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Bonato T, Beggio G, Pivato A, Piazza R. Maize plant (Zea mays) uptake of organophosphorus and novel brominated flame retardants from hydroponic cultures. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 287:132456. [PMID: 34606891 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The root uptake and root-shoot translocation of seven organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) and four novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) were assessed in this investigation using hydroponic grown maize plants (Zea mays). Three initial liquid concentrations for each considered compound were examined (i.e., 0.3 μg L-1, 3 μg L-1, 30 μg L-1). The results indicated that the 30 μg L-1 treatments were phytotoxic, as they resulted in a significant decrease in shoot dry weight. Plant-driven removal of the tested FRs decreased with the increasing initial spiking level and were reportedly higher for the NBFRs (range 42%-10%) than OPFRs (range 19%-7%). All the considered FRs were measured in the roots (range 0.020-6.123 μg g-1 dry weight -DW-) and shoots (range 0.012-1.364 μg g-1 DW) of the tested plants, confirming that there was uptake. Linear relationships were identified between the chemical concentrations in the plant parts and the tested hydroponic concentrations. Root concentration factors were positively correlated with the specific lipophilicity (i.e., logKow) of the tested FRs and were determined to be higher for the NBFRs than the OPFRs. The NBFRs had a higher root uptake rate than the OPFRs, and this trend was more significant with the increasing treatment concentrations. Shoot/root concentration factors were found to be lower than the unity value for 10 of the 11 tested compounds. These results can be related to the specific molecular configurations and the occurrence of different functional groups in the tested compounds. The results will help to improve risk assessment procedures and fine tune our understanding of human receptor responses to the ingestion of maize crops grown on agricultural sites irrigated with water contaminated by FRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziano Bonato
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics (DAIS), Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, Venezia Mestre, 30172, Venice, Italy
| | - Giovanni Beggio
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering (DICEA), University of Padova, Via Marzolo 9, 35131, Padova, Italy.
| | - Alberto Pivato
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering (DICEA), University of Padova, Via Marzolo 9, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Rossano Piazza
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics (DAIS), Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, Venezia Mestre, 30172, Venice, Italy
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2
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Parvizian BA, Zhou C, Fernando S, Crimmins BS, Hopke PK, Holsen TM. Concentrations and Long-Term Temporal Trends of Hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDD) in Lake Trout and Walleye from the Great Lakes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:6134-6141. [PMID: 32298100 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c00605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) is a hazardous, persistent, bioaccumlative brominated flame retardant. To investigate how its use has affected the Great Lakes, total HBCDD (∑HBCDD) concentrations and temporal trends in homogenized whole fish samples from the Great Lakes region (1978 to 2016) were determined. ∑HBCDD concentrations (ng/g ww) for each lake are Erie (0.49-2.60), Ontario (3.12-8.90), Michigan (3.91-9.01), Superior (5.69-13.1), and Huron (5.57-13.7). Early years (1978 to 1992) showed no significant trend. However, recent trends (2004 to 2016) suggest concentrations are increasing in Lakes Erie and Ontario, decreasing in Lakes Superior and Michigan, and not changing in Lake Huron. Decreasing trends for Lakes Superior and Michigan are likely the result of decreased usage of the compound globally, regionally, and locally. For the other lakes, increasing or zero trends are consistent with food web changes due to invasive species and climate change, which has caused more intense storms and less ice cover leading to increased sediment resuspension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bita Alipour Parvizian
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, United States
| | - Chuanlong Zhou
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Sujan Fernando
- Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, United States
| | | | - Philip K Hopke
- Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, United States
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, United States
| | - Thomas M Holsen
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, United States
- Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, United States
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3
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Zhang Y, Wang X, Chen C, An J, Shang Y, Li H, Xia H, Yu J, Wang C, Liu Y, Guo S. Regulation of TBBPA-induced oxidative stress on mitochondrial apoptosis in L02 cells through the Nrf2 signaling pathway. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 226:463-471. [PMID: 30951941 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.03.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) is a commonly used brominated flame retardant, which has a wide range of toxic effects on organisms. This study investigated the cytotoxic effects on human hepatocytes (L02 cells) after treated with 0, 5, 10, 20, and 40 μM of TBBPA. Results showed that TBBPA significantly increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA) and the ratio of oxidized/reduced glutathione (GSSG/GSH) dose-dependently. TBBPA also decreased the cell mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), caused the release of cytochrome C (Cyt C) to cytoplasm and promoted the expression of caspase-9 and caspase-3, and finally increased the level of apoptosis. The ROS inhibitor N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) relieved the oxidative stress responses, and prevented the decrease of MMP and increase of apoptosis. In addition, TBBPA promoted the expression of antioxidant genes related to Nrf2, such as quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), catalase (CAT), and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1). Oxidative stress initiated by TBBPA, activated mitochondrial apoptosis and Nrf2 pathway, and increased the degree of apoptosis in L02 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunchao Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
| | - Chao Chen
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
| | - Jing An
- Institute for Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, PR China
| | - Yu Shang
- Institute for Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, PR China
| | - Hui Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China; Institute for Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, PR China.
| | - Hubin Xia
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
| | - Jun Yu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
| | - Chen Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
| | - Yongdi Liu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
| | - Shu Guo
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510655, PR China
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Wang X, Yuan X, Yang S, Zhao Y. Concentrations, Distributions, and Risk Assessment of HBCD in Sediment in the Weihe River Basin in Northwest China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15112340. [PMID: 30360547 PMCID: PMC6267610 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15112340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
As one of the most widely used brominated flame retardants, hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is found widely in the environmental media. In this study, the content and spatial distribution of HBCD and risk posed by HBCD in surface sediment in the Weihe River Basin in Northwest China were investigated. The HBCD concentration ranged nd–4.04 ng/g dw with the mean was 0.45 ng/g dw. The major source of HBCD in surface sediment was local point discharge. The distribution profiles of α-, β-, γ-HBCD were 24.7–87.9%, 0–42.0%, and 0–67.1%, respectively. Specially, α-HBCD was the dominating isomer in most sample sites. This differed significantly from that in HBCD technical product, which might be attributed to the different degradation rates and inter-transformation of the three HBCD isomers. Risk quotient method was used to assess the potential risk posed by HBCD in sediment. HBCD do not pose strong risks to aquatic algae organisms in the Weihe River Basin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueli Wang
- Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region, Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China.
| | - Xiaoyu Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region, Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China.
| | - Shengke Yang
- Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region, Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China.
| | - Yaqian Zhao
- Dooge Centre for Water Resource Research, School of Civil Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, 999014 Dublin 4, Ireland.
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5
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Su G, McGoldrick DJ, Clark MG, Evans MS, Gledhill M, Garron C, Armelin A, Backus SM, Letcher RJ. Isomer-Specific Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) Levels in Top Predator Fish from Across Canada and 36-Year Temporal Trends in Lake Ontario. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:6197-6207. [PMID: 29737158 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b01052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) is a high concern environmental pollutant due to its persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic properties. The spatial distribution of HBCDD was investigated in top predator fish (lake trout, walleye, or brook trout) collected in 2013 ( n = 165) from 19 sampling sites and in 2015 ( n = 145) from 20 sites across Canada. HBCDD was measurable in at least one sample at each sampling site regardless of sampling year with the exception of walleye from the south basin of Lake Winnipeg (2013). Sampling sites in or near the Laurentian Great Lakes had greater ΣHBCDD concentrations compared to locations to the west or east. The greatest mean ΣHBCDD concentration was 72.6 ng/g lw in fish from Lake Huron-Goderich (2015). Regardless of the sampling sites, α-HBCDD was the dominant congener followed by γ-HBCDD, whereas β-HBCDD was barely detectable. In fish from the same waterbody there were comparable α/γ isomer concentration ratios. The greatest ratio was 20.8 in fish from Lake Ontario, whereas the lowest ratio was 6.3 for fish from Lac Memphrémagog (Québec) likely related to more recent emissions of a technical HBCDD mixture. Temporal trends of HBCDD in lake trout from Lake Ontario showed a significant decreasing trend for γ-HBCDD with a half-life estimate of 10 years over a 36-year period (1979-2015), and for α-HBCDD with a half-life of 11 years over the years of 2008 to 2015. The proportion of α-HBCDD to ΣHBCDD increased significantly during 1979 to 2015. The present study provided novel information on the isomer-specific HBCDDs in Canada freshwater fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanyong Su
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Science and Technology Branch , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Burlington , Ontario L7S 1A1 , Canada
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering , Nanjing University of Science and Technology , Nanjing 210094 , People's Republic of China
| | - Daryl J McGoldrick
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Science and Technology Branch , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Burlington , Ontario L7S 1A1 , Canada
| | - Mandi G Clark
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Science and Technology Branch , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Burlington , Ontario L7S 1A1 , Canada
| | - Marlene S Evans
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Science and Technology Branch , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Burlington , Ontario L7S 1A1 , Canada
| | - Melissa Gledhill
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Science and Technology Branch , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Burlington , Ontario L7S 1A1 , Canada
| | - Christine Garron
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Science and Technology Branch , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Burlington , Ontario L7S 1A1 , Canada
| | - Alain Armelin
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Science and Technology Branch , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Burlington , Ontario L7S 1A1 , Canada
| | - Sean M Backus
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Science and Technology Branch , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Burlington , Ontario L7S 1A1 , Canada
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre , Carleton University , Ottawa , Ontario K1A 0H3 , Canada
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Poma G, Malysheva SV, Goscinny S, Malarvannan G, Voorspoels S, Covaci A, Van Loco J. Occurrence of selected halogenated flame retardants in Belgian foodstuff. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 194:256-265. [PMID: 29216545 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.11.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports on the occurrence of halogenated flame retardants (HFRs), namely PBDEs, HBCDs, TBBPA, brominated phenols (BrPhs), dechlorane plus (DP) and emerging FRs in a variety of Belgian foodstuffs. A total of 183 composite food samples were analyzed by GC-MS and LC-MS/MS techniques for the presence of HFRs. The analyses revealed that 72% of the samples was contaminated with HFRs to some extent. The highest number of contaminated samples was observed within the group 'Potatoes and derived products', 'Fish and fish products' and 'Meat and meat products', while the least contaminated group was 'Food for infants and small children'. The total HFR content ranged from <LOQ to 35.4 ng/g ww with an average content of 1.2 ng/g ww and median of 0.25 ng/g ww. The samples with the highest total HFR levels were canned king crab, fresh mackerel, Emmental cheese, fresh eel and plaice. The most frequently detected HFRs were PBDEs and BrPhs being present in almost all food groups, and among the individual HFRs, the most frequently found compounds were BDE-47 (53%), BDE-209 (46%) and 246-TBP (40%). TBBPA, DPs, TBPH and γ-HBCD occurred with a frequency of less than 5%. TBBPS, 26-DBP, HBB, TBB and BTBPE were not detected in any of the analyzed food samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Poma
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Svetlana V Malysheva
- Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Juliette Wytsmanstraat 14, 1050, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Séverine Goscinny
- Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Juliette Wytsmanstraat 14, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Govindan Malarvannan
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Stefan Voorspoels
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (Vito NV), Boeretang 200, 2400, Mol, Belgium
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium. adrian.covaci@uantwerpenbe
| | - Joris Van Loco
- Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Juliette Wytsmanstraat 14, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
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7
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Zhang Y, Lu Y, Wang P, Li Q, Zhang M, Johnson AC. Transport of Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) into the soil, water and sediment from a large producer in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 610-611:94-100. [PMID: 28803206 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is used as a flame retardant with extensive industrial applications, which is mainly produced at facilities on the coast of China. Radially distributed soil samples and equidistant paired water and sediment samples were taken around one of the biggest HBCD production enterprises to reflect its environmental behavior via air deposition and wastewater discharge of HBCD diastereoisomers (α-, β- and γ-HBCD). Worldwide high concentrations of HBCD (11,700ng/g in the soil, 5080ng/L in the water and 6740ng/g in the sediment) were detected in these environmental samples. Concentrations dropped by two orders of magnitude over several kilometers distance from the plant. The diastereoisomer pattern varied in the three environmental compartments examined, such that γ-HBCD was the predominant diastereoisomer in the soil and sediment whilst α- and γ-HBCD shared the predominance in the water. The mass inventories of HBCD in the local soil and sediment were estimated to be 5006kg and 30kg respectively, suggesting that soil was the major sink of HBCD in the production area. As for the soil, the environmental burdens in the areas with radiuses of 2, 4 and 6km were 3210, 3770 and 4590kg respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yonglong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Pei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Qifeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Andrew C Johnson
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, OX 10 8BB, UK
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Daso AP, Rohwer ER, Koot DJ, Okonkwo JO. Preliminary screening of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) flame retardants in landfill leachate. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2017; 189:418. [PMID: 28752240 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-017-6131-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of selected brominated flame retardants, including nine polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners, hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) in leachate samples from eight landfill sites in South Africa, were investigated. In addition, the possible influences of dissolved organic carbon on their levels were also evaluated. Filtered leachate samples were subjected to solid-phase extraction to isolate the various target compounds. PBDEs with six bromine substituents and above, as well as α-HBCDD, β-HBCDD and TBBPA, were generally found below the detection limit. However, the mean value of the total lower PBDE congeners ranged between 0.04 and 0.48 μg L-1, and the concentrations of γ-HBCDD ranged from not detectable (ND) to 0.05 μg L-1. No significant correlation was observed between the target compounds and dissolved organic carbon, although weak to moderate correlations were mostly observed for the lower PBDEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adegbenro P Daso
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa.
- Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, 175 Nelson Mandela Drive, Private Bag X680, Arcadia, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Egmont R Rohwer
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Dwayne J Koot
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Jonathan O Okonkwo
- Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, 175 Nelson Mandela Drive, Private Bag X680, Arcadia, Pretoria, South Africa
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Zhao Y, Li Q, Miao X, Huang X, Li B, Su G, Zheng M. Determination of hexabromocyclododecanes in sediments from the Haihe River in China by an optimized HPLC-MS-MS method. J Environ Sci (China) 2017; 55:174-183. [PMID: 28477811 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2016.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), a new type of persistent organic pollutants widely used as brominated flame retardants, have attracted wide attention due to their increasing level and toxicity. A method based on high-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS-MS) in electrospray ionization mode has been developed by optimization of various parameters, which effectively improved the separation degree and responsive intensity of α-, β- and γ-HBCD isomers. The concentrations and distribution profiles of three HBCD isomers were investigated in sediments from the Haihe River in China. It was observed that the concentrations of HBCDs varied in the range of 0.4-58.82ng/g, showing a decreasing trend along the flow direction, possibly due to attenuation and biodegradation along the flow direction of the Haihe River. The distribution profile of α-, β-, γ-HBCD was 7.91%-88.6%, 0-91.47%, and 0.62%-42.83%, respectively. Interestingly, α-HBCD dominated in most sample sites. This was different from the distribution profile in commercial industrial products, which might be attributed to the inter-transformation and different degradation rates of the three HBCD isomers. The potential ecological risk of HBCDs in sediment was characterized under the two-tiered procedure of the European Medicines Evaluation Agency for environmental risk assessment. Although the HBCDs in the selected section of the Haihe River presented "no risk" in the sediment compartment, its risk in sediment cannot be neglected since sediment is one of the important sinks and reservoirs of pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qianqian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xue Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xinchen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Binke Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guijin Su
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Minghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Li F, Jin J, Tan D, Wang L, Geng N, Cao R, Gao Y, Chen J. Hexabromocyclododecane and tetrabromobisphenol A in sediments and paddy soils from Liaohe River Basin, China: Levels, distribution and mass inventory. J Environ Sci (China) 2016; 48:209-217. [PMID: 27745666 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2016.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) are two kinds of brominated flame retardants and widely present in the environment and biota. The levels, spatial distributions and mass inventories of HBCD and TBBPA were investigated in sediments and paddy soils from the Liaohe River Basin in northeast China. The concentrations of ΣHBCD and TBBPA were in the range of not detected (nd) to 4.02ng/g dry weight (dw) and 0.03 to 4.06ng/g dw, respectively. γ-HBCD was dominated in sediments, while the abundance of α-HBCD was relatively high in paddy soils. The spatial distributions of HBCD and TBBPA in surface sediments and paddy soils indicated that the local point-input was their major source. The significant correlation between total organic carbon (TOC) contents and the HBCD levels suggested that TOC content also exerted an influence on the distribution of HBCD in sediments. Meanwhile, it was found that the irrigation with river water was not the major transportation pathway of HBCD and TBBPA in paddy soils. Based on the study, it was estimated that there were about 1.67tons HBCD and 2.20tons TBBPA deposited into sediments of the Liaohe River system every year. The total mass inventories of HBCD and TBBPA in sediments were far higher than that in paddy soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Li
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Jing Jin
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Dongqin Tan
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Longxing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Ningbo Geng
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Rong Cao
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Jiping Chen
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China.
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11
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Peng H, Chen C, Cantin J, Saunders DMV, Sun J, Tang S, Codling G, Hecker M, Wiseman S, Jones PD, Li A, Rockne KJ, Sturchio NC, Giesy JP. Untargeted Screening and Distribution of Organo-Bromine Compounds in Sediments of Lake Michigan. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:321-330. [PMID: 26618527 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b04709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Previously unreported natural and synthetic organo-bromine compounds (NSOBCs) have been found to contribute more than 99% of total organic bromine (TOB) in environmental matrices. We recently developed a novel untargeted method (data-independent precursor isolation and characteristic fragment, DIPIC-Frag) and identified ∼2000 NSOBCs in two sediments from Lake Michigan. In this study, this method was used to investigate the distributions of these NSOBCs in 23 surficial samples and 24 segments of a sediment core from Lake Michigan. NSOBCs were detected in all 23 surficial samples and exhibited 10- to 100-fold variations in peak abundance among locations. The pattern of distributions of NSOBCs was correlated with depth of the water column (r(2) = 0.61, p < 0.001). Hierarchical cluster analysis showed that sediments in close proximity exhibited similar profiles of NSOBCs. Distributions of NSOBCs in 24 segments of a sediment core dated from 1766 to 2008 were investigated, and samples from similar depths exhibited similar profiles of NSOBCs. NSOBCs were grouped into four clusters (soft-cluster analysis) with different temporal trends of abundances. 515 and 768 of the NSOBCs were grouped into cluster 1 and cluster 3 with increasing temporal trends, especially since 1950, indicating that abundances of these compounds might have been affected by human activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Peng
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan , 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Chunli Chen
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan , 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada
- Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization of MOE; School of Resources, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University , Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Jenna Cantin
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan , 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - David M V Saunders
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan , 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Jianxian Sun
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan , 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Song Tang
- School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C8, Canada
| | - Garry Codling
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan , 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Markus Hecker
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan , 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada
- School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C8, Canada
| | - Steve Wiseman
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan , 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Paul D Jones
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan , 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada
- School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C8, Canada
| | - An Li
- School of Public Health, University of Illinois , Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Karl J Rockne
- Department of Civil and Materials Engineering, University of Illinois , 842 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Neil C Sturchio
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Delaware , 255 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716 United States
| | - John P Giesy
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan , 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada
- Zoology Department, Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University , 1129 Farm Lane Road, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
- Biology Department, Hong Kong Baptist University , Hong Kong, SAR China
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12
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Letcher RJ, Lu Z, de Solla SR, Sandau CD, Fernie KJ. Snapping Turtles (Chelydra serpentina) from Canadian Areas of Concern across the southern Laurentian Great Lakes: Chlorinated and brominated hydrocarbon contaminants and metabolites in relation to circulating concentrations of thyroxine and vitamin A. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 143:266-278. [PMID: 26519832 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2015.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The metabolites of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), as well as other halogenated phenolic contaminants (HPCs) have been shown to have endocrine-disrupting properties, and have been reported with increasing frequency in the blood of wildlife, and mainly in mammals and birds. However, little is known about the persistence, accumulation and distribution of these contaminants in long-lived freshwater reptiles. In the present study, in addition to a large suite of chlorinated and brominated contaminants, metabolites and HPCs, we assessed and compared hydroxylated (OH) PCBs and OH-PBDEs relative to PCBs and PBDEs, respectively, in the plasma of adult male common snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina). Blood samples were collected from 62 snapping turtles (2001-2004) at 12 wetland sites between the Detroit River and the St. Lawrence River on the Canadian side of the Laurentian Great Lakes of North America. Turtles were sampled from sites designated as Areas of Concern (AOCs) and from a relatively clean reference site in southern Georgian Bay (Tiny Marsh), Lake Huron. Plasma concentrations of Σ46PCB (10-340 ng/g wet weight (ww)) and Σ28OH-PCB (3-83 ng/g ww) were significantly greater (p<0.05) in turtles from the Turkey Creek and Muddy Creek-Wheatley Harbour sites in Lake Erie compared with the reference site turtles. The HPC, pentachlorophenol (PCP), had a mean concentration of 9.6±1.1 ng/g ww. Of the 28 OH-CB congeners screened for, 4-OH-CB187 (42±7 ng/g ww) was the most concentrated of all HPCs measured. Of the 14 OH-BDE congeners examined, four (4'-OH-BDE17, 3-OH-BDE47, 5-OH-BDE47 and 4'-OH-BDE49) were consistently found in all plasma samples. p,p'-DDE was the most concentrated of the 18 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) examined. The mean concentrations of circulating total thyroxine (TT4), dehydroretinol and retinol in the plasma of the male snapping turtles regardless of sampling site were 5.4±0.3, 81±4.7 and 291±13 ng/mL, respectively. Significant (p<0.05) negative (e.g. cis-chlordane) or positive (e.g. BDE-99) correlations between some of the target contaminants and TT4, dehydroretinol or retinol were observed. To our knowledge, we report for the first time on HPC (e.g. OH-PCBs) and methylsulfonyl- (MeSO2-) PCB metabolite contaminants in the plasma of any freshwater turtle or freshwater reptilian species. Our findings also show that the accumulation of OH-PCBs, MeSO2-PCBs, OH-PBDEs and some OCPs in the snapping turtles from Lake Erie and Lake Ontario (in 2001-2004) had the potential for eliciting endocrine disruption. Exposure to these contaminants and associated adverse effects on the endocrine system in freshwater reptiles and the related mechanisms require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Letcher
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0H3.
| | - Zhe Lu
- Richardson College for the Environment, Environmental Studies Program and Department of Chemistry, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3B 2E9
| | - Shane R de Solla
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, Canada Centre for Inland Waters, Burlington, Ontario, Canada L7S 1A1
| | | | - Kimberly J Fernie
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, Canada Centre for Inland Waters, Burlington, Ontario, Canada L7S 1A1
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