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Shrestha S, Lekkala VKR, Acharya P, Kang SY, Vanga MG, Lee MY. Reproducible generation of human liver organoids (HLOs) on a pillar plate platform via microarray 3D bioprinting. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:2747-2761. [PMID: 38660778 DOI: 10.1039/d4lc00149d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Human liver organoids (HLOs) hold significant potential for recapitulating the architecture and function of liver tissues in vivo. However, conventional culture methods of HLOs, forming Matrigel domes in 6-/24-well plates, have technical limitations such as high cost and low throughput in organoid-based assays for predictive assessment of compounds in clinical and pharmacological lab settings. To address these issues, we have developed a unique microarray 3D bioprinting protocol of progenitor cells in biomimetic hydrogels on a pillar plate with sidewalls and slits, coupled with a clear bottom, 384-deep well plate for scale-up production of HLOs. Microarray 3D bioprinting, a droplet-based printing technology, was used to generate a large number of small organoids on the pillar plate for predictive hepatotoxicity assays. Foregut cells, differentiated from human iPSCs, were mixed with Matrigel and then printed on the pillar plate rapidly and uniformly, resulting in coefficient of variation (CV) values in the range of 15-18%, without any detrimental effect on cell viability. Despite utilizing 10-50-fold smaller cell culture volume compared to their counterparts in Matrigel domes in 6-/24-well plates, HLOs differentiated on the pillar plate exhibited similar morphology and superior function, potentially due to rapid diffusion of nutrients and oxygen at the small scale. Day 25 HLOs were robust and functional on the pillar plate in terms of their viability, albumin secretion, CYP3A4 activity, and drug toxicity testing, all with low CV values. From three independent trials of in situ assessment, the IC50 values calculated for sorafenib and tamoxifen were 6.2 ± 1.6 μM and 25.4 ± 8.3 μM, respectively. Therefore, our unique 3D bioprinting and miniature organoid culture on the pillar plate could be used for scale-up, reproducible generation of HLOs with minimal manual intervention for high-throughput assessment of compound hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Shrestha
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA.
| | | | - Prabha Acharya
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA.
| | - Soo-Yeon Kang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA.
| | - Manav Goud Vanga
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA.
| | - Moo-Yeal Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA.
- Bioprinting Laboratories Inc., Dallas, Texas, USA
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Shrestha S, Lekkala VKR, Acharya P, Kang SY, Vanga MG, Lee MY. Reproducible generation of human liver organoids (HLOs) on a pillar plate platform via microarray 3D bioprinting. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.11.584478. [PMID: 38559126 PMCID: PMC10979895 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.11.584478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Human liver organoids (HLOs) hold significant potential for recapitulating the architecture and function of liver tissues in vivo. However, conventional culture methods of HLOs, forming Matrigel domes in 6-/24-well plates, have technical limitations such as high cost and low throughput in organoid-based assays for predictive assessment of compounds in clinical and pharmacological lab settings. To address these issues, we have developed a unique microarray 3D bioprinting protocol of progenitor cells in biomimetic hydrogels on a pillar plate with sidewalls and slits, coupled with a clear bottom, 384-deep well plate for scale-up production of HLOs. Microarray 3D bioprinting, a droplet-based printing technology, was used to generate a large number of small organoids on the pillar plate for predictive hepatotoxicity assays. Foregut cells, differentiated from human iPSCs, were mixed with Matrigel and then printed on the pillar plate rapidly and uniformly, resulting in coefficient of variation (CV) values in the range of 15 - 18%, without any detrimental effect on cell viability. Despite utilizing 10 - 50-fold smaller cell culture volume compared to their counterparts in Matrigel domes in 6-/24-well plates, HLOs differentiated on the pillar plate exhibited similar morphology and superior function, potentially due to rapid diffusion of nutrients and oxygen at the small scale. Day 25 HLOs were robust and functional on the pillar plate in terms of their viability, albumin secretion, CYP3A4 activity, and drug toxicity testing, all with low CV values. From three independent trials of in situ assessment, the IC50 values calculated for sorafenib and tamoxifen were 6.2 ± 1.6 μM and 25.4 ± 8.3 μM, respectively. Therefore, our unique 3D bioprinting and miniature organoid culture on the pillar plate could be used for scale-up, reproducible generation of HLOs with minimal manual intervention for high-throughput assessment of compound hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Shrestha
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas
| | | | - Prabha Acharya
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas
| | - Soo-Yeon Kang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas
| | - Manav Goud Vanga
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas
| | - Moo-Yeal Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas
- Bioprinting Laboratories Inc., Dallas, Texas
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Acharya P, Joshi P, Shrestha S, Choi NY, Jeong S, Lee MY. Uniform cerebral organoid culture on a pillar plate by simple and reproducible spheroid transfer from an ultralow attachment well plate. Biofabrication 2024; 16:10.1088/1758-5090/ad1b1e. [PMID: 38176079 PMCID: PMC10822717 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ad1b1e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived brain organoids have potential to recapitulate the earliest stages of brain development, serving as an effectivein vitromodel for studying both normal brain development and disorders. However, current brain organoid culture methods face several challenges, including low throughput, high variability in organoid generation, and time-consuming, multiple transfer and encapsulation of cells in hydrogels throughout the culture. These limitations hinder the widespread application of brain organoids including high-throughput assessment of compounds in clinical and industrial lab settings. In this study, we demonstrate a straightforward approach of generating multiple cerebral organoids from iPSCs on a pillar plate platform, eliminating the need for labor-intensive, multiple transfer and encapsulation steps to ensure the reproducible generation of cerebral organoids. We formed embryoid bodies in an ultra-low attachment 384-well plate and subsequently transferred them to the pillar plate containing Matrigel, using a straightforward sandwiching and inverting method. Each pillar on the pillar plate contains a single spheroid, and the success rate of spheroid transfer was in a range of 95%-100%. Using this approach, we robustly generated cerebral organoids on the pillar plate and demonstrated an intra-batch coefficient of variation below 9%-19% based on ATP-based cell viability and compound treatment. Notably, our spheroid transfer method in combination with the pillar plate allows miniaturized culture of cerebral organoids, alleviates the issue of organoid variability, and has potential to significantly enhance assay throughput by allowingin situorganoid assessment as compared to conventional organoid culture in 6-/24-well plates, petri dishes, and spinner flasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabha Acharya
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas
| | | | - Sunil Shrestha
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas
| | - Na Young Choi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas
| | - Sehoon Jeong
- Department of Healthcare Information Technology, Inje University, Gimhae, Republic of Korea
| | - Moo-Yeal Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas
- Bioprinting Laboratories Inc., Dallas, Texas
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Joshi P, Kang SY, Acharya P, Sidhpura D, Lee MY. High-throughput assessment of metabolism-mediated neurotoxicity by combining 3D-cultured neural stem cells and liver cell spheroids. Toxicol In Vitro 2023; 93:105688. [PMID: 37660999 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2023.105688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Despite the fact that biotransformation in the liver plays an important role in the augmented toxicity and detoxification of chemicals, relatively little efforts have been made to incorporate biotransformation into in vitro neurotoxicity testing. Conventional in vitro systems for neurotoxicity tests lack the capability of investigating the qualitative and quantitative differences between parent chemicals and their metabolites in the human body. Therefore, there is a need for an in vitro toxicity screening system that can incorporate hepatic biotransformation of chemicals and predict the susceptibility of their metabolites to induce neurotoxicity. To address this need, we adopted 3D cultures of metabolically competent HepaRG cell line with ReNcell VM and established a high-throughput, metabolism-mediated neurotoxicity testing system. Briefly, spheroids of HepaRG cells were generated in an ultralow attachment (ULA) 384-well plate while 3D-cultured ReNcell VM was established on a 384-pillar plate with sidewalls and slits (384PillarPlate). Metabolically sensitive test compounds were added in the ULA 384-well plate with HepaRG spheroids and coupled with 3D-cultured ReNcell VM on the 384PillarPlate, which allowed us to generate metabolites in situ by HepaRG cells and test them against neural stem cells. We envision that this approach could be potentially adopted in pharmaceutical and chemical industries when high-throughput screening (HTS) is necessary to assess neurotoxicity of compounds and their metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranav Joshi
- Bioprinting Laboratories Inc., 12200 Ford Road, Dallas, TX 75234, United States of America
| | - Soo-Yeon Kang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Texas, 3940 North Elm Street, Denton, TX 76207, United States of America
| | - Prabha Acharya
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Texas, 3940 North Elm Street, Denton, TX 76207, United States of America
| | - Darshita Sidhpura
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Texas, 3940 North Elm Street, Denton, TX 76207, United States of America
| | - Moo-Yeal Lee
- Bioprinting Laboratories Inc., 12200 Ford Road, Dallas, TX 75234, United States of America; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Texas, 3940 North Elm Street, Denton, TX 76207, United States of America.
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Hopperstad K, Deisenroth C. Development of a bioprinter-based method for incorporating metabolic competence into high-throughput in vitro assays. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2023; 5:1196245. [PMID: 37215384 PMCID: PMC10192685 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2023.1196245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The acceptance and use of in vitro data for hazard identification, prioritization, and risk evaluation is partly limited by uncertainties associated with xenobiotic metabolism. The lack of biotransformation capabilities of many in vitro systems may under- or overestimate the hazard of compounds that are metabolized to more or less active metabolites in vivo. One approach to retrofitting existing bioassays with metabolic competence is the lid-based Alginate Immobilization of Metabolic Enzymes (AIME) method, which adds hepatic metabolism to conventional high-throughput screening platforms. Here, limitations of the lid-based AIME method were addressed by incorporating bioprinting, which involved depositing S9-encapsulated microspheres into standard 384-well plates with requisite cofactors for phase I and II hepatic metabolism. Objectives of this study included: 1) compare the lid-based and AIME bioprinting methods by assessing the enzymatic activity of a common cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme, 2) use biochemical assays with the bioprinting method to characterize additional measures of phase I and II metabolic activity, and 3) evaluate the bioprinting method by screening 25 chemicals of known metabolism-dependent bioactivity in the VM7Luc estrogen receptor transactivation (ERTA) assay. A comparison of the two methods revealed comparable precision and dynamic range. Activity of additional CYP enzymes and glucuronidation was observed using the AIME bioprinting method. The ERTA experiment identified 19/21 ER-active test chemicals, 14 of which were concordant with expected biotransformation effects (73.7%). Additional refinement of the AIME bioprinting method has the potential to expand high-throughput screening capabilities in a robust, accessible manner to incorporate in vitro metabolic competence.
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Jun HR, Kang HJ, Ju SH, Kim JE, Jeon SY, Ku B, Lee JJ, Kim M, Kim MJ, Choi JJ, Noh JJ, Kim HS, Lee JW, Lee JK, Lee DW. High-throughput organo-on-pillar (high-TOP) array system for three-dimensional ex vivo drug testing. Biomaterials 2023; 296:122087. [PMID: 36924663 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
The development of organoid culture technologies has triggered industrial interest in ex vivo drug test-guided clinical response prediction for precision cancer therapy. The three-dimensional culture encapsulated with basement membrane (BM) components is extremely important in establishing ex vivo organoids and drug sensitivity tests because the BM components confer essential structures resembling tumor histopathology. Although numerous studies have demonstrated three-dimensional culture-based drug screening methods, establishing a large-scale drug-screening platform with matrix-encapsulated tumor cells is challenging because the arrangement of microspots of a matrix-cell droplet onto each well of a microwell plate is inconsistent and difficult to standardize. In addition, relatively low scales and lack of reproducibility discourage the application of three-dimensional organoid-based drug screening data for precision treatment or drug discovery. To overcome these limitations, we manufactured an automated organospotter-integrated high-throughput organo-on-pillar (high-TOP) drug-screening platform. Our system is compatible with various extracellular matrices, including BM extract, Matrigel, collagen, and hydrogel. In addition, it can be readily utilized for high-content analyses by simply exchanging the bottom plates without disrupting the domes. Our system demonstrated considerable robustness, consistency, reproducibility, and biological relevancy in three-dimensional drug sensitivity analyses using Matrigel-encapsulated ovarian cancer cell lines. We also demonstrated proof-of-concept cases representing the clinical feasibility of high-TOP-assisted ex vivo drug tests linked to clinical chemo-response in ovarian cancer patients. In conclusion, our platform provides an automated and standardized method for ex vivo drug-sensitivity-guided clinical response prediction, suggesting effective chemotherapy regimens for patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Ryeong Jun
- Central R & D Center, Medical & Bio Decision (MBD) Co., Ltd. Suwon, South Korea
| | - Hyun Ju Kang
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung Hun Ju
- Central R & D Center, Medical & Bio Decision (MBD) Co., Ltd. Suwon, South Korea
| | - Jung Eun Kim
- Central R & D Center, Medical & Bio Decision (MBD) Co., Ltd. Suwon, South Korea
| | - Sang Youl Jeon
- Central R & D Center, Medical & Bio Decision (MBD) Co., Ltd. Suwon, South Korea
| | - Bosung Ku
- Central R & D Center, Medical & Bio Decision (MBD) Co., Ltd. Suwon, South Korea
| | - Jae Jun Lee
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Minsung Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Min Jeong Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gynecologic Cancer Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung-Joo Choi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gynecologic Cancer Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Joseph J Noh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gynecologic Cancer Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Soo Kim
- Department of Pathology and Translational Genomics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Won Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gynecologic Cancer Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Jin-Ku Lee
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Dong Woo Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam, South Korea.
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Ratliff M, Kim H, Qi H, Kim M, Ku B, Azorin DD, Hausmann D, Khajuria RK, Patel A, Maier E, Cousin L, Ogier A, Sahm F, Etminan N, Bunse L, Winkler F, El-Khoury V, Platten M, Kwon YJ. Patient-Derived Tumor Organoids for Guidance of Personalized Drug Therapies in Recurrent Glioblastoma. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126572. [PMID: 35743016 PMCID: PMC9223608 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
An obstacle to effective uniform treatment of glioblastoma, especially at recurrence, is genetic and cellular intertumoral heterogeneity. Hence, personalized strategies are necessary, as are means to stratify potential targeted therapies in a clinically relevant timeframe. Functional profiling of drug candidates against patient-derived glioblastoma organoids (PD-GBO) holds promise as an empirical method to preclinically discover potentially effective treatments of individual tumors. Here, we describe our establishment of a PD-GBO-based functional profiling platform and the results of its application to four patient tumors. We show that our PD-GBO model system preserves key features of individual patient glioblastomas in vivo. As proof of concept, we tested a panel of 41 FDA-approved drugs and were able to identify potential treatment options for three out of four patients; the turnaround from tumor resection to discovery of treatment option was 13, 14, and 15 days, respectively. These results demonstrate that this approach is a complement and, potentially, an alternative to current molecular profiling efforts in the pursuit of effective personalized treatment discovery in a clinically relevant time period. Furthermore, these results warrant the use of PD-GBO platforms for preclinical identification of new drugs against defined morphological glioblastoma features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Ratliff
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mannheim Center for Translational Neurosciences (MCTN), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (R.K.K.); (E.M.); (N.E.)
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neurooncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (D.D.A.); (D.H.); (F.W.)
- Correspondence: (M.R.); (Y.-J.K.)
| | - Hichul Kim
- Personalized Therapy Discovery, Department of Cancer Research, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 3555 Dudelange, Luxembourg; (H.K.); (V.E.-K.)
- Early Discovery and Technology Development, Ksilink, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (L.C.); (A.O.)
| | - Hao Qi
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (H.Q.); (L.B.); (M.P.)
| | - Minsung Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110799, Korea;
| | - Bosung Ku
- Central R&D Center, Medical & Bio Decision (MBD), Suwon 16229, Korea;
| | - Daniel Dominguez Azorin
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neurooncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (D.D.A.); (D.H.); (F.W.)
- Neurology Clinic and National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David Hausmann
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neurooncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (D.D.A.); (D.H.); (F.W.)
- Neurology Clinic and National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rajiv K. Khajuria
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mannheim Center for Translational Neurosciences (MCTN), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (R.K.K.); (E.M.); (N.E.)
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neurooncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (D.D.A.); (D.H.); (F.W.)
- Neurology Clinic and National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Areeba Patel
- Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Heidelberg and CCU Neuropathology, German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (A.P.); (F.S.)
| | - Elena Maier
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mannheim Center for Translational Neurosciences (MCTN), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (R.K.K.); (E.M.); (N.E.)
| | - Loic Cousin
- Early Discovery and Technology Development, Ksilink, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (L.C.); (A.O.)
| | - Arnaud Ogier
- Early Discovery and Technology Development, Ksilink, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (L.C.); (A.O.)
| | - Felix Sahm
- Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Heidelberg and CCU Neuropathology, German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (A.P.); (F.S.)
| | - Nima Etminan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mannheim Center for Translational Neurosciences (MCTN), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (R.K.K.); (E.M.); (N.E.)
| | - Lukas Bunse
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (H.Q.); (L.B.); (M.P.)
- Mannheim Center for Translational Neurosciences (MCTN), Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Frank Winkler
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neurooncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (D.D.A.); (D.H.); (F.W.)
- Neurology Clinic and National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Victoria El-Khoury
- Personalized Therapy Discovery, Department of Cancer Research, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 3555 Dudelange, Luxembourg; (H.K.); (V.E.-K.)
- Luxembourg Center of Neuropathology (LCNP), Department of Cancer Research, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 3555 Dudelange, Luxembourg
| | - Michael Platten
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (H.Q.); (L.B.); (M.P.)
- Mannheim Center for Translational Neurosciences (MCTN), Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
- DKFZ Hector Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Mannheim, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Yong-Jun Kwon
- Personalized Therapy Discovery, Department of Cancer Research, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 3555 Dudelange, Luxembourg; (H.K.); (V.E.-K.)
- Early Discovery and Technology Development, Ksilink, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (L.C.); (A.O.)
- Correspondence: (M.R.); (Y.-J.K.)
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High-throughput screening for identifying acetylcholinesterase inhibitors: Insights on novel inhibitors and the use of liver microsomes. SLAS DISCOVERY : ADVANCING LIFE SCIENCES R & D 2022; 27:65-67. [PMID: 35058177 PMCID: PMC9884470 DOI: 10.1016/j.slasd.2021.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Rapid, higher throughput, and predictive toxicological methods are needed to assess vast numbers of chemicals with unknown safety profiles. A current effort towards this goal is Toxicology in the 21st Century (Tox21), a United States government consortium using a battery of in vitro assays to screen a library of 10,000 compounds relevant to food, drug, and environmental safety. Recently, we implemented in vitro assays for measuring acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition, a mechanism of toxicity, into Tox21's high-throughput screening campaign (Li S., et al. Environ Health Persp 2021;129:047008, doi:10.1289/EHP6993). In this Commentary, we provide detailed insights on two topics related to our article: (1) prioritizing recently discovered AChE inhibitors from our screening based upon physiological relevance and (2) incorporating human liver microsomes into the AChE inhibition assay to identify metabolically active AChE inhibitors.
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Deisenroth C, DeGroot DE, Zurlinden T, Eicher A, McCord J, Lee MY, Carmichael P, Thomas RS. The Alginate Immobilization of Metabolic Enzymes Platform Retrofits an Estrogen Receptor Transactivation Assay With Metabolic Competence. Toxicol Sci 2021; 178:281-301. [PMID: 32991717 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfaa147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The U.S. EPA Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program utilizes data across the ToxCast/Tox21 high-throughput screening (HTS) programs to evaluate the biological effects of potential endocrine active substances. A potential limitation to the use of in vitro assay data in regulatory decision-making is the lack of coverage for xenobiotic metabolic processes. Both hepatic- and peripheral-tissue metabolism can yield metabolites that exhibit greater activity than the parent compound (bioactivation) or are inactive (bioinactivation) for a given biological target. Interpretation of biological effect data for both putative endocrine active substances, as well as other chemicals, screened in HTS assays may benefit from the addition of xenobiotic metabolic capabilities to decrease the uncertainty in predicting potential hazards to human health. The objective of this study was to develop an approach to retrofit existing HTS assays with hepatic metabolism. The Alginate Immobilization of Metabolic Enzymes (AIME) platform encapsulates hepatic S9 fractions in alginate microspheres attached to 96-well peg lids. Functional characterization across a panel of reference substrates for phase I cytochrome P450 enzymes revealed substrate depletion with expected metabolite accumulation. Performance of the AIME method in the VM7Luc estrogen receptor transactivation assay was evaluated across 15 reference chemicals and 48 test chemicals that yield metabolites previously identified as estrogen receptor active or inactive. The results demonstrate the utility of applying the AIME method for identification of false-positive and false-negative target assay effects, reprioritization of hazard based on metabolism-dependent bioactivity, and enhanced in vivo concordance with the rodent uterotrophic bioassay. Integration of the AIME metabolism method may prove useful for future biochemical and cell-based HTS applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad Deisenroth
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
| | - Danica E DeGroot
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
| | - Todd Zurlinden
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
| | - Andrew Eicher
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
| | - James McCord
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
| | - Mi-Young Lee
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever, Colworth Science, Park, Bedford, Sharnbrook MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Paul Carmichael
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever, Colworth Science, Park, Bedford, Sharnbrook MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Russell S Thomas
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
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Recent advances in microarray 3D bioprinting for high-throughput spheroid and tissue culture and analysis. Essays Biochem 2021; 65:481-489. [PMID: 34296737 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20200150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) cell culture in vitro has proven to be more physiologically relevant than two-dimensional (2D) culture of cell monolayers, thus more predictive in assessing efficacy and toxicity of compounds. There have been several 3D cell culture techniques developed, which include spheroid and multicellular tissue cultures. Cell spheroids have been generated from single or multiple cell types cultured in ultralow attachment (ULA) well plates and hanging droplet plates. In general, cell spheroids are formed in a relatively short period of culture, in the absence of extracellular matrices (ECMs), via gravity-driven self-aggregation, thus having limited ability to self-organization in layered structure. On the other hand, multicellular tissue cultures including miniature tissues derived from pluripotent stem cells and adult stem cells (a.k.a. 'organoids') and 3D bioprinted tissue constructs require biomimetic hydrogels or ECMs and show highly ordered structure due to spontaneous self-organization of cells during differentiation and maturation processes. In this short review article, we summarize traditional methods of spheroid and multicellular tissue cultures as well as their technical challenges, and introduce how droplet-based, miniature 3D bioprinting ('microarray 3D bioprinting') can be used to improve assay throughput and reproducibility for high-throughput, predictive screening of compounds. Several platforms including a micropillar chip and a 384-pillar plate developed to facilitate miniature spheroid and tissue cultures via microarray 3D bioprinting are introduced. We excluded microphysiological systems (MPSs) in this article although they are important tissue models to simulate multiorgan interactions.
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11
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[Research advances of high-throughput cell-based drug screening systems based on microfluidic technique]. Se Pu 2021; 39:567-577. [PMID: 34227317 PMCID: PMC9404090 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1123.2020.07014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
药物筛选是新药研发的关键步骤,创新药物的发现需要采用适当的药物作用靶点对大量化合物样品进行筛选。高通量筛选系统能够实现数千个反应同时测试和分析,大大提高了药物筛选的实验规模和效率。其中基于细胞水平的高通量药物筛选系统因为更加接近人体生理条件,成为主要的筛选模式。而目前发展成熟的高通量细胞筛选系统主要基于多孔板,存在细胞培养条件单一、耗时费力、试剂消耗量大等问题,且较难实现复杂的组合药物筛选。微流控技术作为一种在微米尺度通道中操纵和控制微流体的技术,具有微量、高效、高通量和自动化的优点,能较好地克服多孔板筛选系统的不足,为构建细胞高通量药物筛选系统提供了一种高效、可靠的技术手段。微流控系统在细胞培养材料、芯片结构设计和流体控制方面均可灵活变化,能更好地实现对细胞生长微环境的调控和模拟。文章综述了基于微流控技术的细胞水平高通量药物筛选系统的研究进展,按照不同的微流体操控模式,对基于灌注流、液滴和微阵列的3种类型的微流控细胞筛选系统进行了分类介绍,并分别总结了它们的优缺点,最后展望了微流控细胞水平高通量药物筛选系统的发展前景,提出了该领域目前存在的问题以及解决问题的方向。
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3D tumor spheroid microarray for high-throughput, high-content natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Commun Biol 2021; 4:893. [PMID: 34290356 PMCID: PMC8295284 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02417-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has emerged as a promising approach to treating several forms of cancer. Use of immune cells, such as natural killer (NK) cells, along with small molecule drugs and antibodies through antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) has been investigated as a potential combination therapy for some difficult to treat solid tumors. Nevertheless, there remains a need to develop tools that support co-culture of target cancer cells and effector immune cells in a contextually relevant three-dimensional (3D) environment to provide a rapid means to screen for and optimize ADCC-drug combinations. To that end, here we have developed a high throughput 330 micropillar-microwell sandwich platform that enables 3D co-culture of NK92-CD16 cells with pancreatic (MiaPaCa-2) and breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231). The platform successfully mimicked hypoxic conditions found in a tumor microenvironment and was used to demonstrate NK-cell mediated cell cytotoxicity in combination with two monoclonal antibodies; Trastuzumab and Atezolizumab. The platform was also used to show dose response behavior of target cancer cells with reduced EC50 values for paclitaxel (an anti-cancer chemotherapeutic) when treated with both NK cells and antibody. Such a platform may be used to develop more personalized cancer therapies using patient-derived cancer cells.
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Kang SY, Joshi P, Lee MY. High-Throughput Screening of Compound Neurotoxicity Using 3D-Cultured Neural Stem Cells on a 384-Pillar Plate. Curr Protoc 2021; 1:e107. [PMID: 33887124 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Assessing the neurotoxicity of test chemicals has typically been performed using two-dimensionally (2D)-cultured neuronal cell monolayers and animal models. The in vitro 2D cell models are simple and straightforward compared to animal models, which have the disadvantage of being relatively low throughput, expensive, and time consuming. Despite their extensive use in this area of neurotoxicology research, both models often do not accurately recapitulate human outcomes. To bridge this gap and attempt to better replicate what happens in vivo, three-dimensionally (3D) cultured neural stem cells (NSCs) encapsulated in hydrogels on a 384-pillar plate have been developed via miniature 3D bioprinting. This technology allows users to print NSCs on a pillar plate for rapid 3D cell culture as well as high-throughput compound screening. For this, the 384-pillar plate with bioprinted NSCs is sandwiched with a standard 384-well plate with growth medium for 3D culture, allowing researchers to expose the cells to test compounds and stain them with various fluorescent dyes for a suite of high-content imaging assays, including assays for DNA damage, mitochondrial impairment, cell membrane integrity, intracellular glutathione levels, and apoptosis. After acquiring cell images from an automated fluorescence microscope and extracting fluorescence intensities, researchers can obtain the IC50 value of each compound to evaluate critical parameters in neurotoxicity. Here, we provide a detailed description of protocols for cell printing on a 384-pillar plate, 3D NSC culture, compound testing, 3D cell staining, and image acquisition and analysis, which altogether will allow researchers to investigate mechanisms of compound neurotoxicity with 3D-cultured NSCs in a high-throughput manner. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Three-dimensional neural stem cell culture on a 384-pillar plate Basic Protocol 2: Compound treatment and cell staining Basic Protocol 3: Image acquisition, processing, and data analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Yeon Kang
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Pranav Joshi
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Moo-Yeal Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio
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Kang SY, Yu KN, Joshi P, Lee MY. High-Throughput Assessment of Metabolism-Induced Toxicity of Compounds on a 384-Pillar Plate. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2089:191-207. [PMID: 31773656 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0163-1_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
A variety of oxidative and conjugative enzymes are involved in the metabolism of compounds including drugs, which can be converted into toxic metabolites by Phase I drug-metabolizing enzymes (DMEs), such as the cytochromes P450 (CYP450s), and/or detoxified by Phase II DMEs, such as UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs), sulfotransferases (SULTs), and glutathione S-transferases (GSTs). Traditionally, primary hepatocytes containing a complete set of DMEs have been widely used as a gold standard to assess metabolism-induced compound toxicity. However, primary hepatocytes are expensive, have high donor variability in expression levels of DMEs, and rapidly lose liver-specific functions when the cells are maintained under standard in vitro cell culture conditions over time. To address this issue and rapidly profile metabolism-induced drug toxicity, we have developed a 384-pillar plate, which is complementary to conventional 384-well plates. In this chapter, we provide step-by-step procedures for three-dimensional (3D) cell printing on the 384-pillar plate coupled with DMEs and compounds in the 384-well plate for high-throughput assessment of metabolism-induced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Yeon Kang
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Kyeong-Nam Yu
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Pranav Joshi
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Moo-Yeal Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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Bigdelou P, Chan KK, Tang J, Yu KN, Whited J, Wang D, Lee MY, Sun XL. High-throughput multiplex assays with mouse macrophages on pillar plate platforms. Exp Cell Res 2020; 396:112243. [PMID: 32835658 PMCID: PMC7572780 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.112243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
It is challenging to rapidly identify immune responses that reflect the state and capability of immune cells due to complex heterogeneity of immune cells and their plasticity to pathogens and modulating molecules. Thus, high-throughput and easy-to-use cell culture and analysis platforms are highly desired for characterizing complex immune responses and elucidating their underlying mechanisms as well. In response to this need, we have developed a micropillar chip and a 384-pillar plate, printed mouse macrophage, RAW 264.7 cell line in alginate on the pillar plate platforms, and established multiplex cell-based assays to rapidly measure cell viability, expression of cell surface markers, and secretion of cytokines upon stimulation with model compound, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), as well as synthetic N-glycan polymers that mimic native glycoconjugates and could bind to lectin receptors on RAW 264.7 cells. Interestingly, changes in RAW 264.7 cell viability, expression levels of cell surface makers, and release of cytokines measured from the pillar plate platforms in the presence and absence of LPS were well correlated with those obtained from their counterpart, the 96-well plate with 2D-cultured macrophages. With this approach, we identified that α2,3-linked N-sialyllactose polymer has significant macrophage modulation activity among the N-glycan polymers tested. Therefore, we successfully demonstrated that our pillar plate platforms with 3D-cultured macrophages can streamline immune cell imaging and analysis in high throughput in response to compound stimulation. We envision that the pillar plate platforms could potentially be used for rapid characterization of immune cell responses and for screening immune cell-modulating molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parnian Bigdelou
- Department of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, 44115, USA
| | - Ka Keung Chan
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Gene Regulation of Health and Disease (GRHD), Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, 44115, USA
| | - Jinshan Tang
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Gene Regulation of Health and Disease (GRHD), Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, 44115, USA; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, West 601, Huangpu Avenue, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Kyeong-Nam Yu
- Department of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, 44115, USA
| | - Joshua Whited
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Gene Regulation of Health and Disease (GRHD), Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, 44115, USA
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Gene Regulation of Health and Disease (GRHD), Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, 44115, USA
| | - Moo-Yeal Lee
- Department of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, 44115, USA.
| | - Xue-Long Sun
- Department of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, 44115, USA; Department of Chemistry and Center of Gene Regulation of Health and Disease (GRHD), Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, 44115, USA.
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Micropillar/Microwell Chip Assessment for Detoxification of Bisphenol A with Korean Pear ( Pyrus pyrifolia). MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11100922. [PMID: 33022928 PMCID: PMC7599539 DOI: 10.3390/mi11100922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A micropillar/microwell chip platform with 3D cultured liver cells has been used for HTP screening of hepatotoxicity of bisphenol A (BPA), an endocrine-disrupting chemical. We previously found the hepatotoxicity of BPA is alleviated by alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2). In this study, we have tested potential BPA detoxification with Korean pear (Pyrus pyrifolia) extract, stimulators of ADH and ALDH, as well as arbutin, a reference compound in the pears, on the micropillar/microwell chip platform with human liver cells. Surprisingly, the toxicity of BPA was reduced in the presence of Korean pear extract, indicated by significantly increased IC50 values. The IC50 value of BPA with Korean pear extract tested against HepG2 cells was shifted from 151 to 451 μM, whereas those tested against Hep3B cells was shifted from 110 to 204 μM. Among the tested various concentrations, 1.25, 2.5, and 5 mg/mL of the extract significantly reduced BPA toxicity (Ps < 0.05). However, there was no such detoxification effects with arbutin. This result was supported by changes in protein levels of ADH in the liver cells.
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High-content imaging of 3D-cultured neural stem cells on a 384-pillar plate for the assessment of cytotoxicity. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 65:104765. [PMID: 31923580 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The assessment of neurotoxicity has been performed traditionally with animals. However, in vivo studies are highly expensive and time-consuming, and often do not correlate to human outcomes. Thus, there is a need for cost-effective, high-throughput, highly predictive alternative in vitro test methods based on early markers of mechanisms of toxicity. High-content imaging (HCI) assays performed on three-dimensionally (3D) cultured cells could provide better understanding of the mechanism of toxicity needed to predict neurotoxicity in humans. However, current 3D cell culture systems lack the throughput required for screening neurotoxicity against a large number of chemicals. Therefore, we have developed miniature 3D neural stem cell (NSC) culture on a unique 384-pillar plate, which is complementary to conventional 384-well plates. Mitochondrial membrane impairment, intracellular glutathione level, cell membrane integrity, DNA damage, and apoptosis have been tested against 3D-cultured ReNcell VM on the 384-pillar plate with four model compounds rotenone, 4-aminopyridine, digoxin, and topotecan. The HCI assays performed in 3D-cultured ReNcell VM on the 384-pillar plates were highly robust and reproducible as indicated by the average Z' factor of 0.6 and CV values around 12%. From concentration-response curves and IC50 values, mitochondrial membrane impairment appears to be the early stage marker of cell death by the compounds.
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