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Lee MJ, Cha HG, Park KY, Kim YS, Ahn B. N-methylformamide induces multiple organ toxicity in Fischer 344 rats. Toxicol Res 2023; 39:263-274. [PMID: 37008692 PMCID: PMC10050240 DOI: 10.1007/s43188-022-00165-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
N-Methylformamide (NMF) is a widely used chemical (CAS No.: 123-39-7) in several industries and its usage is continuously increasing. However, studies for NMF have been focused on hepatotoxicity from now. Its toxicity profile has not yet been established owing to limited toxicity data. Therefore, we evaluated systemic toxicity via NMF inhalation. We exposed 0, 30, 100, and 300 ppm NMF to Fischer 344 rats for 6 h/day, 5 days a week for 2 weeks. Clinical signs, body weights, food consumption, hematologic parameters, serum chemistry measurements, organ weights, necropsy, and histopathology were performed. Two females exposed to 300 ppm NMF died during exposure period. Decrease of food consumption and body weight in both sexes exposed to 300 ppm in females exposed to 100 ppm were noted during exposure period. Increased RBC and HGB were noted in females exposed to 300 ppm. A decrease in the levels of ALP and K and increase in the levels of TCHO and Na were observed in both sexes exposed to 300 and 100 ppm. Increased levels of ALT, AST, BUN and decreased levels of TP, ALB, Ca were observed in females exposed to 300 and 100 ppm. The relative liver weight was elevated in both sexes exposed to 300 and 100 ppm NMF. Hypertrophy in the liver and submandibular glands and nasal cavity injuries were noted in both sexes exposed to 300 and 100 ppm NMF. Tubular basophilia of the kidneys were noted in females exposed to 300 ppm NMF. We revealed that NMF affect several organs including the kidneys not only the liver and NMF-related toxicity is predominant in female rats. These results could contribute to the development of NMF toxicity profile and may help in developing strategies for the control of occupational environmental hazards related to NMF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Ju Lee
- Inhalation Toxicity Research Center, Chemicals Toxicity Research Bureau, Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency, 30, Expo-ro 339beon-gil, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34122 Republic of Korea
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Geun Cha
- Inhalation Toxicity Research Center, Chemicals Toxicity Research Bureau, Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency, 30, Expo-ro 339beon-gil, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34122 Republic of Korea
| | - Ka Young Park
- Inhalation Toxicity Research Center, Chemicals Toxicity Research Bureau, Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency, 30, Expo-ro 339beon-gil, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34122 Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Soon Kim
- Inhalation Toxicity Research Center, Chemicals Toxicity Research Bureau, Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency, 30, Expo-ro 339beon-gil, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34122 Republic of Korea
| | - Byeongwoo Ahn
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644 Republic of Korea
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2
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Fei CF, Guo SM, Yin Y, He X, Zhou LQ. Exposure of mouse oocytes to N,N-dimethylformamide impairs mitochondrial functions and reduces oocyte quality. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2022; 37:1563-1574. [PMID: 35238128 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) is a widely-used solvent for the synthesis of synthetic fibers such as polyacrylonitrile fiber, and can also be used to make medicine. Although this organic solvent has multipurpose applications, its biological toxicity cannot be ignored and its impact on mammalian reproduction remains largely unexplored. Our study found that DMF exposure inhibited oocyte maturation and fertilization ability. Transcriptomic analysis indicated that DMF exposure changed the expression of genes and transposable elements in oocytes. Subcellular structure examination found that DMF exposure caused mitochondrial dysfunction, abnormal aggregation of mitochondria and decreased mitochondrial membrane potential in mouse oocytes. Its exposure also caused abnormal distribution of Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum which formed large number of clusters. In addition, oxidative stress occurs in oocytes exposed to DMF, which was manifested by an increase in the level of reactive oxygen species. We found that DMF exposure induced disordered spindle and chromosomes abnormality. Meanwhile, we examined various histone modification levels in oocytes exposed to DMF and found that DMF exposure reduced H3K9me3, H3K9ac, H3K27ac, and H4K16ac levels in mouse oocytes. Moreover, DMF-treated oocytes failed to form pronuclei after fusion with normal sperm. Collectively, DMF exposure caused mitochondrial damage, oxidative stress, spindle assembly and chromosome arrangement disorder, leading to oocyte maturation arrest and fertilization failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai-Feng Fei
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shi-Meng Guo
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ying Yin
- School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ximiao He
- School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Li-Quan Zhou
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Zhou Z, Sang L, Wang J, Song L, Zhu L, Wang Y, Xiao J, Lian Y. Relationships among N,N-dimethylformamide exposure, CYP2E1 and TM6SF2 genes, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 228:112986. [PMID: 34794021 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to examine the relationships among N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF) exposure, cytochrome P4502E1 (CYP2E1) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs2031920, rs3813867, rs6413432), transmembrane 6 superfamily member 2 (TM6SF2) SNP rs58542926 and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). METHODS Baseline data were collected from participants who were then followed for 5 years in a prospective cohort study. The cohort initially consisted of 802 workers and ultimately included 660 people, all of whom underwent annual occupational health examinations from 2010 to 2015. RESULTS The above-threshold group (≥7.3 mg/m³ adjusted relative risk (RR)= 3.620, 95%CI 2.072-6.325) was significantly more likely to develop NAFLD than the below-threshold group (<7.3 mg/m³). The TM6SF2 SNP rs58542926 CT (adjusted RR=3.921, 95% CI 2.329-6.600, P = 0.000) and CT+TT (adjusted RR=4.385, 95% CI 2.639-7.287, P = 0.000) genotypes were risk factors for NAFLD, as compared with the TM6SF2 rs58542926 CC genotype. Each dose group (below-threshold group and above-threshold group) interacting with the genotype of TM6SF2 SNP rs58542926 had an adjusted RR from 7.764 (95% CI 3.272-18.420, P = 0.000) to 24.022 (95% CI 8.971-64.328, P = 0.000). The T allele of rs58542926 in the TM6SF2 gene may be a risk factor for susceptibility to DMF-induced NAFLD. CONCLUSION Polymorphisms of TM6SF2 SNP rs58542926 may play an important role in susceptibility to NAFLD after exposure to DMF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqi Zhou
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lingli Sang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lin Song
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lejia Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yangmei Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Xiao
- Department of Occupational Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yulong Lian
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, Jiangsu, China.
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Zhang C, Liu X, Chen J, Lin J. Solution and
Solid‐Phase
Growth of Bulk Halide Perovskite Single Crystals. CHINESE J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202000593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- Department of Physics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Materials Protection and Advanced Materials in Electric Power, Shanghai University of Electric Power Shanghai 200090 China
| | - Xiaolin Liu
- Department of Physics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Materials Protection and Advanced Materials in Electric Power, Shanghai University of Electric Power Shanghai 200090 China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Physics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Materials Protection and Advanced Materials in Electric Power, Shanghai University of Electric Power Shanghai 200090 China
| | - Jia Lin
- Department of Physics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Materials Protection and Advanced Materials in Electric Power, Shanghai University of Electric Power Shanghai 200090 China
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Shamsi J, Abdelhady AL, Accornero S, Arciniegas M, Goldoni L, Kandada ARS, Petrozza A, Manna L. N-Methylformamide as a Source of Methylammonium Ions in the Synthesis of Lead Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals and Bulk Crystals. ACS ENERGY LETTERS 2016; 1:1042-1048. [PMID: 28066824 PMCID: PMC5210176 DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.6b00521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We report chemical routes for the synthesis of both nanocrystals and bulk crystals of methylammonium (MA) lead halide perovskites employing N-methylformamide (NMF) as a source of MA ions. Colloidal nanocrystals were prepared by a transamidation reaction between NMF and an alkyl amine (oleylamine). The nanocrystals showed photoluminescence quantum yields reaching 74% for MAPbBr3 and 60% for MAPbI3. Bulk crystals were grown at room temperature, with no need for an antisolvent, by the acid hydrolysis of NMF. Important advantages of using NMF instead of MA salts are that the syntheses involve fewer steps and less toxic and less expensive chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Shamsi
- Nanochemistry
Department, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università
degli Studi di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146 Genova, Italy
| | - Ahmed L. Abdelhady
- Nanochemistry
Department, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mansoura
University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Sara Accornero
- Nanochemistry
Department, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università
degli Studi di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146 Genova, Italy
| | - Milena Arciniegas
- Nanochemistry
Department, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Luca Goldoni
- D3-PharmaChemistry
Department, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Ajay Ram Srimath Kandada
- Center
for
Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Giovanni Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Annamaria Petrozza
- Center
for
Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Giovanni Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Liberato Manna
- Nanochemistry
Department, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
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6
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Chronic occupational N, N-dimethylformamide poisoning induced death: a case report. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2015; 11:584-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s12024-015-9705-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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7
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Kim KW, Chung YH. Hepatotoxicity in rats treated with dimethylformamide or toluene or both. Toxicol Res 2014; 29:187-93. [PMID: 24386519 PMCID: PMC3877998 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2013.29.3.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of toluene in dimethylformamide (DMF)-induced hepatotoxicity were investigated with respect to the induction of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) and the activities of related enzymes. The rats were treated intraperitoneally with the organic solvents in olive oil (Single treatment groups: 450 [D1], 900 [D2], 1,800 [D3] mg DMF, and 346 mg toluene [T] per kg of body weight; Combined treatment groups: D1+T, D2+T, and D3+T) once a day for three days, while the control group received just the olive oil. Each group consisted of 4 rats. The activities of the xenobiotic metabolic enzymes and the hepatic morphology were assessed. The immunoblots indicated that the expression of CYP2E1 was considerably enhanced depending on the dosage of DMF and the CYP2E1 blot densities were significantly increased after treatment with both DMF and toluene, compared to treatment with DMF alone. The activities of glutathione- S-transferase and glutathione peroxidase were either decreased or remained unaltered after treatment with DMF and toluene, whereas the lipid peroxide levels were increased with increasing dosage of DMF and toluene. The liver tissue in the D3 group (1,800 mg/kg of DMF) showed signs of microvacuolation in the central vein region and a large necrotic zone around the central vein, in rats treated with both DMF (1,800 mg/kg) and toluene (D3T). These results suggest that the expression of CYP2E1 is induced by DMF and enhanced by toluene. These changes may have facilitated the accelerated formation of Nmethylformamide (NMF) from toluene, and the generated NMF may directly induce liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Woong Kim
- Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, KOSHA, Incheon Korea
| | - Yong Hyun Chung
- Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, KOSHA, Daejeon Korea
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8
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Kennedy GL. Toxicology of dimethyl and monomethyl derivatives of acetamide and formamide: a second update. Crit Rev Toxicol 2012; 42:793-826. [DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2012.725028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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9
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Kakuni M, Senoh H, Morimura K, Wanibuchi H, Takaba K, Nagano K, Fukushima S. Absence of β -catenin Mutations in Mouse Hepatoblastomas Induced by N, N-dimethylformamide. J Toxicol Pathol 2004. [DOI: 10.1293/tox.17.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu Kakuni
- Department of Pathology, Osaka City University Medical School
| | - Hideki Senoh
- Department of Pathology, Japan Bioassay Research Center
| | | | | | - Katsumi Takaba
- Department of Pathology, Osaka City University Medical School
| | - Kasuke Nagano
- Department of Pathology, Japan Bioassay Research Center
| | - Shoji Fukushima
- Department of Pathology, Osaka City University Medical School
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10
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Tolando R, Zanovello A, Ferrara R, Iley JN, Manno M. Inactivation of rat liver cytochrome P450 (P450) by N,N-dimethylformamide and N,N-dimethylacetamide. Toxicol Lett 2001; 124:101-11. [PMID: 11684362 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4274(01)00384-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), an organic solvent widely used in industry, is bioactivated by cytochrome P450 (P450) to reactive metabolites which are believed to be responsible for the hepatotoxicity observed in animals and humans. A decrease of the activating enzyme has been reported in rats treated with DMF, although the specific P450 isoform(s) involved and the nature of the reactive species responsible for this and the other toxic effects are still being investigated. In the present work, the effect of DMF and of the structurally related N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc) on the activating enzyme and the nature of the reactive species involved in the mechanism of P450 inactivation by the two chemicals were investigated in vitro. Incubation of liver microsomes from pyridine-induced rats with either substrate resulted in a dose-dependent (0-20 mM) loss of P450 (up to 28 and 24% for DMF and DMAc, respectively), microsomal haem (up to 24 and 20% for DMF and DMAc, respectively), but not protoporphyrin IX content. Moreover, bubbling of CO through the incubation mixture gave almost complete protection against substrate-dependent P450 inactivation, and the spin trapping agent N-tert-butyl-alpha-phenylnitrone, but neither glutathione nor vitamin C, provided a significant protection against DMF- or DMAc-dependent haem loss. Finally, electron spin resonance analysis of microsomal incubations in presence of DMF or DMAc showed spectral evidence for a carbon centered radical intermediate. The results indicate, overall, that both compounds are metabolized in vitro by P450, probably CYP2E1, to free radical metabolites which attack the haem prosthetic group, leading to suicidal enzyme inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Tolando
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, University of Padua, Via Facciolati, 71, Padua 35128, Italy
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11
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Kennedy GL. Biological effects of acetamide, formamide, and their mono and dimethyl derivatives: an update. Crit Rev Toxicol 2001; 31:139-222. [PMID: 11303553 DOI: 10.1080/200140911116861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G L Kennedy
- Haskell Laboratory for Toxicology and Industrial Medicine, DuPont Company, Newark, Delaware, USA
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12
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Twiner MJ, Hirst M, Valenciano A, Zacharewski TR, Dixon SJ. N,N-Dimethylformamide modulates acid extrusion from murine hepatoma cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1998; 153:143-51. [PMID: 9878585 DOI: 10.1006/taap.1998.8536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
N,N-Dimethylformamide (DMF) affects cellular differentiation, causes hepatotoxicity and gastric irritation, and may be carcinogenic. Since these processes involve changes in cellular pH homeostasis, we investigated the effects of DMF on H+ extrusion and cytosolic pH (pHi) of mouse hepatoma cells (Hepa 1C1C7). Extracellular pH was monitored using a silicon-based sensor system (Cytosensor microphysiometer) and pHi was monitored by fluorescence spectrophotometry. Superfusion of cells with DMF (0.25 to 0.5 M) suppressed the extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) below baseline. Following washout of DMF there was a rapid, concentration-dependent, prolonged overshoot of ECAR above baseline rates. Removal of extracellular Na+ or superfusion with amiloride abolished the overshoot in acidification rate, indicating involvement of Na+/H+ exchange. The overshoot was dependent on extracellular glucose, suggesting that it arises from an increase in metabolic acid production. Fluorescence measurements showed that DMF did not change pHi. Furthermore, DMF did not alter the rate of pHi recovery of cells acid loaded using nigericin, indicating that DMF does not directly alter Na+/H+ exchange activity in these cells. In summary, these data suggest that suppression of acidification rate by DMF is likely due to decreased metabolic acid production. Washout of DMF is then accompanied by increased glucose metabolism and H+ efflux via Na+/H+ exchange. It is possible that alterations in H+ production and transport contribute to the hepatotoxicity of DMF and its effects on cellular differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Twiner
- School of Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5C1, Canada
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13
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Fail PA, George JD, Grizzle TB, Heindel JJ. Formamide and dimethylformamide: reproductive assessment by continuous breeding in mice. Reprod Toxicol 1998; 12:317-32. [PMID: 9628555 DOI: 10.1016/s0890-6238(98)00011-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Reproductive toxicity in Swiss mice, during chronic exposure to formamide (FORM) or dimethylformamide (DMF), was evaluated using the Reproductive Assessment by Continuous Breeding Protocols. FORM administered in drinking water at 0, 100, 350, and 750 ppm (approximately 20 to 200 mg/kg/d) reduced fertility and litter size in F0 animals without generalized toxicity at 750 ppm FORM. Crossover matings suggested that females were the affected sex. After F1 mating, FORM reduced F2 litter size, increased days to litter, reduced relative ovarian weight, and lengthened estrous cycles at 750 ppm. The No-Observed-Adverse-Effect-Level for generalized toxicity was 750 ppm for the F0 and 350 ppm for the F1 generation. Reproductive performance was normal at 350 ppm for both F0 and F1 mice. Chronic exposure to DMF in drinking water at 0, 1000, 4000, and 7000 ppm (approximately 200 to 1300 mg/kg/d) reduced fertility by the first litter at 4000 ppm, reduced body weight in F0 females at 7000 ppm, and increased liver weights at all doses in both sexes. A crossover mating at 7000 ppm identified F0 females as the affected sex. F1 postnatal survival was reduced at > or =4000 ppm DMF. F1 mating reduced F2 litter size and live pup weight at > or =1000 ppm. At necropsy, body weight of F1 males and females was reduced at > or =4000 ppm. DMF-treated pups (both F1 and F2) and F1 adults had cranial and sternebral skeletal malformations. Only DMF caused overt developmental toxicity. A No-Observed-Adverse-Effect-Level for DMF was not established.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Fail
- Chemistry and Life Sciences Division, Center for Life Sciences and Toxicology, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194, USA.
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14
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Buylaert W, Calle P, De Paepe P, Verstraete A, Samyn N, Vogelaers D, Vandenbulcke M, Belpaire F. Hepatotoxicity of N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF) in acute poisoning with the veterinary euthanasia drug T-61. Hum Exp Toxicol 1996; 15:607-11. [PMID: 8863052 DOI: 10.1177/096032719601500801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
1. We report on a patient who was resuscitated after a suicide attempt with the veterinary euthanasia product T-61 and treated with N-acetylcysteine (NAC) to prevent hepatotoxicity from N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), the solvent of T-61. 2. Serum concentrations of DMF were high as compared with values published on occupational exposure. 3. The patient showed only a transient increase in liver enzymes with eventually a full recovery. 4. The hepatoprotective effect of NAC was studied in a rat model using the rise in serum sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) as a marker for DMF-induced hepatotoxicity. 5. Four series of randomized, controlled and double-blind experiments were carried out and consistently showed a lower increase in SDH in NAC-treated animals in each series. The difference was statistically significant only when the data of the 4 series were pooled. This is probably due to the large interindividual variations in the effect of DMF. 6. We hypothesize that in the rat NAC may have a protective effect. Whether NAC is also protective in patients, in which it is administered after exposure to DMF, cannot be concluded from the present experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Buylaert
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University Hospital Gent, Belgium
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