1
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Bell G, Thoma A, Hargreaves IP, Lightfoot AP. The Role of Mitochondria in Statin-Induced Myopathy. Drug Saf 2024; 47:643-653. [PMID: 38492173 DOI: 10.1007/s40264-024-01413-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Statins represent the primary therapy for combatting hypercholesterolemia and reducing mortality from cardiovascular events. Despite their pleiotropic effects in lowering cholesterol synthesis, circulating cholesterol, as well as reducing the risk of other systemic diseases, statins have adverse events in a small, but significant, population of treated patients. The most prominent of these adverse effects is statin-induced myopathy, which lacks precise definition but is characterised by elevations in the muscle enzyme creatine kinase alongside musculoskeletal complaints, including pain, weakness and fatigue. The exact aetiology of statin-induced myopathy remains to be elucidated, although impaired mitochondrial function is thought to be an important underlying cause. This may result from or be the consequence of several factors including statin-induced inhibition of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) biosynthesis, impaired Ca2+ signalling and modified reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. The purpose of this review article is to provide an update on the information available linking statin therapy with mitochondrial dysfunction and to outline any mechanistic insights, which may be beneficial in the future treatment of myopathic adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin Bell
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Anastasia Thoma
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Iain P Hargreaves
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Adam P Lightfoot
- Department of Life Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK.
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2
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Ruan X, Cui G, Li C, Sun Z. Pan-Cancer Analysis Reveals PPRC1 as a Novel Prognostic Biomarker in Ovarian Cancer and Hepatocellular Carcinoma. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:medicina59040784. [PMID: 37109742 PMCID: PMC10146118 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59040784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: As is well understood, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma cofactor-related 1 (PPRC1) plays a central role in the transcriptional control of the mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) process, yet its critical role in pan-cancer remains unclear. Materials and Methods: In this paper, the expression levels of PPRC1 in different tumor tissues and corresponding adjacent normal tissues were analyzed based on four databases: The Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx), Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia (CCLE), The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), and Tumor Immune Estimation Resource (TIMER). Meanwhile, the prognostic value of PPRC1 was inferred using Kaplan-Meier plotter and forest-plot studies. In addition, the correlation between PPRC1 expression and tumor immune cell infiltration, immune checkpoints, and the tumor-stemness index was analyzed using TCGA and TIMER databases. Results: According to our findings, the expression level of PPRC1 was found to be different in different cancer types and there was a positive correlation between PPRC1 expression and prognosis in several tumor types. In addition, PPRC1 expression was found to be significantly correlated with immune cell infiltration, immune checkpoints, and the tumor-stemness index in both ovarian and hepatocellular carcinoma. Conclusions: PPRC1 demonstrated promising potential as a novel biomarker in pan-cancer due to its potential association with immune cell infiltration, expression of immune checkpoints, and the tumor-stemness index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingqiu Ruan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- The Second Clinical Medical Collegel, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Red Cross Hospital of Yulin City, Yulin 537000, China
| | - Guoliang Cui
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- The Second Clinical Medical Collegel, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Changyu Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Red Cross Hospital of Yulin City, Yulin 537000, China
| | - Zhiguang Sun
- The Second Clinical Medical Collegel, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- The First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
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3
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Statins Induce Locomotion and Muscular Phenotypes in Drosophila melanogaster That Are Reminiscent of Human Myopathy: Evidence for the Role of the Chloride Channel Inhibition in the Muscular Phenotypes. Cells 2022; 11:cells11223528. [PMID: 36428957 PMCID: PMC9688544 DOI: 10.3390/cells11223528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The underlying mechanisms for statin-induced myopathy (SIM) are still equivocal. In this study, we employ Drosophila melanogaster to dissect possible underlying mechanisms for SIM. We observe that chronic fluvastatin treatment causes reduced general locomotion activity and climbing ability. In addition, transmission microscopy of dissected skeletal muscles of fluvastatin-treated flies reveals strong myofibrillar damage, including increased sarcomere lengths and Z-line streaming, which are reminiscent of myopathy, along with fragmented mitochondria of larger sizes, most of which are round-like shapes. Furthermore, chronic fluvastatin treatment is associated with impaired lipid metabolism and insulin signalling. Mechanistically, knockdown of the statin-target Hmgcr in the skeletal muscles recapitulates fluvastatin-induced mitochondrial phenotypes and lowered general locomotion activity; however, it was not sufficient to alter sarcomere length or elicit myofibrillar damage compared to controls or fluvastatin treatment. Moreover, we found that fluvastatin treatment was associated with reduced expression of the skeletal muscle chloride channel, ClC-a (Drosophila homolog of CLCN1), while selective knockdown of skeletal muscle ClC-a also recapitulated fluvastatin-induced myofibril damage and increased sarcomere lengths. Surprisingly, exercising fluvastatin-treated flies restored ClC-a expression and normalized sarcomere lengths, suggesting that fluvastatin-induced myofibrillar phenotypes could be linked to lowered ClC-a expression. Taken together, these results may indicate the potential role of ClC-a inhibition in statin-associated muscular phenotypes. This study underlines the importance of Drosophila melanogaster as a powerful model system for elucidating the locomotion and muscular phenotypes, promoting a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying SIM.
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4
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Huang XM, Huang JJ, Du JJ, Zhang N, Long Z, Yang Y, Zhong FF, Zheng BW, Shen YF, Huang Z, Qin X, Chen JH, Lin QY, Lin WJ, Ma WZ. Autophagy inhibitors increase the susceptibility of KRAS-mutant human colorectal cancer cells to a combined treatment of 2-deoxy-D-glucose and lovastatin. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2021; 42:1875-1887. [PMID: 33608672 PMCID: PMC8564510 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-021-00612-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
RAS-driven colorectal cancer relies on glucose metabolism to support uncontrolled growth. However, monotherapy with glycolysis inhibitors like 2-deoxy-D-glucose causes limited effectiveness. Recent studies suggest that anti-tumor effects of glycolysis inhibition could be improved by combination treatment with inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation. In this study we investigated the effect of a combination of 2-deoxy-D-glucose with lovastatin (a known inhibitor of mevalonate pathway and oxidative phosphorylation) on growth of KRAS-mutant human colorectal cancer cell lines HCT116 and LoVo. A combination of lovastatin (>3.75 μM) and 2-deoxy-D-glucose (>1.25 mM) synergistically reduced cell viability, arrested cells in the G2/M phase, and induced apoptosis. The combined treatment also reduced cellular oxygen consumption and extracellular acidification rate, resulting in decreased production of ATP and lower steady-state ATP levels. Energy depletion markedly activated AMPK, inhibited mTOR and RAS signaling pathways, eventually inducing autophagy, the cellular pro-survival process under metabolic stress, whereas inhibition of autophagy by chloroquine (6.25 μM) enhanced the cytotoxic effect of the combination of lovastatin and 2-deoxy-D-glucose. These in vitro experiment results were reproduced in a nude mouse xenograft model of HCT116 cells. Our findings suggest that concurrently targeting glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, and autophagy may be a promising regimen for the management of RAS-driven colorectal cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ming Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Jia-Jun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Jing-Jing Du
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Na Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Ze Long
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - You Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Fang-Fang Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Bo-Wen Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Yun-Fu Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Zhe Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Xiang Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Jun-He Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Qian-Yu Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Wan-Jun Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Wen-Zhe Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.
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5
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Singh F, Prescott AR, Rosewell P, Ball G, Reith AD, Ganley IG. Pharmacological rescue of impaired mitophagy in Parkinson's disease-related LRRK2 G2019S knock-in mice. eLife 2021; 10:e67604. [PMID: 34340748 PMCID: PMC8331189 DOI: 10.7554/elife.67604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a major and progressive neurodegenerative disorder, yet the biological mechanisms involved in its aetiology are poorly understood. Evidence links this disorder with mitochondrial dysfunction and/or impaired lysosomal degradation - key features of the autophagy of mitochondria, known as mitophagy. Here, we investigated the role of LRRK2, a protein kinase frequently mutated in PD, in this process in vivo. Using mitophagy and autophagy reporter mice, bearing either knockout of LRRK2 or expressing the pathogenic kinase-activating G2019S LRRK2 mutation, we found that basal mitophagy was specifically altered in clinically relevant cells and tissues. Our data show that basal mitophagy inversely correlates with LRRK2 kinase activity in vivo. In support of this, use of distinct LRRK2 kinase inhibitors in cells increased basal mitophagy, and a CNS penetrant LRRK2 kinase inhibitor, GSK3357679A, rescued the mitophagy defects observed in LRRK2 G2019S mice. This study provides the first in vivo evidence that pathogenic LRRK2 directly impairs basal mitophagy, a process with strong links to idiopathic Parkinson's disease, and demonstrates that pharmacological inhibition of LRRK2 is a rational mitophagy-rescue approach and potential PD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francois Singh
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of DundeeDundeeUnited Kingdom
| | - Alan R Prescott
- Dundee Imaging Facility, School of Life Sciences, University of DundeeDundeeUnited Kingdom
| | - Philippa Rosewell
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of DundeeDundeeUnited Kingdom
| | - Graeme Ball
- Dundee Imaging Facility, School of Life Sciences, University of DundeeDundeeUnited Kingdom
| | - Alastair D Reith
- Novel Human Genetics Research Unit, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals R&DStevenageUnited Kingdom
| | - Ian G Ganley
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of DundeeDundeeUnited Kingdom
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6
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Effects of Simvastatin on Lipid Metabolism in Wild-Type Mice and Mice with Muscle PGC-1α Overexpression. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094950. [PMID: 34066911 PMCID: PMC8125015 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies suggest that statins may disturb skeletal muscle lipid metabolism potentially causing lipotoxicity with insulin resistance. We investigated this possibility in wild-type mice (WT) and mice with skeletal muscle PGC-1α overexpression (PGC-1α OE mice). In WT mice, simvastatin had only minor effects on skeletal muscle lipid metabolism but reduced glucose uptake, indicating impaired insulin sensitivity. Muscle PGC-1α overexpression caused lipid droplet accumulation in skeletal muscle with increased expression of the fatty acid transporter CD36, fatty acid binding protein 4, perilipin 5 and CPT1b but without significant impairment of muscle glucose uptake. Simvastatin further increased the lipid droplet accumulation in PGC-1α OE mice and stimulated muscle glucose uptake. In conclusion, the impaired muscle glucose uptake in WT mice treated with simvastatin cannot be explained by lipotoxicity. PGC-1α OE mice are protected from lipotoxicity of fatty acids and triglycerides by increased the expression of FABP4, formation of lipid droplets and increased expression of CPT1b.
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7
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Fu CN, Song JW, Song ZP, Wang QW, Bai WW, Guo T, Li P, Liu C, Wang SX, Dong B. Excessive expression of miR-1a by statin causes skeletal injury through targeting mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 1. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:11470-11490. [PMID: 33864447 PMCID: PMC8109097 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Backgrounds: A major side effect of statin, a widely used drug to treat hyperlipidemia, is skeletal myopathy through cell apoptosis. The aim of this study is to investigate the roles of microRNA in statin-induced injury. Methods: Apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE-/-) mice were administered with simvastatin (20 mg/kg/day) for 8 weeks. Exercise capacity was evaluated by hanging grid test, forelimb grip strength, and running tolerance test. Results: In cultured skeletal muscle cells, statin increased the levels of miR-1a but decreased the levels of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 1 (MAP3K1) in a time or dose dependent manner. Both computational target-scan analysis and luciferase gene reporter assay indicated that MAP3K1 is the target gene of miR-1a. Statin induced cell apoptosis of skeletal muscle cells, but abolished by downregulating of miR-1a or upregulation of MAP3K1. Further, the effects of miR-1a inhibition on statin-induced cell apoptosis were ablated by MAP3K1 siRNA. In ApoE-/- mice, statin induced cell apoptosis of skeletal muscle cells and decreased exercise capacity in mice infected with vector, but not in mice with lentivirus-mediated miR-1a gene silence. Conclusion: Statin causes skeletal injury through induction of miR-1a excessive expression to decrease MAP3K1 gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Ning Fu
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jia-Wen Song
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhi-Peng Song
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Qian-Wen Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wen-Wu Bai
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Tao Guo
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Peng Li
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Drug Intervention, School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Diabetes and Angiopathy, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Shuang-Xi Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Henan International Joint Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Drug Intervention, School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Diabetes and Angiopathy, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Bo Dong
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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8
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Mollazadeh H, Tavana E, Fanni G, Bo S, Banach M, Pirro M, von Haehling S, Jamialahmadi T, Sahebkar A. Effects of statins on mitochondrial pathways. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2021; 12:237-251. [PMID: 33511728 PMCID: PMC8061391 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins are a family of drugs that are used for treating hyperlipidaemia with a recognized capacity to prevent cardiovascular disease events. They inhibit β-hydroxy β-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase, i.e. the rate-limiting enzyme in mevalonate pathway, reduce endogenous cholesterol synthesis, and increase low-density lipoprotein clearance by promoting low-density lipoprotein receptor expression mainly in the hepatocytes. Statins have pleiotropic effects including stabilization of atherosclerotic plaques, immunomodulation, anti-inflammatory properties, improvement of endothelial function, antioxidant, and anti-thrombotic action. Despite all beneficial effects, statins may elicit adverse reactions such as myopathy. Studies have shown that mitochondria play an important role in statin-induced myopathies. In this review, we aim to report the mechanisms of action of statins on mitochondrial function. Results have shown that statins have several effects on mitochondria including reduction of coenzyme Q10 level, inhibition of respiratory chain complexes, induction of mitochondrial apoptosis, dysregulation of Ca2+ metabolism, and carnitine palmitoyltransferase-2 expression. The use of statins has been associated with the onset of additional pathological conditions like diabetes and dementia as a result of interference with mitochondrial pathways by various mechanisms, such as reduction in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, increase in oxidative stress, decrease in uncoupling protein 3 concentration, and interference in amyloid-β metabolism. Overall, data reported in this review suggest that statins may have major effects on mitochondrial function, and some of their adverse effects might be mediated through mitochondrial pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Mollazadeh
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of MedicineNorth Khorasan University of Medical SciencesBojnurdIran
- Natural Products and Medicinal Plants Research CenterNorth Khorasan University of Medical SciencesBojnurdIran
| | - Erfan Tavana
- Student Research Committee, School of MedicineNorth Khorasan University of Medical SciencesBojnurdIran
| | - Giovanni Fanni
- Department of Medical SciencesUniversity of TurinTurinItaly
| | - Simona Bo
- Department of Medical Sciences, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di TorinoUniversity of TurinTurinItaly
| | - Maciej Banach
- Department of HypertensionWAM University Hospital in LodzMedical University of Lodz, LodzPoland
- Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute (PMMHRI), LodzPoland
| | - Matteo Pirro
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Angiology and Arteriosclerosis Diseases, Department of MedicineUniversity of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
| | - Stephan von Haehling
- Department of Cardiology and PneumologyUniversity Medical Center GöttingenGöttingenGermany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | - Tannaz Jamialahmadi
- Department of Food Science and TechnologyIslamic Azad UniversityQuchanQuchanIran
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of MedicineMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology InstituteMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research CenterMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
- Halal Research Center of IRIFDATehranIran
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9
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Simvastatin Impairs Glucose Homeostasis in Mice Depending on PGC-1α Skeletal Muscle Expression. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8090351. [PMID: 32942550 PMCID: PMC7555587 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8090351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies showed an increased risk for diabetes with statin treatment. PGC-1α is an important regulator of muscle energy metabolism and mitochondrial biogenesis. Since statins impair skeletal muscle PGC-1α expression and reduced PGC-1α expression has been observed in diabetic patients, we investigated the possibility that skeletal muscle PGC1α expression influences the effect of simvastatin on muscle glucose metabolism. Mice with muscle PGC-1α knockout (KO) or PGC-1α overexpression (OE), and wild-type (WT) mice were investigated. Mice were treated orally for 3 weeks with simvastatin (5 mg/kg/day) and investigated by intraperitoneal glucose tolerance (iGTT), in vivo skeletal muscle glucose uptake, muscle glycogen content, and Glut4 and hexokinase mRNA and protein expression. Simvastatin impaired glucose metabolism in WT mice, as manifested by increased glucose blood concentrations during the iGTT, decreased skeletal muscle glucose uptake and glycogen stores. KO mice showed impaired glucose homeostasis with increased blood glucose concentrations during the iGTT already without simvastatin treatment and simvastatin induced a decrease in skeletal muscle glucose uptake. In OE mice, simvastatin treatment increased blood glucose and insulin concentrations during the iGTT, and increased skeletal muscle glucose uptake, glycogen stores, and Glut4 and hexokinase protein expression. In conclusion, simvastatin impaired skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity in WT mice, while KO mice exhibited impaired skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity already in the absence of simvastatin. In OE mice, simvastatin augmented muscular glucose uptake but impaired whole-body insulin sensitivity. Thus, simvastatin affected glucose homeostasis depending on PGC-1α expression.
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10
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Bouitbir J, Panajatovic MV, Frechard T, Roos NJ, Krähenbühl S. Imatinib and Dasatinib Provoke Mitochondrial Dysfunction Leading to Oxidative Stress in C2C12 Myotubes and Human RD Cells. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:1106. [PMID: 32792947 PMCID: PMC7390871 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) can cause skeletal muscle toxicity in patients, but the underlying mechanisms are mostly unclear. The goal of the current study was to better characterize the role of mitochondria in TKI-associated myotoxicity. We exposed C2C12 murine myoblasts and myotubes as well as human rhabdomyosarcoma cells (RD cells) for 24 h to imatinib (1–100 µM), erlotinib (1–20 µM), and dasatinib (0.001–100 µM). In C2C12 myoblasts, imatinib was membrane toxic at 50 µM and depleted the cellular ATP pool at 20 µM. In C2C12 myotubes exposed to imatinib, ATP depletion started at 50 µM whereas membrane toxicity was not detectable. In myoblasts and myotubes exposed to dasatinib, membrane toxicity started at 0.5 µM and 2 µM, respectively, and the ATP drop was visible at 0.1 µM and 0.2 µM, respectively. When RD cells were exposed to imatinib, ATP depletion started at 20 µM whereas membrane toxicity was not detectable. Dasatinib was membrane toxic at 20 µM and depleted the cellular ATP pool already at 0.5 µM. Erlotinib was not toxic in both cell models. Imatinib (20 µM) and dasatinib (1 µM) reduced complex I activity in both cell models. Moreover, the mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) was dissipated for both TKIs in myotubes. In RD cells, the Δψm was reduced only by dasatinib. Both TKIs increased mitochondrial superoxide accumulation and decreased the mitochondrial copy number in both cell lines. In consequence, they increased protein expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD) 2 and thioredoxin 2 and cleavage of caspase 3, indicating apoptosis in C2C12 myotubes. Moreover, in both cell models, the mRNA expression of Sod1 and Sod2 increased when RD cells were exposed to dasatinib. Furthermore, dasatinib increased the mRNA expression of atrogin-1 and murf-1, which are important transcription factors involved in muscle atrophy. The mRNA expression of atrogin-1 increased also in RD cells exposed to imatinib. In conclusion, imatinib and dasatinib are mitochondrial toxicants in mouse C2C12 myotubes and human RD cells. Mitochondrial superoxide accumulation induced by these two TKIs is due to the inhibition of complex I and is probably related to impaired mitochondrial and myocyte proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamal Bouitbir
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Miljenko Valentin Panajatovic
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Theo Frechard
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Noëmi Johanna Roos
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Krähenbühl
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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11
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Devasani K, Kaul R, Majumdar A. Supplementation of pyrroloquinoline quinone with atorvastatin augments mitochondrial biogenesis and attenuates low grade inflammation in obese rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 881:173273. [PMID: 32535101 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction and Inflammation play a significant role in the manifestation of the co-morbidities of obesity. The study deciphered the impact of Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) per se and with Atorvastatin (ATS) on high fat, 10% fructose diet (HFFD) induced obese rats expressing low-grade inflammation, dyslipidemia, and mitochondrial dysfunction. HFFD was fed for 10 weeks followed by treatment for 5 weeks with ATS 10 or 20 mg/kg, PQQ 10 or 20 mg/kg, p.o. per se or their combinations. The impact on blood glucose, lipid profile and serum insulin, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-18, IL-6 was estimated. Gene and protein expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 alpha (PGC 1α), Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), Mitochondrial transcriptional factor A (TFAM) and augmented mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), NOD like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) and Caspase 1 was assessed. Rats receiving PQQ and ATS revealed significant decrease in body weights, anthropometric parameter, and adipose tissue vis-à-vis positive control. PQQ alone and with ATS improved glucose tolerance, lipid profile, insulin indices and lowered serum levels of inflammatory cytokines IL-18, IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6 along with a rise in adiponectin. PQQ supplementation with ATS upregulated the mRNA expression of PGC 1α, SIRT1, TFAM and augmented mtDNA while downregulating inflammatory markers NLRP3 and Caspase 1. PQQ supplementation with atorvastatin holds therapeutic promise to effectively combat mitochondrial dysfunction and chronic low-grade inflammation in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karan Devasani
- Department of Pharmacology, Bombay College of Pharmacy, Kalina, Santacruz (E), 400098, Mumbai, India.
| | - Rachna Kaul
- Department of Pharmacology, Bombay College of Pharmacy, Kalina, Santacruz (E), 400098, Mumbai, India.
| | - Anuradha Majumdar
- Department of Pharmacology, Bombay College of Pharmacy, Kalina, Santacruz (E), 400098, Mumbai, India.
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Panajatovic MV, Singh F, Roos NJ, Duthaler U, Handschin C, Krähenbühl S, Bouitbir J. PGC-1α plays a pivotal role in simvastatin-induced exercise impairment in mice. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2020; 228:e13402. [PMID: 31605661 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIM Statins decrease cardiovascular complications, but can induce myopathy. Here, we explored the implication of PGC-1α in statin-associated myotoxicity. METHODS We treated PGC-1α knockout (KO), PGC-1α overexpression (OE) and wild-type (WT) mice orally with 5 mg simvastatin kg-1 day-1 for 3 weeks and assessed muscle function and metabolism. RESULTS In WT and KO mice, but not in OE mice, simvastatin decreased grip strength, maximal running distance and vertical power assessed by ergometry. Post-exercise plasma lactate concentrations were higher in WT and KO compared to OE mice. In glycolytic gastrocnemius, simvastatin decreased mitochondrial respiration, increased mitochondrial ROS production and free radical leak in WT and KO, but not in OE mice. Simvastatin increased mRNA expression of Sod1 and Sod2 in glycolytic and oxidative gastrocnemius of WT, but decreased it in KO mice. OE mice had a higher mitochondrial DNA content in both gastrocnemius than WT or KO mice and simvastatin exhibited a trend to decrease the citrate synthase activity in white and red gastrocnemius in all treatment groups. Simvastatin showed a trend to decrease the mitochondrial volume fraction in both muscle types of all treatment groups. Mitochondria were smaller in WT and KO compared to OE mice and simvastatin further reduced the mitochondrial size in WT and KO mice, but not in OE mice. CONCLUSIONS Simvastatin impairs skeletal muscle function, muscle oxidative metabolism and mitochondrial morphology preferentially in WT and KO mice, whereas OE mice appear to be protected, suggesting a role of PGC-1α in preventing simvastatin-associated myotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miljenko Valentin Panajatovic
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology University Hospital Basel Switzerland
- Department of Biomedicine University of Basel Basel Switzerland
| | - François Singh
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology University Hospital Basel Switzerland
- Department of Biomedicine University of Basel Basel Switzerland
| | - Noëmi Johanna Roos
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology University Hospital Basel Switzerland
- Department of Biomedicine University of Basel Basel Switzerland
| | - Urs Duthaler
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology University Hospital Basel Switzerland
- Department of Biomedicine University of Basel Basel Switzerland
| | | | - Stephan Krähenbühl
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology University Hospital Basel Switzerland
- Department of Biomedicine University of Basel Basel Switzerland
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT) Basel Switzerland
| | - Jamal Bouitbir
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology University Hospital Basel Switzerland
- Department of Biomedicine University of Basel Basel Switzerland
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT) Basel Switzerland
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13
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Montava-Garriga L, Singh F, Ball G, Ganley IG. Semi-automated quantitation of mitophagy in cells and tissues. Mech Ageing Dev 2020; 185:111196. [PMID: 31843465 PMCID: PMC6961211 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2019.111196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mitophagy is a natural phenomenon and entails the lysosomal degradation of mitochondria by the autophagy pathway. In recent years, the development of fluorescent pH-sensitive mitochondrial reporters has greatly facilitated the monitoring of mitophagy by distinguishing between cytosolic mitochondria or those delivered to acidic lysosomes. We recently published the mito-QC reporter, which consists of a mitochondrial outer membrane-localised tandem mCherry-GFP tag. This allows the quantification of mitophagy via the increase in red-only mCherry signal that arises when the GFP signal is quenched upon mitochondrial delivery to lysosomes. Here we develop a macro for FIJI, the mito-QC Counter, and describe its use to allow reliable and consistent semi-automated quantification of mitophagy. In this methods article we describe step-by-step how to detect and quantify mitophagy and show that mitophagy levels can be reliably calculated in different cell lines and under distinct stimuli. Finally, we show that the mito-QC Counter can be used to quantify mitophagy in tissues of mito-QC transgenic mice. We demonstrate that mitophagy levels in skeletal muscle correlates with glycolytic activity. Our present data show that the mito-QC Counter macro for FIJI enables the robust quantification of mitophagy both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lambert Montava-Garriga
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - François Singh
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Graeme Ball
- Dundee Imaging Facility, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Ian G Ganley
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK.
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Mechanisms of insulin resistance by simvastatin in C2C12 myotubes and in mouse skeletal muscle. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 164:23-33. [PMID: 30796916 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Statins inhibit cholesterol biosynthesis and lower serum LDL-cholesterol levels. They are generally well tolerated, but can cause insulin resistance in patients. Therefore, we investigated the mechanisms underlying the statin-induced insulin resistance. We used mice and C2C12 myotubes (murine cell line): mice (n = 10) were treated with oral simvastatin (5 mg/kg/day) or water (control) for 21 days and C2C12 cells were exposed to 10 μM simvastatin for 24 h. After intraperitoneal glucose application (2 g/kg), simvastatin-treated mice had higher glucose but equal insulin plasma concentrations than controls and lower glucose transport into skeletal muscle. Similarly, glucose uptake by C2C12 myotubes exposed to 10 μM simvastatin for 24 h was impaired compared to control cells. In simvastatin-treated C2C12 myotubes, mRNA and protein expression of the insulin receptor (IR) β-chain was increased, but the phosphorylation (Tyr1361) was impaired. Simvastatin decreased numerically Akt/PKB Thr308 phosphorylation (via insulin signaling pathway) and significantly Akt/PKB Ser473 phosphorylation (via mTORC2), which was explained by impaired phosphorylation of mTOR Ser2448. Reduced phosphorylation of Akt/PKB impaired downstream phosphorylation of GSK3β, leading to impaired translocation of GLUT4 into plasma membranes of C2C12 myotubes. In contrast, reduced phosphorylation of AS160 could be excluded as a reason for impaired GLUT4 translocation. In conclusion, simvastatin caused insulin resistance in mice and impaired glucose uptake in C2C12 myotubes. The findings in myotubes can be explained by diminished activation of Akt/PKB by mTORC2 and downstream effects on GSK3β, impairing the translocation of GLUT4 and the uptake of glucose.
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