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Jones EJ, Feinberg ME, Graham-Engeland JE, Jones DE, Schreier HMC. A perinatal coparenting intervention: Effects of a randomized trial on parent cardiometabolic risk and self-reported health. Biol Psychol 2023; 183:108664. [PMID: 37625684 PMCID: PMC10592003 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2023.108664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The transition to parenthood is a common yet stressful experience faced by many young and midlife adults, and the risk of cardiometabolic conditions also begins to rise at this time. Consequently, parenthood represents an opportune time to intervene with adults to support their psychological and physical health. PURPOSE We examined whether the benefits of the Family Foundations program, a perinatal preventative intervention promoting positive coparenting, extend beyond documented mental health and family relationship outcomes to better cardiometabolic risk factors among parents. METHODS We analyzed data from 183 couples (n = 366 participants) who, eight years prior, were randomly assigned to the 9-session perinatal preventative intervention program or a control condition. We collected dried blood spots to measure C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and cholesterol; parents also reported on their self-rated health. RESULTS Randomization to the intervention condition was associated with lower cholesterol (B=-.081, p = .049). Among parents who demonstrated more negative communication styles at pretest (during pregnancy), the intervention was further associated with better self-rated health (B=.181, p = .018). Participation in the intervention program was also marginally associated with lower CRP (B=-.261, p = .077), particularly among mothers (B=-.428, p = .076). CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that coparenting-focused interventions, such as Family Foundations, can lead to benefits beyond psychosocial and behavioral outcomes, and suggest that Family Foundations may improve parents' longer-term physical health, with potentially more benefits among couples who demonstrated more negative communication styles during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Jones
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Mark E Feinberg
- Edna Bennett Pierce Prevention Research Center, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | | | - Damon E Jones
- Edna Bennett Pierce Prevention Research Center, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Hannah M C Schreier
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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Costa FDS, Fernandez MDS, Silva-Junior IFD, Karam SA, Chisini LA, Goettems ML. Association Involving Possible Sleep Bruxism, Stress, and Depressive Symptoms in Brazilian University Students: A Cross-sectional Study. Sleep Sci 2023; 16:e317-e322. [PMID: 38196771 PMCID: PMC10773504 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1772808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine the association regarding sleep bruxism (SB), depression, and stress in Brazilian university students. We conducted a cross-sectional study with a large-sample of university students ( n = 2,089) in the city of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Southern Brazil. A self-administered questionnaire was sent to classrooms to evaluate socioeconomic and demographic characteristics. Possible SB was detected by self-report according to the International Consensus on The Assessment of Bruxism Criteria (2018). The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 and the Perceived Stress Scale were used to assess depression and stress symptoms respectively. Crude and adjusted Poisson regression analyses were performed. The prevalence of possible SB, high level of stress, and depressive symptoms in the sample were of 20.4%, 16.6%, and 16.6% respectively. Stress in female students was significantly associated with an increased prevalence of possible SB, but not in male students. Regarding depression, the prevalence of SB was 28% higher in students with depressive symptoms. Students with stress or depression had a 35% higher prevalence of SB than those without any symptoms. Conclusion The findings have shown that university students with stress and depressive symptoms were more likely to be detected with possible SB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francine dos Santos Costa
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade do Vale do Taquari, Vale do Taquari, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Ivan Freire da Silva-Junior
- Programa de Pós-gradução em Odontologia, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Sarah Arangurem Karam
- Programa de Pós-gradução em Odontologia, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Luiz Alexandre Chisini
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade do Vale do Taquari, Vale do Taquari, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Marília Leão Goettems
- Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-gradução em Odontologia, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Tanveer S, Schluter PJ, Beaglehole B, Porter RJ, Boden J, Sulaiman-Hill R, Scarf D, Dean S, Assad F, Hasnat MA, Bell C. The COVID Psychosocial Impacts Scale: A Reliable and Valid Tool to Examine the Psychosocial Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:5990. [PMID: 37297593 PMCID: PMC10252202 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20115990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports on the development and validation of the COVID Psychosocial Impacts Scale (CPIS), a self-report measure that comprehensively examines both positive and negative psychosocial impacts from the COVID-19 pandemic. This is the first part of the program of work in which the CPIS was administered and compared with a measure of psychological distress (Kessler Psychological Distress Scale, K-10) and wellbeing (World Health Organization Well-Being Index, WHO-5). The data were obtained online in 2020 and 2022 at two distinct time points to capture different exposures to the pandemic in the New Zealand population to a non-representative sample of 663 and 687 adults, respectively. Two hundred seventy-one participants took part in both surveys. Findings indicate a unidimensional structure within CPIS subscales and inter-relatedness among CPIS stress-related subscales. The scatter plots and correlation matrix indicate CPIS having a positive moderate correlation with K10 and a negative moderate correlation with WHO-5, indicative of construct validity. The paper outlines contextual factors surrounding CPIS development and makes suggestions for future iterations of CPIS. Further work will examine its psychometric properties across cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandila Tanveer
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Christchurch Campus, University of Otago, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand
| | - Philip J. Schluter
- Te Kaupeka Oranga|Faculty of Health, Te Whare Wānanga o Waitaha|University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
- School of Clinical Medicine, Primary Care Clinical Unit, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Ben Beaglehole
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Christchurch Campus, University of Otago, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand
| | - Richard J. Porter
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Christchurch Campus, University of Otago, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand
| | - Joseph Boden
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Christchurch Campus, University of Otago, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand
| | - Ruqayya Sulaiman-Hill
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Christchurch Campus, University of Otago, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand
| | - Damian Scarf
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Shaystah Dean
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Wellington Campus, University of Otago, Wellington 6021, New Zealand
| | - Fatima Assad
- Department of Psychiatry, HITEC Institute of Medical Sciences, Taxila 47078, Pakistan
| | | | - Caroline Bell
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Christchurch Campus, University of Otago, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand
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Tanveer S, Schluter PJ, Porter RJ, Boden J, Beaglehole B, Sulaiman-Hill R, Dean S, Bell R, Al-Hussainni WN, Arshi M, Amer Nordin AS, Dinç M, Khan MJ, Khoshnami MS, Majid Al-Masoodi MA, Moghanibashi-Mansourieh A, Noruzi S, Rahajeng A, Shaikh S, Tanveer N, Topçu F, Yapan S, Yunianto I, Zoellner LA, Bell C. Examining the psychosocial impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic: an international cross-sectional study protocol. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e067886. [PMID: 37045574 PMCID: PMC10105919 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-067886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The COVID-19 pandemic exposed people to significant and prolonged stress. The psychosocial impacts of the pandemic have been well recognised and reported in high-income countries (HICs) but it is important to understand the unique challenges posed by COVID-19 in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) where limited international comparisons have been undertaken. This protocol was therefore devised to study the psychosocial impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic in seven LMICs using scales that had been designed for or translated for this purpose. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This cross-sectional study uses an online survey to administer a novel COVID Psychosocial Impacts Scale (CPIS) alongside established measures of psychological distress, post-traumatic stress, well-being and post-traumatic growth in the appropriate language. Participants will include adults aged 18 years and above, recruited from Indonesia, Iraq, Iran, Malaysia, Pakistan, Somalia and Turkey, with a pragmatic target sample size of 500 in each country.Data will be analysed descriptively on sociodemographic and study variables. In addition, CPIS will be analysed psychometrically (for reliability and validity) to assess the suitability of use in a given context. Finally, within-subjects and between-subjects analyses will be carried out using multi-level mixed-effect models to examine associations between key sociodemographic and study variables. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethical approval was granted by the Human Ethics Committee, University of Otago, New Zealand (Ref. No. 21/102). In addition, international collaborators obtained local authorisation or ethical approval in their respective host universities before data collection commenced.Participants will give informed consent before taking part. Data will be collected and stored securely on the University of Otago, New Zealand Qualtrics platform using an auto-generated non-identifiable letter-number string. Data will be available on reasonable request. Findings will be disseminated by publications in scientific journals and/or conference presentations. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT05052333.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandila Tanveer
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Philip J Schluter
- Faculty of Health, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Richard J Porter
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Joseph Boden
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Ben Beaglehole
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Ruqayya Sulaiman-Hill
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Shaystah Dean
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Romana Bell
- Department of Anthropology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Wafaa N Al-Hussainni
- Basic Sciences Deptartment, Ibn Sina University of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Maliheh Arshi
- Department of Social Work, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Science, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mehmet Dinç
- Department of Psychology, Hasan Kalyoncu University, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | | | - Mohammad Sabzi Khoshnami
- Department of Social Work, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Science, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Sara Noruzi
- Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khoram-Abad, Iran
| | - Anggi Rahajeng
- Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Shaista Shaikh
- Department of Psychology, Islamabad Model College for Girls (PostGraduate), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Nisa Tanveer
- Department of Peace and Conflict Sciences, National Defence University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Feyza Topçu
- Department of Psychology, Hasan Kalyoncu University, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Saadet Yapan
- Department of Psychology, Hasan Kalyoncu University, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Irfan Yunianto
- Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Lori A Zoellner
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Caroline Bell
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Gender, Stress, and Well-Being in Adulthood. J Clin Med 2022; 12:jcm12010110. [PMID: 36614911 PMCID: PMC9821082 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12010110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to stressors may be one of the most critical components of health and well-being. Although research on stress and health abounds, most studies have focused on establishing that stress is harmful to physical and mental health whereas less attention has been paid to analysing the effects of stress on well-being. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the relevance of gender in the association of stress with well-being in adulthood. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 1578 women and 1507 men from the Spanish general population aged between 30 and 59. All participants were assessed by eight self-reports measuring chronic stress, life events, daily hassles, eudaimonic well-being, life satisfaction, masculine/instrumental and feminine/expressive traits, coping styles, and social support. Although stress does not affect women's eudaimonic well-being, a greater number of life events and more daily hassles rendered lower life satisfaction in women. Men's greater chronic stress was associated with lower eudaimonic well-being and life satisfaction; moreover, a greater number of life events was associated with men's lower life satisfaction. We conclude that gender is relevant in the stress and well-being of adults as well as in the association between stress and well-being.
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Walsemann KM, Ailshire JA, Hartnett CS. The Other Student Debt Crisis: How Borrowing to Pay for a Child's College Education Relates to Parents' Mental Health at Midlife. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2021; 75:1494-1503. [PMID: 31696915 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbz146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES More parents are borrowing to help their children pay for college. These loans may be a source of financial stress and worry, which could influence parents' mental health. We determine whether child-related educational debt is associated with worse mental health among parents and if fathers are more sensitive to this debt than mothers, given potential gender differences in financial decision-making and relationships with adult children. METHOD Data come from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, a nationally representative sample of persons born between 1957 and 1964. We used the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale and the Short Form-12 Mental Health Component Score to assess mental health. We restricted our sample to parents who had at least one biological child attend college and who were interviewed at age 50, when mental health was assessed (n = 3,545). RESULTS Among fathers, having any child-related educational debt versus none was associated with fewer depressive symptoms, but having greater amounts of child-related educational debt was associated with more depressive symptoms and worse mental health. No relationship was found for mothers. DISCUSSION Our findings indicate that the student debt crisis may also have mental health implications for aging parents, particularly for fathers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina M Walsemann
- Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia
| | - Jennifer A Ailshire
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
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7
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Ouyang M, Gui D, Cai X, Yin Y, Mao X, Huang S, Zeng P, Wang P. Stressful Life Events and Subjective Well-Being in Vocational School Female Adolescents: The Mediating Role of Depression and the Moderating Role of Perceived Social Support. Front Psychol 2021; 11:603511. [PMID: 33679496 PMCID: PMC7933236 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.603511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Stressful life events and subjective well-being are negatively related, but there is little research in the current literature exploring the mediating and moderating mechanisms underlying this association, especially for female adolescents in vocational schools who are subjected to undesirable life events. In the present study, we examined the mediating role of depression in the association between stressful life events and female adolescents' subjective well-being, as well as the moderating role of perceived social support in the direct and indirect relations involved. The participants were 1,096 vocational school female adolescents, who completed the questionnaires regarding stressful life events, subjective well-being, depression, and perceived social support. The results showed that depression partially mediated the relation between stressful life events and subjective well-being. Importantly, perceived social support moderated the direct link between stressful life events and subjective well-being, and the indirect link between stressful life events and depression, but not the indirect link between depression and subjective well-being. Especially, female adolescents high in perceived social support displayed higher levels of subjective well-being and lower levels of depression in facing with stressful life events than those low in perceived social support. These findings highlight the mechanisms underlying the relationship between stressful life events and subjective well-being in vocational school female adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingkun Ouyang
- School of Education Science, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning, China
| | - Danni Gui
- Guilin College of Health, Guilin, China
| | - Xiao Cai
- Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoling Mao
- School of Education Science, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning, China
| | - Shaoxu Huang
- School of Education Science, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning, China
| | - Pan Zeng
- Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Pengcheng Wang
- School of Education, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
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Brennan PL. Life Stressors: Elevations and Disparities Among Older Adults with Pain. PAIN MEDICINE (MALDEN, MASS.) 2020; 21:2123-2136. [PMID: 32955090 PMCID: PMC7593801 DOI: 10.1093/pm/pnaa189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine stressor elevations among older adults with pain, and gender and race disparities in the dual burdens of late-life pain and stressors. DESIGN Cross-sectional. SETTING Community. SUBJECTS Participants in the Longitudinal Late-Life Health study (LLLH; N = 1,884) and the Health and Retirement Study (HRS; N = 7,704). METHODS Pain and stressor measures were harmonized across the LLLH and HRS samples. Analyses of covariance were conducted to determine the effects of older adults' pain, gender, race, and interactions between these factors, on their stressors in nine separate life domains, and in stressors overall. RESULTS In both the LLLH and HRS samples, older adults with painful conditions (joint, back, headache, chest pain), more numerous painful conditions, more severe pain, and more pain interference had elevated stressors in all life domains, compared with older adults without or with less serious pain. Pain was more prevalent among women and nonwhites than men and whites. Stressor exposure was higher for men than women in most life domains; it was higher for nonwhites than whites in all life domains. For certain types of pain and life domains, pain and gender, as well as pain and race, interacted to predict stressor elevations. CONCLUSIONS Late-life pain is associated with elevations in stressors, and there are gender and race disparities in the dual burdens of heightened pain and elevated stressors in later life. Pain and stressors are not consistently more strongly linked among older women than older men, or among older nonwhite than older white persons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penny L Brennan
- Institute for Health & Aging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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Vehmeijer FOL, C V Silva C, Derks IPM, El Marroun H, Oei EHG, Felix JF, Jaddoe VWV, Santos S. Associations of Maternal Psychological Distress during Pregnancy with Childhood General and Organ Fat Measures. Child Obes 2019; 15:313-322. [PMID: 31058541 DOI: 10.1089/chi.2018.0300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background: Psychological distress during pregnancy may influence offspring adiposity. No studies assessed the associations with organ fat measures. We examined the associations of maternal psychological distress, depression, and anxiety during pregnancy with child general and organ fat measures. Methods: In 4161 mother-offspring pairs, psychological distress was self-reported in pregnancy. We obtained general fat measures, including BMI and fat mass index by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and organ fat measures (in a subsample of 2447 children), including subcutaneous, visceral, and pericardial fat indices and liver fat fraction by magnetic resonance imaging at 10 years. Linear and logistic regression models were used. Results: Children of mothers with psychological distress had higher fat mass index [difference 0.14 (95% confidence interval {CI} 0.04-0.24) standard deviation scores (SDS)] and higher risk of obesity [odds ratio (OR) 1.73 (95% CI 1.09-2.74)]. Maternal anxiety was associated with higher BMI [difference 0.16 (95% CI 0.05-0.26) SDS], fat mass index [difference 0.19 (95% CI 0.10-0.28) SDS], and higher risks of overweight and obesity [OR 1.36 (95% CI 1.03-1.81), 1.78 (95% CI 1.13-2.81)]. Maternal anxiety was associated with higher subcutaneous and visceral fat indices and liver fat fraction [differences 0.16 (95% CI 0.03-0.29), 0.15 (95% CI 0.01-0.29), and 0.16 (95% CI 0.02-0.29) SDS]. No associations were observed for maternal depression. Conclusions: Psychological distress and anxiety, but not depression, during pregnancy were associated with higher child general and organ fat measures. A healthy mental state during pregnancy may be important for preventing child adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florianne O L Vehmeijer
- 1 The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,2 Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,3 Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carolina C V Silva
- 1 The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,2 Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,3 Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ivonne P M Derks
- 1 The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,4 Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hanan El Marroun
- 1 The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,2 Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,3 Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,4 Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin H G Oei
- 5 Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Janine F Felix
- 1 The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,2 Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent W V Jaddoe
- 1 The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,2 Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,3 Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Susana Santos
- 1 The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,3 Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Abstract
After over 70 years of research on the association between stressful life events and health, it is generally accepted that we have a good understanding of the role of stressors in disease risk. In this review, we highlight that knowledge but also emphasize misunderstandings and weaknesses in this literature with the hope of triggering further theoretical and empirical development. We organize this review in a somewhat provocative manner, with each section focusing on an important issue in the literature where we feel that there has been some misunderstanding of the evidence and its implications. Issues that we address include the definition of a stressful event, characteristics of diseases that are impacted by events, differences in the effects of chronic and acute events, the cumulative effects of events, differences in events across the life course, differences in events for men and women, resilience to events, and methodological challenges in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheldon Cohen
- Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA; ,
| | - Michael L M Murphy
- Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA; ,
| | - Aric A Prather
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94118, USA;
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