1
|
Ip BC, Madnick SJ, Zheng S, van Tongeren TCA, Hall SJ, Li H, Martin S, Spriggs S, Carmichael P, Chen W, Ames D, Breitweiser LA, Pence HE, Bowling AJ, Johnson KJ, Cubberley R, Morgan JR, Boekelheide K. Development of a human liver microphysiological co-culture system for higher throughput chemical safety assessment. Toxicol Sci 2024:kfae018. [PMID: 38335931 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfae018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Chemicals in the systemic circulation can undergo hepatic xenobiotic metabolism, generate metabolites and exhibit altered toxicity compared to their parent compounds. This paper describes a two-chamber liver-organ co-culture model in a higher-throughput 96-well format for the determination of toxicity on target tissues in the presence of physiologically relevant human liver metabolism. This two-chamber system is a hydrogel formed within each well consisting of a central well (target tissue) and an outer ring-shaped trough (human liver tissue). The target tissue chamber can be configured to accommodate a three-dimensional (3D) spheroid-shaped microtissue, or a two-dimensional (2D) cell mono-layer. Culture medium and compounds freely diffuse between the two chambers. Human differentiated HepaRGTM liver cells are used to form the 3D human liver microtissues, which displayed robust protein expression of liver biomarkers (albumin, asialoglycoprotein receptor, Phase I cytochrome P450 (CYP3A4) enzyme, multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 transporter, and glycogen), and exhibited Phase I/II enzyme activities over the course of 17 days. Histological and ultrastructural analyses confirmed that the HepaRG microtissues presented a differentiated hepatocyte phenotype, including abundant mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and bile canaliculi. Liver microtissue zonation characteristics could be easily modulated by maturation in different media supplements. Furthermore, our proof-of-concept study demonstrated the efficacy of this co-culture model in evaluating testosterone-mediated androgen receptor responses in the presence of human liver metabolism. This liver-organ co-culture system provides a practical, higher-throughput testing platform for metabolism-dependent bioactivity assessment of drugs/chemicals, to better recapitulate the biological effects and potential toxicity of human exposures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Blanche C Ip
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Center for Alternatives to Animals in Testing, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Samantha J Madnick
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Center for Alternatives to Animals in Testing, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Sophia Zheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | | | - Susan J Hall
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Suzanne Martin
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Sharnbrook, United Kingdom
| | - Sandrine Spriggs
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Sharnbrook, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Carmichael
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Sharnbrook, United Kingdom
| | - Wei Chen
- Corteva, Inc, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Richard Cubberley
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Sharnbrook, United Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey R Morgan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Center for Alternatives to Animals in Testing, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Kim Boekelheide
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Center for Alternatives to Animals in Testing, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chen P, Li Y, Long Q, Zuo T, Zhang Z, Guo J, Xu D, Li K, Liu S, Li S, Yin J, Chang L, Kukic P, Liddell M, Tulum L, Carmichael P, Peng S, Li J, Zhang Q, Xu P. The phosphoproteome is a first responder in tiered cellular adaptation to chemical stress followed by proteomics and transcriptomics alteration. Chemosphere 2023; 344:140329. [PMID: 37783352 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Next-generation risk assessment (NGRA) for environmental chemicals involves a weight of evidence (WoE) framework integrating a suite of new approach methodologies (NAMs) based on points of departure (PoD) obtained from in vitro assays. Among existing NAMs, the omic-based technologies are of particular importance based on the premise that any apical endpoint change indicative of impaired health must be underpinned by some alterations at the omics level, such as transcriptome, proteome, metabolome, epigenome and genome. Transcriptomic assay plays a leading role in providing relatively conservative PoDs compared with apical endpoints. However, it is unclear whether and how parameters measured with other omics techniques predict the cellular response to chemical perturbations, especially at exposure levels below the transcriptomically defined PoD. Multi-omics coverage may provide additional sensitive or confirmative biomarkers to complement and reduce the uncertainty in safety decisions made using targeted and transcriptomics assays. In the present study, we conducted multi-omics studies of transcriptomics, proteomics and phosphoproteomics on two prototype compounds, coumarin and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), with multiple chemical concentrations and time points, to understand the sensitivity of the three omics techniques in response to chemically-induced changes in HepG2. We demonstrated that, phosphoproteomics alterations occur not only earlier in time, but also more sensitive to lower concentrations than proteomics and transcriptomics when the HepG2 cells were exposed to various chemical treatments. The phosphoproteomics changes appear to approach maximum when the transcriptomics alterations begin to initiate. Therefore, it is proximal to the very early effects induced by chemical exposure. We concluded that phosphoproteomics can be utilized to provide a more complete coverage of chemical-induced cellular alteration and supplement transcriptomics-based health safety decision making.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peiru Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Research Unit of Proteomics & Research and Development of New Drug of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, 102206, China; Hebei Province Key Lab of Research and Application on Microbial Diversity, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Yuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Research Unit of Proteomics & Research and Development of New Drug of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, 102206, China; Department of Biomedicine, Medical College, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China; Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550002, China
| | - Qi Long
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Research Unit of Proteomics & Research and Development of New Drug of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, 102206, China; School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Tao Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Research Unit of Proteomics & Research and Development of New Drug of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Zhenpeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Research Unit of Proteomics & Research and Development of New Drug of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Jiabin Guo
- Evaluation and Research Centre for Toxicology, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Danyang Xu
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Kaixuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Research Unit of Proteomics & Research and Development of New Drug of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, 102206, China; Hebei Province Key Lab of Research and Application on Microbial Diversity, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Shu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Research Unit of Proteomics & Research and Development of New Drug of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Suzhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Research Unit of Proteomics & Research and Development of New Drug of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, 102206, China; School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Jian Yin
- Evaluation and Research Centre for Toxicology, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Lei Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Research Unit of Proteomics & Research and Development of New Drug of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Predrag Kukic
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Mark Liddell
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Liz Tulum
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Paul Carmichael
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Shuangqing Peng
- Evaluation and Research Centre for Toxicology, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Jin Li
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, UK.
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, USA, GA, 30322.
| | - Ping Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Research Unit of Proteomics & Research and Development of New Drug of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, 102206, China; Hebei Province Key Lab of Research and Application on Microbial Diversity, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China; Department of Biomedicine, Medical College, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China; School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China; Program of Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Li Y, Jiang S, Xu F, Li K, Chang L, Gao H, Kukic P, Carmichael P, Liddell M, Li J, Zhang Q, Lyu Z, Peng S, Zuo T, Tulum L, Xu P. Quantitative phosphoproteomics reveal cellular responses from caffeine, coumarin and quercetin in treated HepG2 cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 449:116110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.116110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
4
|
Baltazar M, Cable S, Carmichael P, Cubberley R, Cull T, Dent M, Houghton J, Kukic P, Hatherell S, Middleton A, Malcomber S, Pendlington R, Reynolds G, Reynolds J, Moxon T, Nicol B, White A, Westmoreland C, Sparham C, Scott S, Rigarlsford A. An industry perspective on strategies for integrating new approach methodologies for next generation risk assessment. Toxicol Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4274(21)00359-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
5
|
Middleton A, Cable S, Russell P, Baltazar M, Nicol B, Carmichael P, Dent M, Przybylak K, Kukic P, Sparham C, Scott S, Malcomber S, Reynolds J, Rigarlsford A. Evaluating new approach methodologies for consumer-based risk assessments: challenges and future perspectives. Toxicol Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4274(21)00410-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
6
|
Deisenroth C, DeGroot DE, Zurlinden T, Eicher A, McCord J, Lee MY, Carmichael P, Thomas RS. The Alginate Immobilization of Metabolic Enzymes Platform Retrofits an Estrogen Receptor Transactivation Assay With Metabolic Competence. Toxicol Sci 2021; 178:281-301. [PMID: 32991717 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfaa147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The U.S. EPA Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program utilizes data across the ToxCast/Tox21 high-throughput screening (HTS) programs to evaluate the biological effects of potential endocrine active substances. A potential limitation to the use of in vitro assay data in regulatory decision-making is the lack of coverage for xenobiotic metabolic processes. Both hepatic- and peripheral-tissue metabolism can yield metabolites that exhibit greater activity than the parent compound (bioactivation) or are inactive (bioinactivation) for a given biological target. Interpretation of biological effect data for both putative endocrine active substances, as well as other chemicals, screened in HTS assays may benefit from the addition of xenobiotic metabolic capabilities to decrease the uncertainty in predicting potential hazards to human health. The objective of this study was to develop an approach to retrofit existing HTS assays with hepatic metabolism. The Alginate Immobilization of Metabolic Enzymes (AIME) platform encapsulates hepatic S9 fractions in alginate microspheres attached to 96-well peg lids. Functional characterization across a panel of reference substrates for phase I cytochrome P450 enzymes revealed substrate depletion with expected metabolite accumulation. Performance of the AIME method in the VM7Luc estrogen receptor transactivation assay was evaluated across 15 reference chemicals and 48 test chemicals that yield metabolites previously identified as estrogen receptor active or inactive. The results demonstrate the utility of applying the AIME method for identification of false-positive and false-negative target assay effects, reprioritization of hazard based on metabolism-dependent bioactivity, and enhanced in vivo concordance with the rodent uterotrophic bioassay. Integration of the AIME metabolism method may prove useful for future biochemical and cell-based HTS applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chad Deisenroth
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
| | - Danica E DeGroot
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
| | - Todd Zurlinden
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
| | - Andrew Eicher
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
| | - James McCord
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
| | - Mi-Young Lee
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever, Colworth Science, Park, Bedford, Sharnbrook MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Paul Carmichael
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever, Colworth Science, Park, Bedford, Sharnbrook MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Russell S Thomas
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Li H, Yuan H, Middleton A, Li J, Nicol B, Carmichael P, Guo J, Peng S, Zhang Q. Next generation risk assessment (NGRA): Bridging in vitro points-of-departure to human safety assessment using physiologically-based kinetic (PBK) modelling - A case study of doxorubicin with dose metrics considerations. Toxicol In Vitro 2021; 74:105171. [PMID: 33848589 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2021.105171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Using the chemical doxorubicin (DOX), the objective of the present study was to evaluate the impact of dose metrics selection in the new approach method of integrating physiologically-based kinetic (PBK) modelling and relevant human cell-based assays to inform a priori the point of departure for human health risk. We reviewed the literature on the clinical consequences of DOX treatment to identify dosing scenarios with no or mild cardiotoxicity observed. Key concentrations of DOX that induced cardiomyocyte toxicity in vitro were derived from studies of our own and others. A human population-based PBK model of DOX was developed and verified against pharmacokinetic data. The model was then used to predict plasma and extracellular and intracellular heart concentrations of DOX under selected clinical settings and compared with in vitro outcomes, based on several dose metrics: Cmax (maximum concentration) or AUC (area under concentration-time curve) in free or total form of DOX. We found when using in vitro assays to predict cardiotoxicity for DOX, AUC is a better indicator. Our study illustrates that when appropriate dose metrics are used, it is possible to combine PBK modelling with in vitro-derived toxicity information to define margins of safety and predict low-risk human exposure levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hequn Li
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Haitao Yuan
- Evaluation and Research Centre for Toxicology, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Alistair Middleton
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Jin Li
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Beate Nicol
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Paul Carmichael
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Jiabin Guo
- Evaluation and Research Centre for Toxicology, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Shuangqing Peng
- Evaluation and Research Centre for Toxicology, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China.
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Rogiers V, Benfenati E, Bernauer U, Bodin L, Carmichael P, Chaudhry Q, Coenraads PJ, Cronin MT, Dent M, Dusinska M, Ellison C, Ezendam J, Gaffet E, Galli CL, Goebel C, Granum B, Hollnagel HM, Kern PS, Kosemund-Meynen K, Ouédraogo G, Panteri E, Rousselle C, Stepnik M, Vanhaecke T, von Goetz N, Worth A. The way forward for assessing the human health safety of cosmetics in the EU - Workshop proceedings. Toxicology 2020; 436:152421. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2020.152421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
9
|
Yu L, Li H, Zhang C, Zhang Q, Guo J, Li J, Yuan H, Li L, Carmichael P, Peng S. Integrating in vitro testing and physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling for chemical liver toxicity assessment-A case study of troglitazone. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 74:103296. [PMID: 31783317 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2019.103296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In vitro to in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) for next-generation risk assessment (NGRA) of chemicals requires computational modeling and faces unique challenges. Using mitochondria-related toxicity data of troglitazone (TGZ), a prototype drug known for liver toxicity, from HepaRG, HepG2, HC-04, and primary human hepatocytes, we explored inherent uncertainties in IVIVE, including cell models, cellular response endpoints, and dose metrics. A human population physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for TGZ was developed to predict in vivo doses from in vitro point-of-departure (POD) concentrations. Compared to the 200-800 mg/d dose range of TGZ where liver injury was observed clinically, the predicted POD doses for the mean and top one percentile of the PBPK population were 28-372 and 15-178 mg/d respectively based on Cmax dosimetry, and 185-2552 and 83-1010 mg/d respectively based on AUC. In conclusion, although with many uncertainties, integrating in vitro assays and PBPK modeling is promising in informing liver toxicity-inducing TGZ doses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yu
- Academy of Military Medicine, Academy of Military Sciences, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, PR China; Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, People's Liberation Army, 20 Dongda Street, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Hequn Li
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Center, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Chi Zhang
- Academy of Military Medicine, Academy of Military Sciences, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, PR China; Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, People's Liberation Army, 20 Dongda Street, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jiabin Guo
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, People's Liberation Army, 20 Dongda Street, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Jin Li
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Center, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Haitao Yuan
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, People's Liberation Army, 20 Dongda Street, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Lizhong Li
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, People's Liberation Army, 20 Dongda Street, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Paul Carmichael
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Center, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Shuangqing Peng
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, People's Liberation Army, 20 Dongda Street, Beijing 100071, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Desprez B, Birk B, Blaauboer B, Boobis A, Carmichael P, Cronin MT, Curie R, Daston G, Hubesch B, Jennings P, Klaric M, Kroese D, Mahony C, Ouédraogo G, Piersma A, Richarz AN, Schwarz M, van Benthem J, van de Water B, Vinken M. A mode-of-action ontology model for safety evaluation of chemicals: Outcome of a series of workshops on repeated dose toxicity. Toxicol In Vitro 2019; 59:44-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
11
|
Jain G, White A, Carmichael P, Krishnakumar N, Rajeshwara N, Subramanian K, Das S, Cooper S, Vethamanickam J, Middleton A, Glavin S, Raghavan A. A systems biology model of oxidative stress that distinguishes adaptive and adverse cellular responses. Toxicol Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.08.583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
12
|
Sarween N, Smith S, Peracha J, Farrugia D, Hameed MA, Carmichael P, Hewins P. SP139LONG-TERM OUTCOMES OF IDIOPATHIC MEMBRANOUS NEPHROPATHY: A TWO-CENTRE EXPERIENCE. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfv189.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
|
13
|
Adeleye Y, Rebecca C, Andersen M, Sun B, White A, Carmichael P, Matt D, Paul F. Application of the TT21C strategy to safety assessment using genetic toxicology as a case study. Toxicol Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.06.470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
14
|
Clewell RA, Sun B, Adeleye Y, Carmichael P, Efremenko A, McMullen PD, Pendse S, Trask OJ, White A, Andersen ME. Profiling dose-dependent activation of p53-mediated signaling pathways by chemicals with distinct mechanisms of DNA damage. Toxicol Sci 2014; 142:56-73. [PMID: 25078064 PMCID: PMC4226763 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
As part of a larger effort to provide proof-of-concept in vitro-only risk assessments, we have developed a suite of high-throughput assays for key readouts in the p53 DNA damage response toxicity pathway: double-strand break DNA damage (p-H2AX), permanent chromosomal damage (micronuclei), p53 activation, p53 transcriptional activity, and cell fate (cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, micronuclei). Dose-response studies were performed with these protein and cell fate assays, together with whole genome transcriptomics, for three prototype chemicals: etoposide, quercetin, and methyl methanesulfonate. Data were collected in a human cell line expressing wild-type p53 (HT1080) and results were confirmed in a second p53 competent cell line (HCT 116). At chemical concentrations causing similar increases in p53 protein expression, p53-mediated protein expression and cellular processes showed substantial chemical-specific differences. These chemical-specific differences in the p53 transcriptional response appear to be determined by augmentation of the p53 response by co-regulators. More importantly, dose-response data for each of the chemicals indicate that the p53 transcriptional response does not prevent micronuclei induction at low concentrations. In fact, the no observed effect levels and benchmark doses for micronuclei induction were less than or equal to those for p53-mediated gene transcription regardless of the test chemical, indicating that p53's post-translational responses may be more important than transcriptional activation in the response to low dose DNA damage. This effort demonstrates the process of defining key assays required for a pathway-based, in vitro-only risk assessment, using the p53-mediated DNA damage response pathway as a prototype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Clewell
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Bin Sun
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Yeyejide Adeleye
- Unilever, Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Paul Carmichael
- Unilever, Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Alina Efremenko
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Patrick D McMullen
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Salil Pendse
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - O J Trask
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Andy White
- Unilever, Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Melvin E Andersen
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Fowler P, Smith R, Smith K, Young J, Jeffrey L, Carmichael P, Kirkland D, Pfuhler S. Reduction of misleading ("false") positive results in mammalian cell genotoxicity assays. III: sensitivity of human cell types to known genotoxic agents. Mutat Res Genet Toxicol Environ Mutagen 2014; 767:28-36. [PMID: 24632063 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We have demonstrated previously that the seemingly high rate of "false" or "misleading" positive results from in vitro micronucleus assays (MNvit) was greater when rodent derived cell lines and certain toxicity measures, such as relative cell count or replication index, were used. These studies suggested that the use of a human cell type with functional p53 and a toxicity measure that included a function of cell proliferation could dramatically reduce the detection of misleading positive results. A reduced "false positive rate" should not be at the expense of a loss of sensitivity of the assay. Therefore, we have investigated the sensitivity of the MNvit assay to known genotoxic agents using three cell types shown previously to be less prone to misleading positives, namely human lymphocytes (HuLy), TK6 and HepG2 cells. The 17 chemicals are well characterised and are from a list of chemicals known to produce positive results in in vitro mammalian cell assays. These data demonstrated a high sensitivity of the assay in which TK6 and HuLy cells were employed, such that 15 out of the 17 chemicals were correctly identified. By contrast, the use of HepG2 cells resulted in far fewer than expected positive responses. In conclusion, using TK6 and HuLy cells in preference to long established rodent cell lines in order to improve specificity does not compromise the sensitivity of the MNvit to detect known genotoxic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Fowler
- Unilever, Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, UK.
| | - Robert Smith
- Covance Laboratories Limited, Otley Road, Harrogate HG3 1PY, UK
| | - Katie Smith
- Covance Laboratories Limited, Otley Road, Harrogate HG3 1PY, UK
| | - Jamie Young
- Quotient Bioresearch Ltd., Pegasus Way, Rushden, Northamptonshire, NN10 6ER, UK
| | - Laura Jeffrey
- Covance Laboratories Limited, Otley Road, Harrogate HG3 1PY, UK
| | - Paul Carmichael
- Unilever, Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - David Kirkland
- Kirkland Consulting, PO Box 79, Tadcaster LS24 0AS, North Yorkshire, UK
| | - Stefan Pfuhler
- Procter & Gamble, 8700 Mason-Montgomery Road, Mason, OH 45040, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kleensang A, Maertens A, Rosenberg M, Fitzpatrick S, Lamb J, Auerbach S, Brennan R, Crofton KM, Gordon B, Fornace AJ, Gaido K, Gerhold D, Haw R, Henney A, Ma'ayan A, McBride M, Monti S, Ochs MF, Pandey A, Sharan R, Stierum R, Tugendreich S, Willett C, Wittwehr C, Xia J, Patton GW, Arvidson K, Bouhifd M, Hogberg HT, Luechtefeld T, Smirnova L, Zhao L, Adeleye Y, Kanehisa M, Carmichael P, Andersen ME, Hartung T. Pathways of Toxicity. ALTEX 2013; 31:53-61. [PMID: 24127042 DOI: 10.14573/altex.1309261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Despite wide-spread consensus on the need to transform toxicology and risk assessment in order to keep pace with technological and computational changes that have revolutionized the life sciences, there remains much work to be done to achieve the vision of toxicology based on a mechanistic foundation. To this end, a workshop was organized to explore one key aspect of this transformation - the development of Pathways of Toxicity as a key tool for hazard identification based on systems biology. Several issues were discussed in depth in the workshop: The first was the challenge of formally defining the concept of a Pathway of Toxicity (PoT), as distinct from, but complementary to, other toxicological pathway concepts such as mode of action (MoA). The workshop came up with a preliminary definition of PoT as "A molecular definition of cellular processes shown to mediate adverse outcomes of toxicants". It is further recognized that normal physiological pathways exist that maintain homeostasis and these, sufficiently perturbed, can become PoT. Second, the workshop sought to define the adequate public and commercial resources for PoT information, including data, visualization, analyses, tools, and use-cases, as well as the kinds of efforts that will be necessary to enable the creation of such a resource. Third, the workshop explored ways in which systems biology approaches could inform pathway annotation, and which resources are needed and available that can provide relevant PoT information to the diverse user communities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andre Kleensang
- Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hameed M, Carmichael P. Aetiology and outcomes for dialysis-dependent acute kidney injury patients on the ICU. Crit Care 2013. [PMCID: PMC3642932 DOI: 10.1186/cc12366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
|
18
|
Modi S, Li J, Malcomber S, Moore C, Scott A, White A, Carmichael P. Integrated in silico approaches for the prediction of Ames test mutagenicity. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2012; 26:1017-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s10822-012-9595-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
|
19
|
Svensson JP, Pesudo LQ, Fry RC, Adeleye YA, Carmichael P, Samson LD. Genomic phenotyping of the essential and non-essential yeast genome detects novel pathways for alkylation resistance. BMC Syst Biol 2011; 5:157. [PMID: 21978764 PMCID: PMC3213080 DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-5-157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A myriad of new chemicals has been introduced into our environment and exposure to these agents can damage cells and induce cytotoxicity through different mechanisms, including damaging DNA directly. Analysis of global transcriptional and phenotypic responses in the yeast S. cerevisiae provides means to identify pathways of damage recovery upon toxic exposure. RESULTS Here we present a phenotypic screen of S. cerevisiae in liquid culture in a microtiter format. Detailed growth measurements were analyzed to reveal effects on ~5,500 different haploid strains that have either non-essential genes deleted or essential genes modified to generate unstable transcripts. The pattern of yeast mutants that are growth-inhibited (compared to WT cells) reveals the mechanisms ordinarily used to recover after damage. In addition to identifying previously-described DNA repair and cell cycle checkpoint deficient strains, we also identified new functional groups that profoundly affect MMS sensitivity, including RNA processing and telomere maintenance. CONCLUSIONS We present here a data-driven method to reveal modes of toxicity of different agents that impair cellular growth. The results from this study complement previous genomic phenotyping studies as we have expanded the data to include essential genes and to provide detailed mutant growth analysis for each individual strain. This eukaryotic testing system could potentially be used to screen compounds for toxicity, to identify mechanisms of toxicity, and to reduce the need for animal testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Peter Svensson
- Biological Engineering Department, Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Biology Department, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Pfuhler S, Kirst A, Aardema M, Banduhn N, Goebel C, Araki D, Costabel-Farkas M, Dufour E, Fautz R, Harvey J, Hewitt NJ, Hibatallah J, Carmichael P, Macfarlane M, Reisinger K, Rowland J, Schellauf F, Schepky A, Scheel J. Corrigendum to ‘A tiered approach to the use of alternatives to animal testing for the safety assessment of cosmetics: Genotoxicity. A COLIPA analysis’ [Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 57 (2010) 315–324]. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2010.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
21
|
Krishnan N, Cockwell P, Devulapally P, Gerber B, Hanvesakul R, Higgins R, Ready A, Carmichael P, Tomlinson K, Kumar S, Baharani J, Dasgupta I. Organ trafficking for live donor kidney transplantation in Indoasians resident in the west midlands: high activity and poor outcomes. Transplantation 2010. [PMID: 20354480 DOI: 10.10.97/tp.0b013e3181da6019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Some Indoasian (IA) patients with established renal failure travel abroad for commercial kidney transplantation. We compared the 1-year outcomes of IA patients from one UK region who received overseas transplants with IA patients receiving local living donor (LD) kidney transplantation, deceased donor (DD) transplantation, and dialysis. METHODS Between 1996 and 2006, 40 adults were transplanted overseas; 38 were IA, and follow-up data were available on 36 patients. Forty IA patients received LD transplants, and 156 patients received DD transplants locally. A cohort of 120 prospective dialysis patients was also used as a comparator group. RESULTS In the overseas cohort, 20 patients (56%) were not active in the UK transplant waiting list at the time of kidney transplantation overseas. One-year graft survival was 87%, and 1-year patient survival was 83%. Composite graft and patient survival was 69.5% at 1 year. In the local LD transplant recipients, patient survival was 97.5% (39 of 40; P=0.03), and graft survival was 97.5% (39 of 40; P=0.06). Composite graft and patient survival was 95% (P=0.003). In the overseas group, 42% had major infections compared with 15% in the local group (P=0.02). One-year graft survival for DD transplant was 84.6% (132 of 156), and 1-year patient survival was 93% (145 of 156; P=NS and P=0.06, respectively). In the dialysis group, 1-year patient survival was 96.7% (116 of 120; P=0.001). CONCLUSION IA patients who choose to travel overseas for kidney transplantation have poor clinical outcomes and should be counseled accordingly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nithya Krishnan
- Department of Renal Medicine, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Pfuhler S, Kirst A, Aardema M, Banduhn N, Goebel C, Araki D, Costabel-Farkas M, Dufour E, Fautz R, Harvey J, Hewitt NJ, Hibatallah J, Carmichael P, Macfarlane M, Reisinger K, Rowland J, Schellauf F, Schepky A, Scheel J. A tiered approach to the use of alternatives to animal testing for the safety assessment of cosmetics: Genotoxicity. A COLIPA analysis. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2010; 57:315-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2010.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2010] [Revised: 03/31/2010] [Accepted: 03/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
23
|
Deag E, Modi S, Li J, Malcomber S, Moore C, Scott A, Carmichael P. In silico predictions of Ames test mutagenicity: An integrated approach. Toxicol Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.03.583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
24
|
Götz C, Ruwiedel K, Pfeiffer R, Hübenthal U, Edwards R, Carmichael P, Aeby P, Goebel C, Pease C, Fritsche E. The COLIPA skin metabolism project: Do in vitro alternatives comprise adequate detoxification capacities for chemical testing in skin? Toxicol Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.03.501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
25
|
Li J, Modi S, Malcomber S, Moore C, Scott A, Carmichael P. A Bayesian integration model of in-silico methods and in-vitro assays for improved mutagenicity prediction. Toxicol Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.03.563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
26
|
Westmoreland C, Carmichael P, Dent M, Fentem J, MacKay C, Maxwell G, Pease C, Reynolds F. Assuring safety without animal testing: Unilever's ongoing research programme to deliver novel ways to assure consumer safety. ALTEX 2010; 27:61-65. [PMID: 21113564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Assuring consumer safety without the generation of new animal data is currently a considerable challenge. However, through the application of new technologies and the further development of risk-based approaches for safety assessment, we remain confident it is ultimately achievable. For many complex, multi-organ consumer safety endpoints, the development, evaluation and application of new, non-animal approaches is hampered by a lack of biological understanding of the underlying mechanistic processes involved. The enormity of this scientific challenge should not be underestimated. To tackle this challenge a substantial research programme was initiated by Unilever in 2004 to critically evaluate the feasibility of a new conceptual approach based upon the following key components: 1.Developing new, exposure-driven risk assessment approaches. 2.Developing new biological (in vitro) and computer-based (in silico) predictive models. 3.Evaluating the applicability of new technologies for generating data (e.g. "omics", informatics) and for integrating new types of data (e.g. systems approaches) for risk-based safety assessment. Our research efforts are focussed in the priority areas of skin allergy, cancer and general toxicity (including inhaled toxicity). In all of these areas, a long-term investment is essential to increase the scientific understanding of the underlying biology and molecular mechanisms that we believe will ultimately form a sound basis for novel risk assessment approaches. Our research programme in these priority areas consists of in-house research as well as Unilever-sponsored academic research, involvement in EU-funded projects (e.g. Sens-it-iv, Carcinogenomics), participation in cross-industry collaborative research (e.g. Colipa, EPAA) and ongoing involvement with other scientific initiatives on non-animal approaches to risk assessment (e.g. UK NC3Rs, US "Human Toxicology Project" consortium).
Collapse
|
27
|
Carmichael P, Davies M, Dent M, Fentem J, Fletcher S, Gilmour N, MacKay C, Maxwell G, Merolla L, Pease C, Reynolds F, Westmoreland C. Non-Animal Approaches for Consumer Safety Risk Assessments: Unilever's Scientific Research Programme. Altern Lab Anim 2009; 37:595-610. [DOI: 10.1177/026119290903700605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Non-animal based approaches to risk assessment are now routinely used for assuring consumer safety for some endpoints (such as skin irritation) following considerable investment in developing and applying new methods over the past 20 years. Unilever's research programme into non-animal approaches for safety assessment is currently focused on the application of new technologies to risk assessments in the areas of skin allergy, cancer and general toxicity (including inhalation toxicity). In all of these areas, a long-term investment is essential to increase the scientific understanding of the underlying biological and chemical processes that we believe will ultimately form a sound basis for novel risk assessment approaches. Our research programme in these priority areas consists of in-house research as well as Unilever-sponsored academic research, involvement with EU-funded projects (e.g. Sens-it-iv, carcino-GENOMICS), participation in cross-industry collaborative research (e.g. COLIPA, EPAA) and ongoing involvement with other scientific initiatives on non-animal approaches to risk assessment (e.g. UK NC3Rs, US ‘Human Toxicology Project’ consortium).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Carmichael
- Safety & Environmental Assurance Centre (SEAC), Unilever, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedford, UK
| | - Michael Davies
- Safety & Environmental Assurance Centre (SEAC), Unilever, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedford, UK
| | - Matt Dent
- Safety & Environmental Assurance Centre (SEAC), Unilever, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedford, UK
| | - Julia Fentem
- Safety & Environmental Assurance Centre (SEAC), Unilever, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedford, UK
| | - Samantha Fletcher
- Safety & Environmental Assurance Centre (SEAC), Unilever, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedford, UK
| | - Nicola Gilmour
- Safety & Environmental Assurance Centre (SEAC), Unilever, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedford, UK
| | - Cameron MacKay
- Safety & Environmental Assurance Centre (SEAC), Unilever, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedford, UK
| | - Gavin Maxwell
- Safety & Environmental Assurance Centre (SEAC), Unilever, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedford, UK
| | - Leona Merolla
- Safety & Environmental Assurance Centre (SEAC), Unilever, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedford, UK
| | - Camilla Pease
- Safety & Environmental Assurance Centre (SEAC), Unilever, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedford, UK
| | - Fiona Reynolds
- Safety & Environmental Assurance Centre (SEAC), Unilever, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedford, UK
| | - Carl Westmoreland
- Safety & Environmental Assurance Centre (SEAC), Unilever, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Götz C, Ruwiedel K, Pfeiffer R, Hübenthal U, Edwards R, Carmichael P, Aeby P, Goebel C, Pease C, Fritsche E. Metabolic capacities of in vitro alternatives for chemical testing in skin: Insights from the Colipa skin metabolism project. Toxicol Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.06.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
29
|
Diembeck W, Carmichael P, Aardema M, Fautz R, Harvey J, Hewitt N, Latil A, Marrec-Fairley M, Pfuhler S, Quedraogo G, Reisinger K. The COLIPA strategy for animal-free genotoxicity testing. Toxicol Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.06.312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
30
|
Carmichael P, Kirsch-Volders M, Vrijhof H. Thresholds for genotoxins and their application in risk assessment. Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis 2009; 678:71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2009.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2009] [Accepted: 04/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
31
|
Pole J, Carmichael P, Griffin J. Identification of transcriptional biomarkers induced by SERMS in human endometrial cells using multivariate analysis of DNA microarrays. Biomarkers 2008; 9:447-60. [PMID: 15849065 DOI: 10.1080/13547500400022192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Functional genomic tools such as DNA microarrays are having a major impact on the drug-discovery process. Potentially, compounds with toxic responses can be identified and removed at a relatively early stage in the drug-development process before tests on animals or humans, solely on the gene expression profiles produced in cell culture. The study examined the expression profiles of primary cultured human endometrial cells treated with 17beta-oestradiol and the SERMs (selective oestrogen receptor modulators) tamoxifen and raloxifene. Primary cultures from three individuals were split into glandular epithelial cells and stromal cell types. Principal components and partial least-squares-discriminate analyses were employed to examine the transcript profile as a whole, identifying genes responsible for patient separation and those that might have an important role in tamoxifen-associated carcinogenesis. Using multivariate data analysis, transcriptional responses were identified in epithelial cells but not in stromal cells for the three SERMs examined. However, it was demonstrated that a major problem associated with using primary cultures derived from human patients is the large transcriptional differences that might exist between the different cultures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Pole
- Molecular Toxicology, Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Tweats D, Gant T, Carmichael P. Omics and the detection of potential carcinogenicity in vitro: Challenges in the light of the EU Cosmetic Directive. Toxicol Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.06.812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
33
|
Ruwiedel K, Pease C, Edwards R, Carmichael P, Abel J, Aeby P, Goebel C, Fritsche E. Drug metabolism and genotoxicity in different skin model systems. Toxicol Lett 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2007.05.256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
34
|
Diaz D, Scott A, Carmichael P, Shi W, Costales C. Evaluation of an automated in vitro micronucleus assay in CHO-K1 cells. Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis 2007; 630:1-13. [PMID: 17446119 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2007.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2006] [Revised: 02/07/2007] [Accepted: 02/08/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we describe the evaluation of an automated in vitro micronucleus assay using CHO-K1 cells in 96-well plates. CHO-K1 cells were pre-loaded with a cell dye that stains the cytoplasm, after which the cells were treated with the test compounds for either 3h (for the +S9 condition) or 24h (for the -S9 condition). A total of 10 concentrations were tested, of which the top five concentrations were scored (limited by either cytotoxicity or solubility). At the end of the incubation period the cells were fixed and their DNA was stained with Hoechst. The visualization and scoring of the cells was done using an automated fluorescent microscope coupled with proprietary automated image analysis software provided by Cellomics (Pittsburg, PA). A total of 46 compounds were used in this evaluation, including 8 aneugens and 25 clastogens with varied mechanisms of action. Thirteen non-genotoxic compounds were also included. The automated scoring had a sensitivity of 88% and a specificity of 100%, with a predictive value positive of 100% and a predictive value negative of 76%, compared to data from the literature that was obtained with manual scoring. We also describe the incorporation of a metabolic activation system using rat liver S9 homogenates, and the use of cell number counts as a cytotoxicity index which is complementary to the CBPI- (cytokinesis-block proliferation index) based index. Finally, we also discuss the potential for artefactual findings due to fluorescent precipitate, which should be carefully monitored to prevent false positive results. In conclusion, the automated in vitro micronucleus scoring is a valid alternative to the manual scoring of slides, and it has the advantage of generating data in a rapid and consistent manner, and with low compound requirements, which makes it well suited as a screening assay in the early stages of compound development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dolores Diaz
- Cerep, Inc., 15318 NE 95th Street, Redmond, WA 98052, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Kirkland DJ, Aardema M, Banduhn N, Carmichael P, Fautz R, Meunier JR, Pfuhler S. In vitro approaches to develop weight of evidence (WoE) and mode of action (MoA) discussions with positive in vitro genotoxicity results. Mutagenesis 2007; 22:161-75. [PMID: 17369606 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gem006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A recent analysis by Kirkland et al. [Kirkland, D., Aardema, M., Henderson, L. and Müller, L. (2005) Evaluation of the ability of a battery of 3 in vitro genotoxicity tests to discriminate rodent carcinogens and non-carcinogens. I. Sensitivity, specificity and relative predictivity. Mutat. Res. 584, 1-256] demonstrated an extremely high false positive rate for in vitro genotoxicity tests when compared with carcinogenicity in rodents. In many industries, decisions have to be made on the safety of new substances, and health risk to humans, without rodent carcinogenicity data being available. In such cases, the usual way to determine whether a positive in vitro genotoxicity result is relevant (i.e. indicates a hazard) for humans is to develop weight of evidence (WoE) or mode of action (MoA) arguments. These are based partly on further in vitro investigations, but usually rely heavily on tests for genotoxicity in one or more in vivo assays. However, for certain product types in the European Union, the use of animals for genotoxicity testing (as well as for other endpoints) will be prohibited within the next few years. Many different examples have been described that indicate DNA damage and genotoxic responses in vitro can arise through non-relevant in vitro events that are a result of the test systems and conditions used. The majority of these non-relevant in vitro events can be grouped under a category of 'overload of normal physiology' that would not be expected to occur in exposed humans. However, obtaining evidence in support of such MoAs is not easy, particularly for those industries prohibited from carrying out in vivo testing. It will become necessary to focus on in vitro studies to provide evidence of non-DNA, threshold or in vitro-specific processes and to discuss the potential for such genotoxic effects to occur in exposed humans. Toward this end, we surveyed the published literature for in vitro approaches that may be followed to determine whether a genotoxic effect observed in vitro will occur in humans. Unfortunately, many of the approaches we found are based on only a few published examples and validated approaches with consensus recommendations often do not exist. This analysis highlights the urgent need for developing consensus approaches that do not rely on animal studies for dealing with in vitro genotoxins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D J Kirkland
- Covance Laboratories Limited, Otley Road, Harrogate HG3 1PY, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Jacob A, Sandhu K, Nicholas J, Jones H, Odum J, Rylance P, Carmichael P, Jackson M, Handa S, Macwhannell A, Basu S, Wahid F, Casadevall N, Mufti G, Macdougall I. Antibody-mediated pure red cell aplasia in a dialysis patient receiving darbepoetin alfa as the sole erythropoietic agent. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2006. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfl625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
37
|
Maskell S, Malcomber S, Windebank S, Carmichael P, Scott A. Development of a human keratinocyte cell line that is up-regulated for the expression of superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1). Toxicology 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2006.05.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
38
|
Jacob A, Sandhu K, Nicholas J, Jones H, Odum J, Rylance P, Carmichael P, Jackson M, Handa S, Macwhannell A, Basu S, Wahid F, Casadevall N, Mufti G, Macdougall I. Antibody-mediated pure red cell aplasia in a dialysis patient receiving darbepoetin alfa as the sole erythropoietic agent. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2006; 21:2963-5. [PMID: 16861239 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfl331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Jacob
- Department of Haematology and Renal Medicine, Royal Wolverhampton Hospitals, New Cross Hospital, Wolverhampton, West Midlands, WV10 0QP.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Khan S, Taylor-Robinson S, Carmichael P, Habib N, Lemoine N, Thomas H. Analysis of p53 mutations for a mutational signature in human intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Int J Oncol 2006. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.28.5.1269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
|
40
|
Abstract
A 60-year-old woman presented with a painless self-detected breast lump. After wide local excision, the histology of this radiologically suspicious lump turned out to be an inflammatory lesion with granulomatous foci, suggesting a diagnosis of granulomatous mastitis. Prior to the excision biopsy, this woman had suffered from and been treated for anterior uveitis, secretory otitis media, and proximal myopathy. Four weeks later, a skin biopsy of a rapidly developing widespread petechial rash, mainly affecting the lower limbs, confirmed the diagnosis as Wegener's granulomatosis. Treatment with intravenous steroids and later cyclophosphamide produced rapid remission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mangal Veerysami
- Department of Renal Medicine and Pathology, New Cross Hospital, Wolverhampton, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Salleh MN, Ismail P, Abdullah AS, Taufiq-Yap YH, Carmichael P. Gene expression profiling of p53(+/-) knockout and wild-type mice following diethylstilbestrol administration. IUBMB Life 2005; 56:409-16. [PMID: 15545218 DOI: 10.1080/15216540400003425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Studies with clastogenic carcinogen diethylstilbestrol (DES) resulted in a broad of spectrum of toxic and carcinogenic effects in humans and rodents, but the cellular and molecular mechanism(s) by which it induces cancer is not clear. To identify putative genetic targets for p53 in vivo, we applied the cDNA macroarray gene expression profiles associated with apoptosis by comparing p53+/- knockout mice and wild-type mice on the kidney and uterus of female mice. p53+/- knockout mice and wild-type mice were treated with DES (500 micromole kg(-1)) or vehicle i.p once daily for 4 days. Total RNAs were obtained from kidney and uterus of both control and DES-treated. The signal intensities of individual gene spots on the membrane were quantified and normalized to the expression level of the GAPDH gene as an internal control. Our results demonstrated that 16 genes; bad, bax, bcl-2, bcl-w, bcl-x, caspase-3, caspase-7, caspase-8, c-myc, E124, GADD45, mdm2, NKkappab1, p53, p21, Rb and trail were up-regulated and six genes; caspase-1, caspase-2, DR5, E2F1, FasL and iNOS did not changed in response to DES treatment in wild-type mice compared to p53+/- knockout mice. Most genes are involved in cell cycle regulation, signal transduction, apoptosis, or transcription. The greatest changes were seen in bad, bcl-x, mdm2, p53 and p21 gene expression in wild-type mice compared to p53+/- knockout mice. In comparing p53 and p21 gene expression in wild-type mice and p53+/- knockout mice, there was an 4.4-fold vs. 1.8-fold; 8-fold vs. 5.2-fold for kidney and 16-fold vs. 5.5-fold; 2.1-fold vs. 8.3-fold for uterus samples increase in induction (respectively). RT-PCR and densitometric analysis was used to confirm the biggest changes of p21, p53 and bax genes. Using this approach, we have identified apoptosis associated genes regulated in response to DES and have revealed putative differences between the isogenic parent strain and p53+/- knockout mice, which will contribute to a better understanding of toxicity/carcinogenicity mechanisms in this model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Nazil Salleh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang Selangor, Malaysia.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Carmichael P, O'Donnell JP. The protean face of renal sarcoid. J Nephrol 2003; 16:721-7. [PMID: 14733420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Sarcoidosis is a multisystem disorder of unknown etiology, which may occur in all tissues and organs of the body. Clinical presentation may be quite variable and affected by race. The most commonly affected system is the lungs with >95% of patients displaying such involvement. Renal involvement is uncommon (<2%) and may occur in the absence of pulmonary involvement resulting in diagnostic difficulties. Here we describe a sequential cohort of patients with differing presentations of renal sarcoid with and without additional organ involvement. The clinical course and treatment are described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Carmichael
- Department of Renal Medicine, Kent & Canterbury Hospital, Canterbury, Kent, England.
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Carmichael P, O'Donnell JP. An unusual presentation of sarcoidosis. Clin Nephrol 2003; 60:58-9. [PMID: 12872860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
|
44
|
Abstract
Acute renal failure (ARF) is an unwelcome complication of major surgical procedures that contributes to surgical morbidity and mortality. Acute renal failure associated with surgery may account for 18-47% of all cases of hospital-acquired ARF. The overall incidence of ARF in surgical patients has been estimated at 1.2%, although is higher in at-risk groups. Mortality of patients with ARF remains disturbingly high, ranging from 25% to 90%, despite advances in dialysis and intensive care support. Appreciation of at-risk surgical populations coupled with intensive perioperative care has the capacity to reduce the incidence of ARF and by implication mortality. Developments in understanding the pathophysiology of ARF may eventually result in newer therapeutic strategies to either prevent or accelerate recovery from ARF. At present the best form of treatment is prevention. In this review the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment and possible prevention of ARF will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Carmichael
- Kent and Canterbury Hospital, Canterbury, Renal Medicine, Canterbury, Kent, United Kingdom.
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Mitchell S, Holmes E, Carmichael P. Metabonomics and medicine: the Biochemical Oracle. Biologist (London) 2002; 49:217-21. [PMID: 12391413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
Occasionally, a new idea emerges that has the potential to revolutionize an entire field of scientific endeavour. It is now within our grasp to be able to detect subtle perturbations within the phenomenally complex biochemical matrix of living organisms. The discipline of metabonomics promises an all-encompassing approach to understanding total, yet fundamental, changes occurring in disease processes, drug toxicity and cell function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steve Mitchell
- Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Carmichael P. Electrolyte abnormalities with a fatal implication. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2002; 17:1849-51. [PMID: 12270999 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/17.10.1849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Carmichael
- Department of Renal Medicine Kent and Canterbury Hospital, Canterbury, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Kolhe N, Downes M, O'Donnell P, Carmichael P. Dead on biopsy is not always dead. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2002; 17:1843-5. [PMID: 12270997 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/17.10.1843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nitin Kolhe
- Department of Nephrology, Canterbury Hospital, Canterbury UK.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Carmichael P, Brun E, Jayawardene S, Abdulkadir A, O'Donnell PJ. A fatal case of bowel and cardiac involvement in Henoch-Schönlein purpura. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2002; 17:497-9. [PMID: 11865100 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/17.3.497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Carmichael
- Department of Renal Medicine, Kent and Canterbury Hospital, Canterbury, London, UK.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
In a 12-month prospective study of the initial management of patients with acute renal failure (ARF) in East Kent (population 593 000), we evaluated the initial management of ARF and assessed what proportion of ARF may have been preventable. Patients were seen and assessed on a daily basis, and were followed until discharge from hospital or death; survivors were subsequently followed for 3 years. Overall, 288 patients developed ARF (486 per million population/year). Mean age at presentation was 73 years (range 14-96). Initial assessment was often suboptimal, and key features in investigation and initial management were often lacking. In 108 cases, ARF was iatrogenic and/or potentially preventable (53 preventable, 99 iatrogenic, 44 both). Overall survival was 56% at discharge from hospital, 35% at 1-year follow-up, 31% at 2 years, and 28% at 3 years. In discharged patients, recovery of function was complete in 69%. A significant proportion of ARF is preventable. Clear guidelines, easily accessible at the point of care, could aid the diagnostic evaluation of the patient with ARF and indicate where referral for a specialist opinion is appropriate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P E Stevens
- Department of Renal Medicine, East Kent Hospitals NHS Trust, Canterbury, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Anderson CE, Jayawardene SA, Carmichael P. A lick may be as bad as a bite: irreversible acute renal failure. What is your diagnosis? Diagnosis: Acute renal failure secondary to septic shock. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2000; 15:1883-4. [PMID: 11071985 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/15.11.1883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- C E Anderson
- Department of Nephrology, Kent and Canterbury Hospital, Canterbury, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|