or hydrolysed (LMW). Gene expression of RAGE and AGER1 in whole blood increased in the group receiving a high AGE LMW diet, which also had the highest urinary excretion of the AGE, methylglyoxal-derived hydroimidazolone 1 (MG-H1). Urinary excretion of Nε-carboxymethyl-lysine increased with increasing proportion of heat-treated milk powder in the HMW and LMW diets but was unrelated to gene expression. There was no difference in insulin sensitivity, F2-isoprostaglandins, food intake, water intake, body weight or body composition between the groups. In conclusion, RAGE and AGER1 expression can be influenced by a high AGE diet after only 2 weeks in proportion to MG-H1 excretion. No other short-term effects were observed.
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Chuang CT, Guh JY, Lu CY, Wang YT, Chen HC, Chuang LY. Steap4 attenuates high glucose and S100B-induced effects in mesangial cells. J Cell Mol Med 2015; 19:1234-44. [PMID: 25817898 PMCID: PMC4459839 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of prostate 4 (Steap4)-knockout mice develop hyperglycaemia and inflammation whereas Steap4 overexpression attenuates atherosclerosis in diabetic mice. Thus, we studied the roles of Steap4 in high glucose (HG, 27.5 mM) or S100B (1 μM, a ligand for the receptor for advanced glycation end-product or RAGE)-induced effects in mouse mesangial (MES13) cells. We found that HG-induced Steap4 protein expression was dependent on S100B. HG increased cell membrane, but not cytosolic, Steap4 protein expression. HG increased protein-protein interaction between Steap4 and S100B, which was confirmed by mass spectrometry of immunoprecipitated S100B. SP600125, LY294002 and AG490 attenuated S100B-induced Steap4 protein expression or gene transcriptional activity. A mutation in signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) site 2 of the Steap4 promoter constructs resulted in a marked decrease in HG or S100B-induced activation of Steap4 gene transcription. Overexpression of Steap4 attenuates HG or S100B-induced collagen IV, fibronectin and cyclooxygenase 2 protein expression. Overexpression of Steap4 attenuates HG or S100B-induced transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). Moreover, overexpression of Steap4 attenuates S100B-induced signalling. Finally, overexpressing Steap4 attenuated renal expression of fibronectin, S100B, TGF-β, type IV collagen, p-Akt, p-extracellular signal regulated kinase 1/2 and p-Stat3 in streptozotocin-diabetic mice. Thus, overexpression of Steap4 attenuated HG or S100B-induced effects in MES13 cells and attenuated some of S100B-induced effects in diabetic mouse kidneys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Tang Chuang
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jinn-Yuh Guh
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Yu Lu
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yeng-Tseng Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Chun Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Lea-Yea Chuang
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Center for Lipid and Glycomedicine Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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14
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Abstract
All aspects of the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis are critically influenced by the inflammatory response in vascular plaques. Research in the field of innate immunity from the past 2 decades has uncovered many novel mechanisms elucidating how immune cells sense microbes, tissue damage, and metabolic derangements. Here, we summarize which triggers of innate immunity appear during atherogenesis and by which pathways they can contribute to inflammation in atherosclerotic plaques. The increased understanding gained from studies assessing how immune activation is associated with the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis has provided many novel targets for potential therapeutic intervention. Excitingly, the concept that inflammation may be the core of cardiovascular disease is currently being clinically evaluated and will probably encourage further studies in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Zimmer
- From the Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II (S.Z.) and Institute of Innate Immunity (A.G., E.L.), University Hospitals Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester (E.L.); and German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany (E.L.)
| | - Alena Grebe
- From the Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II (S.Z.) and Institute of Innate Immunity (A.G., E.L.), University Hospitals Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester (E.L.); and German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany (E.L.)
| | - Eicke Latz
- From the Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II (S.Z.) and Institute of Innate Immunity (A.G., E.L.), University Hospitals Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester (E.L.); and German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany (E.L.).
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15
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Abstract
In vivo modification of proteins by molecules with reactive carbonyl groups leads to intermediate and advanced glycation end products (AGE). Glucose is a significant glycation reagent due to its high physiological concentration and poorly controlled diabetics show increased albumin glycation. Increased levels of glycated and AGE-modified albumin have been linked to diabetic complications, neurodegeneration, and vascular disease. This review discusses glycated albumin formation, structural consequences of albumin glycation on drug binding, removal of circulating AGE by several scavenger receptors, as well as AGE-induced proinflammatory signaling through activation of the receptor for AGE. Analytical methods for quantitative detection of protein glycation and AGE formation are compared. Finally, the use of glycated albumin as a novel clinical marker to monitor glycemic control is discussed and compared to glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) as long-term indicator of glycemic status.
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16
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Hellwig M, Henle T. Backen, Altern, Diabetes: eine kurze Geschichte der Maillard-Reaktion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201308808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Hellwig M, Henle T. Baking, ageing, diabetes: a short history of the Maillard reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:10316-29. [PMID: 25044982 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201308808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The reaction of reducing carbohydrates with amino compounds described in 1912 by Louis-Camille Maillard is responsible for the aroma, taste, and appearance of thermally processed food. The discovery that non-enzymatic conversions also occur in organisms led to intensive investigation of the pathophysiological significance of the Maillard reaction in diabetes and ageing processes. Dietary Maillard products are discussed as "glycotoxins" and thus as a nutritional risk, but also increasingly with regard to positive effects in the human body. In this Review we give an overview of the most important discoveries in Maillard research since it was first described and show that the complex reaction, even after over one hundred years, has lost none of its interdisciplinary actuality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hellwig
- Chair of Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01062 Dresden (Germany) http://www.chm.tu-dresden.de/lc1
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Jeon BT, Heo RW, Shin HJ, Yi CO, Lee YH, Joung HN, Jung JH, Jung J, Kim SK, Hahm JR, Lee BW, Ko JM, Baek IY, Kang SS, Roh GS. Attenuation by a Vigna nakashimae extract of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in high-fat diet-fed mice. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 78:482-9. [PMID: 25036839 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2014.882753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A Vigna nakashimae (VN) extract has been shown to have antidiabetic and anti-obesity effects. However, the mechanism underlying the effect of a VN extract on hepatic inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated how a VN extract protects against the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). A VN extract for 12 weeks reduced the body weight, serum metabolic parameters, cytokines, and hepatic steatosis in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice. A VN extract decreased HFD-induced hepatic acetyl CoA carboxylase and glucose transporter 4 expressions. In addition to the levels of high-mobility group box 1 and receptor for advanced glycation, the hepatic expression of ATF4 and caspase-3 was also reduced by a VN extract. Thus, these data indicate that a chronic VN extract prevented NAFLD through multiple mechanisms, including inflammation, ER stress, and apoptosis in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeong Tak Jeon
- a Department of Pediatrics , Oregon Health and Science University , Portland , OR , USA
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Bhatwadekar A, Stitt AW. AGE and RAGE inhibitors in the treatment of diabetic retinopathy. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1586/17469899.2.1.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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20
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Stirban A, Gawlowski T, Roden M. Vascular effects of advanced glycation endproducts: Clinical effects and molecular mechanisms. Mol Metab 2013; 3:94-108. [PMID: 24634815 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2013.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2013] [Revised: 11/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The enhanced generation and accumulation of advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) have been linked to increased risk for macrovascular and microvascular complications associated with diabetes mellitus. AGEs result from the nonenzymatic reaction of reducing sugars with proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, potentially altering their function by disrupting molecular conformation, promoting cross-linking, altering enzyme activity, reducing their clearance, and impairing receptor recognition. AGEs may also activate specific receptors, like the receptor for AGEs (RAGE), which is present on the surface of all cells relevant to atherosclerotic processes, triggering oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis. Understanding the pathogenic mechanisms of AGEs is paramount to develop strategies against diabetic and cardiovascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alin Stirban
- Profil Institut für Stoffwechselforschung GmbH, Hellersbergstrasse 9, 41460 Neuss, Germany
| | - Thomas Gawlowski
- University of Paderborn, Warburger Str. 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Michael Roden
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Institute for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany ; Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Clinics Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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21
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Neves D. Advanced glycation end-products: a common pathway in diabetes and age-related erectile dysfunction. Free Radic Res 2013; 47 Suppl 1:49-69. [PMID: 23822116 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2013.821701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Reactive derivatives of non-enzymatic glucose-protein condensation reactions integrate a heterogeneous group of irreversible adducts called advanced glycation end-products (AGEs). Numerous studies have investigated the role of the AGEs in cardiovascular system; however, its contribution to erectile dysfunction (ED) that is an early manifestation of cardiovascular disease has been less intensively investigated. This review summarizes the most recent advances concerning AGEs effects in the cavernous tissue of the penis and in ED onset, particularly on diabetes and aging, conditions that not only favor AGEs formation, but also increase risk of developing ED. The specific contribution of AGE on intra- and extracellular deposition of insoluble complexes, interference in activity of endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase, NO bioavailability, endothelial-dependent vasodilatation, as well as molecular pathways activated by receptor of AGEs are presented. Finally, the interventional actions that prevent AGEs formation, accumulation or activity in the cavernous tissue and that include nutritional pattern modulation, nutraceuticals, exercise, therapeutic strategies (statins, anti-diabetics, inhibitors of phosphodiesterase-5, anti-hypertensive drugs) and inhibitors of AGEs formation and crosslink breakers, are discussed. From this review, we conclude that despite the experiments conducted in animal models pointing to the AGE/RAGE axis as a potential interventional target with respect to ED associated with diabetes and aging, the clinical data have been very disappointing and, until now, did not provide evidence of benefits of treatments directed to AGE inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Neves
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Medicine and IBMC of Universidade do Porto, Al. Prof Hernani Monteiro, Porto, Portugal.
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22
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Crisan M, Taulescu M, Crisan D, Cosgarea R, Parvu A, Cãtoi C, Drugan T. Expression of advanced glycation end-products on sun-exposed and non-exposed cutaneous sites during the ageing process in humans. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75003. [PMID: 24116020 PMCID: PMC3792075 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The glycation process is involved in both the intrinsic (individual, genetic) and extrinsic (ultraviolet light, polution and lifestyle) aging processes, and can be quantified at the epidermal or dermal level by histological, immunohistochemical (IHC), or imagistic methods. Our study is focused on a histological and immunohistological comparison of sun-protected regions versus sun-exposed regions from different age groups of skin phototype III subjects, related to the aging process. Skin samples collected from non-protected and UV protected regions of four experimental groups with different ages, were studied using histology and IHC methods for AGE-CML [N(epsilon)-(carboxymethyl)lysine]. A semi-quantitative assessment of the CML expression in the microvascular endothelium and dermal fibroblasts was performed. The Pearson one-way ANOVA was used to compare data between the groups. In the dermis of sun-exposed skin, the number and the intensity of CML positive cells in both fibroblasts and endothelial cells (p<0.05) was higher compared to sun-protected skin, and was significantly increased in older patients. The sun-exposed areas had a more than 10% higher AGE-CML score than the protected areas. No statistically significant correlation was observed between the histological score and the IHC expression of CML. We concluded that in healthy integument, the accumulation of final glycation products increases with age and is amplified by ultraviolet exposure. The study provides new knowledge on differences of AGE-CML between age groups and protected and unprotected areas and emphasizes that endothelium and perivascular area are most affected, justifying combined topical and systemic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Crisan
- Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Department of Histology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Marian Taulescu
- University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Pathology Department, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- * E-mail:
| | - Diana Crisan
- Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Clinic of Dermatology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Rodica Cosgarea
- Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Clinic of Dermatology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Alina Parvu
- Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Department of Pathophysiology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Cornel Cãtoi
- University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Pathology Department, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Tudor Drugan
- Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Department of Medical Informatics, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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23
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Hsu WH, Lee BH, Hsu YW, Pan TM. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ activators monascin and rosiglitazone attenuate carboxymethyllysine-induced fibrosis in hepatic stellate cells through regulating the oxidative stress pathway but independent of the receptor for advanced glycation end products signaling. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:6873-6879. [PMID: 23796251 DOI: 10.1021/jf402082g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) signaling through its receptors (RAGE) results in an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and is thought to contribute to hepatic fibrosis via hyperglycemia. Carboxymethyllysine (CML) is a key AGE, with highly reactive dicarbonyl metabolites. We investigated the inhibitory effect of Monascus -fermented metabolite monascin and rosiglitazone on CML-induced RAGE signaling in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and its resulting antihepatic fibrosis activity. We found that monascin and rosiglitazone upregulated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) to attenuate α-smooth muscle actin (SMA) and ROS generation in CML-treated HSCs in a RAGE activation-independent pathway. Therefore, monascin may delay or inhibit the progression of liver fibrosis through the activation of PPAR-γ and might prove to be a major antifibrotic mechanism to prevent liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hsuan Hsu
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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24
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Poulsen MW, Hedegaard RV, Andersen JM, de Courten B, Bügel S, Nielsen J, Skibsted LH, Dragsted LO. Advanced glycation endproducts in food and their effects on health. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 60:10-37. [PMID: 23867544 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 511] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 06/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) form by Maillard-reactions after initial binding of aldehydes with amines or amides in heated foods or in living organisms. The mechanisms of formation may include ionic as well as oxidative and radical pathways. The reactions may proceed within proteins to form high-molecular weight (HMW) AGEs or among small molecules to form low-molecular weight (LMW) AGEs. All free amino acids form AGEs, but lysine or arginine side chains dominate AGE formation within proteins. The analysis of AGEs in foods and body fluids is most often performed by ELISA or LC-MS; however, none of the methodologies cover all HMW and LMW AGEs. Most research is, therefore, carried out using 'representative' AGE compounds, most often N(ε)-carboxymethyl-lysine (CML). Only LMW AGEs, including peptide-bound forms, and carbonyls may be absorbed from the gut and contribute to the body burden of AGEs. Some AGEs interact with specific pro- or anti-inflammatory receptors. Most studies on the biological effects of AGEs have been carried out by administering heated foods. The pro-inflammatory and deteriorating biological effects of AGEs in these studies, therefore, need further confirmation. The current review points out several research needs in order to address important questions on AGEs in foods and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malene W Poulsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 30, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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25
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Okuda LS, Castilho G, Rocco DD, Nakandakare ER, Catanozi S, Passarelli M. Advanced glycated albumin impairs HDL anti-inflammatory activity and primes macrophages for inflammatory response that reduces reverse cholesterol transport. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2012; 1821:1485-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2012.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Revised: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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26
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Indurthi VS, Leclerc E, Vetter SW. Interaction between glycated serum albumin and AGE-receptors depends on structural changes and the glycation reagent. Arch Biochem Biophys 2012; 528:185-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2012.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Revised: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Grishman EK, White PC, Savani RC. Toll-like receptors, the NLRP3 inflammasome, and interleukin-1β in the development and progression of type 1 diabetes. Pediatr Res 2012; 71:626-32. [PMID: 22337228 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2012.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Traditionally, type 1 diabetes (T1D) has been thought of as a disease of cellular immunity, but there is increasing evidence that components of the innate immune system, controlled largely by Toll-like receptors (TLRs), play a significant role in T1D development. TLRs are pattern-recognition molecules on immune cells that recognize pathogens, leading to the production of cytokines such as interleukin-1β (IL1β, encoded by the IL1B gene). IL1β is increased in patients with newly diagnosed T1D and likely acts as an early inflammatory signal in T1D development. Because hyperglycemia is a hallmark of T1D, the effects of hyperglycemia on IL1β expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and islet cells have been examined, but with inconsistent results, and the mechanisms leading to this increase remain unknown. Fatty acids stimulate IL1β expression and may promote inflammation, causing hyperglycemia and insulin resistance. The mechanisms by which IL1β is involved in T1D pathogenesis are controversial. Overall, studies in pancreatic β-cells suggest that IL1β-mediated damage to islet cells involves multiple downstream targets. Potential therapies to decrease the progression of T1D based on IL1β biology include pioglitazone, glyburide, IL1 receptor antagonists, and agents that remove IL1β from the circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen K Grishman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
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28
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Wang T, Kartika R, Spiegel DA. Exploring post-translational arginine modification using chemically synthesized methylglyoxal hydroimidazolones. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:8958-67. [PMID: 22591136 PMCID: PMC3397831 DOI: 10.1021/ja301994d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The methylglyoxal-derived hydroimidazolones (MG-Hs) comprise the most prevalent class of non-enzymatic, post-translational modifications of protein arginine residues found in nature. These adducts form spontaneously in the human body, and are also present at high levels in the human diet. Despite numerous lines of evidence suggesting that MG-H-arginine adducts play critical roles in both healthy and disease physiology in humans, detailed studies of these molecules have been hindered by a lack of general synthetic strategies for their preparation in chemically homogeneous form, and on scales sufficient to enable detailed biochemical and cellular investigations. To address this limitation, we have developed efficient, multigram-scale syntheses of all MG-H-amino acid building blocks, suitably protected for solid-phase peptide synthesis, in 2-3 steps starting from inexpensive, readily available starting materials. Thus, MG-H derivatives were readily incorporated into oligopeptides site-specifically using standard solid-phase peptide synthesis. Access to synthetic MG-H-peptide adducts has enabled detailed investigations, which have revealed a series of novel and unexpected findings. First, one of the three MG-H isomers, MG-H3, was found to possess potent, pH-dependent antioxidant properties in biochemical and cellular assays intended to replicate redox processes that occur in vivo. Computational and mechanistic studies suggest that MG-H3-containing constructs are capable of participating in mechanistically distinct H-atom-transfer and single-electron-transfer oxidation processes. Notably, the product of MG-H3 oxidation was unexpectedly observed to disassemble into the fully unmodified arginine residue and pyruvate in aqueous solution. We believe these observations provide insight into the role(s) of MG-H-protein adducts in human physiology, and expect the synthetic reagents reported herein to enable investigations into non-enzymatic protein regulation at an unprecedented level of detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
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29
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DeVerse JS, Bailey KA, Jackson KN, Passerini AG. Shear stress modulates RAGE-mediated inflammation in a model of diabetes-induced metabolic stress. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2012; 302:H2498-508. [PMID: 22467309 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00869.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis occurs preferentially at sites of disturbed blood flow despite the influence of risk factors contributing to systemic inflammation. The receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE) is a prominent mediator of inflammation in diabetes that is upregulated in atherosclerotic plaques. Our goal was to elucidate a role for arterial hemodynamics in the regulation of RAGE expression and activity. Endothelial RAGE expression was elevated at sites of flow disturbance in the aortas of healthy swine. To demonstrate a direct role for physiological shear stress (SS) in modulating RAGE expression, human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC) were exposed to high SS (HSS; 15 dyn/cm(2)), which downregulated RAGE by fourfold, or oscillatory SS (OSS; 0 ± 5 dyn/cm(2)), which upregulated RAGE by threefold, compared with static culture at 4 h. In a model of diabetes-induced metabolic stress, HAEC were chronically conditioned under high glucose (25 mM) and then simultaneously stimulated with TNF-α (0.5 ng/ml) and the RAGE ligand high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1). A 50% increase in VCAM-1 expression over TNF-α was associated with increased cytoplasmic and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and NF-κB activity. This increase was RAGE-specific and NADPH oxidase dependent. In activated HAEC, OSS amplified HMGB1-induced VCAM-1 (3-fold) and RAGE (1.6-fold) expression and proportionally enhanced monocyte adhesion to HAEC in a RAGE-dependent manner, while HSS mitigated these increases to the level of TNF-α alone. We demonstrate that SS plays a fundamental role in regulating RAGE expression and inflammatory responses in the endothelium. These findings may provide mechanistic insight into how diabetes accelerates the nonrandom distribution of atherosclerosis in arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sherrod DeVerse
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
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Nguyen DV, Shaw LC, Grant MB. Inflammation in the pathogenesis of microvascular complications in diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2012; 3:170. [PMID: 23267348 PMCID: PMC3527746 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2012.00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes and hyperglycemia create a proinflammatory microenvironment that progresses to microvascular complications such as nephropathy, retinopathy, and neuropathy. Diet-induced insulin resistance is a potential initiator of this change in type 2 diabetes which can increase adipokines and generate a chronic low-grade inflammatory state. Advanced glycation end-products and its receptor, glycation end-products AGE receptor axis, reactive oxygen species, and hypoxia can also interact to worsen complications. Numerous efforts have gained way to understanding the mechanisms of these modulators and attenuation of the inflammatory response, however, effective treatments have still not emerged. The complexity of inflammatory signaling may suggest a need for multi-targeted therapy. This review presents recent findings aimed at new treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maria B. Grant
- *Correspondence: Maria B. Grant, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, College of Medicine, P.O. Box 100267, Gainesville, FL 32610-0267, USA. e-mail:
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Bornfeldt KE, Tabas I. Insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, and atherosclerosis. Cell Metab 2011; 14:575-85. [PMID: 22055501 PMCID: PMC3217209 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2011.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 562] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Revised: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Progress in preventing atherosclerotic coronary artery disease (CAD) has been stalled by the epidemic of type 2 diabetes. Further advances in this area demand a thorough understanding of how two major features of type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance and hyperglycemia, impact atherosclerosis. Insulin resistance is associated with systemic CAD risk factors, but increasing evidence suggests that defective insulin signaling in atherosclerotic lesional cells also plays an important role. The role of hyperglycemia in CAD associated with type 2 diabetes is less clear. Understanding the mechanisms whereby type 2 diabetes exacerbates CAD offers hope for new therapeutic strategies to prevent and treat atherosclerotic vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin E Bornfeldt
- Department of Pathology, Diabetes and Obesity Center of Excellence, 815 Mercer Street, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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32
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Vetter SW, Indurthi VS. Moderate glycation of serum albumin affects folding, stability, and ligand binding. Clin Chim Acta 2011; 412:2105-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2011.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2011] [Revised: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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33
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Iborra RT, Machado-Lima A, Castilho G, Nunes VS, Abdalla DSP, Nakandakare ER, Passarelli M. Advanced glycation in macrophages induces intracellular accumulation of 7-ketocholesterol and total sterols by decreasing the expression of ABCA-1 and ABCG-1. Lipids Health Dis 2011; 10:172. [PMID: 21957962 PMCID: PMC3201908 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-10-172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Advanced glycation end products (AGE) alter lipid metabolism and reduce the macrophage expression of ABCA-1 and ABCG-1 which impairs the reverse cholesterol transport, a system that drives cholesterol from arterial wall macrophages to the liver, allowing its excretion into the bile and feces. Oxysterols favors lipid homeostasis in macrophages and drive the reverse cholesterol transport, although the accumulation of 7-ketocholesterol, 7alpha- hydroxycholesterol and 7beta- hydroxycholesterol is related to atherogenesis and cell death. We evaluated the effect of glycolaldehyde treatment (GAD; oxoaldehyde that induces a fast formation of intracellular AGE) in macrophages overloaded with oxidized LDL and incubated with HDL alone or HDL plus LXR agonist (T0901317) in: 1) the intracellular content of oxysterols and total sterols and 2) the contents of ABCA-1 and ABCG-1. METHODS Total cholesterol and oxysterol subspecies were determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and HDL receptors content by immunoblot. RESULTS In control macrophages (C), incubation with HDL or HDL + T0901317 reduced the intracellular content of total sterols (total cholesterol + oxysterols), cholesterol and 7-ketocholesterol, which was not observed in GAD macrophages. In all experimental conditions no changes were found in the intracellular content of other oxysterol subspecies comparing C and GAD macrophages. GAD macrophages presented a 45% reduction in ABCA-1 protein level as compared to C cells, even after the addition of HDL or HDL + T0901317. The content of ABCG-1 was 36.6% reduced in GAD macrophages in the presence of HDL as compared to C macrophages. CONCLUSION In macrophages overloaded with oxidized LDL, glycolaldehyde treatment reduces the HDL-mediated cholesterol and 7-ketocholesterol efflux which is ascribed to the reduction in ABCA-1 and ABCG-1 protein level. This may contribute to atherosclerosis in diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo T Iborra
- Lipids Laboratory (LIM-10), Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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34
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Buetler TM, Latado H, Leclerc E, Weigle B, Baumeyer A, Heizmann CW, Scholz G. Glycolaldehyde-modified β-lactoglobulin AGEs are unable to stimulate inflammatory signaling pathways in RAGE-expressing human cell lines. Mol Nutr Food Res 2010; 55:291-9. [PMID: 20715095 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201000140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2010] [Revised: 05/31/2010] [Accepted: 07/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) are suspected to stimulate inflammatory signaling pathways in target tissues via activation of the receptor for AGEs. Endotoxins are generally recognized as potential contamination of AGE preparations and stimulate biological actions that are very similar as or identical to those induced by AGEs. METHODS AND RESULTS In our study, we used glycolaldehyde-modified β-lactoglobulin preparations as model AGEs and employed two methods to remove endotoxin using either affinity columns or extraction with Triton X-114 (TX-114). Affinity column-purified AGEs retained their ability to stimulate inflammatory signaling as measured by mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines in the human lung epithelial cell line Beas2b. However, glycolaldehyde-modified AGEs purified by extraction with TX-114 did not show any stimulation of mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines. The presence of a cell stimulating endotoxin-like activity was demonstrated in the detergent phase after extraction with TX-114, thus indicating that not AGEs but a lipophilic contamination was responsible for the stimulation of inflammatory signaling. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that glycolaldehyde-modified AGEs are unable to induce inflammatory signaling in receptor for AGE-expressing cells. The observed cell-activating activity can be ascribed to an endotoxin-like lipophilic contamination present in AGE preparations and affinity column purification was insufficient to remove this contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo M Buetler
- Nestlé Research Center, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Creagh-Brown BC, Quinlan GJ, Evans TW, Burke-Gaffney A. The RAGE axis in systemic inflammation, acute lung injury and myocardial dysfunction: an important therapeutic target? Intensive Care Med 2010; 36:1644-1656. [PMID: 20631986 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-010-1952-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2010] [Accepted: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The sepsis syndromes, frequently complicated by pulmonary and cardiac dysfunction, remain a major cause of death amongst the critically ill. Targeted therapies aimed at ameliorating the systemic inflammation that characterises the sepsis syndromes have largely yielded disappointing results in clinical trials. Whilst there are many potential reasons for lack of success of clinical trials, one possibility is that the pathways targeted, to date, are only modifiable very early in the course of the illness. More recent approaches have therefore attempted to identify pathways that could offer a wider therapeutic window, such as the receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) and its ligands. PURPOSE The objectives of this study were to review the evidence supporting the role of the RAGE axis in systemic inflammation and associated acute lung injury and myocardial dysfunction, to explore some of the problems and conflicts that these RAGE studies have raised and to consider strategies by which they might be resolved. METHODS MEDLINE was searched (1990-2010) and relevant literature collected and reviewed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION RAGE is an inflammation-perpetuating receptor with a diverse range of ligands. Evidence supporting a role of the RAGE axis in the pathogenesis of systemic inflammation, ALI and myocardial dysfunction is compelling with numerous animal experiments showing the beneficial effects of inhibiting the RAGE axis. Despite a number of unanswered questions that need to be further addressed, the potential for inhibiting RAGE-mediated inflammation in humans undoubtedly exists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedict C Creagh-Brown
- Unit of Critical Care, Respiratory Science, National Heart and Lung Institute Division, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
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Deo P, Glenn JV, Powell LA, Stitt AW, Ames JM. Upregulation of oxidative stress markers in human microvascular endothelial cells by complexes of serum albumin and digestion products of glycated casein. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2010; 23:364-72. [PMID: 19827132 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.20301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The extent of absorption of dietary advanced glycation end products (AGEs) is not fully known. The possible physiological impact of these absorbed components on inflammatory processes has been studied little and was the aim of this investigation. Aqueous solutions of bovine casein and glucose were heated at 95 degrees C for 5 h to give AGE-casein (AGE-Cas). Simulated stomach and small intestine digestion of AGE-Cas and dialysis (molecular mass cutoff of membrane = 1 kDa) resulted in a low molecular mass (LMM) fraction of digestion products, which was used to prepare bovine serum albumin (BSA)-LMM-AGE-Cas complexes. Stimulation of human microvascular endothelial cells with BSA-LMM-AGE-Cas complexes significantly increased mRNA expression of the receptor of AGE (RAGE), galectin-3 (AGE-R3), tumor necrosis factor alpha, and a marker of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway (MAPK-1), as well as p65NF-kappaB activation. Cells treated with LMM digestion products of AGE-Cas significantly increased AGE-R3 mRNA expression. Intracellular reactive oxygen species production increased significantly in cells challenged with BSA-LMM-AGE-Cas and LMM-AGE-Cas. In conclusion, in an in vitro cell system, digested dietary AGEs complexed with serum albumin play a role in the regulation of RAGE and downstream inflammatory pathways. AGE-R3 may protect against these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Permal Deo
- Human Nutrition and Health Group, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
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Nienhuis HLA, Westra J, Smit AJ, Limburg PC, Kallenberg CGM, Bijl M. AGE and their receptor RAGE in systemic autoimmune diseases: an inflammation propagating factor contributing to accelerated atherosclerosis. Autoimmunity 2009; 42:302-4. [PMID: 19811283 DOI: 10.1080/08916930902831746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Systemic autoimmune diseases are associated with inflammation, and oxidative stress favouring the formation of advanced glycation endproducts (AGE), able to modulate cellular functions by activation of receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE). As RAGE expression is increased in an inflammatory milieu, present in patients with systemic autoimmune diseases, these patients are especially prone for the deleterious effects of AGE. Interaction of AGE with RAGE leads to intracellular signalling, and subsequent expression of adhesion molecules, chemokines, pro-inflammatory cytokines and up-regulation of RAGE itself. The AGE-RAGE interaction might act as a pro-inflammatory loop in these patients, contributing to chronic low grade inflammation rendering these individuals susceptible for development of accelerated atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans L A Nienhuis
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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White JS. Misconceptions about high-fructose corn syrup: is it uniquely responsible for obesity, reactive dicarbonyl compounds, and advanced glycation endproducts? J Nutr 2009; 139:1219S-1227S. [PMID: 19386820 DOI: 10.3945/jn.108.097998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Misconceptions about high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) abound in the scientific literature, the advice of health professionals to their patients, media reporting, product advertising, and the irrational behavior of consumers. Foremost among these is the misconception that HFCS has a unique and substantive responsibility for the current obesity crisis. Inaccurate information from ostensibly reliable sources and selective presentation of research data gathered under extreme experimental conditions, representing neither the human diet nor HFCS, have misled the uninformed and created an atmosphere of distrust and avoidance for what, by all rights, should be considered a safe and innocuous sweetener. In the first part of this article, common misconceptions about the composition, functionality, metabolism, and use of HFCS and its purported link to obesity are identified and corrected. In the second part, an emerging misconception, that HFCS in carbonated soft drinks contributes materially to physiological levels of reactive dicarbonyl compounds and advanced glycation endproducts, is addressed in detail, and evidence is presented that HFCS does not pose a unique dietary risk in healthy individuals or diabetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S White
- White Technical Research, Argenta, IL 62501, USA.
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Comparison of distinct protein isoforms of the receptor for advanced glycation end-products expressed in murine tissues and cell lines. Cell Tissue Res 2009; 337:79-89. [PMID: 19415334 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-009-0791-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2008] [Accepted: 03/09/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) is thought to be expressed ubiquitously as various protein isoforms. Our objective was to use Northern blotting, immunoblotting, and sensitivity to N-glycanase digestion to survey RAGE isoforms expressed in cell lines and mouse tissues in order to obtain a more comprehensive view of the RAGE expressome. Pulmonary RAGE mRNA (1.4 kb) was smaller than cell-line and tissue RAGE mRNA (6 kb-10 kb). Three anti-RAGE antibodies that recognized three distinct RAGE epitopes were used for protein studies (N-16, H-300, and alphaES). Lung expressed three predominant protein isoforms with apparent molecular masses of 45.1, 52.6, and 57.4 kDa (N-16/H-300) and four isoforms at 25.0, 46.9, 52.5, and 54.2 kDa (alphaES). These isoforms were expressed exclusively in lung. Heart, ileum, and kidney expressed a 44.0-kDa isoform (N-16), whereas aorta and pancreas expressed a 53.3-kDa isoform (alphaES). Each of these isoforms were absent in tissue extracts prepared from RAGE(-/-) mice. Cell lines expressed a 70.0-kDa isoform, and a subset expressed a 30.0-kDa isoform (alphaES). Lung RAGE appeared to contain two N-linked glycans. Tissue and cell-line RAGE isoforms were completely insensitive to PNGase F digestion. Thus, numerous RAGE protein isoforms are detectable in tissues and cell lines. Canonical transmembrane and soluble RAGE appear to be expressed solely in lung (N-16/H-300). Non-pulmonary tissues and cell lines, regardless of the source tissue, both express distinct RAGE protein isoforms containing the N-terminal N-16 epitope or the alphaES RAGE epitope encoded by alternate exon 9, but lacking the H-300 epitope.
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Zhang Q, Ames JM, Smith RD, Baynes JW, Metz TO. A perspective on the Maillard reaction and the analysis of protein glycation by mass spectrometry: probing the pathogenesis of chronic disease. J Proteome Res 2009; 8:754-69. [PMID: 19093874 DOI: 10.1021/pr800858h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The Maillard reaction, starting from the glycation of protein and progressing to the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), is implicated in the development of complications of diabetes mellitus, as well as in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular, renal, and neurodegenerative diseases. In this perspective review, we provide an overview on the relevance of the Maillard reaction in the pathogenesis of chronic disease and discuss traditional approaches and recent developments in the analysis of glycated proteins by mass spectrometry. We propose that proteomics approaches, particularly bottom-up proteomics, will play a significant role in analyses of clinical samples leading to the identification of new markers of disease development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qibin Zhang
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
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Chen YS, Yan W, Geczy CL, Brown MA, Thomas R. Serum levels of soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products and of S100 proteins are associated with inflammatory, autoantibody, and classical risk markers of joint and vascular damage in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2009; 11:R39. [PMID: 19284577 PMCID: PMC2688185 DOI: 10.1186/ar2645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2008] [Revised: 02/25/2009] [Accepted: 03/11/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily of cell surface receptor molecules. High concentrations of three of its putative proinflammatory ligands, S100A8/A9 complex (calprotectin), S100A8, and S100A12, are found in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) serum and synovial fluid. In contrast, soluble RAGE (sRAGE) may prevent proinflammatory effects by acting as a decoy. This study evaluated the serum levels of S100A9, S100A8, S100A12 and sRAGE in RA patients, to determine their relationship to inflammation and joint and vascular damage. METHODS Serum sRAGE, S100A9, S100A8 and S100A12 levels from 138 patients with established RA and 44 healthy controls were measured by ELISA and compared by unpaired t test. In RA patients, associations with disease activity and severity variables were analyzed by simple and multiple linear regressions. RESULTS Serum S100A9, S100A8 and S100A12 levels were correlated in RA patients. S100A9 levels were associated with body mass index (BMI), and with serum levels of S100A8 and S100A12. S100A8 levels were associated with serum levels of S100A9, presence of anti-citrullinated peptide antibodies (ACPA), and rheumatoid factor (RF). S100A12 levels were associated with presence of ACPA, history of diabetes, and serum S100A9 levels. sRAGE levels were negatively associated with serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL), history of vasculitis, and the presence of the RAGE 82Ser polymorphism. CONCLUSIONS sRAGE and S100 proteins were associated not just with RA inflammation and autoantibody production, but also with classical vascular risk factors for end-organ damage. Consistent with its role as a RAGE decoy molecule, sRAGE had the opposite effects to S100 proteins in that S100 proteins were associated with autoantibodies and vascular risk, whereas sRAGE was associated with protection against joint and vascular damage. These data suggest that RAGE activity influences co-development of joint and vascular disease in rheumatoid arthritis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueh-Sheng Chen
- Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Australia
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Leclerc E, Fritz G, Vetter SW, Heizmann CW. Binding of S100 proteins to RAGE: an update. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2008; 1793:993-1007. [PMID: 19121341 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2008.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 371] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2008] [Revised: 11/24/2008] [Accepted: 11/28/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The Receptor for Advanced Glycation Endproducts (RAGE) is a multi-ligand receptor of the immunoglobulin family. RAGE interacts with structurally different ligands probably through the oligomerization of the receptor on the cell surface. However, the exact mechanism is unknown. Among RAGE ligands are members of the S100 protein family. S100 proteins are small calcium binding proteins with high structural homology. Several members of the family have been shown to interact with RAGE in vitro or in cell-based assays. Interestingly, many RAGE ligands appear to interact with distinct domains of the extracellular portion of RAGE and to trigger various cellular effects. In this review, we summarize the modes of S100 protein-RAGE interaction with regard to their cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Leclerc
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, Fl 33431, USA
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Donato R, Sorci G, Riuzzi F, Arcuri C, Bianchi R, Brozzi F, Tubaro C, Giambanco I. S100B's double life: intracellular regulator and extracellular signal. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2008; 1793:1008-22. [PMID: 19110011 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2008.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 520] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2008] [Revised: 11/12/2008] [Accepted: 11/21/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The Ca2+-binding protein of the EF-hand type, S100B, exerts both intracellular and extracellular functions. Recent studies have provided more detailed information concerning the mechanism(s) of action of S100B as an intracellular regulator and an extracellular signal. Indeed, intracellular S100B acts as a stimulator of cell proliferation and migration and an inhibitor of apoptosis and differentiation, which might have important implications during brain, cartilage and skeletal muscle development and repair, activation of astrocytes in the course of brain damage and neurodegenerative processes, and of cardiomyocyte remodeling after infarction, as well as in melanomagenesis and gliomagenesis. As an extracellular factor, S100B engages RAGE (receptor for advanced glycation end products) in a variety of cell types with different outcomes (i.e. beneficial or detrimental, pro-proliferative or pro-differentiative) depending on the concentration attained by the protein, the cell type and the microenvironment. Yet, RAGE might not be the sole S100B receptor, and S100B's ability to engage RAGE might be regulated by its interaction with other extracellular factors. Future studies using S100B transgenic and S100B null mice might shed more light on the functional role(s) of the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Donato
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, Section Anatomy, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto C.P. 81 Succ. 3, 06122 Perugia, Italy.
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Iwao Y, Nakajou K, Nagai R, Kitamura K, Anraku M, Maruyama T, Otagiri M. CD36 is one of important receptors promoting renal tubular injury by advanced oxidation protein products. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2008; 295:F1871-80. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00013.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic accumulation of plasma advanced oxidation protein products (AOPPs) promotes renal fibrosis. However, the mechanism at the cellular level has not been clarified. In the present study, endocytic assay of human proximal tubular cells (HK-2 cells) demonstrated that AOPPs-human serum albumin (HSA) (in vitro preparations of chloramine- modified HSA) were significantly endocytosed in a dose-dependent manner at a higher level than HSA. The expression of CD36, a transmembrane protein of the class B scavenger receptor, in HK-2 cells was confirmed in the immunoblot analysis. In a cellular assay using overexpressing human CD36 in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, AOPPs-HSA were significantly endocytosed by CD36-CHO cells but not by mock-CHO cells. Furthermore, the endocytic association and degradation of AOPPs-HSA by HK-2 cells was significantly inhibited by anti-CD36 antibody treatment, suggesting that CD36 is partly involved in the uptake of AOPPs-HSA by HK-2 cells. AOPPs-HSA upregulated the expression of CD36 in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, AOPPs-HSA upregulated the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species and the secretion of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 in HK-2 cells, whereas anti-CD36 antibody neutralizes the upregulation of TGF-β1. These results suggest that AOPPs-HSA may cause renal tubular injury via the CD36 pathway.
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Yamawaki H, Saito K, Okada M, Hara Y. Methylglyoxal mediates vascular inflammation via JNK and p38 in human endothelial cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2008; 295:C1510-7. [PMID: 18842828 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00252.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Methylglyoxal (MGO) is a reactive metabolite of glucose. Since the plasma concentration of MGO is increased in diabetic patients, MGO is implicated in diabetes-associated vascular endothelial cells (ECs) injury, which might be responsible for atherosclerosis. In the present study, we examined effects of treatment of human umbilical vein ECs with MGO on EC morphology and inflammatory responses. MGO (24 h) induced cytotoxic morphological changes in a concentration-dependent manner (0-420 microM). MGO induced mRNA and protein expression of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 in a concentration (0-420 microM)- and time (6-24 h)-dependent manner. COX-2 induction was associated with increased PGE(2) release. Acute treatment with MGO (20 min) induced concentration-dependent (0-420 microM) activation of JNK and p38 MAP kinase but not ERK or NF-kappaB. Both the JNK inhibitor SP600125 and the p38 inhibitor SB203580 prevented the MGO induction of COX-2. However, inhibiting JNK and p38 or COX-2 was ineffective to the morphological damage by MGO (420 microM, 24 h). EUK134, a synthetic combined superoxide dismutase/catalase mimetic, had no effect on MGO-induced COX-2. Present results indicated that MGO mediates JNK- and p38-dependent EC inflammatory responses, which might be independent of oxidative stress. On the other hand, MGO-induced morphological cell damage seems unlikely to be associated with COX-2-PGE(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Yamawaki
- Dept. of Veterinary Pharmacology, Kitasato University., Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan.
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Rondeau P, Singh NR, Caillens H, Tallet F, Bourdon E. Oxidative stresses induced by glycoxidized human or bovine serum albumin on human monocytes. Free Radic Biol Med 2008; 45:799-812. [PMID: 18616999 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2007] [Revised: 05/28/2008] [Accepted: 06/03/2008] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and protein modifications are frequently observed in numerous disease states. Albumin, the major circulating protein in blood, can undergo increased glycoxidation in diabetes. Protein glycoxidation can lead to the formation of advanced glycoxidation end products, which induce various deleterious effects on cells. Herein, we report the effect of glucose or methylglyoxal-induced oxidative modifications on BSA or HSA protein structures and on THP1 monocyte physiology. The occurrence of oxidative modifications was found to be enhanced in glycoxidized BSA and HSA, after determination of their free thiol group content, relative electrophoretic migration, carbonyl content, and antioxidant activities. Cells treated with glycoxidized albumin exhibited an overgeneration of intracellular reactive oxygen species, impairments in proteasomal activities, enhancements in RAGE expression, and an accumulation of carbonylated proteins. These novel observations made in the presence of a range of modified BSA and HSA facilitate the comparison of the glycoxidation extent of albumin with the oxidative stress induced in cultured monocytes. Finally, this study reconfirms the influence of experimental conditions in which AGEs are generated and the concentration levels in experiments designed to mimic pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Rondeau
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Génétique Moléculaire (LBGM), Université de La Réunion, Saint Denis de La Réunion, 15, avenue René Cassin, BP 7151 Cedex 09, 97715 Saint Denis de La Réunion, France
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Rubio-Ruiz ME, Díaz-Díaz E, Cárdenas-León M, Argüelles-Medina R, Sánchez-Canales P, Larrea-Gallo F, Soria-Castro E, Guarner-Lans V. Glycation does not modify bovine serum albumin (BSA)-induced reduction of rat aortic relaxation: the response to glycated and nonglycated BSA is lost in metabolic syndrome. Glycobiology 2008; 18:517-25. [PMID: 18458031 PMCID: PMC2430009 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwn034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of nonglycated bovine serum albumin (BSA) and advanced glycosylation end products of BSA (AGE-BSA) on vascular responses of control and metabolic syndrome (MS) rats characterized by hypertriglyceridemia, hypertension, hyperinsulinemia, and insulin resistance were studied. Albumin and in vitro prepared AGE-BSA have vascular effects; however, recent studies indicate that some effects of in vitro prepared AGEs are due to the conditions in which they were generated. We produced AGEs by incubating glucose with BSA for 60 days under sterile conditions in darkness and at 37 degrees C. To develop MS rats, male Wistar animals were given 30% sucrose in drinking water since weanling. Six month old animals were used. Blood pressure, insulin, triglycerides, and serum albumin were increased in MS rats. Contraction of aortic rings elicited with norepinephrine was stronger. There were no effects of nonglycated BSA or AGE-BSA on contractions in control or MS rats; however, both groups responded to L-NAME, an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthesis. Arterial relaxation induced using acetylcholine was smaller in MS rats. Nonglycated BSA and AGE-BSA significantly diminished relaxation in a 35% in the control group but the decrease was similar when using nonglycated BSA and AGE-BSA. This decrease was not present in the MS rats and was not due to increased RAGEs or altered biochemical characteristics of BSA. In conclusion, both BSA and AGE-BSA inhibit vascular relaxation in control artic rings. In MS rats the effect is lost possibly due to alterations in endothelial cells that are a consequence of the illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Esther Rubio-Ruiz
- Department of Physiology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
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Glyoxal causes inflammatory injury in human vascular endothelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 369:1155-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2008] [Accepted: 03/05/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Buetler TM, Leclerc E, Baumeyer A, Latado H, Newell J, Adolfsson O, Parisod V, Richoz J, Maurer S, Foata F, Piguet D, Junod S, Heizmann CW, Delatour T. Nɛ-carboxymethyllysine-modified proteins are unable to bind to RAGE and activate an inflammatory response. Mol Nutr Food Res 2008; 52:370-8. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200700101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Bro S, Flyvbjerg A, Binder CJ, Bang CA, Denner L, Olgaard K, Nielsen LB. A neutralizing antibody against receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) reduces atherosclerosis in uremic mice. Atherosclerosis 2008; 201:274-80. [PMID: 18371970 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2007] [Revised: 11/18/2007] [Accepted: 01/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Chronic renal failure markedly accelerates atherogenesis in apolipoprotein E-deficient (apoE(-/-)) mice. To study the putative role of receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) in development of uremic atherosclerosis, apoE(-/-) mice received intraperitoneal injections thrice weekly of a neutralizing murine RAGE-antibody (RAGE-ab) (n=21) or an isotype-matched control antibody (placebo-ab) (n=23). Treatment was started 4 weeks after surgical 5/6 nephrectomy in 16 weeks old mice and continued for 12 weeks. The RAGE-ab did not affect blood pressure, plasma cholesterol or measures of uremia. However, the aortic plaque area fraction was reduced by 59% in RAGE-ab compared with placebo-ab-treated mice (0.016 +/- 0.002 versus 0.039 +/- 0.005, P<0.001). In plasma, the RAGE-ab reduced concentrations of oxidized phospholipid neo-epitopes in plasma as detected by the specific monoclonal antibody EO6 (P<0.05) and titers of IgG antibodies against oxidized low-density lipoprotein (P<0.001). In the aorta of treated mice, the RAGE-ab did not affect the mRNA expression of eight selected genes associated with inflammation. The results suggest that blockade of RAGE reduces the proatherogenic effects of uremia, possibly through a systemic decrease in oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Bro
- Department of Nephrology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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