1
|
Karkoszka M, Rok J, Wrześniok D. Melanin Biopolymers in Pharmacology and Medicine-Skin Pigmentation Disorders, Implications for Drug Action, Adverse Effects and Therapy. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:521. [PMID: 38675481 PMCID: PMC11054731 DOI: 10.3390/ph17040521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Melanins are biopolymeric pigments formed by a multi-step oxidation process of tyrosine in highly specialized cells called melanocytes. Melanin pigments are mainly found in the skin, iris, hair follicles, and inner ear. The photoprotective properties of melanin biopolymers have been linked to their perinuclear localization to protect DNA, but their ability to scavenge metal ions and antioxidant properties has also been noted. Interactions between drugs and melanins are of clinical relevance. The formation of drug-melanin complexes can affect both the efficacy of pharmacotherapy and the occurrence of adverse effects such as phototoxic reactions and discoloration. Because the amount and type of melanin synthesized in the body is subject to multifactorial regulation-determined by both internal factors such as genetic predisposition, inflammation, and hormonal balance and external factors such as contact with allergens or exposure to UV radiation-different effects on the melanogenesis process can be observed. These factors can directly influence skin pigmentation disorders, resulting in hypopigmentation or hyperpigmentation of a genetic or acquired nature. In this review, we will present information on melanocyte biology, melanogenesis, and the multifactorial influence of melanin on pharmacological parameters during pharmacotherapy. In addition, the types of skin color disorders, with special emphasis on the process of their development, symptoms, and methods of treatment, are presented in this article.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Karkoszka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland;
| | - Jakub Rok
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland;
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Attia MF, Ogunnaike EA, Pitz M, Elbaz NM, Panda DK, Alexander-Bryant A, Saha S, Whitehead DC, Kabanov A. Enhancing drug delivery with supramolecular amphiphilic macrocycle nanoparticles: selective targeting of CDK4/6 inhibitor palbociclib to melanoma. Biomater Sci 2024; 12:725-737. [PMID: 38099834 PMCID: PMC10872447 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm01888a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Drug delivery systems based on amphiphilic supramolecular macrocycles have garnered increased attention over the past two decades due to their ability to successfully formulate nanoparticles. Macrocyclic (MC) materials can self-assemble at lower concentrations without the need for surfactants and polymers, but surfactants are required to form and stabilize nanoparticles at higher concentrations. Using MCs to deliver both hydrophilic and hydrophobic guest molecules is advantageous. We developed two novel types of amphiphilic macrocycle nanoparticles (MC NPs) capable of delivering either Nile Red (NR) (a hydrophobic model) or Rhodamine B (RhB) (a hydrophilic model) fluorescent dyes. We extensively characterized the materials using various techniques to determine size, morphology, stability, hemolysis, fluorescence, loading efficiency (LE), and loading capacity (LC). We then loaded the CDK4/6 inhibitor Palbociclib (Palb) into both MC NPs using a solvent diffusion method. This yielded Palb-MC NPs in the size range of 65-90 nm. They exhibited high stability over time and in fetal bovine serum with negligible toxicity against erythrocytes. Cytotoxicity was minimal when tested against RAW macrophages, human fibroblast HDFn, and adipose stromal cells (ASCs) at higher concentrations of MC NPs. Cell viability studies were conducted with different concentrations of MC NPs, Palb-MC NPs, and free Palb against RAW macrophages, human U-87 GBM, and human M14 melanoma cell lines in vitro. Flow cytometry experiments revealed that blank MC NPs and Palb-MC NPs were selectively targeted to melanoma cells, resulting in cell death compared to the other two cell lines. Future work will focus on studying the biological effect of MC NPs including their binding affinity with molecules/receptors expressed on the M14 and other melanoma cell surfaces by molecular docking simulations. Subsequently, we will evaluate the MCs as a component of combination therapy in a murine melanoma model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed F Attia
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery and Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Edikan A Ogunnaike
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery and Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Megan Pitz
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Nancy M Elbaz
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery and Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Dillip K Panda
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA.
| | | | - Sourav Saha
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA.
| | | | - Alexander Kabanov
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery and Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
- Laboratory of Chemical Design of Bionanomaterials, Faculty of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Attia MF, Ogunnaike EA, Pitz M, Elbaz NM, Panda DK, Alexander-Bryant A, Saha S, Whitehead DC, Kabanov A. Enhancing Drug Delivery with Supramolecular Amphiphilic Macrocycle Nanoparticles: Selective Targeting of CDK4/6 Inhibitor Palbociclib to Melanoma. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.21.567974. [PMID: 38045274 PMCID: PMC10690174 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.21.567974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Drug delivery systems based on amphiphilic supramolecular macrocycles have garnered increased attention over the past two decades due to their ability to successfully formulate nanoparticles. Macrocyclic (MC) materials can self-assemble at lower concentrations without the need for surfactants and polymers, but surfactants are required to form and stabilize nanoparticles at higher concentrations. Using MCs to deliver both hydrophilic and hydrophobic guest molecules is advantageous. We developed two novel types of amphiphilic macrocycle nanoparticles (MC NPs) capable of delivering either Nile Red (NR) (a hydrophobic model) or Rhodamine B (RhB) (a hydrophilic model) fluorescent dyes. We extensively characterized the materials using various techniques to determine size, morphology, stability, hemolysis, fluorescence, loading efficiency (LE), and loading capacity (LC). We then loaded the CDK4/6 inhibitor Palbociclib (Palb) into both MC NPs using a solvent diffusion method. This yielded Palb-MC NPs in the size range of 65-90 nm. They exhibited high stability over time and in fetal bovine serum with negligible toxicity against erythrocytes. Cytotoxicity was minimal when tested against RAW macrophages, human fibroblast HDFn , and adipose stromal cells (ASCs) at higher concentrations of MC NPs. Cell viability studies were conducted with different concentrations of MC NPs, Palb-MC NPs, and free Palb against RAW macrophages, human U-87 GBM, and human M14 melanoma cell lines in vitro. Flow cytometry experiments revealed that blank MC NPs and Palb-MC NPs were selectively targeted to melanoma cells, resulting in cell death compared to the other two cell lines. Future work will focus on studying the biological effect of MC NPs including their binding affinity with molecules/receptors expressed on the M14 and other melanoma cell surface by molecular docking simulations. Subsequently, we will evaluate the MCs as a component of combination therapy in a murine melanoma model. Graphical abstract
Collapse
|
4
|
Berg SZ, Berg J. Melanin: a unifying theory of disease as exemplified by Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, and Lewy body dementia. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1228530. [PMID: 37841274 PMCID: PMC10570809 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1228530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanin, a ubiquitous dark pigment, plays important roles in the immune system, including scavenging reactive oxygen species formed in response to ultraviolet radiation absorption, absorbing metals, thermal regulation, drug uptake, innate immune system functions, redox, and energy transduction. Many tissue types, including brain, heart, arteries, ovaries, and others, contain melanin. Almost all cells contain precursors to melanin. A growing number of diseases in which there is a loss of melanin and/or neuromelanin are increasingly thought to have infectious etiologies, for example, Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Lewy Body Dementia (LBD), and vitiligo. AD, PD, LBD, and vitiligo have been linked with herpesvirus, which enters melanosomes and causes apoptosis, and with gut dysbiosis and inflammation. Herpesvirus is also linked with gut dysbiosis and inflammation. We theorize that under normal healthy states, melanin retains some of the energy it absorbs from electromagnetic radiation, which is then used to fuel cells, and energy from ATP is used to compliment that energy supply. We further theorize that loss of melanin reduces the energy supply of cells, which in the case of AD, PD, and LBD results in an inability to sustain immune system defenses and remove the plaques associated with the disease, which appear to be part of the immune system's attempt to eradicate the pathogens seen in these neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, in an attempt to explain why removing these plaques does not result in improvements in cognition and mood and why cognitions and moods in these individuals have ebbs and flows, we postulate that it is not the plaques that cause the cognitive symptoms but, rather, inflammation in the brain resulting from the immune system's response to pathogens. Our theory that energy retained in melanin fuels cells in an inverse relationship with ATP is supported by studies showing alterations in ATP production in relationship to melanin levels in melanomas, vitiligo, and healthy cells. Therefore, alteration of melanin levels may be at the core of many diseases. We propose regulating melanin levels may offer new avenues for treatment development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stacie Z. Berg
- Department of Translational Biology, William Edwards LLC, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jonathan Berg
- Department of Translational Biology, William Edwards LLC, Baltimore, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liu H, Ghosh S, Vaidya T, Bammidi S, Huang C, Shang P, Nair AP, Chowdhury O, Stepicheva NA, Strizhakova A, Hose S, Mitrousis N, Gadde SG, MB T, Strassburger P, Widmer G, Lad EM, Fort PE, Sahel JA, Zigler JS, Sethu S, Westenskow PD, Proia AD, Sodhi A, Ghosh A, Feenstra D, Sinha D. Activated cGAS/STING signaling elicits endothelial cell senescence in early diabetic retinopathy. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e168945. [PMID: 37345657 PMCID: PMC10371250 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.168945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a leading cause of blindness in working-age adults and remains an important public health issue worldwide. Here we demonstrate that the expression of stimulator of interferon genes (STING) is increased in patients with DR and animal models of diabetic eye disease. STING has been previously shown to regulate cell senescence and inflammation, key contributors to the development and progression of DR. To investigate the mechanism whereby STING contributes to the pathogenesis of DR, diabetes was induced in STING-KO mice and STINGGT (loss-of-function mutation) mice, and molecular alterations and pathological changes in the retina were characterized. We report that retinal endothelial cell senescence, inflammation, and capillary degeneration were all inhibited in STING-KO diabetic mice; these observations were independently corroborated in STINGGT mice. These protective effects resulted from the reduction in TBK1, IRF3, and NF-κB phosphorylation in the absence of STING. Collectively, our results suggest that targeting STING may be an effective therapy for the early prevention and treatment of DR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sayan Ghosh
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Tanuja Vaidya
- GROW Laboratory, Narayana Nethralaya Foundation, Bengaluru, India
| | - Sridhar Bammidi
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Chao Huang
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peng Shang
- Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Olivia Chowdhury
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nadezda A. Stepicheva
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anastasia Strizhakova
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Stacey Hose
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nikolaos Mitrousis
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Thirumalesh MB
- GROW Laboratory, Narayana Nethralaya Foundation, Bengaluru, India
| | - Pamela Strassburger
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gabriella Widmer
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Eleonora M. Lad
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Patrice E. Fort
- Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - José-Alain Sahel
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Institut De La Vision, INSERM, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - J. Samuel Zigler
- Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Peter D. Westenskow
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alan D. Proia
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Pathology, Campbell University Jerry M. Wallace School of Osteopathic Medicine, Lillington, North Carolina, USA
| | - Akrit Sodhi
- Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Arkasubhra Ghosh
- GROW Laboratory, Narayana Nethralaya Foundation, Bengaluru, India
| | - Derrick Feenstra
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Debasish Sinha
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Guo L, Li W, Gu Z, Wang L, Guo L, Ma S, Li C, Sun J, Han B, Chang J. Recent Advances and Progress on Melanin: From Source to Application. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054360. [PMID: 36901791 PMCID: PMC10002160 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanin is a biological pigment formed by indoles and phenolic compounds. It is widely found in living organisms and has a variety of unique properties. Due to its diverse characteristics and good biocompatibility, melanin has become the focus in the fields of biomedicine, agriculture, the food industry, etc. However, due to the wide range of melanin sources, complex polymerization properties, and low solubility of specific solvents, the specific macromolecular structure and polymerization mechanism of melanin remain unclear, which significantly limits the further study and application of melanin. Its synthesis and degradation pathways are also controversial. In addition, new properties and applications of melanin are constantly being discovered. In this review, we focus on the recent advances in the research of melanin in all aspects. Firstly, the classification, source, and degradation of melanin are summarized. Secondly, a detailed description of the structure, characterization, and properties of melanin is followed. The novel biological activity of melanin and its application is described at the end.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lili Guo
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266235, China
| | - Wenya Li
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266235, China
| | - Zhiyang Gu
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266235, China
| | - Litong Wang
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266235, China
| | - Lan Guo
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266235, China
| | - Saibo Ma
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266235, China
| | - Cuiyao Li
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266235, China
| | - Jishang Sun
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266235, China
| | - Baoqin Han
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266235, China
| | - Jing Chang
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266235, China
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Structural Investigation of DHICA Eumelanin Using Density Functional Theory and Classical Molecular Dynamics Simulations. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27238417. [PMID: 36500509 PMCID: PMC9738096 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Eumelanin is an important pigment, for example, in skin, hair, eyes, and the inner ear. It is a highly heterogeneous polymer with 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid (DHICA) and 5,6-dihydroxyindole (DHI) building blocks, of which DHICA is reported as the more abundant in natural eumelanin. The DHICA-eumelanin protomolecule consists of three building blocks, indole-2-carboxylic acid-5,6-quinone (ICAQ), DHICA and pyrrole-2,3,5-tricarboxylic acid (PTCA). Here, we focus on the self-assembly of DHICA-eumelanin using multi-microsecond molecular dynamics (MD) simulations at various concentrations in aqueous solutions. The molecule was first parameterized using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Three types of systems were studied: (1) uncharged DHICA-eumelanin, (2) charged DHICA-eumelanin corresponding to physiological pH, and (3) a binary mixture of both of the above protomolecules. In the case of uncharged DHICA-eumelanin, spontaneous aggregation occurred and water molecules were present inside the aggregates. In the systems corresponding to physiological pH, all the carboxyl groups are negatively charged and the DHICA-eumelanin model has a net charge of -4. The effect of K+ ions as counterions was investigated. The results show high probability of binding to the deprotonated oxygens of the carboxylate anions in the PTCA moiety. Furthermore, the K+ counterions increased the solubility of DHICA-eumelanin in its charged form. A possible explanation is that the charged protomolecules favor binding to the K+ ions rather than aggregating and binding to other protomolecules. The binary mixtures show aggregation of uncharged DHICA-eumelanins; unlike the charged systems with no aggregation, a few charged DHICA-eumelanins are present on the surface of the uncharged aggregation, binding to the K+ ions.
Collapse
|
8
|
Kalegari P, Leme DM, Disner GR, Cestari MM, de Lima Bellan D, Meira WV, Mazepa E, Martinez GR. High Melanin Content in Melanoma Cells Contributes to Enhanced DNA Damage after Rose Bengal Photosensitization. Photochem Photobiol 2022; 98:1355-1364. [PMID: 35398885 DOI: 10.1111/php.13632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is a type of tumor that originates from melanocytes. Irradiation of melanin with UVA and visible light can produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as singlet molecular oxygen (1 O2 ). The objective of this study was to examine DNA damage in melanoma cells (B16-F10) with different melanin contents, subjected to 1 O2 generation. To this end, we used the photosensitizer Rose Bengal acetate (RBAc) and irradiation with visible light (526 nm) (RBAc-PDT). We used the modified comet assay with the repair enzymes hOGG1 and T4 endonuclease V to detect the DNA damage associated with 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine and cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers lesions, respectively. We observed increased formation of hOGG1- and T4endoV-sensitive DNA lesions after light exposure (with or without RBAc). Furthermore, 18 h after irradiation, hOGG1-sensitive DNA lesions increased compared to that at the initial time point (0 h), which shows that a high melanin content contributes to post-irradiation formation of them, mainly via sustained oxidative stress, as confirmed by the measurement of ROS levels and activity of antioxidant enzymes. Contrastingly, the number of T4endoV-sensitive DNA lesions decreased over time (18 h). Our data indicate that in melanoma cells, a higher amount of melanin may affect DNA damage levels when subjected to RBAc-PDT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Kalegari
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências (Bioquímica), Setor de Ciências Biológicas, UFPR, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Daniela Morais Leme
- Departamento de Genética, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, UFPR, Curitiba, Brazil
| | | | | | - Daniel de Lima Bellan
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, UFPR, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Willian Vanderlei Meira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências (Bioquímica), Setor de Ciências Biológicas, UFPR, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Ester Mazepa
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências (Bioquímica), Setor de Ciências Biológicas, UFPR, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Glaucia Regina Martinez
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências (Bioquímica), Setor de Ciências Biológicas, UFPR, Curitiba, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Karkoszka M, Rok J, Banach K, Kowalska J, Rzepka Z, Wrześniok D. The Assessment of Meloxicam Phototoxicity in Human Normal Skin Cells: In Vitro Studies on Dermal Fibroblasts and Epidermal Melanocytes. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27134215. [PMID: 35807460 PMCID: PMC9268563 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Meloxicam (MLX), which belongs to the oxicam nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug derivatives, is an inhibitor of the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme. Cutaneous adverse effects caused by interaction between UVA radiation and exogenous factors can manifest as phototoxic reactions. Phototoxicity may be a reason for the accumulation of genetic and molecular changes in long-lived cells with low proliferation potential, leading to tumor development. There are several potentially phototoxic drugs, the active component of which is meloxicam. The research aimed to evaluate the influence of MLX and UVAR on skin cells—fibroblasts and melanocytes homeostasis. The obtained results indicated that co-treatment with MLX and UVAR inhibited skin cell proliferation, proportionally to the drug concentration. The observation was confirmed by cytometric analysis of the cell number and viability. The phototoxic effect of MLX was revealed in morphological changes. It was stated that MLX with UVAR lowered the mitochondrial transmembrane potential and changed the cell cycle profile. Additionally, MLX and UVAR caused the disruption of redox homeostasis by lowering the intracellular level of reduced thiols. The presented study revealed that the phototoxic activity of MLX is associated with oxidative stress induction and disruptions in cell homeostasis. The differences in the phototoxic effects of MLX at the cellular level may be related to the different content of melanin pigments.
Collapse
|
10
|
Soltani S, Sowlati-Hashjin S, Tetsassi Feugmo CG, Karttunen M. Free Energy and Stacking of Eumelanin Nanoaggregates. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:1805-1818. [PMID: 35175060 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c07884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Eumelanin, a member of the melanin family, is a black-brown insoluble pigment. It possesses a broad range of properties such as antioxidation, free radical scavenging, photoprotection, and charge carrier transportation. Surprisingly, the exact molecular structure of eumelanin remains undefined. It is, however, generally considered to consist of two main building blocks, 5,6-dihydroxyindole (DHI) and 5,6- dihydroxyindole carboxylic acid (DHICA). We focus on DHI and report, for the first time, a computational investigation of the structural properties of DHI-eumelanin aggregates in aqueous solutions. First, multimicrosecond molecular dynamics (MD) simulations at different concentrations were performed to investigate the aggregation and ordering of tetrameric DHI-eumelanin protomolecules. This was followed by umbrella sampling (US) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations to study the physical mechanisms of stacking. Aggregation occurs through formation of nanoscale stacks and was observed in all systems. Further analyses showed that aggregation and coarsening of the domains is due to a decrease in hydrogen bonds between the eumelanins and water; while domains exist, there is no long-range order. The results show noncovalent stacks with the interlayer distance between eumelanin protomolecules being less than 3.5 Å. This is in good agreement with transmission electron microscopy data. Both free energy calculations and DFT revealed strong stacking interactions. The electrostatic potential map provides an explanation and a rationale for the slightly sheared relative orientations and, consequently, for the curved shapes of the nanoscale domains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Soltani
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada.,The Centre of Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Shahin Sowlati-Hashjin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Conrard Giresse Tetsassi Feugmo
- National Research Council Canada, Energy Mining and Environment, Mississauga, Ontario L5K 1B1, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Mikko Karttunen
- The Centre of Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Antonietti S, Silva AM, Simões C, Almeida D, Félix LM, Papetti A, Nunes FM. Chemical Composition and Potential Biological Activity of Melanoidins From Instant Soluble Coffee and Instant Soluble Barley: A Comparative Study. Front Nutr 2022; 9:825584. [PMID: 35223955 PMCID: PMC8870621 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.825584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work a comparative study of the chemical composition and potential biological activity of high molecular weight (HMW) melanoidins isolated from instant soluble coffee (ISC) and instant soluble barley (ISB) was performed. ISB HMW melanoidins were almost exclusively composed by an ethanol soluble (EtSn) melanoidin fraction composed by glucose (76% w/w) partially susceptible to in vitro digestion, whereas ISC was composed mainly by arabinogalactans (~41% w/w) and lower amounts of galactomannans (~14% w/w) presenting a range of ethanol solubilities and resistant to in vitro digestion. Melanoidins from ISC presented a significantly higher content of condensed phenolic compounds (17/100 g) when compared to ISB (8/100 g) showing also a higher in vitro scavenging of ABTS•+ (329 mmol Trolox/100 g vs. 124 mmol Trolox/100 g) and NO radicals (inhibition percentage of 57 and 26%, respectively). Nevertheless, ISB EtSn melanoidins presented, on average a higher inhibitory effect on NO production from LPS-stimulated macrophages. ISB melanoidins, up to 1 mg/mL, did not induce toxicity in Caco-2, HepG2 and RAW 264.7 cell lines while at the highest concentration ISC slightly reduced cell viability. Thus, consumption of a diet rich in ISC and ISB melanoidins may reduce the oxidative stress, the inflammatory levels and increase the protective effects against chronic inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Antonietti
- Food and Wine Chemistry Lab, Chemistry Department, CQ-VR, Chemistry Research Centre – Vila Real, School of Life Sciences and Environment, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Amélia M. Silva
- Department of Biology and Environment (DeBA-ECVA), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, School of Life Sciences and Environment (UTAD-ECVA), Vila Real, Portugal
- Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB-UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Cristiana Simões
- Food and Wine Chemistry Lab, Chemistry Department, CQ-VR, Chemistry Research Centre – Vila Real, School of Life Sciences and Environment, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Diana Almeida
- Department of Biology and Environment (DeBA-ECVA), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, School of Life Sciences and Environment (UTAD-ECVA), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Luis M. Félix
- Department of Biology and Environment (DeBA-ECVA), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, School of Life Sciences and Environment (UTAD-ECVA), Vila Real, Portugal
- Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB-UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Adele Papetti
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Fernando M. Nunes
- Food and Wine Chemistry Lab, Chemistry Department, CQ-VR, Chemistry Research Centre – Vila Real, School of Life Sciences and Environment, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- *Correspondence: Fernando M. Nunes
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Silva AM, Félix LM, Teixeira I, Martins-Gomes C, Schäfer J, Souto EB, Santos DJ, Bunzel M, Nunes FM. Orange thyme: Phytochemical profiling, in vitro bioactivities of extracts and potential health benefits. Food Chem X 2021; 12:100171. [PMID: 34901827 PMCID: PMC8639431 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2021.100171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of orange thyme as food, condiments and infusions has health benefits. Phytochemical characterization of hydroethanolic and aqueous extracts was performed. Orange thyme extracts present neuroprotective, anti-aging and antioxidant activity. Orange thyme extracts present high anti-inflammatory activity with no cytotoxicity.
Orange thyme (Thymus fragrantissimus) is becoming widely used in food as a condiment and herbal tea, nevertheless its chemical composition and potential bioactivities are largely unknown. Thus the objective of this work is to obtain a detailed phytochemical profile of T. fragrantissimus by exhaustive ethanolic extraction and by aqueous decoction mimicking its consumption. Extracts showed high content in rosmarinic acid, luteolin-O-hexuronide and eriodictyol-O-hexuronide; these were the main phenolic compounds present in orange thyme accounting for 85% of the total phenolic compounds. Orange thyme extracts presented high scavenging activity against nitric oxide and superoxide radicals. Both extracts presented significant inhibitory effect of tyrosinase activity and moderate anti-acetylcholinesterase activity. Both extracts showed a good in vitro anti-inflammatory activity and a weak anti-proliferative/cytotoxic activity against Caco-2 and HepG2 cell lines supporting its safe use. Orange thyme is a very good source of bioactive compounds with potential use in different food and nutraceutical industries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amélia M Silva
- Department of Biology and Environment (DeBA-ECVA), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal.,Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Luís M Félix
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Isabel Teixeira
- Department of Biology and Environment (DeBA-ECVA), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Carlos Martins-Gomes
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal.,Chemistry Research Center -Vila Real (CQ-VR), Food and Wine Chemistry Lab, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Judith Schäfer
- Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry - Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Germany
| | - Eliana B Souto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.,CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Dario J Santos
- Department of Biology and Environment (DeBA-ECVA), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal.,Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Mirko Bunzel
- Chemistry Research Center -Vila Real (CQ-VR), Food and Wine Chemistry Lab, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Fernando M Nunes
- Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry - Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Germany.,Department of Chemistry, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal Vila Real, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Mollica F, Lucernati R, Amorati R. Expanding the spectrum of polydopamine antioxidant activity by nitroxide conjugation. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:9980-9988. [PMID: 34873604 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb02154k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Polydopamine (PDA) materials are important due to their unique physicochemical properties and their potential as chemopreventive agents for diseases connected with oxidative stress. Although PDA has been suggested to display antioxidant activity, its efficacy is controversial and its mechanism of action is still unclear. Herein, we report that accurately purified PDA nanoparticles in water at pH 7.4 are unable to quench alkylperoxyls (ROO˙), which are the radicals responsible for the propagation of lipid peroxidation, despite PDA reacting with the model DPPH˙ and ABTS˙+ radicals. PDA nanoparticles prepared by copolymerization of dopamine with the dialkyl nitroxide 4-NH2TEMPO show instead good antioxidant activity, thanks to the ROO˙ trapping ability of the nitroxide. Theoretical calculations performed on a quinone-catechol dimer, reproducing the structural motive of PDA, indicate a reactivity with ROO˙ similar to catechol. These results suggest that PDA nanoparticles have an "onion-like" structure, with a catechol-rich core, which can be reached only by DPPH˙ and ABTS˙+, and a surface mainly represented by quinones. The importance of assessing the antioxidant activity by inhibited autoxidation studies is also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Mollica
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna, Via S. Giacomo 11, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Rosa Lucernati
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna, Via S. Giacomo 11, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Riccardo Amorati
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna, Via S. Giacomo 11, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Romsdahl J, Schultzhaus Z, Cuomo CA, Dong H, Abeyratne-Perera H, Hervey WJ, Wang Z. Phenotypic Characterization and Comparative Genomics of the Melanin-Producing Yeast Exophiala lecanii-corni Reveals a Distinct Stress Tolerance Profile and Reduced Ribosomal Genetic Content. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:1078. [PMID: 34947060 PMCID: PMC8709033 DOI: 10.3390/jof7121078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The black yeast Exophiala lecanii-corni of the order Chaetothyriales is notable for its ability to produce abundant quantities of DHN-melanin. While many other Exophiala species are frequent causal agents of human infection, E. lecanii-corni CBS 102400 lacks the thermotolerance requirements that enable pathogenicity, making it appealing for use in targeted functional studies and biotechnological applications. Here, we report the stress tolerance characteristics of E. lecanii-corni, with an emphasis on the influence of melanin on its resistance to various forms of stress. We find that E. lecanii-corni has a distinct stress tolerance profile that includes variation in resistance to temperature, osmotic, and oxidative stress relative to the extremophilic and pathogenic black yeast Exophiala dermatitidis. Notably, the presence of melanin substantially impacts stress resistance in E. lecanii-corni, while this was not found to be the case in E. dermatitidis. The cellular context, therefore, influences the role of melanin in stress protection. In addition, we present a detailed analysis of the E. lecanii-corni genome, revealing key differences in functional genetic content relative to other ascomycetous species, including a significant decrease in abundance of genes encoding ribosomal proteins. In all, this study provides insight into how genetics and physiology may underlie stress tolerance and enhances understanding of the genetic diversity of black yeasts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jillian Romsdahl
- National Research Council Postdoctoral Research Associate, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA;
| | - Zachary Schultzhaus
- Center for Biomolecular Sciences and Engineering, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA; (Z.S.); (W.J.H.IV)
| | - Christina A. Cuomo
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA;
| | - Hong Dong
- Biotechnology Branch, CCDC Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, MD 20783, USA;
| | - Hashanthi Abeyratne-Perera
- American Society for Engineering Education Postdoctoral Research Associate, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA;
| | - W. Judson Hervey
- Center for Biomolecular Sciences and Engineering, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA; (Z.S.); (W.J.H.IV)
| | - Zheng Wang
- Center for Biomolecular Sciences and Engineering, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA; (Z.S.); (W.J.H.IV)
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Pinzaru I, Chioibas R, Marcovici I, Coricovac D, Susan R, Predut D, Georgescu D, Dehelean C. Rutin Exerts Cytotoxic and Senescence-Inducing Properties in Human Melanoma Cells. TOXICS 2021; 9:toxics9090226. [PMID: 34564377 PMCID: PMC8472636 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9090226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Malignant melanoma represents the deadliest type of skin cancer with narrow treatment options in advanced stages. Herbal constituents possessing anticancer properties occupy a particular spot in melanoma research as potential chemotherapeutics. Rutin (RUT) is a natural compound exerting antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, UV-filtering, and SPF-enhancing activities that are beneficial to the skin; however, its effect as an anti-melanoma agent is less investigated. The current study is focused on assessing the cytotoxic potential of RUT against two different human melanoma cell lines: RPMI-7951 and SK-MEL-28 by evaluating its impact in terms of cell viability, cells’ morphology, and nuclear aspect assessment, and senescence-inducing properties. The results indicate a dose-dependent decrease in the viability of both cell lines, with calculated IC50 values of 64.49 ± 13.27 µM for RPMI-7951 cells and 47.44 ± 2.41 µM for SK-MEL-28, respectively, accompanied by a visible reduction in the cell confluency and apoptotic features within the cell nuclei. RUT exerted a senescence-inducing property highlighted by the elevated expression of senescent-associated beta-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) in SK-MEL-28 cells. Despite the in vitro anti-melanoma effect revealed by our results, further studies are required to elucidate the mechanisms of RUT-induced cytotoxicity and senescence in melanoma cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iulia Pinzaru
- Research Center for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluations, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (I.P.); (I.M.); (C.D.)
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Raul Chioibas
- Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (R.C.); (D.G.)
| | - Iasmina Marcovici
- Research Center for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluations, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (I.P.); (I.M.); (C.D.)
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Dorina Coricovac
- Research Center for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluations, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (I.P.); (I.M.); (C.D.)
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Correspondence: (D.C.); (R.S.); Tel.: +40-743-092-959 (D.C.); +40-744-337-091 (R.S.)
| | - Razvan Susan
- Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (R.C.); (D.G.)
- Correspondence: (D.C.); (R.S.); Tel.: +40-743-092-959 (D.C.); +40-744-337-091 (R.S.)
| | - Denisa Predut
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Doina Georgescu
- Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (R.C.); (D.G.)
| | - Cristina Dehelean
- Research Center for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluations, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (I.P.); (I.M.); (C.D.)
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Korzhevskii DE, Kirik OV, Guselnikova VV, Tsyba DL, Fedorova EA, Grigorev IP. Changes in cytoplasmic and extracellular neuromelanin in human substantia nigra with normal aging. Eur J Histochem 2021; 65. [PMID: 34468106 PMCID: PMC8419629 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2021.3283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuromelanin (NM) is a dark polymer pigment produced in certain populations of catecholaminergic neurons in the brain. It is present in various areas of the human brain, most often in the substantia nigra (SN) pars compacta and the locus coeruleus, the main centers of dopaminergic and noradrenergic innervation, respectively. Interest in NM has revived in recent years due to the alleged link between NM and the particular vulnerability of NM-containing neurons to neurodegeneration. The aim of this work was to study the structural, cytochemical, and localization features of cytoplasmic and extracellular NM (eNM) in the human SN pars compacta during normal aging. Sections of human SN from young/middle-aged adults (25 to 51 years old, n=7) and older adults (60 to 78 years old, n=5), all of which had no neurological disorders, were stained histochemically for metals (Perls’ reaction, Mayer's hematoxylin) and immunohistochemically for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), Iba- 1, and CD68. It was shown that dopaminergic neurons in SN pars compacta differ in the amount of NM and the intensity of TH-immunoreactivity. The number of NM-containing neurons with decreased TH-immunoreactivity positively correlates with age. eNM is present in SN pars compacta in both young/middle-aged and older adults. The number of eNM accumulations increases with aging. Cytoplasmic and eNM are predominantly not stained using histochemical methods for detecting metals in people of all ages. We did not detect the appearance of amoeboid microglia in human SN pars compacta with aging, but we found an age-related increase in microglial phagocytic activity. The absence of pronounced microgliosis, as well as a pronounced loss of NM-containing neurons, indicate the absence of neuroinflammation in human SN pars compacta during normal aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitrii E Korzhevskii
- Department of General and Special Morphology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg.
| | - Olga V Kirik
- Department of General and Special Morphology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg.
| | - Valeriia V Guselnikova
- Department of General and Special Morphology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg.
| | - Darya L Tsyba
- Department of General and Special Morphology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg.
| | - Elena A Fedorova
- Department of General and Special Morphology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg.
| | - Igor P Grigorev
- Department of General and Special Morphology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Redox Homeostasis and Prospects for Therapeutic Targeting in Neurodegenerative Disorders. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:9971885. [PMID: 34394839 PMCID: PMC8355971 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9971885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Reactive species, such as those of oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur, are considered part of normal cellular metabolism and play significant roles that can impact several signaling processes in ways that lead to either cellular sustenance, protection, or damage. Cellular redox processes involve a balance in the production of reactive species (RS) and their removal because redox imbalance may facilitate oxidative damage. Physiologically, redox homeostasis is essential for the maintenance of many cellular processes. RS may serve as signaling molecules or cause oxidative cellular damage depending on the delicate equilibrium between RS production and their efficient removal through the use of enzymatic or nonenzymatic cellular mechanisms. Moreover, accumulating evidence suggests that redox imbalance plays a significant role in the progression of several neurodegenerative diseases. For example, studies have shown that redox imbalance in the brain mediates neurodegeneration and alters normal cytoprotective responses to stress. Therefore, this review describes redox homeostasis in neurodegenerative diseases with a focus on Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. A clearer understanding of the redox-regulated processes in neurodegenerative disorders may afford opportunities for newer therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
|
18
|
Capucciati A, Zucca FA, Monzani E, Zecca L, Casella L, Hofer T. Interaction of Neuromelanin with Xenobiotics and Consequences for Neurodegeneration; Promising Experimental Models. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10060824. [PMID: 34064062 PMCID: PMC8224073 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10060824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuromelanin (NM) accumulates in catecholamine long-lived brain neurons that are lost in neurodegenerative diseases. NM is a complex substance made of melanic, peptide and lipid components. NM formation is a natural protective process since toxic endogenous metabolites are removed during its formation and as it binds excess metals and xenobiotics. However, disturbances of NM synthesis and function could be toxic. Here, we review recent knowledge on NM formation, toxic mechanisms involving NM, go over NM binding substances and suggest experimental models that can help identifying xenobiotic modulators of NM formation or function. Given the high likelihood of a central NM role in age-related human neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s, resembling such diseases using animal models that do not form NM to a high degree, e.g., mice or rats, may not be optimal. Rather, use of animal models (i.e., sheep and goats) that better resemble human brain aging in terms of NM formation, as well as using human NM forming stem cellbased in vitro (e.g., mid-brain organoids) models can be more suitable. Toxicants could also be identified during chemical synthesis of NM in the test tube.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Capucciati
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (A.C.); (E.M.); (L.C.)
| | - Fabio A. Zucca
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Segrate, 20054 Milan, Italy; (F.A.Z.); (L.Z.)
| | - Enrico Monzani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (A.C.); (E.M.); (L.C.)
| | - Luigi Zecca
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Segrate, 20054 Milan, Italy; (F.A.Z.); (L.Z.)
| | - Luigi Casella
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (A.C.); (E.M.); (L.C.)
| | - Tim Hofer
- Department of Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 222 Skøyen, N-0213 Oslo, Norway
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +47-21076671
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Galeb HA, Wilkinson EL, Stowell AF, Lin H, Murphy ST, Martin‐Hirsch PL, Mort RL, Taylor AM, Hardy JG. Melanins as Sustainable Resources for Advanced Biotechnological Applications. GLOBAL CHALLENGES (HOBOKEN, NJ) 2021; 5:2000102. [PMID: 33552556 PMCID: PMC7857133 DOI: 10.1002/gch2.202000102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Melanins are a class of biopolymers that are widespread in nature and have diverse origins, chemical compositions, and functions. Their chemical, electrical, optical, and paramagnetic properties offer opportunities for applications in materials science, particularly for medical and technical uses. This review focuses on the application of analytical techniques to study melanins in multidisciplinary contexts with a view to their use as sustainable resources for advanced biotechnological applications, and how these may facilitate the achievement of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanaa A. Galeb
- Department of ChemistryLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YBUK
- Department of ChemistryScience and Arts CollegeRabigh CampusKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddah21577Saudi Arabia
| | - Emma L. Wilkinson
- Department of Biomedical and Life SciencesLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YGUK
| | - Alison F. Stowell
- Department of Organisation, Work and TechnologyLancaster University Management SchoolLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YXUK
| | - Hungyen Lin
- Department of EngineeringLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YWUK
| | - Samuel T. Murphy
- Department of EngineeringLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YWUK
- Materials Science InstituteLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YBUK
| | - Pierre L. Martin‐Hirsch
- Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS TrustRoyal Preston HospitalSharoe Green LanePrestonPR2 9HTUK
| | - Richard L. Mort
- Department of Biomedical and Life SciencesLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YGUK
| | - Adam M. Taylor
- Lancaster Medical SchoolLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YWUK
| | - John G. Hardy
- Department of ChemistryLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YBUK
- Materials Science InstituteLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YBUK
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
The Neuromelanin Paradox and Its Dual Role in Oxidative Stress and Neurodegeneration. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10010124. [PMID: 33467040 PMCID: PMC7829956 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10010124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with an increasing dysfunction of key brain homeostasis mechanisms and represents the main risk factor across most neurodegenerative disorders. However, the degree of dysregulation and the affectation of specific pathways set apart normal aging from neurodegenerative disorders. In particular, the neuronal metabolism of catecholaminergic neurotransmitters appears to be a specifically sensitive pathway that is affected in different neurodegenerations. In humans, catecholaminergic neurons are characterized by an age-related accumulation of neuromelanin (NM), rendering the soma of the neurons black. This intracellular NM appears to serve as a very efficient quencher for toxic molecules. However, when a neuron degenerates, NM is released together with its load (many undegraded cellular components, transition metals, lipids, xenobiotics) contributing to initiate and worsen an eventual immune response, exacerbating the oxidative stress, ultimately leading to the neurodegenerative process. This review focuses on the analysis of the role of NM in normal aging and neurodegeneration related to its capabilities as an antioxidant and scavenging of harmful molecules, versus its involvement in oxidative stress and aberrant immune response, depending on NM saturation state and its extracellular release.
Collapse
|
21
|
Filippou PS, Outeiro TF. Cancer and Parkinson's Disease: Common Targets, Emerging Hopes. Mov Disord 2020; 36:340-346. [PMID: 33346940 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer and neurodegeneration are two major leading causes of morbidity and death worldwide. At first sight, the two fields do not seem to share much in common and, if anything, might be placed on opposite ends of a spectrum. Although neurodegeneration results in excessive neuronal cell death, cancer emerges from increased proliferation and resistance to cell death. Therefore, one might expect significant differences in the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. However, the more we deepen our understanding of these two types of diseases, the more we appreciate the unexpected overlap between them. Although most epidemiological studies support an inverse association between the risk for development of neurodegenerative diseases and cancer, increasing evidence points to a positive correlation between specific types of cancer, like melanoma, and neurodegenerative diseases, like Parkinson's disease (PD). We believe that deciphering the molecular processes and pathways underlying one of these diseases may significantly increase our understanding about the other. Therefore, the identification of novel biomarkers and therapeutic approaches in cancer, may lead to improved diagnosis and treatment of neurodegeneration, and vice versa. In this Viewpoint, we summarize recent findings connecting both diseases and speculate that insights from one disease may inform on mechanisms, and help identify novel biomarkers and targets for intervention, possibly leading to improved management of both diseases. © 2020 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota S Filippou
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom.,National Horizons Centre, Teesside University, Darlington, United Kingdom
| | - Tiago F Outeiro
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence "Multiscale Bioimaging: From Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells" (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany.,Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Niemann N, Billnitzer A, Jankovic J. Parkinson's disease and skin. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2020; 82:61-76. [PMID: 33248395 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2020.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is associated with a variety of dermatologic disorders and the study of skin may provide insights into pathophysiological mechanisms underlying this common neurodegenerative disorder. Skin disorders in patients with Parkinson's disease can be divided into two major groups: 1) non-iatrogenic disorders, including melanoma, seborrheic dermatitis, sweating disorders, bullous pemphigoid, and rosacea, and 2) iatrogenic disorders related either to systemic side effects of antiparkinsonian medications or to the delivery system of antiparkinsonian therapy, including primarily carbidopa/levodopa, rotigotine and other dopamine agonists, amantadine, catechol-O-methyl transferase inhibitors, subcutaneous apomorphine, levodopa/carbidopa intestinal gel, and deep brain stimulation. Recent advances in our understanding of the role of α-synuclein in peripheral tissues, including the skin, and research based on induced pluripotent stem cells derived from skin fibroblasts have made skin an important target for the study of Parkinson's disease pathogenesis, drug discovery, novel stem cell therapies, and diagnostics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicki Niemann
- Muhammad Ali Parkinson Center, Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
| | - Andrew Billnitzer
- Parkinson's Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Joseph Jankovic
- Parkinson's Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Mavridi-Printezi A, Guernelli M, Menichetti A, Montalti M. Bio-Applications of Multifunctional Melanin Nanoparticles: From Nanomedicine to Nanocosmetics. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E2276. [PMID: 33212974 PMCID: PMC7698489 DOI: 10.3390/nano10112276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bioinspired nanomaterials are ideal components for nanomedicine, by virtue of their expected biocompatibility or even complete lack of toxicity. Natural and artificial melanin-based nanoparticles (MNP), including polydopamine nanoparticles (PDA NP), excel for their extraordinary combination of additional optical, electronic, chemical, photophysical, and photochemical properties. Thanks to these features, melanin plays an important multifunctional role in the design of new platforms for nanomedicine where this material works not only as a mechanical support or scaffold, but as an active component for imaging, even multimodal, and simple or synergistic therapy. The number of examples of bio-applications of MNP increased dramatically in the last decade. Here, we review the most recent ones, focusing on the multiplicity of functions that melanin performs in theranostics platforms with increasing complexity. For the sake of clarity, we start analyzing briefly the main properties of melanin and its derivative as well as main natural sources and synthetic methods, moving to imaging application from mono-modal (fluorescence, photoacoustic, and magnetic resonance) to multi-modal, and then to mono-therapy (drug delivery, anti-oxidant, photothermal, and photodynamic), and finally to theranostics and synergistic therapies, including gene- and immuno- in combination to photothermal and photodynamic. Nanomedicine aims not only at the treatment of diseases, but also to their prevention, and melanin in nature performs a protective action, in the form of nanopigment, against UV-Vis radiations and oxidants. With these functions being at the border between nanomedicine and cosmetics nanotechnology, recently examples of applications of artificial MNP in cosmetics are increasing, paving the road to the birth of the new science of nanocosmetics. In the last part of this review, we summarize and discuss these important recent results that establish evidence of the interconnection between nanomedicine and cosmetics nanotechnology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Mavridi-Printezi
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (A.M.-P.); (M.G.); (A.M.)
| | - Moreno Guernelli
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (A.M.-P.); (M.G.); (A.M.)
| | - Arianna Menichetti
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (A.M.-P.); (M.G.); (A.M.)
| | - Marco Montalti
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (A.M.-P.); (M.G.); (A.M.)
- Tecnopolo di Rimini, Via Campana 71, 47922 Rimini, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Soto T, Buzzi ED, Rotstein NP, German OL, Politi LE. Damaging effects of BMAA on retina neurons and Müller glial cells. Exp Eye Res 2020; 202:108342. [PMID: 33144094 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
B-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA), a cyanotoxin produced by most cyanobacteria, has been proposed to cause long term damages leading to neurodegenerative diseases, including Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/Parkinsonism Dementia complex (ALS/PDC) and retinal pathologies. Previous work has shown diverse mechanisms leading to BMAA-induced degeneration; however, the underlying mechanisms of toxicity affecting retina cells are not fully elucidated. We here show that BMAA treatment of rat retina neurons in vitro induced nuclear fragmentation and cell death in both photoreceptors (PHRs) and amacrine neurons, provoking mitochondrial membrane depolarization. Pretreatment with the N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist MK-801 prevented BMAA-induced death of amacrine neurons, but not that of PHRs, implying activation of NMDA receptors participated only in amacrine cell death. Noteworthy, BMAA stimulated a selective axonal outgrowth in amacrine neurons, simultaneously promoting growth cone destabilization. BMAA partially decreased the viability of Müller glial cells (MGC), the main glial cell type in the retina, induced marked alterations in their actin cytoskeleton and impaired their capacity to protect retinal neurons. BMAA also induced cell death and promoted axonal outgrowth in differentiated rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells, implying these effects were not limited to amacrine neurons. These results suggest that BMAA is toxic for retina neurons and MGC and point to the involvement of NMDA receptors in amacrine cell death, providing new insight into the mechanisms involved in BMAA neurotoxic effects in the retina.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Soto
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas, Depto. de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional Del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, 8000, Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Edgardo D Buzzi
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas, Depto. de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional Del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, 8000, Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Biology, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Universidad Nacional Del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Argentina
| | - Nora P Rotstein
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas, Depto. de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional Del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, 8000, Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Biology, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Universidad Nacional Del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Argentina
| | - O Lorena German
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas, Depto. de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional Del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, 8000, Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Biology, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Universidad Nacional Del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Argentina
| | - Luis E Politi
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas, Depto. de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional Del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, 8000, Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Tran-Ly AN, Reyes C, Schwarze FWMR, Ribera J. Microbial production of melanin and its various applications. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 36:170. [PMID: 33043393 PMCID: PMC7548279 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-020-02941-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Melanins are natural biopolymers that are known to contribute to different biological processes and to protect organisms from adverse environmental conditions. During the past decade, melanins have attracted increasing attention for their use in organic semiconductors and bioelectronics, drug delivery, photoprotection and environmental bioremediation. Although considerable advances in these fields have been achieved, real-world applications of melanins are still scarce, probably due to the limited and expensive source of natural melanin. Nevertheless, recent biotechnological advances have allowed for relatively large-scale production of microbial melanins, which could replace current commercial melanin. In this review, we first describe different melanin sources and highlight the advantages and disadvantages of each production method. Our focus is on the microbial synthesis of melanins, including the methodology and mechanism of melanin formation. Applications of microbial melanins are also discussed, and an outlook on how to push the field forward is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anh N Tran-Ly
- Laboratory for Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa, 9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Carolina Reyes
- Laboratory for Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa, 9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | | | - Javier Ribera
- Laboratory for Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa, 9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Vila M. Neuromelanin, aging, and neuronal vulnerability in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2019; 34:1440-1451. [PMID: 31251435 PMCID: PMC7079126 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuromelanin, a dark brown intracellular pigment, has long been associated with Parkinson's disease (PD). In PD, neuromelanin-containing neurons preferentially degenerate, tell-tale neuropathological inclusions form in close association with this pigment, and neuroinflammation is restricted to neuromelanin-containing areas. In humans, neuromelanin accumulates with age, which in turn is the main risk factor for PD. The potential contribution of neuromelanin to PD pathogenesis remains unknown because, in contrast to humans, common laboratory animals lack neuromelanin. The recent introduction of a rodent model exhibiting an age-dependent production of human-like neuromelanin has allowed, for the first time, for the consequences of progressive neuromelanin accumulation-up to levels reached in elderly human brains-to be assessed in vivo. In these animals, intracellular neuromelanin accumulation above a specific threshold compromises neuronal function and triggers a PD-like pathology. As neuromelanin levels reach this threshold in PD patients and presymptomatic PD patients, the modulation of neuromelanin accumulation could provide a therapeutic benefit for PD patients and delay brain aging. © 2019 The Author. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miquel Vila
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research GroupVall d'Hebron Research Institute–Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative DiseasesBarcelonaSpain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyAutonomous University of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced StudiesBarcelonaSpain
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Riederer P, Berg D, Casadei N, Cheng F, Classen J, Dresel C, Jost W, Krüger R, Müller T, Reichmann H, Rieß O, Storch A, Strobel S, van Eimeren T, Völker HU, Winkler J, Winklhofer KF, Wüllner U, Zunke F, Monoranu CM. α-Synuclein in Parkinson's disease: causal or bystander? J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2019; 126:815-840. [PMID: 31240402 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-019-02025-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) comprises a spectrum of disorders with differing subtypes, the vast majority of which share Lewy bodies (LB) as a characteristic pathological hallmark. The process(es) underlying LB generation and its causal trigger molecules are not yet fully understood. α-Synuclein (α-syn) is a major component of LB and SNCA gene missense mutations or duplications/triplications are causal for rare hereditary forms of PD. As typical sporadic PD is associated with LB pathology, a factor of major importance is the study of the α-syn protein and its pathology. α-Syn pathology is, however, also evident in multiple system atrophy (MSA) and Lewy body disease (LBD), making it non-specific for PD. In addition, there is an overlap of these α-synucleinopathies with other protein-misfolding diseases. It has been proven that α-syn, phosphorylated tau protein (pτ), amyloid beta (Aβ) and other proteins show synergistic effects in the underlying pathogenic mechanisms. Multiple cell death mechanisms can induce pathological protein-cascades, but this can also be a reverse process. This holds true for the early phases of the disease process and especially for the progression of PD. In conclusion, while rare SNCA gene mutations are causal for a minority of familial PD patients, in sporadic PD (where common SNCA polymorphisms are the most consistent genetic risk factor across populations worldwide, accounting for 95% of PD patients) α-syn pathology is an important feature. Conversely, with regard to the etiopathogenesis of α-synucleinopathies PD, MSA and LBD, α-syn is rather a bystander contributing to multiple neurodegenerative processes, which overlap in their composition and individual strength. Therapeutic developments aiming to impact on α-syn pathology should take this fact into consideration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Riederer
- Clinic and Policlinic for Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Würzburg, University of Würzburg, Margarete-Höppel-Platz 1, 97080, Würzburg, Germany. .,Department of Psychiatry, University of South Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
| | - Daniela Berg
- Department of Neurology, UKHS, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Nicolas Casadei
- NGS Competence Center Tübingen, Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Fubo Cheng
- NGS Competence Center Tübingen, Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Joseph Classen
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian Dresel
- Department of Neurology, Center for Movement Disorders, Neuroimaging Center Mainz, Clinical Neurophysiology, Forschungszentrum Translationale Neurowissenschaften (FTN), Rhein-Main-Neuronetz, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Rejko Krüger
- Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience, LCSB (Luxembourg Centre for Systems, Biomedicine), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette and Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg (CHL), Luxembourg, Luxembourg.,National Center for Excellence in Research, Parkinson's disease (NCER-PD), Parkinson Research Clinic, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Thomas Müller
- Department of Neurology, Alexianer St. Joseph Berlin-Weißensee, Berlin, Germany
| | - Heinz Reichmann
- Department of Neurology, University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Olaf Rieß
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alexander Storch
- Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany.,German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Rostock/Greifswald, Rostock, Germany
| | - Sabrina Strobel
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thilo van Eimeren
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Jürgen Winkler
- Department Kopfkliniken, Molekulare Neurologie, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Konstanze F Winklhofer
- Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ullrich Wüllner
- Department of Neurology, University of Bonn, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE Bonn), Bonn, Germany
| | - Friederike Zunke
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Camelia-Maria Monoranu
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Erne R, Bernard L, Steuer AE, Baumgartner MR, Kraemer T. Hair Analysis: Contamination versus Incorporation from the Circulatory System-Investigations on Single Hair Samples Using Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry and Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2019; 91:4132-4139. [PMID: 30816705 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b05866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Contamination is a highly controversial issue in hair analysis. Therefore, hair testing protocols typically include wash steps to remove contamination. However, recent studies claim that washing could also lead to permanent incorporation of contaminants into hair, thus questioning the validity of hair testing at all. In the present study, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) with longitudinal sectioning of single hairs and different decontamination protocols was used to reveal differences between the incorporation of a substance into hair from external sources and an incorporation via bloodstream. Single hairs were longitudinally sectioned using a custom-made sample holder. Data were acquired with MALDI-MS by rastering each hair individually. Single hair samples from drug users, blank hairs, and zolpidem- and zolpidem-D6-soaked hairs were investigated. Different published washing protocols were tested, and an in-house washing protocol was developed. For images with higher spatial resolution, time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) was used. Longitudinal sectioning of hairs dramatically increased sensitivity; even single-dose administrations of zolpidem in single hairs could thus be detected using MALDI-MS. Zolpidem from external sources could be detected in large quantities in superficial hair structures. Zolpidem from consumer hairs, proposed to be strongly bound to inner hair structures, could not be completely removed even by the strongest tested decontamination protocol, whereas zolpidem-soaked hairs could be cleared almost completely with the developed in-house wash protocol. The applied methods allowed a first insight into the connection of decontamination protocols and wash-in phenomena in hair analysis. Further studies with other drugs are necessary to assess the general validity of these findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Erne
- Department of Forensic Pharmacology & Toxicology , Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine (ZIFM), University of Zurich , Winterthurerstrasse 190/52 , CH-8057 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Laetitia Bernard
- Laboratory for Nanoscale Materials Science, Empa , Ueberlandstrasse 129 , CH-8600 Duebendorf , Switzerland
| | - Andrea E Steuer
- Department of Forensic Pharmacology & Toxicology , Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine (ZIFM), University of Zurich , Winterthurerstrasse 190/52 , CH-8057 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Markus R Baumgartner
- Department of Forensic Pharmacology & Toxicology , Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine (ZIFM), University of Zurich , Winterthurerstrasse 190/52 , CH-8057 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Thomas Kraemer
- Department of Forensic Pharmacology & Toxicology , Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine (ZIFM), University of Zurich , Winterthurerstrasse 190/52 , CH-8057 Zurich , Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Brain tyrosinase overexpression implicates age-dependent neuromelanin production in Parkinson's disease pathogenesis. Nat Commun 2019; 10:973. [PMID: 30846695 PMCID: PMC6405777 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08858-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In Parkinson's disease (PD) there is a selective degeneration of neuromelanin-containing neurons, especially substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons. In humans, neuromelanin accumulates with age, the latter being the main risk factor for PD. The contribution of neuromelanin to PD pathogenesis remains unknown because, unlike humans, common laboratory animals lack neuromelanin. Synthesis of peripheral melanins is mediated by tyrosinase, an enzyme also present at low levels in the brain. Here we report that overexpression of human tyrosinase in rat substantia nigra results in age-dependent production of human-like neuromelanin within nigral dopaminergic neurons, up to levels reached in elderly humans. In these animals, intracellular neuromelanin accumulation above a specific threshold is associated to an age-dependent PD phenotype, including hypokinesia, Lewy body-like formation and nigrostriatal neurodegeneration. Enhancing lysosomal proteostasis reduces intracellular neuromelanin and prevents neurodegeneration in tyrosinase-overexpressing animals. Our results suggest that intracellular neuromelanin levels may set the threshold for the initiation of PD.
Collapse
|
30
|
Carballo-Carbajal I, Laguna A, Romero-Giménez J, Cuadros T, Bové J, Martinez-Vicente M, Parent A, Gonzalez-Sepulveda M, Peñuelas N, Torra A, Rodríguez-Galván B, Ballabio A, Hasegawa T, Bortolozzi A, Gelpi E, Vila M. Brain tyrosinase overexpression implicates age-dependent neuromelanin production in Parkinson's disease pathogenesis. Nat Commun 2019. [PMID: 30846695 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08858-y.pmid:30846695;pmcid:pmc6405777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In Parkinson's disease (PD) there is a selective degeneration of neuromelanin-containing neurons, especially substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons. In humans, neuromelanin accumulates with age, the latter being the main risk factor for PD. The contribution of neuromelanin to PD pathogenesis remains unknown because, unlike humans, common laboratory animals lack neuromelanin. Synthesis of peripheral melanins is mediated by tyrosinase, an enzyme also present at low levels in the brain. Here we report that overexpression of human tyrosinase in rat substantia nigra results in age-dependent production of human-like neuromelanin within nigral dopaminergic neurons, up to levels reached in elderly humans. In these animals, intracellular neuromelanin accumulation above a specific threshold is associated to an age-dependent PD phenotype, including hypokinesia, Lewy body-like formation and nigrostriatal neurodegeneration. Enhancing lysosomal proteostasis reduces intracellular neuromelanin and prevents neurodegeneration in tyrosinase-overexpressing animals. Our results suggest that intracellular neuromelanin levels may set the threshold for the initiation of PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iria Carballo-Carbajal
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR)-Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ariadna Laguna
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR)-Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Romero-Giménez
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR)-Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thais Cuadros
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR)-Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Bové
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR)-Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Martinez-Vicente
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR)-Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Annabelle Parent
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR)-Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Gonzalez-Sepulveda
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR)-Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Peñuelas
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR)-Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Torra
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR)-Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Rodríguez-Galván
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR)-Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrea Ballabio
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), 80078, Naples, Italy
| | - Takafumi Hasegawa
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Analía Bortolozzi
- Department of Neurochemistry and Neuropharmacology, IIBB-CSIC, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS)-Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ellen Gelpi
- Neurological Tissue Bank, Biobanc Hospital Clínic-IDIBAPS, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Miquel Vila
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR)-Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 08035, Barcelona, Spain.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193, Barcelona, Spain.
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), 08010, Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Characterization of the binding of tau imaging ligands to melanin-containing cells: putative off-target-binding site. Ann Nucl Med 2019; 33:375-382. [PMID: 30796626 DOI: 10.1007/s12149-019-01344-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Amyloid-β plaques and neurofibrillary tangles composed of tau protein are the neuropathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease. In recent years, marked progress has been made in Alzheimer's disease research using tau ligands for positron emission tomography (PET). However, the issue of off-target binding, that is, the binding of ligands to regions without tau pathology, remains unresolved. Tissues with melanin-containing cells (MCCs) have been suggested as binding targets for tau ligands. In the present study, we characterized the MCC-binding properties of representative tau PET ligands. METHODS Autoradiographic studies of [18F]AV-1451 and [18F]THK5351 were conducted using postmortem human midbrain sections. Saturation-binding assays of [18F]AV-1451 and [18F]THK5351 were performed with B16F10 melanoma cells. The blocking effects of 25 compounds against [18F]THK5351 binding to B16F10 cells were used to investigate the relationship between chemical structure and MCC binding. RESULTS Autoradiography demonstrated specific binding of the radioligands in the substantia nigra. [18F]AV-1451 and [18F]THK5351 exhibited saturable binding to melanoma cells ([18F]AV-1451: Kd = 669 ± 196 nM, Bmax = 622 ± 269 pmol/mg protein; [18F]THK5351: Kd = 441 ± 126 nM, Bmax = 559 ± 75.5 pmol/mg protein). In blocking studies with melanoma cells, compounds bearing multiple aromatic rings and an aminopyridine group, including tau ligands such as AV-1451, PBB3, and a lead compound of MK-6240, exhibited the inhibition of [18F]THK5351 binding comparable to self-blocking by THK5351 (> 70% at 10 µM). CONCLUSIONS These studies suggest that the binding properties of [18F]AV-1451 and [18F]THK5351 are sufficient to expect highlighting of tissues with a high density of MCCs. The findings of the present study should aid the development of neuroimaging ligands that do not bind to MCC.
Collapse
|
32
|
Groseclose MR, Castellino S. An Investigation into Retigabine (Ezogabine) Associated Dyspigmentation in Rat Eyes by MALDI Imaging Mass Spectrometry. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:294-303. [PMID: 30638013 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Retigabine (RTG) is an antiepileptic drug approved as an adjunctive treatment for refractory partial-onset seizures in adults. In April 2013, the Food and Drug Administration issued a warning that RTG could cause changes in retinal pigmentation and discoloration of skin, resulting in a blue appearance. As part of a larger preclinical effort to gain a mechanistic understanding as to the origins of retinal pigment changes associated with RTG, we conducted a long-term repeat dosing study in rats. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry (MALDI IMS) was used to determine the distribution of RTG and its metabolites in the rat eye following 13 and 39 weeks of dosing. IMS revealed the presence of RTG, a previously characterized N-acetyl metabolite of RTG (NAMR), and several species structurally related through the dimerization of RTG and NAMR. These species were highly localized to the melanin-containing layers of the uveal tract of the rat eye including the choroid, ciliary body, and iris, suggesting that the formation of these dimers occurs from melanin bound RTG and NAMR. Furthermore, several of the RTG-related dimers have UV absorbance which give them a purple color in solution. We propose that the melanin binding of RTG and NAMR effectively concentrates the two compounds to enable mixed condensation reactions to occur when the binding provides the proper geometry in the redox environment of the uveal tissues. High lateral resolution images illustrate that the blood-retinal barrier effectively restricts retinal access to RTG-related compounds. The spatial information provided by MALDI IMS was critical in contextualizing the homogenate concentrations of key RTG-related compounds and helped provide a basis for the mechanism of dimer formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Reid Groseclose
- Department of Bioimaging , GlaxoSmithKline , 1250 S. Collegeville Road , Collegeville , Pennsylvania 19426 , United States
| | - Stephen Castellino
- Department of Bioimaging , GlaxoSmithKline , 1250 S. Collegeville Road , Collegeville , Pennsylvania 19426 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Alvarez-Cordoba M, Villanueva-Paz M, Villalón-García I, Povea-Cabello S, Suárez-Rivero JM, Talaverón-Rey M, Abril-Jaramillo J, Vintimilla-Tosi AB, Sánchez-Alcázar JA. Precision medicine in pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration. Neural Regen Res 2019; 14:1177-1185. [PMID: 30804242 PMCID: PMC6425824 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.251203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation is a broad term that describes a heterogeneous group of progressive and invalidating neurologic disorders in which iron deposits in certain brain areas, mainly the basal ganglia. The predominant clinical symptoms include spasticity, progressive dystonia, Parkinson’s disease-like symptoms, neuropsychiatric alterations, and retinal degeneration. Among the neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation disorders, the most frequent subtype is pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration (PKAN) caused by defects in the gene encoding the enzyme pantothenate kinase 2 (PANK2) which catalyzed the first reaction of the coenzyme A biosynthesis pathway. Currently there is no effective treatment to prevent the inexorable course of these disorders. The aim of this review is to open up a discussion on the utility of using cellular models derived from patients as a valuable tool for the development of precision medicine in PKAN. Recently, we have described that dermal fibroblasts obtained from PKAN patients can manifest the main pathological changes of the disease such as intracellular iron accumulation accompanied by large amounts of lipofuscin granules, mitochondrial dysfunction and a pronounced increase of markers of oxidative stress. In addition, PKAN fibroblasts showed a morphological senescence-like phenotype. Interestingly, pantothenate supplementation, the substrate of the PANK2 enzyme, corrected all pathophysiological alterations in responder PKAN fibroblasts with low/residual PANK2 enzyme expression. However, pantothenate treatment had no favourable effect on PKAN fibroblasts harbouring mutations associated with the expression of a truncated/incomplete protein. The correction of pathological alterations by pantothenate in individual mutations was also verified in induced neurons obtained by direct reprograming of PKAN fibroblasts. Our observations indicate that pantothenate supplementation can increase/stabilize the expression levels of PANK2 in specific mutations. Fibroblasts and induced neurons derived from patients can provide a useful tool for recognizing PKAN patients who can respond to pantothenate treatment. The presence of low but significant PANK2 expression which can be increased in particular mutations gives valuable information which can support the treatment with high dose of pantothenate. The evaluation of personalized treatments in vitro of fibroblasts and neuronal cells derived from PKAN patients with a wide range of pharmacological options currently available, and monitoring its effect on the pathophysiological changes, can help for a better therapeutic strategy. In addition, these cell models will be also useful for testing the efficacy of new therapeutic options developed in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Alvarez-Cordoba
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Marina Villanueva-Paz
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Irene Villalón-García
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Suleva Povea-Cabello
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Juan M Suárez-Rivero
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Marta Talaverón-Rey
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | | | - José A Sánchez-Alcázar
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Sevilla, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Collins W, Rouleau N, Bonzanni M, Kapner K, Jeremiah A, Du C, Pothos EN, Kaplan DL. Functional Effects of a Neuromelanin Analogue on Dopaminergic Neurons in 3D Cell Culture. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2018; 5:308-317. [PMID: 33405867 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.8b00976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) is a discrete region of the brain that exhibits a dark pigment, neuromelanin (NM), a biomaterial with unique properties and the subject of ongoing research pertaining to neurodegenerative conditions like Parkinson's disease (PD). Obtaining human tissue to isolate this pigment is costly and labor intensive, making it necessary to find alternatives to model the biochemical interaction of NM and its implications on PD. To address this limitation, we modified our established silk 3D brain tissue model to emulate key characteristics of the SNpc by using a structural analogue of NM to examine the effects of the material on dopaminergic neurons using Lund's human mesencephalon (LUHMES) cells. We utilized a sepia-melanin, squid ink, derived NM analogue (NM-sim) to chelate ferric iron, and this iron-neuromelanin precipitate (Fe-NM) was purified and characterized. We then exposed LUHMES dopaminergic cells to the NM-sim, Fe-NM-sim, and control vehicle within 3D silk protein scaffolds. The presence of both NM-sim and Fe-NM-sim in the scaffolds negatively impacted spontaneous electrical activity from the LUMES networks, as evidenced by changes in local field potential (LFP) electrophysiological recordings. Furthermore, the Fe-NM-sim precipitate generated peroxides, depleted nutrients/antioxidants, and increased protein oxidation by carbonylation in sustained (>2 weeks) 3D cultures, thereby contributing to cell dysfunction. The results suggest that this 3D tissue engineered brain-like model may provide useful readouts related to PD neuro-toxicology research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Will Collins
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Nicolas Rouleau
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States.,Tufts Allen Discovery Center, Tufts University, 200 College Avenue, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Mattia Bonzanni
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States.,Tufts Allen Discovery Center, Tufts University, 200 College Avenue, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Kevin Kapner
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Alex Jeremiah
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Chuang Du
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Emmanuel N Pothos
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, United States
| | - David L Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States.,Tufts Allen Discovery Center, Tufts University, 200 College Avenue, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Taghouti M, Martins-Gomes C, Schäfer J, Félix LM, Santos JA, Bunzel M, Nunes FM, Silva AM. Thymus pulegioides L. as a rich source of antioxidant, anti-proliferative and neuroprotective phenolic compounds. Food Funct 2018; 9:3617-3629. [PMID: 29956711 DOI: 10.1039/c8fo00456k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The potential of Thymus pulegioides L. as an alternative and valuable source of functional ingredients has been assessed. For this purpose, the phenolic constituent profiles and the antioxidant, anti-proliferative, neuroprotective, anti-aging and anti-diabetic activities of both T. pulegioides aqueous decoctions (AD) and hydro-ethanolic extracts (HE) were studied and compared for the first time. Rosmarinic acid was the main phenolic compound, accounting for 35.2% or 47.8% of total identified phenols in AD or HE, respectively (58.5 and 151.9 mg g-1 extract). Furthermore, large amounts of luteolin-O-hexuronide (AD: 39.9 ± 2.5 mg g-1, HE: 60.8 ± 7.0 mg g-1), eriodictyol-O-hexuronide (AD: 19.9 ± 2.5 mg g-1, HE: 26.8 ± 7.0 mg g-1) and chrysoeriol hexoside (AD: 23.5 ± 0.7 mg g-1, HE: 16.0 ± 0.7 mg g-1) were found. Both extracts showed significant in vitro antioxidant activity and anti-proliferative activity against Caco-2 cells (IC50 82.25 μg mL-1 and 105.44 μg mL-1, AD and HE, respectively), and reduced hepatotoxicity (HepG2 cells). In general, both T. pulegioides extracts showed poor anti-diabetic activity, moderate anti-aging effects and high neuroprotective activity with both AD and HE extracts, at 0.5 mg mL-1, showing 80% inhibition of the acetylcholinesterase activity and 94% inhibition of the tyrosinase activity. The present study highlights the important potential of this herb as a functional food ingredient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meriem Taghouti
- Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Pierozan P, Andersson M, Brandt I, Karlsson O. The environmental neurotoxin β-N-methylamino-L-alanine inhibits melatonin synthesis in primary pinealocytes and a rat model. J Pineal Res 2018. [PMID: 29528516 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The environmental neurotoxin β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) is a glutamate receptor agonist that can induce oxidative stress and has been implicated as a possible risk factor for neurodegenerative disease. Detection of BMAA in mussels, crustaceans, and fish illustrates that the sources of human exposure to this toxin are more abundant than previously anticipated. The aim of this study was to determine uptake of BMAA in the pineal gland and subsequent effects on melatonin production in primary pinealocyte cultures and a rat model. Autoradiographic imaging of 10-day-old male rats revealed a high and selective uptake in the pineal gland at 30 minutes to 24 hours after 14 C-L-BMAA administration (0.68 mg/kg). Primary pinealocyte cultures exposed to 0.05-3 mmol/L BMAA showed a 57%-93% decrease in melatonin synthesis in vitro. Both the metabotropic glutamate receptor 3 (mGluR3) antagonist Ly341495 and the protein kinase C (PKC) activator phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate prevented the decrease in melatonin secretion, suggesting that BMAA inhibits melatonin synthesis by mGluR3 activation and PKC inhibition. Serum analysis revealed a 45% decrease in melatonin concentration in neonatal rats assessed 2 weeks after BMAA administration (460 mg/kg) and confirmed an inhibition of melatonin synthesis in vivo. Given that melatonin is a most important neuroprotective molecule in the brain, the etiology of BMAA-induced neurodegeneration may include mechanisms beyond direct excitotoxicity and oxidative stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Pierozan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marie Andersson
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ingvar Brandt
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Oskar Karlsson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Reinen J, van Sas P, van Huygevoort T, Rubio L, Scase K, Wenker M. Development of a Phototoxicity Testing Strategy for Accurate Photosafety Evaluation of Pharmaceuticals Based on the Assessment of Possible Melanin-Binding Effects. Int J Toxicol 2018; 37:296-307. [PMID: 29898631 DOI: 10.1177/1091581818777998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Drug-induced phototoxicity occurs when drugs absorb natural sunlight, leading to chemical reactions causing cellular damage. Distribution to light-exposed tissues is critical and is enhanced by binding to melanin. The International Council on Harmonization S10 guidance document on photosafety evaluation of pharmaceuticals states that although nonpigmented skin tends to be more sensitive than pigmented skin, pigmented skin models should be considered for drugs that bind significantly to melanin. In this study, an in vitro melanin-binding assay was evaluated as prescreening tool for animal model selection. Binding of various structurally diverse phototoxic drugs to synthetic melanin was investigated in vitro and the high-affinity binder sparfloxacin (SPX), moderate-affinity binder 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP), and low-affinity binder pirfenidone (PIF) were selected for in vivo studies. Pigmented Brown Norway (BN) rats were compared with nonpigmented Wistar Albino rats to evaluate their sensitivity for the assessment of phototoxicity and skin concentrations of the drugs were measured. For SPX, the onset of phototoxic symptoms was faster for BN rats and drug concentrations were significantly higher in skin of BN rats. For 8-MOP, both models showed comparable sensitivity and skin concentrations did not differ. For the low-affinity binder PIF, no phototoxic effects were observed and skin concentrations in both models were similar. A combined in vitro/in vivo approach was developed that can be applied for accurate photosafety evaluation of pharmaceuticals based on the assessment of possible melanin-binding effects. In view of the presented data, the pigmented model could be considered for compounds showing a high-affinity binding capacity in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jelle Reinen
- 1 Charles River Laboratories Den Bosch B.V., DD 's-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands
| | - Pieter van Sas
- 1 Charles River Laboratories Den Bosch B.V., DD 's-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands
| | - Ton van Huygevoort
- 1 Charles River Laboratories Den Bosch B.V., DD 's-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands
| | - Leticia Rubio
- 1 Charles River Laboratories Den Bosch B.V., DD 's-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands
| | - Kevin Scase
- 1 Charles River Laboratories Den Bosch B.V., DD 's-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands
| | - Mira Wenker
- 1 Charles River Laboratories Den Bosch B.V., DD 's-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Zucca FA, Vanna R, Cupaioli FA, Bellei C, De Palma A, Di Silvestre D, Mauri P, Grassi S, Prinetti A, Casella L, Sulzer D, Zecca L. Neuromelanin organelles are specialized autolysosomes that accumulate undegraded proteins and lipids in aging human brain and are likely involved in Parkinson's disease. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2018; 4:17. [PMID: 29900402 PMCID: PMC5988730 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-018-0050-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
During aging, neuronal organelles filled with neuromelanin (a dark-brown pigment) and lipid bodies accumulate in the brain, particularly in the substantia nigra, a region targeted in Parkinson's disease. We have investigated protein and lipid systems involved in the formation of these organelles and in the synthesis of the neuromelanin of human substantia nigra. Membrane and matrix proteins characteristic of lysosomes were found in neuromelanin-containing organelles at a lower number than in typical lysosomes, indicating a reduced enzymatic activity and likely impaired capacity for lysosomal and autophagosomal fusion. The presence of proteins involved in lipid transport may explain the accumulation of lipid bodies in the organelle and the lipid component in neuromelanin structure. The major lipids observed in lipid bodies of the organelle are dolichols with lower amounts of other lipids. Proteins of aggregation and degradation pathways were present, suggesting a role for accumulation by this organelle when the ubiquitin-proteasome system is inadequate. The presence of proteins associated with aging and storage diseases may reflect impaired autophagic degradation or impaired function of lysosomal enzymes. The identification of typical autophagy proteins and double membranes demonstrates the organelle's autophagic nature and indicates that it has engulfed neuromelanin precursors from the cytosol. Based on these data, it appears that the neuromelanin-containing organelle has a very slow turnover during the life of a neuron and represents an intracellular compartment of final destination for numerous molecules not degraded by other systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio A. Zucca
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Segrate, Milan, Italy
| | - Renzo Vanna
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Segrate, Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS Foundation, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca A. Cupaioli
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Segrate, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Bellei
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Segrate, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonella De Palma
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Segrate, Milan, Italy
| | - Dario Di Silvestre
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Segrate, Milan, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Mauri
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Segrate, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Grassi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Segrate, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Prinetti
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Segrate, Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi Casella
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - David Sulzer
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY USA
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Luigi Zecca
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Segrate, Milan, Italy
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Kirla KT, Groh KJ, Poetzsch M, Banote RK, Stadnicka-Michalak J, Eggen RIL, Schirmer K, Kraemer T. Importance of Toxicokinetics to Assess the Utility of Zebrafish Larvae as Model for Psychoactive Drug Screening Using Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP) as Example. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:414. [PMID: 29755353 PMCID: PMC5932571 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of new psychoactive substances (NPS) increases rapidly, harming society and fuelling the need for alternative testing strategies. These should allow the ever-increasing number of drugs to be tested more effectively for their toxicity and psychoactive effects. One proposed strategy is to complement rodent models with zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae. Yet, our understanding of the toxicokinetics in this model, owing to the waterborne drug exposure and the distinct physiology of the fish, is incomplete. We here explore the toxicokinetics and behavioral effects of an NPS, meta-chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP), in zebrafish larvae. Uptake kinetics of mCPP, supported by toxicokinetic modeling, strongly suggested the existence of active transport processes. Internal distribution showed a dominant accumulation in the eye, implying that in zebrafish, like in mammals, melanin could serve as a binding site for basic drugs. We confirmed this by demonstrating significantly lower drug accumulation in two types of hypo-pigmented fish. Comparison of the elimination kinetics between mCPP and previously characterized cocaine demonstrated that drug affinities to melanin in zebrafish vary depending on the structure of the test compound. As expected from mCPP-elicited responses in rodents and humans, zebrafish larvae displayed hypoactive behavior. However, significant differences were seen between zebrafish and rodents with regard to the concentration-dependency of the behavioral response and the comparability of tissue levels, corroborating the need to consider the organism-internal distribution of the chemical to allow appropriate dose modeling while evaluating effects and concordance between zebrafish and mammals. Our results highlight commonalities and differences of mammalian versus the fish model in need of further exploration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Tulasi Kirla
- Department of Forensic Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Environmental Toxicology, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Eawag, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Ksenia J Groh
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Eawag, Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Food Packaging Forum Foundation, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Poetzsch
- Department of Forensic Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rakesh Kumar Banote
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Julita Stadnicka-Michalak
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Eawag, Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Civil and Environmental Engineering, School of Architecture, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rik I L Eggen
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Eawag, Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kristin Schirmer
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Eawag, Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Civil and Environmental Engineering, School of Architecture, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Kraemer
- Department of Forensic Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Sakaeda T, Kobuchi S, Yoshioka R, Haruna M, Takahata N, Ito Y, Sugano A, Fukuzawa K, Hayase T, Hayakawa T, Nakayama H, Takaoka Y, Tohkin M. Susceptibility to serious skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders and skin tissue distribution of sodium-dependent glucose co-transporter type 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors. Int J Med Sci 2018; 15:937-943. [PMID: 30008607 PMCID: PMC6036094 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.22224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: In Japan, sodium-glucose co-transporter type 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors have been reported to be associated with serious skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders. A post-marketing surveillance (PMS) study suggested that the association was specific for ipragliflozin and, to a lesser extent for dapagliflozin. These studies were performed to confirm the association of 6 SGLT2 inhibitors with serious skin disorders in a clinical setting, to elucidate the role of melanin in serious skin disorders and to understand the underlying mechanisms. Methods: The latest PMS records were retrieved from the Japanese Adverse Drug Event Report (JADER) database, and the associations were analyzed by data mining techniques. In silico 3-D docking simulation of SGLT2 inhibitors with melanin was performed using the MOE software. The skin tissue distribution of SGLT2 inhibitors was evaluated using albino rats after oral administration at clinical doses. Results: The adjusted reporting odds ratio (95% confidential limit) was 1.667 (1.415, 1.963) for ipragliflozin, 0.514 (0.317, 0.835) for dapagliflozin, 0.149 (0.048, 0.465) for tofogliflozin, 0.624 (0.331, 1.177) for luseogliflozin, 0.590 (0.277, 1.257) for canagliflozin and 0.293 (0.073, 1.187) for empagliflozin, when drugs other than the SGLT2 inhibitors were referred, and the association was detected only for ipragliflozin in clinical use. In silico 3-D docking simulation suggested the influence of melanin in ipragliflozin-specific serious skin disorders. The skin tissue-to-plasma concentration ratio of ipragliflozin was 0.45 ± 0.20 (±SD) at 1 hr after administration and increased in a time-dependent manner to 5.82 ± 3.66 at 24 hr (p<0.05), but not in case of other SGLT2 inhibitors. Conclusions: Serious skin disorders were suggested to be specific for ipragliflozin. Interaction with melanin might be implicated in ipragliflozin-specific serious skin disorders. Ipragliflozin was retained in the skin tissue, which suggested its interaction with the skin tissue in serious skin disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Sakaeda
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Shinji Kobuchi
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Yoshioka
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Mariko Haruna
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Noriko Takahata
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Yukako Ito
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Aki Sugano
- Department of Medical Informatics and Bioinformatics, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Kazuki Fukuzawa
- Department of Regulatory Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| | - Toshiki Hayase
- Department of Regulatory Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| | - Taro Hayakawa
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Otsu City Hospital, Otsu 520-0804, Japan
| | - Hideo Nakayama
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Otsu City Hospital, Otsu 520-0804, Japan
| | - Yutaka Takaoka
- Department of Medical Informatics and Bioinformatics, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Masahiro Tohkin
- Department of Regulatory Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Temoçin Z, Kim E, Li J, Panzella L, Alfieri ML, Napolitano A, Kelly DL, Bentley WE, Payne GF. The Analgesic Acetaminophen and the Antipsychotic Clozapine Can Each Redox-Cycle with Melanin. ACS Chem Neurosci 2017; 8:2766-2777. [PMID: 28945963 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanins are ubiquitous but their complexity and insolubility has hindered characterization of their structures and functions. We are developing electrochemical reverse engineering methodologies that focus on properties and especially on redox properties. Previous studies have shown that melanins (i) are redox-active and can rapidly and repeatedly exchange electrons with diffusible oxidants and reductants, and (ii) have redox potentials in midregion of the physiological range. These properties suggest the functional activities of melanins will depend on their redox context. The brain has a complex redox context with steep local gradients in O2 that can promote redox-cycling between melanin and diffusible redox-active chemical species. Here, we performed in vitro reverse engineering studies and report that melanins can redox-cycle with two common redox-active drugs. Experimentally, we used two melanin models: a convenient natural melanin derived from cuttlefish (Sepia melanin) and a synthetic cysteinyldopamine-dopamine core-shell model of neuromelanin. One drug, acetaminophen (APAP), has been used clinically for over a century, and recent studies suggest that low doses of APAP can protect the brain from oxidative-stress-induced toxicity and neurodegeneration, while higher doses can have toxic effects in the brain. The second drug, clozapine (CLZ), is a second generation antipsychotic with polypharmacological activities that remain incompletely understood. These in vitro observations suggest that the redox activities of drugs may be relevant to their modes-of-action, and that melanins may interact with drugs in ways that affect their activities, metabolism, and toxicities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zülfikar Temoçin
- Department
of Chemistry, Science and Arts Faculty, Kırıkkale University, Yahs̨ihan,71450 Kırıkkale, Turkey
- Institute
for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, 5115 Plant Sciences Building, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Eunkyoung Kim
- Institute
for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, 5115 Plant Sciences Building, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Fischell
Department of Bioengineering University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Jinyang Li
- Institute
for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, 5115 Plant Sciences Building, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Fischell
Department of Bioengineering University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Lucia Panzella
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia
4, I-80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Alfieri
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia
4, I-80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandra Napolitano
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia
4, I-80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Deanna L. Kelly
- Maryland
Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21228, United States
| | - William E. Bentley
- Institute
for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, 5115 Plant Sciences Building, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Fischell
Department of Bioengineering University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Gregory F. Payne
- Institute
for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, 5115 Plant Sciences Building, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Fischell
Department of Bioengineering University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Kim E, Kang M, Tschirhart T, Malo M, Dadachova E, Cao G, Yin JJ, Bentley WE, Wang Z, Payne GF. Spectroelectrochemical Reverse Engineering DemonstratesThat Melanin’s Redox and Radical Scavenging Activities Are Linked. Biomacromolecules 2017; 18:4084-4098. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b01166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eunkyoung Kim
- Institute
for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, 4291 Fieldhouse Drive, 5112 Plant Sciences Building, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Fischell
Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 8228 Paint
Branch Drive, 2330 Jeong H. Kim Engineering Building, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Mijeong Kang
- Institute
for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, 4291 Fieldhouse Drive, 5112 Plant Sciences Building, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Fischell
Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 8228 Paint
Branch Drive, 2330 Jeong H. Kim Engineering Building, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Tanya Tschirhart
- American
Society for Engineering Education, Postdoctoral Fellowship Program, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Mackenzie Malo
- College
of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Ekaterina Dadachova
- College
of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Gaojuan Cao
- Center for Food
Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food
and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States
| | - Jun-Jie Yin
- Center for Food
Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food
and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States
| | - William E. Bentley
- Institute
for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, 4291 Fieldhouse Drive, 5112 Plant Sciences Building, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Fischell
Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 8228 Paint
Branch Drive, 2330 Jeong H. Kim Engineering Building, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Zheng Wang
- Center for
Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, United States
| | - Gregory F. Payne
- Institute
for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, 4291 Fieldhouse Drive, 5112 Plant Sciences Building, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Fischell
Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 8228 Paint
Branch Drive, 2330 Jeong H. Kim Engineering Building, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Knörle R. Neuromelanin in Parkinson's Disease: from Fenton Reaction to Calcium Signaling. Neurotox Res 2017; 33:515-522. [PMID: 28879408 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-017-9804-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neuromelanin is supposed to play a key role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. A common theory is the formation of reactive oxygen species through the Fenton reaction catalyzed by neuromelanin-bound iron ions and subsequent death of the dopaminergic cells in the substantia nigra. From a physicochemical point of view, this pathway is rather implausible: a highly reactive radical built within a powerful radical scavenger would more promptly be inactivated before it might diffuse within the cell to reach a target to exert its deleterious potential. This review of the literature provides evidence for an interaction of neuromelanin with the calcium signaling pathway in Parkinson's disease and expands the view of the pathophysiological contribution of neuromelanin towards a cytoprotective involvement of this macromolecule in the calcium signaling system. More probably than being directly involved in the production of reactive oxygen species, neuromelanin may act as a calcium reservoir and thus protect dopaminergic cells from cell death. A loss of neuromelanin, as observed in the substantia nigra of Parkinson patients, would lead to enhanced calcium messaging through the loss of an important calcium reservoir and thus finally via the formation of reactive oxygen species to cell death within the substantia nigra.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Knörle
- IBAM GbR Dr. Rainer Knörle Dr. Peter Schnierle, Ferdinand-Porsche-Str. 5, 79211, Denzlingen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Rodriguez-Leyva I, Chi-Ahumada E, Mejía M, Castanedo-Cazares JP, Eng W, Saikaly SK, Carrizales J, Levine TD, Norman RA, Jimenez-Capdeville ME. The Presence of Alpha-Synuclein in Skin from Melanoma and Patients with Parkinson's Disease. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2017; 4:724-732. [PMID: 30363411 DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.12494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The misfolding and prion-like propagation of the protein α-synuclein (α-syn) is the leading molecular signature in Parkinson's disease (PD). There is a significant coincidence of PD and melanoma that may suggest a shared pathophysiology. This study compared the presence of α-syn in neural crest-derived tissues, such as nevi, melanoma, skin tags, and skin biopsies from patients with PD and healthy controls. Methods Biopsies from participants with PD were obtained from patients from a tertiary referral center for dermatology and neurology in Mexico and a private dermatopathology center in Florida between January 2015 and March 2016. Biopsies from 7 patients with melanoma, 15 with nevi, 9 with skin tags, 8 with PD, and 9 skin biopsies from healthy volunteers were analyzed for immunohistochemical determination of α-syn and tyrosinase. All analyses were performed by pathologists who were blinded with respect to the clinical diagnosis. Results In healthy controls, positive α-syn status was restricted to scattered cells in the basal layer of the epidermis and accounted for 1 ± 0.8% of the analyzed area. In patients with PD, there was increased staining for α-syn PD (3.3 ± 2.3%), with a higher percentage of positive cells in nevi (7.7 ± 5.5%) and melanoma (13.6 ± 3.5%). There was no increased staining in skin tags compared with healthy controls. Conclusion Patients with PD and melanoma have increased staining for α-syn in their skin. The authors propose that neurons and melanocytes, both derived from neuroectodermal cells, may share protein synthesis and regulation pathways that become dysfunctional in PD and melanoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Erika Chi-Ahumada
- Departamento de Bioquímica Facultad de Medicina Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí San Luis Potosí México
| | - Manuel Mejía
- Departamento de Bioquímica Facultad de Medicina Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí San Luis Potosí México
| | | | - William Eng
- University of Central Florida College of Medicine Orlando Florida USA
| | - Sami K Saikaly
- University of Central Florida College of Medicine Orlando Florida USA
| | - Juan Carrizales
- Departamento de Bioquímica Facultad de Medicina Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí San Luis Potosí México
| | | | - Robert A Norman
- University of Central Florida College of Medicine Orlando Florida USA
| | - Maria E Jimenez-Capdeville
- Departamento de Bioquímica Facultad de Medicina Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí San Luis Potosí México
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Martin-Bastida A, Pietracupa S, Piccini P. Neuromelanin in parkinsonian disorders: an update. Int J Neurosci 2017; 127:1116-1123. [PMID: 28460588 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2017.1325883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Neuromelanin (NM) is a dark pigment that accumulates linearly with aging in substantia nigra (SN) and locus coeruleus (LC). The dual protective and toxic role of NM has been hypothesized according to its intraneuronal or extraneuronal deposition. The melanized dopaminergic neurons in SN and LC seem to have special vulnerability to neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease (PD). The paramagnetic properties of NM due to its association to metals like iron induce T1 prolongation; hence the measurement of SN-sensitive contrast could be a useful diagnostic biomarker in neurodegenerative disease like PD and other atypical parkinsonisms. This paper will review NM histopathology and neurochemistry studies in health and diseases and the role of imaging targeting NM load in parkinsonian disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Martin-Bastida
- a Centre for Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation, Division of Brain Sciences , Imperial College London , London , United Kingdom
| | - Sara Pietracupa
- b Department of Neurology , IRCCS Neuromed , Pozzilli , Italy
| | - Paola Piccini
- a Centre for Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation, Division of Brain Sciences , Imperial College London , London , United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Banack SA, Cox PA. Creating a Simian Model of Guam ALS/PDC Which Reflects Chamorro Lifetime BMAA Exposures. Neurotox Res 2017; 33:24-32. [PMID: 28478528 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-017-9745-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The theory that β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA), a cyanobacterial toxin, contaminates traditional food supplies of the Chamorro people of Guam is supported by the recent finding that chronic dietary exposure to L-BMAA in vervets (Chlorocebus sabaeus) triggers the formation of neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) and β-amyloid plaques in the brain. In the first experiment, we found that all four vervets receiving a 210 mg/kg dose for 140 days developed NFT and sparse amyloid deposits. In the second experiment, all eight vervets receiving a 210 mg/kg dose for 140 days developed NFT and amyloid deposits, as well as all eight vervets that received only 21 mg/kg. Based on dietary surveys of the Chamorro people, we estimated lifetime chronic BMAA exposure at a high and a low level: 1) adult male Chamorros eating two flying foxes per month plus one 30 g serving of cycad flour per week; and 2) adult male Chamorros eating one 30 g serving of cycad flour per day combined with the consumption of eight flying foxes per month. The resultant cumulative lifetime Chamorro exposures ranged from 1 to 41 g/kg and are comparable to the total lifetime vervet exposures in our experiments of 2 and 22 g/kg, respectively. Furthermore, measured protein-bound BMAA concentrations of vervets fed L-BMAA powder are comparable to measured protein-bound BMAA concentrations in postmortem brain tissues of Chamorros who died with ALS/PDC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Anne Banack
- Brain Chemistry Labs, Institute for Ethnomedicine, Box 3464, Jackson, WY, 83001, USA.
| | - Paul Alan Cox
- Brain Chemistry Labs, Institute for Ethnomedicine, Box 3464, Jackson, WY, 83001, USA
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
ElObeid AS, Kamal-Eldin A, Abdelhalim MAK, Haseeb AM. Pharmacological Properties of Melanin and its Function in Health. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2017; 120:515-522. [PMID: 28027430 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The biological pigment melanin is present in most of the biological systems. It manifests a host of biological and pharmacological properties. Its role as a molecule with special properties and functions affecting general health, including photoprotective and immunological action, are well recognized. Its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, radioprotective, hepatic, gastrointestinal and hypoglycaemic benefits have only recently been recognized and studied. It is also associated with certain disorders of the nervous system. In this MiniReview, we consider the steadily increasing literature on the bioavailability and functional activity of melanin. Published literature shows that melanin may play a number of possible pharmacological effects such as protective, stimulatory, diagnostic and curative roles in human health. In this MiniReview, possible health roles and pharmacological effects are considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adila Salih ElObeid
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, National Guard & Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Afaf Kamal-Eldin
- Department of Food Science, United Arab Emirates University, AlAin, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Adil M Haseeb
- Physics and Astronomy Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Karlsson O, Hanrieder J. Imaging mass spectrometry in drug development and toxicology. Arch Toxicol 2016; 91:2283-2294. [PMID: 27933369 PMCID: PMC5429351 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1905-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
During the last decades, imaging mass spectrometry has gained significant relevance in biomedical research. Recent advances in imaging mass spectrometry have paved the way for in situ studies on drug development, metabolism and toxicology. In contrast to whole-body autoradiography that images the localization of radiolabeled compounds, imaging mass spectrometry provides the possibility to simultaneously determine the discrete tissue distribution of the parent compound and its metabolites. In addition, imaging mass spectrometry features high molecular specificity and allows comprehensive, multiplexed detection and localization of hundreds of proteins, peptides and lipids directly in tissues. Toxicologists traditionally screen for adverse findings by histopathological examination. However, studies of the molecular and cellular processes underpinning toxicological and pathologic findings induced by candidate drugs or toxins are important to reach a mechanistic understanding and an effective risk assessment strategy. One of IMS strengths is the ability to directly overlay the molecular information from the mass spectrometric analysis with the tissue section and allow correlative comparisons of molecular and histologic information. Imaging mass spectrometry could therefore be a powerful tool for omics profiling of pharmacological/toxicological effects of drug candidates and toxicants in discrete tissue regions. The aim of the present review is to provide an overview of imaging mass spectrometry, with particular focus on MALDI imaging mass spectrometry, and its use in drug development and toxicology in general.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oskar Karlsson
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Drug Safety and Toxicology, Uppsala University, 751 24, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Jörg Hanrieder
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal Hospital, House V, 431 80, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London, WC1N, UK
| |
Collapse
|