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Iridoid glycoside Aucubin protects against nonylphenol-induced testicular damage in male rats via modulation of steroidogenic and apoptotic signaling. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13783. [PMID: 35962184 PMCID: PMC9374701 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18148-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Aucubin (AU) is one of the widespread compounds belonging to the group of iridoid glycosides, which possesses numerous beneficial properties. Nonylphenol (NP), is a synthetic environmental toxicant that has the potential to cause male infertility through excessive production of reactive oxygen species. In the current study, the remedial potential of Aucubin was assessed against NP-generated testicular damage in male rats. Animals were distributed into four groups and treated for 56 days in this study. Control-group (0.1% DMSO + food), NP group (100 µg/kg), NP + AU group (100 µg/kg + 5 mg/kg) and AU group (5 mg/kg). NP exposure significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the activity of antioxidant enzymes i.e., glutathione reductase, catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and total protein content (TPC), whereas the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) was enhanced substantially (p < 0.05). Treatment with AU substantially (p < 0.05) recovered activities of antioxidant enzymes, TPC, ROS, and TBARS levels. Moreover, decrease in the levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), plasma testosterone, sperm count, motility, sperm membrane integrity, and the number of spermatocytes of different stages along with the level of steroidogenic enzymes i.e., 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17β-HSD), 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD), and B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) by NP administration were recovered to control values by AU treatment. However, AU mitigated the sperm abnormalities (head/midpiece/tail), the number of dead sperms, and proapoptotic proteins i.e., Bcl-2 associated X protein (Bax), caspase-9, and caspase-3 that were increased by NP. Besides, AU treatment recovered the NP-induced potential histopathological alterations in the testicular tissues such as the height of epithelium, seminiferous tubules diameter as well as the height of tunica propria. Overall, NP-induced toxicity was effectively recuperated by the AU administration. These results indicate that AU might be considered as a potential protective agent against testicular damage. The observed protection may be due to its antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory and androgenic potential.
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Boyacioglu M, Gules O, Sahiner HS. Protective Effect of Sodium Selenite on 4-Nonylphenol-Induced Hepatotoxicity and Nephrotoxicity in Rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 2021; 199:3001-3012. [PMID: 33026593 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-020-02418-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study was aimed at evaluating the protective effect of sodium selenite (SS) on DNA integrity, antioxidant/oxidant status, and histological changes on 4-nonylphenol (4-NP)-induced toxicity in liver and kidney tissues of rats. Twenty-four adult male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into 4 groups as control, SS, 4-NP, and SS+4-NP group. Control group was untreated. The SS group was supplemented with SS (0.5 mg/kg/day) and the 4-NP group was given 4-NP (125 mg/kg/day). The rats in the SS+4-NP group received SS followed by 4-NP 1 h later at the abovementioned doses. The treatments were administered by oral gavage for 48 days. DNA damage was analyzed by comet assay in lymphocytes. Oxidative stress parameters were measured, and histological evaluation was performed in liver and kidney tissues. Results showed that SS administration significantly decreased % Tail DNA and Mean Tail Moment in SS+4-NP group as compared with 4-NP group. Catalase activity in liver was significantly lower in 4-NP group only. SS treatment significantly increased the glutathione level and decreased high malondialdehyde level in tissues of the SS+4-NP group as compared with 4-NP group. Dilation of central vein, ballooning degeneration, vacuolar degeneration, and deterioration in the structure of remark cords in 4-NP-administered were alleviated in rats that received SS supplementation before administration of 4-NP. Moreover, glycogen intensity in hepatocytes and the wall of central vein increased in the SS+4-NP group. In addition, the SS supplementation in the SS+4-NP group decreased glomerular degeneration as well as the width of cavum glomeruli and congestion intensity in the kidney. These results indicate that SS may have a protective effect against 4-NP-induced hepato-nephrotoxicity in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Boyacioglu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, 09016, Isıklı, Aydın, Turkey.
| | - Ozay Gules
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyon, Turkey
| | - Hande Sultan Sahiner
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, 09016, Isıklı, Aydın, Turkey
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Zhang X, Yue X, Cui Y, Zhao Z, Huang Y, Cai S, Wang G, Wang W, Hugh S, Pan X, Wu C, Tan W. A Systematic Safety Evaluation of Nanoporous Mannitol Material as a Dry-Powder Inhalation Carrier System. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:1692-1702. [PMID: 31987851 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
For carrier-based dry-powder inhaler (DPI) formulations, the adhesion between carrier particles and active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) particles have a significant influence on the aerosolization performance of the API-carrier complexes and the desired detachment of the API for efficient pulmonary delivery. In our previous study, nanoporous mannitol material was successfully fabricated as carriers by a one-step nonorganic solvent spray drying method with the thermal degradation of ammonium carbonate. These carriers were shown to achieve excellent aerosolization performance. In addition, no residue of ammonium carbonate was detected on the powder surface. However, the safety of nanoporous mannitol carriers (Nano-PMCs) during pulmonary administration/delivery was still unknown because the lung is vulnerable to the inhaled particles. To address this question, the present study was conducted to construct a systematic safety evaluation for DPIs carriers to investigate the safety of Nano-PMCs in the whole inhalation, which would make up for the lack of detailed and standardized method in this field. In vitro safety evaluation was carried out using respiratory and pulmonary cytotoxicity tests, hemolysis assay, and ciliotoxicity test. In vivo safety evaluation was studied by measuring inflammatory indicators in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, assessing the pulmonary function and observing pulmonary pathological changes. Nano-PMCs showed satisfactory biocompatibility on respiratory tracts and lungs in vitro and in vivo. It was suggested that Nano-PMCs were safe for intrapulmonary delivery and potential as DPI carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejuan Zhang
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006 Guangdong, P. R. China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006 Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Yue
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006 Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Yingtong Cui
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006 Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Ziyu Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006 Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Ying Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006 Guangdong, P. R. China; College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443 Guangdong, P. R. China.
| | - Shihao Cai
- College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Guanlin Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006 Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Wenhao Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006 Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Smyth Hugh
- College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Xin Pan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006 Guangdong, P. R. China.
| | - Chuanbin Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006 Guangdong, P. R. China; College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443 Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Wen Tan
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006 Guangdong, P. R. China
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Gu W, Wang Y, Qiu Z, Dong J, Wang Y, Chen J. Maternal exposure to nonylphenol during pregnancy and lactation induces microglial cell activation and pro-inflammatory cytokine production in offspring hippocampus. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 634:525-533. [PMID: 29635194 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Recently, environmental nonylphenol (NP) exposure in the fetus and child has received increasing attention because of its potentially deleterious effects on the central nervous system (CNS). Microglia (MG), resident immune cells in the CNS, are vital to CNS homeostasis and defense against exogenous chemicals, which makes them a potentially sensitive target of NP. The present study aims to explore the effects of maternal NP exposure during pregnancy and lactation on MG in offspring hippocampus, the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines by MG, and associated underlying mechanisms. We found that maternal NP exposure increased the production of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in offspring hippocampus. Increases in both activation and number of MG were observed in offspring hippocampus. Increased phosphorylation of Akt was found to co-localize with hippocampal MG, while increased phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) were observed in offspring hippocampus. Activator protein 1 (AP-1), an inflammatory transcription factor, was also activated in the hippocampus of pups subjected to maternal NP exposure. These results suggest that maternal NP exposure might activate MG in offspring hippocampus. This activation seems to subsequently increase the production of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. Furthermore, Akt/MAPK/AP-1 signaling may be involved in this activation of MG and increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijia Gu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Heath, China Medical University, PR China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Heath, China Medical University, PR China
| | - Zhenmin Qiu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Heath, China Medical University, PR China
| | - Jing Dong
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Heath, China Medical University, PR China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Heath, China Medical University, PR China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Heath, China Medical University, PR China.
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Li X, Huo J, Liu Z, Yue Q, Zhang L, Gong Y, Chen J, Bao H. An updated weight of evidence approach for deriving a health-based guidance value for 4-nonylphenol. J Appl Toxicol 2018; 39:87-100. [PMID: 30027633 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Li
- West China School of Public Health and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610041 China
- Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province; Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Jiao Huo
- West China School of Public Health and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610041 China
- Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province; Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Zhaoping Liu
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment; Beijing 100022 China
| | - Qianlan Yue
- West China School of Public Health and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610041 China
- Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province; Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Lishi Zhang
- West China School of Public Health and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610041 China
- Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province; Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Yunyun Gong
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment; Beijing 100022 China
- School of Food Science and Nutrition; University of Leeds; Leeds LS2 9JT UK
| | - Jinyao Chen
- West China School of Public Health and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610041 China
- Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province; Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Huihui Bao
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment; Beijing 100022 China
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Gu W, Wang Y, Qiu Z, Dong J, Wang Y, Chen J. Mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling is involved in nonylphenol-induced proinflammatory cytokines secretion by BV2 microglia. J Appl Toxicol 2018; 38:958-967. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Weijia Gu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Heath; China Medical University; Shenyang People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Heath; China Medical University; Shenyang People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenmin Qiu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Heath; China Medical University; Shenyang People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Dong
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Heath; China Medical University; Shenyang People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Heath; China Medical University; Shenyang People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Heath; China Medical University; Shenyang People's Republic of China
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Noorimotlagh Z, Haghighi NJ, Ahmadimoghadam M, Rahim F. An updated systematic review on the possible effect of nonylphenol on male fertility. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:3298-3314. [PMID: 27826822 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7960-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Diverse industries like detergents, resins and polymers, hair dyes, intravaginal spermicides, and pesticides produce endocrine disruptor (ED)-containing wastewaters that have hazardous effects on the environment and public health. Nonylphenol (NP) is a chemical substance that consists of a phenolic group and an attached lipophilic linear nonyl chain. NP has weak estrogenic activity and affects estrogen receptor (ER), as well as induces male infertility via a negative impact on spermatogenesis and sperm quality. The aim of this study was to comprehensively review all available literature about the side effects of NP on the male genital system. We systematically searched Scopus and PubMed using MeSH terms that include "Organic Chemicals," "Infertility," "Infertility, Male," "Nonylphenol", ("Infertility, Male"[Mesh]) OR "Nonylphenol" [Supplementary Concept]) OR "Prostate"[Mesh]) OR "Spermatozoa"[Mesh]) OR "Sertoli Cells"[Mesh]) OR "Leydig Cells"[Mesh] OR "Male accessory gland" OR "Epididym" OR "Reproductive toxicity"), and all other possible combinations from January 1, 1970, to September 15, 2016, with language limit. The initial search identified 117,742 potentially eligible studies, of which 33 met the established inclusion criteria and were included in the analysis. Thirty-three selected studies include animal model (n = 18), cell line (n = 15), human model (n = 1), morphology (n = 13), sperm quality (n = 17), and toxicity (n = 14). This review highlighted the evidence for the ED effect of NP that acts through interference with ER, discussing male reproductive tract perturbations. We critically discuss the available evidence on the effect of NP on sperm quality (such as motility, viability, sperm count, and sperm concentration), dramatic morphological changes (such as change of weights of testes and epididymis), and biochemical changes related to oxidative stress in testes. Finally, it is important to take caution with the continued use of NP that disrupts male reproductive health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Noorimotlagh
- Environmental Technologies Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Neemat Jaafarzadeh Haghighi
- Environmental Technologies Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Ahmadimoghadam
- Environmental Technologies Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Fakher Rahim
- PhD in Molecular Medicine, Health Research Institute, Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathies Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
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Zhang YX, Yang X, Zou P, Du PF, Wang J, Jin F, Jin MJ, She YX. Nonylphenol Toxicity Evaluation and Discovery of Biomarkers in Rat Urine by a Metabolomics Strategy through HPLC-QTOF-MS. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:ijerph13050501. [PMID: 27187439 PMCID: PMC4881126 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13050501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Nonylphenol (NP) was quantified using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in the urine and plasma of rats treated with 0, 50, and 250 mg/kg/day of NP for four consecutive days. A urinary metabolomic strategy was originally implemented by high performance liquid chromatography time of flight mass spectrometry (HPLC-QTOF-MS) to explore the toxicological effects of NP and determine the overall alterations in the metabolite profiles so as to find potential biomarkers. It is essential to point out that from the observation, the metabolic data were clearly clustered and separated for the three groups. To further identify differentiated metabolites, multivariate analysis, including principal component analysis (PCA), orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), high-resolution MS/MS analysis, as well as searches of Metlin and Massbank databases, were conducted on a series of metabolites between the control and dose groups. Finally, five metabolites, including glycine, glycerophosphocholine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, malonaldehyde (showing an upward trend), and tryptophan (showing a downward trend), were identified as the potential urinary biomarkers of NP-induced toxicity. In order to validate the reliability of these potential biomarkers, an independent validation was performed by using the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM)-based targeted approach. The oxidative stress reflected by urinary 8-oxo-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) levels was elevated in individuals highly exposed to NP, supporting the hypothesis that mitochondrial dysfunction was a result of xenoestrogen accumulation. This study reveals a promising approach to find biomarkers to assist researchers in monitoring NP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Xin Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Xin Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Pan Zou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Peng-Fei Du
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standard & Testing Technology for Agro-Product, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standard & Testing Technology for Agro-Product, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Fen Jin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standard & Testing Technology for Agro-Product, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Mao-Jun Jin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standard & Testing Technology for Agro-Product, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Yong-Xin She
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standard & Testing Technology for Agro-Product, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, China.
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Forte M, Di Lorenzo M, Carrizzo A, Valiante S, Vecchione C, Laforgia V, De Falco M. Nonylphenol effects on human prostate non tumorigenic cells. Toxicology 2016; 357-358:21-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2016.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Effects of 4-nonylphenol on oxidant/antioxidant balance system inducing hepatic steatosis in male rat. Toxicol Rep 2015; 2:1423-1433. [PMID: 28962484 PMCID: PMC5598540 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 10/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Intraperitoneal administration of 4-NP induces hepatic steatosis in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Hepatocytes apoptosis is highly implicated in the occurrence and development of NAFLD. Hepatic mitochondrial disturbance promotes deleterious consequences, such as OS and accumulation of triglycerides (steatosis).
An emerging literature suggests that early life exposure to 4-nonylphenol (4-NP), a widespread endocrine disrupting chemical, may increase the risk of metabolic syndrome. In this study, we investigated the hypothesis that intraperitoneal administration of 4-NP induces hepatic steatosis in rat. 24 male Sprague-Dawley rats were administered with 4-NP (0, 2, 10 and 50 mg/kg b.wt) in corn oil for 30 days. Liver histology, biochemical analysis and gene expression profiling were examined. After treatment, abnormal liver morphology and function were observed in the 4-NP-treated rat, and significant changes in gene expression an indicator of hepatic steatosis and apoptosis were observed compared with controls. Up-regulated genes involved in apoptosis, hepatotoxity and oxidative stress, increased ROS and decrease of antioxidant enzyme were observed in the 4-NP exposed rat. Extensive fatty accumulation in liver section and elevated serum GOT, GPT, LDH and γ-GT were also observed. Incidence and severity of liver steatosis was scored and taken into consideration (steatosis, ballooning and lobular inflammation). Hepatocytes apoptosis could promote NAFLD progression; Fas/FasL, TNF-α and Caspase-9 mRNA activation were important contributing factors to hepatic steatosis. These findings provide the first evidence that 4-NP affects the gene expression related to liver hepatotoxicity, which is correlated with hepatic steatosis.
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Key Words
- 4-NP, 4-nonylphenol
- 4-Nonylphenol
- 4-Nonylphenol (PubChem CID: 1752)
- APNEIs, alkylphenol polyethoxylates
- AhR, aril hydrocarbon receptor
- Apoptosis
- Aprotinin (PubChem CID: 22833874)
- Bouin's fluid (PubChem CID: 124013)
- Collagenase (PubChem CID: 5046512)
- Cyt c, cytochrome c
- Diamninobenzidine Tetrahydrochloride (PubChem CID: 23892)
- FAO, fatty acid oxidation
- FFA, free fatty acid
- GOT, glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase
- GPT, glutamate pyruvate transaminase
- Genes
- HSC, hepatic stellate cell
- Hematoxylin Eosin (PubChem CID: 86598188)
- Hepatic steatosis
- Hydrogen peroxide (PubChem CID: 784)
- IR, insulin resistance
- LDH, lactate dehydrogenase
- Liver
- Malondialdehyde (PubChem CID: 10964)
- NAFLD, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
- NASH, non-alcoholic hepatic steatosis
- Nitrotetrazolium Blue chloride (PubChem CID: 9281)
- OS, oxidative stress
- Oxidative stress
- PPAR, peroxisome proliferation-activated receptor
- Phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PubChem CID: 4784)
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- Sodium chloride (PubChem CID: 5234)
- Superoxide (PubChem CID: 5359597)
- TAG, triacylglycerol
- Thiobarbituric Acid (PubChem CID: 2723628)
- Trizol (PubChem CID: 378478)
- Tromethamine (Tris) (PubChem CID: 6503)
- Xylene (PubChem CID: 6850715)
- γ-GT, gamma glutamyltransferase
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Karnam SS, Ghosh RC, Mondal S, Mondal M. Evaluation of subacute bisphenol - A toxicity on male reproductive system. Vet World 2015; 8:738-44. [PMID: 27065640 PMCID: PMC4825275 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2015.738-744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The aim was to evaluate the effect of multiple oral administration of bisphenol A (BPA) for 28 days on seminal characteristic on mammal using Wistar rat as a model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rats were randomly divided into five different groups having 6 male rats in each group. The doses chosen were 50, 200, and 600 mg/kg body weight for Groups III, IV and V, respectively, based on preliminary dose range finding study and Group II served as vehicle control and Group I was negative control. RESULTS Reproductive study in the BPA-treated rats on day 28 revealed that there was significant (p≤0.05) reduction in the epididymal sperm count of rats of Group IV and significant (p≤0.01) decrease in Group V. Sperm motility percentage, dead count percentage, head and tail abnormality percentage were found to be significantly (p≤0.01) increased in rats of BPA-treated groups as compared to rats of control groups. Testes showed necrosis of germinal layer and spermatogonial cells in the seminiferous tubules. Hematological examination revealed significant (p≤0.01) decrease in the mean values of total erythrocyte count (TEC), total leukocyte count (TLC), hemoglobin, packed cell volume, and there was also significant (p≤0.05) lymphocytopenia in treated animals. CONCLUSION It can be concluded from this study that subacute toxicity of BPA caused a reduction in the epididymal sperm count, sperm motility, dead count, head and tail abnormality, as well as hematological indices such as TLC, TEC etc. Hence, it appears that BPA affects the germ cells leading to impairment in the spermatogenesis, and thus having its property as reproductive toxicant and it also suppresses bone marrow functioning, which leads to normocytic hypochromic anemia in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Karnam
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Chhattisgarh Kamdhenu Vishwavidyalaya, Durg, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - R C Ghosh
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Chhattisgarh Kamdhenu Vishwavidyalaya, Durg, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - S Mondal
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - M Mondal
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University Rewa, Madhya Pradesh, India
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DNA damage in organs of female and male mice exposed to nonylphenol, as a single agent or in combination with ionizing irradiation: A comet assay study. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2014; 772:14-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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13
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Snedeker SM, Hay AG. The Alkylphenols Nonylphenol and Octylphenol in Food Contact Materials and Household Items: Exposure and Health Risk Considerations. MOLECULAR AND INTEGRATIVE TOXICOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4471-6500-2_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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14
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Neurotoxic effects of nonylphenol: a review. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2013; 125:61-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s00508-012-0221-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 07/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Jubendradass R, D’Cruz SC, Judith Amala Rani S, Mathur P. Nonylphenol induces apoptosis via mitochondria- and Fas-l-mediated pathways in the liver of adult male rat. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2012; 62:405-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2012.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Revised: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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16
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Korkmaz A, Aydoğan M, Kolankaya D, Barlas N. Vitamin C coadministration augments bisphenol A, nonylphenol, and octylphenol induced oxidative damage on kidney of rats. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2011; 26:325-37. [PMID: 20014407 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2009] [Revised: 10/23/2009] [Accepted: 10/29/2009] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate whether bisphenol A (BPA), nonylphenol (NP), and octylphenol (OP) induce oxidative stress on the kidney tissue of male rats and whether coadministration of vitamin C, an antioxidant, can prevent any possible oxidative stress. The Wistar male rats were divided into seven groups, including control, BPA, NP, OP, BPA+C, NP + C, OP +C. BPA, NP, and OP (25 mg/kg/day) was administered alone; vitamin C (60 mg/kg/day) was administered along with BPA, OP, and NP to the rats for 50 days. There was a decrease in serum concentration of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) in NP and OP groups compared with control group. Vitamin C coadministration with BPA, NP, and OP did not produce significant increase in BUN concentration in BPA +C, NP+ C, and OP + C group as compared with BPA, NP, and OP groups, respectively. The lowest serum creatinine activity and the highest lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity was present in kidney of BPA+C, NP+C and OP+C groups compared with BPA, NP, and OP groups. The malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were significantly higher while glutathione (GSH) levels were lower in treatment groups than controls. Furthermore, an increase was observed in MDA levels whereas a decrease was observed in GSH levels in BPA+ C, NP + C, and OP+ C groups compared with BPA, NP, and OP groups, respectively. These finding are in accordance with immunohistochemical staining of MDA and GSH. Histopathological examination of the kidneys of rats in BPA, OP, NP, BPA+ C, NP + C, and OP+ C groups revealed necrotic lesions, congestion, and mononuclear cell infiltration. In conclusion BPA, NP, and OP might induce oxidative damage in kidney of rats. In addition, coadministration of vitamin C with BPA, NP, and OP to male rats augments this damage in the kidney of male rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aslı Korkmaz
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hacettepe, Ankara, Turkey.
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Piersma AH, Hernandez LG, van Benthem J, Muller JJA, van Leeuwen FR, Vermeire TG, van Raaij MTM. Reproductive toxicants have a threshold of adversity. Crit Rev Toxicol 2011; 41:545-54. [DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2011.554794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Nonylphenol-mediated CYP induction is PXR-dependent: The use of humanized mice and human hepatocytes suggests that hPXR is less sensitive than mouse PXR to nonylphenol treatment. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2011; 252:259-67. [PMID: 21376070 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2011.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Revised: 02/22/2011] [Accepted: 02/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Nonylphenol (NP), a by-product of alkylphenol ethoxylates, is a pervasive surfactant that activates the xenosensing nuclear receptor, the pregnane X-receptor (PXR) in transactivation assays in vitro. We are interested in determining if NP activates PXR in vivo, determining if hPXR and mPXR act similarly, and investigating the role of PXR in protecting individuals from NP. Wild-type (WT), PXR-null, and humanized PXR (hPXR) mice were treated with NP at 0, 50 or 75mg/kg/day for one week, and cytochrome P450 (CYP) induction, liver histopathology, and serum NP concentrations were examined. WT mice treated with NP showed induction of Cyp2b, and male-specific induction of Cyp2c and Cyp3a. CYPs were not induced in PXR-null mice, demonstrating that PXR is necessary for NP-mediated CYP induction. CAR-mediated CYP induction was not observed in the PXR-null mice despite previous data demonstrating that NP is also a CAR activator. hPXR mice only showed moderate Cyp induction, suggesting that hPXR is not as sensitive to NP as mPXR in vivo. NP-mediated Cyp3a induction from three human hepatocyte donors was not significant, confirming that hPXR is not very sensitive to NP-mediated CYP induction. Lastly, mice with PXR (mPXR and hPXR) showed lower NP serum concentrations than PXR-null mice treated with NP suggesting that PXR plays a role in decreasing liver toxicity by basally regulating phase I-III detoxification enzymes that promote the metabolism and elimination of NP. In summary, PXR is required for NP-mediated CYP-induction, mPXR mediates greater CYP induction than hPXR in vivo, and the presence of PXR, especially mPXR, is associated with altered histopathology and increased clearance of NP.
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Sato T, Saito H, Uchiyama T, Fujimoto Y, Katase T, Kai O. Effects of synthetic para-nonylphenol isomers administered chronically throughout pregnancy and lactation on reproductive system of mouse pups. Arch Toxicol 2009; 83:1097-108. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-009-0464-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2009] [Accepted: 08/20/2009] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Lee S, Cha M, Kang C, Sohn ET, Lee H, Munawir A, Kim JS, Kim E. Mutual synergistic toxicity between environmental toxicants: A study of mercury chloride and 4-nonylphenol. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2009; 27:90-95. [PMID: 21783925 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2008.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2007] [Revised: 08/27/2008] [Accepted: 08/27/2008] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Mercury chloride (HgCl(2)) and 4-nonylphenol (NP) are widespread environmental and industrial pollutants that are known to have toxic effects as well as endocrine disrupting activities. Although the individual effects of HgCl(2) and NP in liver have been relatively well recognized, little is known about the interaction of NP and HgCl(2) during the induction of their toxicity. In the current study, we investigated the synergism between HgCl(2) and NP using HepG2 cells. Surprisingly, the concurrent treatment of HepG2 with HgCl(2) and NP induced a significant cytotoxicity at concentrations where neither of them have any cytotoxic effect when treated alone. The cytotoxicity of NP is enhanced in the presence of HgCl(2) (a shift from 74.9 to 47.4μM in LC(50)) and vice versa (a shift from 94.9 to 66.3μM in LC(50)). Estrogen receptor antagonists such as ICI 182,780 did not protect HepG2 cells from these cytotoxic insults. Whereas the intracellular level of reduced form glutathione (GSH) was considerably decreased upon the co-treatment with NP and HgCl(2). Furthermore, the synergistic cytotoxicity was significantly inhibited by 20-mM N-acetylcysteine (NAC). These results indicate that the mutual synergistic cytotoxicity of HgCl(2) and NP on HepG2 cell is not associated with estrogen receptor signaling but mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. In our real life, we are continuously and often simultaneously exposed to many different kinds of environmental pollutants. The present study suggests a mechanism of potential synergistic adverse effects of these toxic pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghwan Lee
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 900 Gajwa-Dong, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea
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Umano T, Shiraishi K, Minobe Y, Yamasaki K. Uterotrophic assay, Hershberger assay, and subacute oral toxicity study of 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole based on the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development draft protocols. Arch Toxicol 2008; 83:459-67. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-008-0357-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2008] [Accepted: 08/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Uterotrophic assay, Hershberger assay, and subacute oral toxicity study of 4,4′-butylidenebis(2-tert-butyl-5-methylphenol) and 3-(dibutylamino)phenol, based on the OECD draft protocols. Arch Toxicol 2007; 82:301-11. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-007-0250-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2007] [Accepted: 09/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Higashihara N, Shiraishi K, Miyata K, Oshima Y, Minobe Y, Yamasaki K. Subacute oral toxicity study of bisphenol F based on the draft protocol for the “Enhanced OECD Test Guideline no. 407”. Arch Toxicol 2007; 81:825-32. [PMID: 17628788 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-007-0223-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2007] [Accepted: 06/06/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Since bisphenol F (4,4'-dihydroxydiphenylmethane) has been reported to exhibit estrogen agonistic properties in the uterotrophic assay, we performed a 28-day repeated-dose toxicity study (enhanced OECD test guideline No. 407) on bisphenol F based on the OECD draft protocols to determine whether it has endocrine-mediated properties. Bisphenol F was orally administered at doses 0, 20, 100 and 500 mg/kg per day for at least 28 days, but no clear endocrine-mediated changes were detected, and it was concluded to have no endocrine-mediated effects in young adult rats. On the other hand, the main effect of bisphenol F was concluded to be liver toxicity based on clinical biochemical parameters and liver weight, but without histopathological changes. The no-observed-effect level for bisphenol F is concluded to be under 20 mg/kg per day since decreased body weight accompanied by decreased serum total cholesterol, glucose, and albumin values were observed in the female rats given 20 mg/kg per day or higher doses of bisphenol F.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiko Higashihara
- Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, 3-822, Ishii, Hita, Oita, 877-0061, Japan.
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