1
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Mechanism of metformin regulation in central nervous system: Progression and future perspectives. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 156:113686. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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2
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Wang K, Xu L, Liu L, Zhan S, Wang S, Song Y. Sex differences in the association between the change in triglyceride‑glucose index and cognitive decline: A population-based cohort study. J Affect Disord 2022; 316:42-49. [PMID: 35952934 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies indicated that insulin resistance (IR) was related to cognitive decline. This study aimed to investigate whether triglyceride-glucose (TyG) as a surrogate marker of IR can detect the association between IR and cognitive decline, and explore sex-specific association between the longitudinal change in TyG index and cognitive decline in the middle-aged and elderly population in China. METHODS Data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, which include 2358 females and 2062 males, were used. The TyG index was calculated as ln (fasting triglyceride [mg/dL] × fasting blood glucose [mg/dL] / 2). Cognitive score was measured by word recall test and mental status test. Logistic regression was used to assess the association between change in TyG index and cognitive decline in men and women from 2011 to 2015, respectively. Subgroup analysis by age was also performed. RESULTS The fourth quartile of change in TyG index was significantly associated with the increased risk of decline in global cognition compared with the first quartile in men [odds ratio (OR) 1.32, 95 % CI 1.03 to 1.71]. Stratified by age groups, the significant association between TyG index and cognitive decline was only found in men aged under 60 years old (OR 1.51, 95 % CI 1.07 to 2.13). LIMITATIONS We only observed the association between TyG index and cognitive decline, but not the severity of the decline. CONCLUSIONS The increased TyG index is related to the risk of cognitive decline in men. This study provided new evidence for formulating sex-specific prevention and treatment strategies for cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China; Shandong Clinical Research Center of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, China; Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, China; Shandong Institute of Endocrine & Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, China
| | - Lu Xu
- Research Center of Clinical Epidemiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lili Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Siyan Zhan
- Research Center of Clinical Epidemiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China; Center for Intelligent Public Health, Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Shengfeng Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Yongfeng Song
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China; Shandong Clinical Research Center of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, China; Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, China; Shandong Institute of Endocrine & Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, China.
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Lutski M, Zucker I, Bardugo A, Bendor CD, Derazne E, Tzur D, Novick D, Raz I, Pinhas-Hamiel O, Mosenzon O, Afek A, Gerstein HC, Twig G, Cukierman-Yaffe T. Adolescent cognitive function and incident early-onset type 2 diabetes. EClinicalMedicine 2021; 41:101138. [PMID: 34622185 PMCID: PMC8479622 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive function among apparently healthy adolescents has been associated with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. We examined the relationship between global and subdomain cognitive scores in adolescence and early-onset type 2 diabetes (T2D) in men and women. METHODS A nationwide, population-based study of 971,677 Israeli born adolescents (56% men; mean age 17.4 years) who were medically examined and their cognitive performance was assessed before compulsory military service during 1992-2010. Data included global and subdomain cognitive Z-scores (problem-solving, verbal abstraction and categorization, verbal comprehension, and mathematical abilities). Data were linked to the Israeli National Diabetes Registry. The relations between global and subdomain scores and incident T2D was determined using Cox proportional hazard models and logistic regression models. Analyses were conducted separately for men and women. FINDINGS During 16,095,122 person-years, 3,570 individuals developed T2D. After adjustment, those in the low compared to the high quintile of global cognitive Z-score had the highest risk for T2D; HR 2.46, (95% CI 2.10-2.88) for men and 2.33 (95% CI 1.88-2.89) for women. A one-unit lower global cognitive Z-score was associated with 1.41 (95% CI 1.34-1.48) and 1.46 (95% CI 1.36-1.56) increased risks for men and women, respectively. The relationship was noted for the cognitive subdomains scores as well as for the global cognitive score, with no heterogeneity across cognitive subdomains. INTERPRETATION This large nationally representative cohort suggests relationship between global, as well as subdomain cognitive scores in late adolescence, and incident early onset T2D in both sexes, which was independent of socioeconomic status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miri Lutski
- The Israel Center for Disease Control, Ministry of Health, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Inbar Zucker
- The Israel Center for Disease Control, Ministry of Health, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Aya Bardugo
- Department of Military Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem and the Israel Defense Forces Medical Corps, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Cole D. Bendor
- Department of Military Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem and the Israel Defense Forces Medical Corps, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Estela Derazne
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Dorit Tzur
- Department of Military Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem and the Israel Defense Forces Medical Corps, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Deborah Novick
- The Israel Center for Disease Control, Ministry of Health, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Itamar Raz
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Orit Pinhas-Hamiel
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Pediatric Endocrine and Diabetes Unit, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Israel
| | - Ofri Mosenzon
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Arnon Afek
- Central Management, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Hertzel C. Gerstein
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Gilad Twig
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Department of Military Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem and the Israel Defense Forces Medical Corps, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Institute of Endocrinology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Corresponding author at: Department of Military Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem and the Israel Defense Forces Medical Corps, and Institute of Endocrinology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel.
| | - Tali Cukierman-Yaffe
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Institute of Endocrinology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
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Rojas M, Chávez-Castillo M, Pirela D, Parra H, Nava M, Chacín M, Angarita L, Añez R, Salazar J, Ortiz R, Durán Agüero S, Gravini-Donado M, Bermúdez V, Díaz-Camargo E. Metabolic Syndrome: Is It Time to Add the Central Nervous System? Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13072254. [PMID: 34208833 PMCID: PMC8308252 DOI: 10.3390/nu13072254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a set of cardio-metabolic risk factors that includes central obesity, hyperglycemia, hypertension, and dyslipidemias. The syndrome affects 25% of adults worldwide. The definition of MS has evolved over the last 80 years, with various classification systems and criteria, whose limitations and benefits are currently the subject of some controversy. Likewise, hypotheses regarding the etiology of MS add more confusion from clinical and epidemiological points of view. The leading suggestion for the pathophysiology of MS is insulin resistance (IR). IR can affect multiple tissues and organs, from the classic “triumvirate” (myocyte, adipocyte, and hepatocyte) to possible effects on organs considered more recently, such as the central nervous system (CNS). Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) may be clinical expressions of CNS involvement. However, the association between MCI and MS is not understood. The bidirectional relationship that seems to exist between these factors raises the questions of which phenomenon occurs first and whether MCI can be a precursor of MS. This review explores shared pathophysiological mechanisms between MCI and MS and establishes a hypothesis of a possible MCI role in the development of IR and the appearance of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milagros Rojas
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela; (M.R.); (D.P.); (H.P.); (M.N.); (J.S.)
| | | | - Daniela Pirela
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela; (M.R.); (D.P.); (H.P.); (M.N.); (J.S.)
| | - Heliana Parra
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela; (M.R.); (D.P.); (H.P.); (M.N.); (J.S.)
| | - Manuel Nava
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela; (M.R.); (D.P.); (H.P.); (M.N.); (J.S.)
| | - Maricarmen Chacín
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla 08002, Colombia;
| | - Lissé Angarita
- Escuela de Nutrición y Dietética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andrés Bello, Sede Concepción 4260000, Chile;
| | - Roberto Añez
- Departamento de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Juan Salazar
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela; (M.R.); (D.P.); (H.P.); (M.N.); (J.S.)
| | - Rina Ortiz
- Posgrado, Carrera de Medicina, Universidad Católica de Cuenca, Cantón de Cuenca 010101, Ecuador;
| | - Samuel Durán Agüero
- Facultad de Ciencias Para el Cuidado de la Salud, Universidad San Sebastián, Los Leones 8420524, Chile;
| | - Marbel Gravini-Donado
- Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia;
| | - Valmore Bermúdez
- Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Cúcuta 540006, Colombia;
| | - Edgar Díaz-Camargo
- Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Cúcuta 540006, Colombia;
- Correspondence:
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5
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Wei R, Zhuge X, Yue P, Liu M, Zhu L, Liu J, Xia C. Effect of hepatic sympathetic nerve removal on energy metabolism in an animal model of cognitive impairment and its relationship to Glut2 expression. Open Life Sci 2021; 15:311-317. [PMID: 33817219 PMCID: PMC7874542 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2020-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The aims of this study were to investigate the effect of hepatic sympathetic nerve removal on glucose and lipid metabolism in rats with cognitive impairment and to evaluate the relationship between these effects and liver Glut2 expression. Hippocampal injection of Aβ1–42 was used to induce cognitive impairment. Impaired rats were divided into experimental, sham, and control groups. The experimental group was injected with 6-hydroxydopamine to remove the sympathetic nerve. At 4 weeks post injection, body weight, food and water intake, blood sugar, and blood lipids were measured, and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining was used to assess the liver glycogen content. Liver Glut2 mRNA and protein were also detected. The experimental group showed reduced body weight, food intake, and blood glucose levels and elevated insulin levels compared with the control group. PAS staining showed higher glycogen contents in the experimental group than in controls. The expression levels of Glut2 mRNA and protein in the experimental group were significantly lower than in the controls. Metabolism was significantly impacted in rats with cognitive impairment following removal of the hepatic sympathetic nerve. Disruption to Glut2 liver expression via sympathetic nerve disruption represents a possible underlying mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riming Wei
- College of Biotechnology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, 541004, China
| | - Xiuhong Zhuge
- Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, 541004, China
| | - Pengpeng Yue
- College of Biotechnology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, 541004, China
| | - Manjun Liu
- Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, 541004, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, 541004, China
| | - Jianxiang Liu
- College of Biotechnology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, 541004, China
| | - Chunbo Xia
- Department of Human Anatomy of Basic Medical College, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, 541004, China
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Deary IJ, Hill WD, Gale CR. Intelligence, health and death. Nat Hum Behav 2021; 5:416-430. [PMID: 33795857 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-021-01078-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The field of cognitive epidemiology studies the prospective associations between cognitive abilities and health outcomes. We review research in this field over the past decade and describe how our understanding of the association between intelligence and all-cause mortality has consolidated with the appearance of new, population-scale data. To try to understand the association better, we discuss how intelligence relates to specific causes of death, diseases/diagnoses and biomarkers of health through the adult life course. We examine the extent to which mortality and health associations with intelligence might be attributable to people's differences in education, other indicators of socioeconomic status, health literacy and adult environments and behaviours. Finally, we discuss whether genetic data provide new tools to understand parts of the intelligence-health associations. Social epidemiologists, differential psychologists and behavioural and statistical geneticists, among others, contribute to cognitive epidemiology; advances will occur by building on a common cross-disciplinary knowledge base.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian J Deary
- Lothian Birth Cohorts, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - W David Hill
- Lothian Birth Cohorts, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Catharine R Gale
- Lothian Birth Cohorts, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
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7
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Morris JK, John CS, Green ZD, Wilkins HM, Wang X, Kamat A, Swerdlow RS, Vidoni ED, Petersen ME, O’Bryant SE, Honea RA, Burns JM. Characterization of the Meal-Stimulated Incretin Response and Relationship With Structural Brain Outcomes in Aging and Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:608862. [PMID: 33328877 PMCID: PMC7734152 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.608862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with Alzheimer's Disease (AD) are often characterized by systemic markers of insulin resistance; however, the broader effects of AD on other relevant metabolic hormones, such as incretins that affect insulin secretion and food intake, remains less clear. METHODS Here, we leveraged a physiologically relevant meal tolerance test to assess diagnostic differences in these metabolic responses in cognitively healthy older adults (CH; n = 32) and AD (n = 23) participants. All individuals also underwent a comprehensive clinical examination, cognitive evaluation, and structural magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS The meal-stimulated response of glucose, insulin, and peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY) was significantly greater in individuals with AD as compared to CH. Voxel-based morphometry revealed negative relationships between brain volume and the meal-stimulated response of insulin, C-Peptide, and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) in primarily parietal brain regions. CONCLUSION Our findings are consistent with prior work that shows differences in metabolic regulation in AD and relationships with cognition and brain structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill K. Morris
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
- University of Kansas Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Casey S. John
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
- University of Kansas Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Zachary D. Green
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
- University of Kansas Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Heather M. Wilkins
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
- University of Kansas Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Xiaowan Wang
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
- University of Kansas Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Ashwini Kamat
- University of Kansas Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Russell S. Swerdlow
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
- University of Kansas Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Eric D. Vidoni
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
- University of Kansas Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Melissa E. Petersen
- Department of Family Medicine, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
- Institute for Translational Research, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United states
| | - Sid E. O’Bryant
- Institute for Translational Research, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United states
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Robyn A. Honea
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
- University of Kansas Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Jeffrey M. Burns
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
- University of Kansas Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
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Altschul DM, Deary IJ. Playing Analog Games Is Associated With Reduced Declines in Cognitive Function: A 68-Year Longitudinal Cohort Study. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2020; 75:474-482. [PMID: 31738418 PMCID: PMC7021446 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbz149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Playing analog games may be associated with better cognitive function but, to date, these studies have not had extensive longitudinal follow-up. Our goal was to examine the association between playing games and change in cognitive function from age 11 to age 70, and from age 70 to 79. METHOD Participants were 1,091 nonclinical, independent, community-dwelling individuals all born in 1936 and residing in Scotland. General cognitive function was assessed at ages 11 and 70, and hierarchical domains were assessed at ages 70, 73, 76, and 79 using a comprehensive cognitive battery of 14 tests. Games playing behaviors were assessed at ages 70 and 76. All models controlled for early life cognitive function, education, social class, sex, activity levels, and health issues. All analyses were preregistered. RESULTS Higher frequency of playing games was associated with higher cognitive function at age 70, controlling for age 11 cognitive function, and the majority of this association could not be explained by control variables. Playing more games was also associated with less general cognitive decline from age 70 to age 79, and in particularly, less decline in memory ability. Increased games playing between 70 and 76 was associated with less decline in cognitive speed. DISCUSSION Playing games were associated with less relative cognitive decline from age 11 to age 70, and less cognitive decline from age 70 to 79. Controlling for age 11 cognitive function and other confounders, these findings suggest that playing more games is linked to reduced lifetime decline in cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew M Altschul
- Department of Psychology, The University of Edinburgh, UK.,Mental Health Data Science Scotland, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK.,Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, The University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ian J Deary
- Department of Psychology, The University of Edinburgh, UK.,Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, The University of Edinburgh, UK
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Papunen S, Mustakallio-Könönen A, Auvinen J, Timonen M, Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi S, Sebert S. The association between diabetes and cognitive changes during aging. Scand J Prim Health Care 2020; 38:281-290. [PMID: 32777967 PMCID: PMC7470088 DOI: 10.1080/02813432.2020.1802140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Worldwide, we are observing a rising prevalence of dementia and mild cognitive impairments that often co-occur with the heightened incidence of non-communicable diseases in the elderly. It is suggested that type 2 diabetes and defects in glucose metabolism might predispose to poorer cognitive performances and more rapid decline in old age. METHODS to address existing knowledge gaps in this area, we systematically reviewed the literature to identify whether patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and pre-diabetes are at a higher risk of poorer cognitive performance, and whether the risk (if any) might affect specific cognitive abilities. We concentrated the review on elderly individuals (65 years or older) at intake. In total, 3251 original articles were retrieved, of which 17 met our inclusion and quality control criteria, which comprised 12 structured questions used to define the articles. RESULTS 11 of 17 studies found a statistically significant decline in cognition among individuals who had T2DM or pre-diabetes compared to their non-diabetic counterparts. The association between diabetes and cognitive decline was not always clear, and the extent of the cognitive tests used seemed to have the greatest effect on the results. CONCLUSION Focusing on a population age 65 years and over, we found insufficient evidence to support an association between pre-diabetes stages and mild cognitive impairment. However, there is consistent evidence to support diabetes as an independent risk factor for low cognitive ability in the elderly. Finally, we found insufficient evidence to support effect of T2DM on distinct cognitive ability due to the scarcity of comparable findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanna Papunen
- Centre for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- CONTACT Sanna Papunen Centre for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, OuluFI-90014, Finland
| | | | - Juha Auvinen
- Centre for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Markku Timonen
- Centre for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | | | - Sylvain Sebert
- Centre for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Genomics of Complex Diseases, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
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10
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Zhou J, Zhang Z, Zhou H, Qian G. Diabetic Cognitive Dysfunction: From Bench to Clinic. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:3151-3167. [PMID: 30727866 DOI: 10.2174/1871530319666190206225635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Revised: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes increases the risk of developing cognitive dysfunction in the elderly in the form of short-term memory and executive function impairment. Genetic and diet-induced models of type 2 diabetes further support this link, displaying deficits in working memory, learning, and memory performance. The risk factors for diabetic cognitive dysfunction include vascular disease, hypoglycaemia, hyperlipidaemia, adiposity, insulin resistance, lifestyle factors, and genetic factors. Using neuronal imaging technologies, diabetic patients with cognitive dysfunction show atrophy of the whole brain, particularly the grey matter, hippocampus and amygdala; increased volume of the ventricular and white matter; brain infarcts; impaired network integrity; abnormal microstructure; and reduced cerebral blood flow and amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations. The pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes with cognitive dysfunction involves hyperglycaemia, macrovascular and microvascular diseases, insulin resistance, inflammation, apoptosis, and disorders of neurotransmitters. Large clinical trials may offer further proof of biomarkers and risk factors for diabetic cognitive dysfunction. Advanced neuronal imaging technologies and novel disease animal models will assist in elucidating the precise pathogenesis and to provide better therapeutic interventions and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyin Zhou
- National Drug Clinical Trial Institution, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Zuo Zhang
- National Drug Clinical Trial Institution, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Hongli Zhou
- National Drug Clinical Trial Institution, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Guisheng Qian
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
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11
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Altschul D, Starr J, Deary I. Blood pressure and cognitive function across the eighth decade: a prospective study of the Lothian Birth Cohort of 1936. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e033990. [PMID: 32709639 PMCID: PMC7380861 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-033990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We investigated the associations among blood pressure and cognitive functions across the eighth decade, while accounting for antihypertensive medication and lifetime stability in cognitive function. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING This study used data from the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 (LBC1936) study, which recruited participants living in the Lothian region of Scotland when aged 70 years, most of whom had completed an intelligence test at age 11 years. PARTICIPANTS 1091 members of the LBC1936 with assessments of cognitive ability in childhood and older adulthood, and blood pressure measurements in older adulthood. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES Participants were followed up at ages 70, 73, 76 and 79, and latent growth curve models and linear mixed models were used to analyse both cognitive functions and blood pressure as primary outcomes. RESULTS Blood pressure followed a quadratic trajectory in the eighth decade: on average blood pressure rose in the first waves and subsequently fell. Intercepts and trajectories were not associated between blood pressure and cognitive functions. Women with higher early-life cognitive function generally had lower blood pressure during the eighth decade. Being prescribed antihypertensive medication was associated with lower blood pressure, but not with better cognitive function. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that women with higher early-life cognitive function had lower later-life blood pressure. However, we did not find support for the hypothesis that rises in blood pressure and worse cognitive decline are associated with one another in the eighth decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew Altschul
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - John Starr
- Geriatric Medicine, Royal Victoria Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ian Deary
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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12
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Iacono D, Feltis GC. Impact of Apolipoprotein E gene polymorphism during normal and pathological conditions of the brain across the lifespan. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 11:787-816. [PMID: 30677746 PMCID: PMC6366964 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) is the cellular substrate for the integration of complex, dynamic, constant, and simultaneous interactions among endogenous and exogenous stimuli across the entire human lifespan. Numerous studies on aging-related brain diseases show that some genes identified as risk factors for some of the most common neurodegenerative diseases - such as the allele 4 of APOE gene (APOE4) for Alzheimer's disease (AD) - have a much earlier neuro-anatomical and neuro-physiological impact. The impact of APOE polymorphism appears in fact to start as early as youth and early-adult life. Intriguingly, though, those same genes associated with aging-related brain diseases seem to influence different aspects of the brain functioning much earlier actually, that is, even from the neonatal periods and earlier. The APOE4, an allele classically associated with later-life neurodegenerative disorders as AD, seems in fact to exert a series of very early effects on phenomena of neuroplasticity and synaptogenesis that begin from the earliest periods of life such as the fetal ones.We reviewed some of the findings supporting the hypothesis that APOE polymorphism is an early modifier of various neurobiological aspects across the entire human lifespan - from the in-utero to the centenarian life - during both normal and pathological conditions of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Iacono
- Neuropathology Research, Biomedical Research Institute of New Jersey (BRInj), Cedar Knolls, NJ 07927, USA.,MidAtlantic Neonatology Associates (MANA), Morristown, NJ 07960, USA.,Atlantic Neuroscience Institute, Atlantic Health System (AHS), Overlook Medical Center, Summit, NJ 07901, USA
| | - Gloria C Feltis
- Neuropathology Research, Biomedical Research Institute of New Jersey (BRInj), Cedar Knolls, NJ 07927, USA
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Li J, Sun L, Wang Y, Guo L, Li D, Liu C, Sun N, Xu Z, Li S, Jiang Y, Wang Y, Zhang S, Chen L. A Mobile-Based Intervention for Glycemic Control in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: Retrospective, Propensity Score-Matched Cohort Study. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2020; 8:e15390. [PMID: 32159518 PMCID: PMC7097724 DOI: 10.2196/15390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mobile-based interventions appear to be promising in ameliorating huge burdens experienced by patients with type 2 diabetes. However, it is unclear how effective mobile-based interventions are in glycemic management of patients with type 2 diabetes based on real-world evidence. Objective This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a mobile-based intervention on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes based on real-world population data. Methods This retrospective, propensity score-matched cohort study analyzed longitudinal data from a clinical electronic health database. The study population included 37,913 patients with type 2 diabetes at cohort entry between October 1, 2016, and July 31, 2018. A total of 2400 patients were matched 1:1, using propensity score matching, into the usual care and mobile health (mHealth) groups. The primary outcomes of glycemic control included control rates of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting blood glucose (FBG), and postprandial 2-hour blood glucose (P2BG). Mean values and variation trends of difference with 95% CI were the secondary outcomes. The general linear model was used to calculate repeated-measures analyses of variance to examine the differences between the two groups. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were performed. Results Of the 2400 patients included in the analysis, 1440 (60.00%) were male and the mean age was 52.24 years (SD 11.56). At baseline, the control rates of HbA1c, FBG, and P2BG in the mHealth and usual care groups were 45.75% versus 47.00% (P=.57), 38.03% versus 32.76% (P=.07), and 47.32% versus 47.89% (P=.83), respectively. At the 3-, 6-, 9-, and 12-month follow-ups, the mHealth group reported higher control rates of HbA1c than did the usual care group: 69.97% versus 46.06% (P<.001), 71.89% versus 61.24% (P=.004), 75.38% versus 53.44% (P<.001), and 72.31% versus 46.70% (P<.001), respectively. At the four follow-up sessions, the control rates of FBG in the mHealth and usual care groups were statistically different: 59.24% versus 34.21% (P<.001), 56.61% versus 35.14% (P<.001), 59.54% versus 34.99% (P<.001), and 59.77% versus 32.83% (P<.001), respectively. At the four follow-up sessions, the control rates of P2BG in the mHealth group were statistically higher than in the usual care group: 79.72% versus 48.75% (P<.001), 80.20% versus 57.45% (P<.001), 81.97% versus 54.07% (P<.001), and 76.19% versus 54.21% (P=.001), respectively. At the four follow-up sessions, the percentages of HbA1c reduction in the mHealth group were 8.66% (95% CI 6.69-10.63), 10.60% (95% CI 8.66-12.54), 10.64% (95% CI 8.70-12.58), and 8.11% (95% CI 6.08-10.14), respectively. At the four follow-up sessions, the percentages of P2BG reduction in the mHealth group were 8.44% (95% CI 7.41-10.73), 17.77% (95% CI 14.98-20.23), 16.23% (95% CI 13.05-19.35), and 16.91% (95% CI 13.17-19.84), respectively. Starting from the sixth month, the mean HbA1c and P2BG values in the two groups increased slightly. Conclusions This mobile-based intervention delivered by a multidisciplinary team can better improve glycemic control rates of patients with type 2 diabetes than usual care. These effects were best sustained within the first 6 months. Starting from the sixth month, intensive management needs to be conducted to maintain long-term effectiveness of the mobile-based intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Li Sun
- School of Nursing, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yaogang Wang
- School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lichuan Guo
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Daiqing Li
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Yiducloud Technologies Co, Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Sun
- Yu-Tang Department, iHealth Labs Inc, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Xu
- Yu-Tang Department, iHealth Labs Inc, Beijing, China
| | - Shu Li
- School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yunwen Jiang
- School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shunming Zhang
- School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Liming Chen
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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Emoto N, Soga A, Fukuda I, Tanimura-Inagaki K, Harada T, Koyano HM, Goto R, Sugihara H. Irrational Responses to Risk Preference Questionnaires by Patients with Diabetes with or without Retinopathy and Comparison with Those without Diabetes. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2020; 13:4961-4971. [PMID: 33376369 PMCID: PMC7755883 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s283591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The risk preferences of patients with diabetes have profound effects on the progression of complications. The present study aimed to clarify whether the preferences of patients with diabetes and retinopathy are deliberately risk-seeking or irrational and whether this propensity is specific to those with retinopathy or is also found in patients without retinopathy compared with those without diabetes. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 394 patients with diabetes (264 without retinopathy and 130 with retinopathy) and 198 patients without diabetes agreed to participate in this survey. The questions were modified versions of those from the Japan Household Survey on Consumer Preferences and Satisfaction, which sought to determine the participants' personal socioeconomic status and risk preferences. In the questionnaires, responses were analyzed by determining the participants' willingness to pay for a lottery ticket and for an insurance policy. Irrational responses were defined as violations of two axioms of the Expected Utility Theory: completeness and transitivity. RESULTS The incidence of irrational responses increased with age and was associated with educational level. The incidence of irrational responses was significantly higher in patients with retinopathy than in those without retinopathy after adjusting for age and educational level. There was no significant difference in the incidence of irrational responses between patients with diabetes but without retinopathy and those without diabetes. CONCLUSION The risk-seeking behavior of patients with diabetes and retinopathy was not deliberate but was irrational under uncertainty. Medical professionals should be aware of their patients' propensity to make irrational decisions, which is an important risk factor for the progression of retinopathy in patients with diabetes regardless of age and educational level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Emoto
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
- Diabetes & Thyroid Clinic, Sakura Chuo Hospital, Chiba, Japan
- Correspondence: Naoya Emoto Diabetes & Thyroid Clinic, Sakura Chuo Hospital, 20-4, Sakaecho, Sakura City, Chiba285-0014, JapanTel +81-43-486-1311Fax +81-43-486-1314 Email
| | - Akimi Soga
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Izumi Fukuda
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyoko Tanimura-Inagaki
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taro Harada
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hajime M Koyano
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Rei Goto
- Graduate School of Business Administration, Keio University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Sugihara
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
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James SN, Wong A, Tillin T, Hardy R, Chaturvedi N, Richards M. The effect of mid-life insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes on older-age cognitive state: the explanatory role of early-life advantage. Diabetologia 2019; 62:1891-1900. [PMID: 31359084 PMCID: PMC6731197 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-019-4949-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Type 2 diabetes, hyperglycaemia and insulin resistance are associated with cognitive impairment and dementia, but causal inference studies using Mendelian randomisation do not confirm this. We hypothesised that early-life cognition and social/educational advantage may confound the relationship. METHODS From the population-based British 1946 birth cohort, a maximum number of 1780 participants had metabolic variables (type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance [HOMA2-IR] and HbA1c) assessed at age 60-64 years, and cognitive state (Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination III [ACE-III]) and verbal memory assessed at age 69 years. Earlier-life measures included socioeconomic position (SEP), cognition at age 8 years and educational attainment. Polygenic risk scores (PRSs) for type 2 diabetes were calculated. We first used a PRS approach with multivariable linear regression to estimate associations between PRSs and metabolic traits and later-life cognitive state. Second, using a path model approach, we estimated the interrelationships between earlier-life measures, features of mid-life type 2 diabetes and cognitive state at age 69 years. All models were adjusted for sex. RESULTS The externally weighted PRS for type 2 diabetes was associated with mid-life metabolic traits (e.g. HOMA2-IR β = 0.08 [95% CI 0.02, 0.16]), but not with ACE-III (β = 0.04 [-0.02, 0.90]) or other cognitive outcomes. While there was an association between HOMA2-IR and subsequent ACE-III (β = -0.09 [-0.15, -0.03]), path modelling showed no direct effect (β = -0.01 [-0.06, 0.03]) after accounting for the association between childhood SEP and education with HOMA2-IR. The same pattern was observed for later-life verbal memory. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Associations between type 2 diabetes and mid-life metabolic traits with subsequent cognitive state do not appear causal, and instead they may be explained by SEP in early life, childhood cognition and educational attainment. Therefore, glucose-lowering medication may be unlikely to combat cognitive impairment in older age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah-Naomi James
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7HB, UK.
| | - Andrew Wong
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7HB, UK
| | - Therese Tillin
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7HB, UK
| | - Rebecca Hardy
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7HB, UK
| | - Nishi Chaturvedi
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7HB, UK
| | - Marcus Richards
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7HB, UK
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Feinkohl I, Janke J, Hadzidiakos D, Slooter A, Winterer G, Spies C, Pischon T. Associations of the metabolic syndrome and its components with cognitive impairment in older adults. BMC Geriatr 2019; 19:77. [PMID: 30845934 PMCID: PMC6407250 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-019-1073-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is an established cardiovascular risk factor. Here, we investigated its role in cognitive impairment. Methods Baseline data from 202 participants (aged 65 to 87 years) of the BioCog study were used. All were free of clinical dementia (MMSE≥24/30). Cognitive impairment was defined as the lowest tertile of a cognitive summary score. Multiple logistic regression analyses examined associations of body mass index (BMI), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C), glucose and glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels with the odds of cognitive impairment. MetS was defined as ≥3 of its 5 components obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2), elevated TG (TG ≥1.7 mmol/L), reduced HDL-C (males: < 1.0 mmol/L; females: < 1.3 mmol/L), elevated glucose (glucose ≥5.5 mmol/L and/or diagnosed diabetes) and elevated blood pressure (history of hypertension). Analyses controlled for age, sex and smoking history. Results Lower HDL-C was significantly associated with a higher odds of cognitive impairment (OR 2.70 per 1 mmol/L reduction; 95% CI 1.25, 5.56; p = 0.011), whereas BMI, TG, glucose and HbA1c were not (all p > 0.05). Results for HDL-C were similar when HDL-C, glucose, BMI and TG were entered into a single model (OR 2.56 per 1 mmol/L reduction, 95% CI 1.09, 5.88, p = 0.031) and when cerebrovascular disease and coronary heart disease were additionally controlled for (OR 2.56 per 1 mmol/L reduction, 95% CI 1.06, 6.25, p = 0.036). Among the 5 MetS components, participants with elevated TG were at 2-fold increased odds of impairment (OR 2.09, 95% CI 1.08, 4.05, p = 0.028) including when the remaining 4 MetS components were entered (OR 2.23, 95% CI 1.07, 4.65, p = 0.033), but the finding was no longer statistically significant when cerebrovascular disease and coronary heart disease were additionally controlled for (p = 0.11). Presence of MetS and of obesity, reduced HDL-C, elevated glucose or elevated blood pressure were not significantly associated with impairment (all p > 0.05). Conclusion Our findings support low HDL-C as an independent risk marker of cognitive impairment in older age. The need for research into mediatory and confounding factors, and re-evaluation of traditional cut-off points is highlighted. Trial registration The study was registered on 15th October 2014 at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02265263).
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Affiliation(s)
- Insa Feinkohl
- Molecular Epidemiology Research Group, Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany.
| | - Jürgen Janke
- Molecular Epidemiology Research Group, Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Hadzidiakos
- Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universitaet Berlin, Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Arjen Slooter
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Georg Winterer
- Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universitaet Berlin, Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Spies
- Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universitaet Berlin, Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Pischon
- Molecular Epidemiology Research Group, Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany.,Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universitaet Berlin, Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany.,MDC/BIH Biobank, Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
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Pappas C, Small BJ, Andel R, Laczó J, Parizkova M, Ondrej L, Hort J. Blood Glucose Levels May Exacerbate Executive Function Deficits in Older Adults with Cognitive Impairment. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 67:81-89. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-180693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Colleen Pappas
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Brent J. Small
- School of Aging Studies, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Ross Andel
- School of Aging Studies, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Laczó
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Neurology, Memory Clinic, Charles University, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Parizkova
- Department of Neurology, Memory Clinic, Charles University, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lerch Ondrej
- Department of Neurology, Memory Clinic, Charles University, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Hort
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Neurology, Memory Clinic, Charles University, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
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Ganmore I, Beeri MS. The chicken or the egg? Does glycaemic control predict cognitive function or the other way around? Diabetologia 2018; 61:1913-1917. [PMID: 30003308 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-018-4689-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The association between type 2 diabetes and cognitive dysfunction is well established. Prevention of the development of type 2 diabetes and its complications, as well as cognitive dysfunction and dementia, are leading goals in these fields. Deciphering the causality direction of the interplay between type 2 diabetes and cognitive dysfunction, and understanding the timeline of disease progression, are crucial for developing efficient prevention strategies. The prevailing perception is that type 2 diabetes leads to cognitive dysfunction and dementia. There is substantial evidence showing that accelerated cognitive decline in type 2 diabetes starts in midlife (mean age 40-60 years) and that it may even begin at the prediabetes stage. However, in this issue of Diabetologia, Altschul et al (doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-018-4645-8 ) show evidence for the reverse causality hypothesis, i.e. that lower cognitive function precedes poor glycaemic control. They found that cognitive function at early adolescence (age 11 years) predicts both HbA1c levels and cognitive function at age 70 years. Moreover, they found that lower cognitive function at age 70 is associated with an increase in HbA1c from age 70 to 79 years. Based on these findings, future studies should explore whether developing prevention strategies that target young adolescents with lower cognitive function will result in prevention of type 2 diabetes, breaking the vicious cycle of type 2 diabetes and cognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ithamar Ganmore
- The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Department of Neurology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Michal Schnaider Beeri
- The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel.
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
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