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Bito T, Bito M, Hirooka T, Okamoto N, Harada N, Yamaji R, Nakano Y, Inui H, Watanabe F. Biological Activity of Pseudovitamin B 12 on Cobalamin-Dependent Methylmalonyl-CoA Mutase and Methionine Synthase in Mammalian Cultured COS-7 Cells. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25143268. [PMID: 32709013 PMCID: PMC7396987 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25143268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenyl cobamide (commonly known as pseudovitamin B12) is synthesized by intestinal bacteria or ingested from edible cyanobacteria. The effect of pseudovitamin B12 on the activities of cobalamin-dependent enzymes in mammalian cells has not been studied well. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of pseudovitamin B12 on the activities of the mammalian vitamin B12-dependent enzymes methionine synthase and methylmalonyl-CoA mutase in cultured mammalian COS-7 cells to determine whether pseudovitamin B12 functions as an inhibitor or a cofactor of these enzymes. Although the hydoroxo form of pseudovitamin B12 functions as a coenzyme for methionine synthase in cultured cells, pseudovitamin B12 does not activate the translation of methionine synthase, unlike the hydroxo form of vitamin B12 does. In the second enzymatic reaction, the adenosyl form of pseudovitamin B12 did not function as a coenzyme or an inhibitor of methylmalonyl-CoA mutase. Experiments on the cellular uptake were conducted with human transcobalamin II and suggested that treatment with a substantial amount of pseudovitamin B12 might inhibit transcobalamin II-mediated absorption of a physiological trace concentration of vitamin B12 present in the medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Bito
- Department of Agricultural, Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-857-31-5443
| | - Mariko Bito
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan; (M.B.); (T.H.); (N.H.); (R.Y.); (Y.N.)
| | - Tomomi Hirooka
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan; (M.B.); (T.H.); (N.H.); (R.Y.); (Y.N.)
| | - Naho Okamoto
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan;
| | - Naoki Harada
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan; (M.B.); (T.H.); (N.H.); (R.Y.); (Y.N.)
| | - Ryoichi Yamaji
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan; (M.B.); (T.H.); (N.H.); (R.Y.); (Y.N.)
| | - Yoshihisa Nakano
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan; (M.B.); (T.H.); (N.H.); (R.Y.); (Y.N.)
| | - Hiroshi Inui
- Department of Nutrition, College of Health and Human Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Habikino, Osaka 583-8555, Japan;
| | - Fumio Watanabe
- Department of Agricultural, Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan;
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Sokolovskaya OM, Mok KC, Park JD, Tran JLA, Quanstrom KA, Taga ME. Cofactor Selectivity in Methylmalonyl Coenzyme A Mutase, a Model Cobamide-Dependent Enzyme. mBio 2019; 10:e01303-19. [PMID: 31551329 PMCID: PMC6759758 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01303-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cobamides, a uniquely diverse family of enzyme cofactors related to vitamin B12, are produced exclusively by bacteria and archaea but used in all domains of life. While it is widely accepted that cobamide-dependent organisms require specific cobamides for their metabolism, the biochemical mechanisms that make cobamides functionally distinct are largely unknown. Here, we examine the effects of cobamide structural variation on a model cobamide-dependent enzyme, methylmalonyl coenzyme A (CoA) mutase (MCM). The in vitro binding affinity of MCM for cobamides can be dramatically influenced by small changes in the structure of the lower ligand of the cobamide, and binding selectivity differs between bacterial orthologs of MCM. In contrast, variations in the lower ligand have minor effects on MCM catalysis. Bacterial growth assays demonstrate that cobamide requirements of MCM in vitro largely correlate with in vivo cobamide dependence. This result underscores the importance of enzyme selectivity in the cobamide-dependent physiology of bacteria.IMPORTANCE Cobamides, including vitamin B12, are enzyme cofactors used by organisms in all domains of life. Cobamides are structurally diverse, and microbial growth and metabolism vary based on cobamide structure. Understanding cobamide preference in microorganisms is important given that cobamides are widely used and appear to mediate microbial interactions in host-associated and aquatic environments. Until now, the biochemical basis for cobamide preferences was largely unknown. In this study, we analyzed the effects of the structural diversity of cobamides on a model cobamide-dependent enzyme, methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (MCM). We found that very small changes in cobamide structure could dramatically affect the binding affinity of cobamides to MCM. Strikingly, cobamide-dependent growth of a model bacterium, Sinorhizobium meliloti, largely correlated with the cofactor binding selectivity of S. meliloti MCM, emphasizing the importance of cobamide-dependent enzyme selectivity in bacterial growth and cobamide-mediated microbial interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga M Sokolovskaya
- Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Kenny C Mok
- Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Jong Duk Park
- Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Jennifer L A Tran
- Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Kathryn A Quanstrom
- Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Michiko E Taga
- Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
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Bito T, Teng F, Watanabe F. Bioactive Compounds of Edible Purple Laver Porphyra sp. (Nori). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:10685-10692. [PMID: 29161815 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b04688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Porphyra sp. (nori) is widely cultivated as an important marine crop. Dried nori contains numerous nutrients, including vitamin B12, which is the only vitamin absent from plant-derived food sources. Vegetarian diets are low in iron and vitamin B12; depletion of both causes severe anemia. Nori also contains large amounts of iron compared with other plant-derived foods and eicosapentaenoic acid, which is an important fatty acid found in fish oils. In nori, there are also many bioactive compounds that exhibit various pharmacological activities, such as immunomodulation, anticancer, antihyperlipidemic, and antioxidative activities, indicating that consumption of nori is beneficial to human health. However, Porphyra sp. contains toxic metals (arsenic and cadmiun) and/or amphipod allergens, the levels of which vary significantly among nori products. Further evidence from human studies of such beneficial or adverse effects of nori consumption is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Bito
- Department of Agricultural, Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University , Tottori 680-8553, Japan
| | - Fei Teng
- Department of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin 150030, China
| | - Fumio Watanabe
- Department of Agricultural, Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University , Tottori 680-8553, Japan
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Zimorski V, Rauch C, van Hellemond JJ, Tielens AGM, Martin WF. The Mitochondrion of Euglena gracilis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 979:19-37. [PMID: 28429315 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-54910-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In the presence of oxygen, Euglena gracilis mitochondria function much like mammalian mitochondria. Under anaerobiosis, E. gracilis mitochondria perform a malonyl-CoA independent synthesis of fatty acids leading to accumulation of wax esters, which serve as the sink for electrons stemming from glycolytic ATP synthesis and pyruvate oxidation. Some components (enzymes and cofactors) of Euglena's anaerobic energy metabolism are found among the anaerobic mitochondria of invertebrates, others are found among hydrogenosomes, the H2-producing anaerobic mitochondria of protists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Zimorski
- Institute of Molecular Evolution, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Cessa Rauch
- Institute of Molecular Evolution, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jaap J van Hellemond
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aloysius G M Tielens
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - William F Martin
- Institute of Molecular Evolution, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Biochemistry and Physiology of Vitamins in Euglena. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 979:65-90. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-54910-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Inui H, Ishikawa T, Tamoi M. Wax Ester Fermentation and Its Application for Biofuel Production. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 979:269-283. [PMID: 28429326 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-54910-1_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In Euglena cells under anaerobic conditions, paramylon, the storage polysaccharide, is promptly degraded and converted to wax esters. The wax esters synthesized are composed of saturated fatty acids and alcohols with chain lengths of 10-18, and the major constituents are myristic acid and myristyl alcohol. Since the anaerobic cells gain ATP through the conversion of paramylon to wax esters, the phenomenon is named "wax ester fermentation". The wax ester fermentation is quite unique in that the end products, i.e. wax esters, have relatively high molecular weights, are insoluble in water, and accumulate in the cells, in contrast to the common fermentation end products such as lactic acid and ethanol.A unique metabolic pathway involved in the wax ester fermentation is the mitochondrial fatty acid synthetic system. In this system, fatty acid are synthesized by the reversal of β-oxidation with an exception that trans-2-enoyl-CoA reductase functions instead of acyl-CoA dehydrogenase. Therefore, acetyl-CoA is directly used as a C2 donor in this fatty acid synthesis, and the conversion of acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA, which requires ATP, is not necessary. Consequently, the mitochondrial fatty acid synthetic system makes possible the net gain of ATP through the synthesis of wax esters from paramylon. In addition, acetyl-CoA is provided in the anaerobic cells from pyruvate by the action of a unique enzyme, oxygen sensitive pyruvate:NADP+ oxidoreductase, instead of the common pyruvate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex.Wax esters produced by anaerobic Euglena are promising biofuels because myristic acid (C14:0) in contrast to other algal produced fatty acids, such as palmitic acid (C16:0) and stearic acid (C18:0), has a low freezing point making it suitable as a drop-in jet fuel. To improve wax ester production, the molecular mechanisms by which wax ester fermentation is regulated in response to aerobic and anaerobic conditions have been gradually elucidated by identifying individual genes related to the wax ester fermentation metabolic pathway and by comprehensive gene/protein expression analysis. In addition, expression of the cyanobacterial Calvin cycle fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase/sedohepturose-1,7-bisphosphatase, in Euglena provided photosynthesis resulting in increased paramylon accumulation enhancing wax ester production. This chapter will discuss the biochemistry of the wax ester fermentation, recent advances in our understanding of the regulation of the wax ester fermentation and genetic engineering approaches to increase production of wax esters for biofuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Inui
- Department of Nutrition, Osaka Prefecture University, 30-7-3 Habikino, Habikino, Osaka, 583-8555, Japan.
| | - Takahiro Ishikawa
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane, 690-8504, Japan
| | - Masahiro Tamoi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kindai University, 3327-204 Nakamachi, Nara, 631-8505, Japan
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Bito T, Bito M, Asai Y, Takenaka S, Yabuta Y, Tago K, Ohnishi M, Mizoguchi T, Watanabe F. Characterization and Quantitation of Vitamin B 12 Compounds in Various Chlorella Supplements. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:8516-8524. [PMID: 27776413 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b03550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin B12 was determined and characterized in 19 dried Chlorella health supplements. Vitamin contents of dried Chlorella cells varied from <0.1 μg to approximately 415 μg per 100 g of dry weight. Subsequent liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry analyses showed the presence of inactive corrinoid compounds, a cobalt-free corrinoid, and 5-methoxybenzimidazolyl cyanocobamide (factor IIIm) in four and three high vitamin B12-containing Chlorella tablets, respectively. In four Chlorella tablet types with high and moderate vitamin B12 contents, the coenzyme forms of vitamin B12 5'-deoxyadenosylcobalamin (approximately 32%) and methylcobalamin (approximately 8%) were considerably present, whereas the unnaturally occurring corrinoid cyanocobalamin was present at the lowest concentrations. The species Chlorella sorokiniana (formerly Chlorella pyrenoidosa) is commonly used in dietary supplements and did not show an absolute requirement of vitamin B12 for growth despite vitamin B12 uptake from the medium being observed. In further experiments, vitamin B12-dependent methylmalonyl-CoA mutase and methionine synthase activities were detected in cell homogenates. In particular, methionine synthase activity was significantly increased following the addition of vitamin B12 to the medium. These results suggest that vitamin B12 contents of Chlorella tablets reflect the presence of vitamin B12-generating organic ingredients in the medium or the concomitant growth of vitamin B12-synthesizing bacteria under open culture conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Bito
- Faculty of Agriculture, School of Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Sciences, Tottori University , Tottori 680-8553 Japan
| | - Mariko Bito
- Faculty of Agriculture, School of Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Sciences, Tottori University , Tottori 680-8553 Japan
| | - Yusuke Asai
- Faculty of Agriculture, School of Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Sciences, Tottori University , Tottori 680-8553 Japan
| | - Shigeo Takenaka
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University , Osaka 598-8531 Japan
| | - Yukinori Yabuta
- Faculty of Agriculture, School of Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Sciences, Tottori University , Tottori 680-8553 Japan
| | - Kazunori Tago
- Faculty of Agriculture, School of Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Sciences, Tottori University , Tottori 680-8553 Japan
| | | | | | - Fumio Watanabe
- Faculty of Agriculture, School of Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Sciences, Tottori University , Tottori 680-8553 Japan
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Zhang YZ, Liu GM, Weng WQ, Ding JY, Liu SJ. Engineering of Ralstonia eutropha for the production of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) from glucose. J Biotechnol 2015; 195:82-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Bito T, Yabuta Y, Ichiyanagi T, Kawano T, Watanabe F. A dodecylamine derivative of cyanocobalamin potently inhibits the activities of cobalamin-dependent methylmalonyl-CoA mutase and methionine synthase of Caenorhabditis elegans. FEBS Open Bio 2014; 4:722-9. [PMID: 25161880 PMCID: PMC4141197 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2014.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
CN-Cbl dodecylamine, a derivative of cyanocobalamin, was absorbed by C. elegans. CN-Cbl dodecylamine decreased activities of cobalamin-dependent enzymes. CN-Cbl dodecylamine induced cobalamin deficiency in C. elegans. CN-Cbl dodecylamine acts as an inhibitor of cobalamin-dependent enzymes.
In this study, we showed that cyanocobalamin dodecylamine, a ribose 5′-carbamate derivative of cyanocobalamin, was absorbed and accumulated to significant levels by Caenorhabditis elegans and was not further metabolized. The levels of methylmalonic acid and homocysteine, which serve as indicators of cobalamin deficiency, were significantly increased in C. elegans treated with the dodecylamine derivative, indicating severe cobalamin deficiency. Kinetic studies show that the affinity of the cyanocobalamin dodecylamine derivative was greater for two cobalamin-dependent enzymes, methylmalonyl-CoA mutase and methionine synthase, compared with their respective coenzymes, suggesting that the dodecylamine derivative inactivated these enzymes. The dodecylamine derivative did not affect the levels of mRNAs encoding these enzymes or those of other proteins involved in intercellular cobalamin metabolism, including methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (mmcm-1), methylmalonic acidemia cobalamin A complementation group (mmaa-1), methylmalonic aciduria cblC type (cblc-1), and methionine synthase reductase (mtrr-1). In contrast, the level of the mRNAs encoding cob(I)alamin adenosyltransferase (mmab-1) was increased significantly and identical to that of cobalamin-deficient C. elegans. These results indicate that the cyanocobalamin-dodecylamine derivative acts as a potent inhibitor of cobalamin-dependent enzymes and induces severe cobalamin deficiency in C. elegans.
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Key Words
- AdoCbl, 5′-deoxyadenosylcobalamin
- C. elegans, Caenorhabditis elegans
- CH3-Cbl, methylcobalamin
- CN-Cbl, cyanocobalamin
- Caenorhabditis elegans
- Cbl, cobalamin
- Cyanocobalamin
- Hcy, homocysteine
- IF, intrinsic factor
- MCM, methylmalonyl-CoA mutase
- MMA, methylmalonic acid
- MMAA, methylmalonic acidemia cobalamin A complementation group
- MMAB, cob(I)alamin adenosyltransferase
- MMACHC, methylmalonic aciduria cblC type
- MS, methionine synthase
- MSR, methionine synthase reductase
- Methionine synthase
- Methylmalonic acid
- Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase
- NGM, nematode growth medium
- Vitamin B12
- qPCR, quantitative PCR analysis
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Fumio Watanabe
- Corresponding author. Address: The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan. Tel./fax: +81 857 31 5412.
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Yabuta Y, Takamatsu R, Kasagaki S, Watanabe F. Isolation and Expression of a cDNA Encoding Methylmalonic Aciduria Type A Protein from Euglena gracilis Z. Metabolites 2013; 3:144-54. [PMID: 24957894 PMCID: PMC3901258 DOI: 10.3390/metabo3010144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Revised: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In animals, cobalamin (Cbl) is a cofactor for methionine synthase and methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (MCM), which utilizes methylcobalamin and 5'-deoxyadenosylcobalamin (AdoCbl), respectively. The cblA complementation class of inborn errors of Cbl metabolism in humans is one of three known disorders that affect AdoCbl synthesis. The gene responsible for cblA has been identified in humans (MMAA) as well as its homolog (meaB) in Methylobacterium extorquens. Recently, it has been reported that human MMAA plays an important role in the protection and reactivation of MCM in vitro. However, the physiological function of MMAA is largely unknown. In the present study, we isolated the cDNA encoding MMAA from Euglena gracilis Z, a photosynthetic flagellate. The deduced amino acid sequence of the cDNA shows 79%, 79%, 79% and 80% similarity to human, mouse, Danio rerio MMAAs and M. extorquens MeaB, respectively. The level of the MCM transcript was higher in Cbl-deficient cultures of E. gracilis than in those supplemented with Cbl. In contrast, no significant differences were observed in the levels of the MMAA transcript under the same two conditions. No significant difference in MCM activity was observed between Escherichia coli that expressed either MCM together with MMAA or expressed MCM alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukinori Yabuta
- School of Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan.
| | - Ryota Takamatsu
- School of Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Kasagaki
- School of Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan.
| | - Fumio Watanabe
- School of Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan.
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Bito T, Matsunaga Y, Yabuta Y, Kawano T, Watanabe F. Vitamin B12 deficiency in Caenorhabditis elegans results in loss of fertility, extended life cycle, and reduced lifespan. FEBS Open Bio 2013; 3:112-7. [PMID: 23772381 PMCID: PMC3668511 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2013.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin B12 (B12) deficiency has been linked to developmental disorders, metabolic abnormalities, and neuropathy; however, the mechanisms involved remain poorly understood. Caenorhabditis elegans grown under B12-deficient conditions for five generations develop severe B12 deficiency associated with various phenotypes that include decreased egg-laying capacity (infertility), prolonged life cycle (growth retardation), and reduced lifespan. These phenotypes resemble the consequences of B12 deficiency in mammals, and can be induced in C. elegans in only 15 days. Thus, C. elegans is a suitable animal model for studying the biological processes induced by vitamin deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Bito
- Division of Applied Bioresources Chemistry, The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
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Han Y, Hawkins AS, Adams MWW, Kelly RM. Epimerase (Msed_0639) and mutase (Msed_0638 and Msed_2055) convert (S)-methylmalonyl-coenzyme A (CoA) to succinyl-CoA in the Metallosphaera sedula 3-hydroxypropionate/4-hydroxybutyrate cycle. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:6194-202. [PMID: 22752162 PMCID: PMC3416614 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01312-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Crenarchaeotal genomes encode the 3-hydroxypropionate/4-hydroxybutyrate (3-HP/4-HB) cycle for carbon dioxide fixation. Of the 13 enzymes putatively comprising the cycle, several of them, including methylmalonyl-coenzyme A (CoA) epimerase (MCE) and methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (MCM), which convert (S)-methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA, have not been confirmed and characterized biochemically. In the genome of Metallosphaera sedula (optimal temperature [T(opt)], 73°C), the gene encoding MCE (Msed_0639) is adjacent to that encoding the catalytic subunit of MCM-α (Msed_0638), while the gene for the coenzyme B(12)-binding subunit of MCM (MCM-β) is located remotely (Msed_2055). The expression of all three genes was significantly upregulated under autotrophic compared to heterotrophic growth conditions, implying a role in CO(2) fixation. Recombinant forms of MCE and MCM were produced in Escherichia coli; soluble, active MCM was produced only if MCM-α and MCM-β were coexpressed. MCE is a homodimer and MCM is a heterotetramer (α(2)β(2)) with specific activities of 218 and 2.2 μmol/min/mg, respectively, at 75°C. The heterotetrameric MCM differs from the homo- or heterodimeric orthologs in other organisms. MCE was activated by divalent cations (Ni(2+), Co(2+), and Mg(2+)), and the predicted metal binding/active sites were identified through sequence alignments with less-thermophilic MCEs. The conserved coenzyme B(12)-binding motif (DXHXXG-SXL-GG) was identified in M. sedula MCM-β. The two enzymes together catalyzed the two-step conversion of (S)-methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA, consistent with their proposed role in the 3-HP/4-HB cycle. Based on the highly conserved occurrence of single copies of MCE and MCM in Sulfolobaceae genomes, the M. sedula enzymes are likely to be representatives of these enzymes in the 3-HP/4-HB cycle in crenarchaeal thermoacidophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yejun Han
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Aaron S. Hawkins
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael W. W. Adams
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Robert M. Kelly
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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Müller M, Mentel M, van Hellemond JJ, Henze K, Woehle C, Gould SB, Yu RY, van der Giezen M, Tielens AGM, Martin WF. Biochemistry and evolution of anaerobic energy metabolism in eukaryotes. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2012; 76:444-95. [PMID: 22688819 PMCID: PMC3372258 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.05024-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 498] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Major insights into the phylogenetic distribution, biochemistry, and evolutionary significance of organelles involved in ATP synthesis (energy metabolism) in eukaryotes that thrive in anaerobic environments for all or part of their life cycles have accrued in recent years. All known eukaryotic groups possess an organelle of mitochondrial origin, mapping the origin of mitochondria to the eukaryotic common ancestor, and genome sequence data are rapidly accumulating for eukaryotes that possess anaerobic mitochondria, hydrogenosomes, or mitosomes. Here we review the available biochemical data on the enzymes and pathways that eukaryotes use in anaerobic energy metabolism and summarize the metabolic end products that they generate in their anaerobic habitats, focusing on the biochemical roles that their mitochondria play in anaerobic ATP synthesis. We present metabolic maps of compartmentalized energy metabolism for 16 well-studied species. There are currently no enzymes of core anaerobic energy metabolism that are specific to any of the six eukaryotic supergroup lineages; genes present in one supergroup are also found in at least one other supergroup. The gene distribution across lineages thus reflects the presence of anaerobic energy metabolism in the eukaryote common ancestor and differential loss during the specialization of some lineages to oxic niches, just as oxphos capabilities have been differentially lost in specialization to anoxic niches and the parasitic life-style. Some facultative anaerobes have retained both aerobic and anaerobic pathways. Diversified eukaryotic lineages have retained the same enzymes of anaerobic ATP synthesis, in line with geochemical data indicating low environmental oxygen levels while eukaryotes arose and diversified.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marek Mentel
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jaap J. van Hellemond
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Katrin Henze
- Institute of Molecular Evolution, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christian Woehle
- Institute of Molecular Evolution, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sven B. Gould
- Institute of Molecular Evolution, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Re-Young Yu
- Institute of Molecular Evolution, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Mark van der Giezen
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Aloysius G. M. Tielens
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - William F. Martin
- Institute of Molecular Evolution, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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