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Bach PH, Vickers AE, Fisher R, Baumann A, Brittebo E, Carlile DJ, Koster HJ, Lake BG, Salmon F, Sawyer TW, Skibinski G. The Use of Tissue Slices for Pharmacotoxicology Studies. Altern Lab Anim 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/026119299602400605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter H. Bach
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre for Cell Modulation Studies, Faculty of Science and Health, University of East London, Romford Road, London E15 4LZ, UK
| | | | - Robyn Fisher
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Andreas Baumann
- Institut für Pharmakokinetik, Schering Aktiengesellschaft, 13342 Berlin, Germany
| | - Eva Brittebo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, SLU Biomedical Centre, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - David J. Carlile
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Henk J. Koster
- Solvay Duphar, C.J. van Houlenlaan 36, 1380 DA Weesp, The Netherlands
| | - Brian G. Lake
- BIBRA International, Woodmansterne Road, Carshalton, Surrey SM5 4DS, UK
| | - Florence Salmon
- Crop Protection Animal Metabolism and Residue Chemistry, BASF Aktiengesellschaft, 67114 Limburgerhof, Germany
| | - Thomas W. Sawyer
- Medical Countermeasures Section, Defence Research Establishment Suffield, Medicine Hat, Alberta T1A 8K6, Canada
| | - Greg Skibinski
- Department of Surgery, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK
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Gilmour MI, Kim YH, Hays MD. Comparative chemistry and toxicity of diesel and biomass combustion emissions. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:5869-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8797-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Liberati TA, Randle MR, Toth LA. In vitrolung slices: a powerful approach for assessment of lung pathophysiology. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 10:501-8. [DOI: 10.1586/erm.10.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Switalla S, Knebel J, Ritter D, Dasenbrock C, Krug N, Braun A, Sewald K. Determination of genotoxicity by the Comet assay applied to murine precision-cut lung slices. Toxicol In Vitro 2012; 27:798-803. [PMID: 23274917 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2012.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Precision-cut lung slices (PCLSs) are an organotypic lung model that is widely used in pharmacological, physiological, and toxicological studies. Genotoxicity testing, as a pivotal part of early risk assessment, is currently established in vivo in various organs including lung, brain, or liver, and in vitro in cell lines or primary cells. The aim of the present study was to provide the three-dimensional organ culture PCLS as a new ex vivo model for determination of genotoxicity using the Comet assay. Murine PCLS were exposed to increasing concentrations of ethyl methane sulfonate 'EMS' (0.03-0.4%) and formalin (0.5-5mM). Tissue was subsequently dissociated, and DNA single-strand breaks were quantified using the Comet assay. Number of viable dissociated lung cells was between 4×10(5) and 6.7×10(5)cells/slice. Even treatment with EMS did not induce toxicity compared to untreated tissue control. As expected, DNA single-strand breaks were increased dose-dependently and significantly after exposure to EMS. Here, tail length rose from 24μm to 75μm. In contrast, formalin resulted in a significant induction of DNA cross-links. The effects induced by EMS and formalin demonstrate the usefulness of PCLS as a new ex vivo lung model for genotoxicity testing in the early risk assessment of airborne substances in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Switalla
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Airway Immunology, Nikolai-Fuchs-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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Umachandran M, Howarth J, Ioannides C. Metabolic and structural viability of precision-cut rat lung slices in culture. Xenobiotica 2008; 34:771-80. [PMID: 15690764 DOI: 10.1080/00498250400000816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
1. The principal objective was to evaluate the functional and structural integrity of precision-cut rat lung slices in culture over 72 h. 2. Lung slices metabolized 7-ethoxycoumarin in a time-dependent fashion, the major metabolites being the sulphate and glucuronide of 7-hydroxycoumarin with very low levels of the free compound. Prior treatment of rats with beta-naphthoflavone elevated markedly the rate of metabolism. The optimum slice thickness, as exemplified by the metabolism of 7-ethoxycoumarin, was about 600 microm. 3. Lung slices retained metabolic viability towards 7-ethoxycoumarin for 8 h, but after this point a marked decline in metabolic activity was noted. However, very low levels of activity were still evident following a 72 h incubation. 4. Morphological examination of lung slices revealed nuclear degeneration and loss of tissue architecture following 24h incubation. When cellular integrity was assessed using lactate dehydrogenase, a time-dependent leakage was evident with maximum loss occurring within 24h; longer incubations did not result in further leakage. 5. It is concluded that precision-cut rat lung slices, of 600 microm thickness, can be maintained metabolically viable in culture for some 8 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Umachandran
- Molecular Toxicology Group, School of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
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Price RJ, Renwick AB, Walters DG, Young PJ, Lake BG. Metabolism of nicotine and induction of CYP1A forms in precision-cut rat liver and lung slices. Toxicol In Vitro 2004; 18:179-85. [PMID: 14757108 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2003.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate xenobiotic metabolism and induction of cytochrome P450 (CYP) forms in precision-cut rat liver and lung slices, employing nicotine as a model compound. Freshly cut rat liver and lung slices metabolised nicotine to the major metabolite cotinine. Observed Km values for cotinine formation in liver and lung slices were 323 and 41.7 microM, respectively, with corresponding V(max) values of 47.2 and 3.21 pmol/min/mg protein, respectively. Rat liver and lung slices were cultured for 48 h with Aroclor 1254, benzo(a)pyrene, nicotine and cotinine. Both Aroclor 1254 and benzo(a)pyrene produced a marked induction of CYP1A-dependent 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase activity in both liver and lung slices. However, while nicotine induced 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase activity in lung slices, but not in liver slices, cotinine did not induce enzyme activity in either liver or lung slices. Overall, while higher rates of nicotine metabolism were observed in rat liver slices, nicotine-induced CYP1A form induction was observed in lung slices. These results demonstrate the usefulness of precision-cut tissue slices for studying tissue differences in xenobiotic metabolism and CYP form induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger J Price
- BIBRA International Ltd., Woodmansterne Road, Carshalton, Surrey SM5 4DS, UK
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Mallampalli RK, Ryan AJ, Carroll JL, Osborne TF, Thomas CP. Lipid deprivation increases surfactant phosphatidylcholine synthesis via a sterol-sensitive regulatory element within the CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase promoter. Biochem J 2002; 362:81-8. [PMID: 11829742 PMCID: PMC1222362 DOI: 10.1042/0264-6021:3620081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Lipid-deprived mice increase alveolar surfactant disaturated phosphatidylcholine (DSPtdCho) synthesis compared with mice fed a standard diet by increasing expression of CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase (CCT), the rate-limiting enzyme for DSPtdCho synthesis. We previously observed that lipid deprivation increases mRNA synthesis for CCT [Ryan, McCoy, Mathur, Field and Mallampalli (2000) J. Lipid Res. 41, 1268-1277]. To evaluate regulatory mechanisms for this gene, we cloned the proximal approximately 1900 bp of the 5' flanking sequence of the murine CCT gene, coupled this to a luciferase reporter, and examined transcriptional regulation in a murine alveolar epithelial type II cell line (MLE-12). The core promoter was localized to a region between -169 and +71 bp, which exhibited strong basal activity comparable with the simian virus 40 promoter. The full-length construct, from -1867 to +71, was induced 2-3-fold when cells were cultured in lipoprotein-deficient serum (LPDS), similar to the level of induction of the endogenous CCT gene. By deletional analysis the sterol regulatory element (SRE) was localized within a 240 bp region. LPDS activation of the CCT promoter was abolished by mutation of this SRE, and gel mobility-shift assays demonstrated specific binding of recombinant SRE-binding protein to this element within the CCT promoter. These observations indicate that sterol-regulated expression of CCT is mediated by an SRE within its 5' flanking region.
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Walton K, Walker R, van de Sandt JJ, Castell JV, Knapp AG, Kozianowski G, Roberfroid M, Schilter B. The application of in vitro data in the derivation of the acceptable daily intake of food additives. Food Chem Toxicol 1999; 37:1175-97. [PMID: 10654594 DOI: 10.1016/s0278-6915(99)00107-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The acceptable daily intake (ADI) for food additives is commonly derived from the NOAEL (no-observed-adverse-effect level) in long-term animal in vivo studies. To derive an ADI a safety or uncertainty factor (commonly 100) is applied to the NOAEL in the most sensitive test species. The 100-fold safety factor is considered to be the product of both species and inter-individual differences in toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics. Although in vitro data have previously been considered during the risk assessment of food additives, they have generally had no direct influence on the calculation of ADI values. In this review 18 food additives are evaluated for the availability of in vitro toxicity data which might be used for the derivation of a specific data-derived uncertainty factor. For the majority of the food additives reviewed, additional in vitro tests have been conducted which supplement and support the short- and long-term in vivo toxicity studies. However, it was recognized that these in vitro studies could not be used in isolation to derive an ADI; only when sufficient in vivo mechanistic data are available can such information be used in a regulatory context. Additional short-term studies are proposed for the food additives which, if conducted, would provide data that could then be used for the calculation of data-derived uncertainty factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Walton
- Clinical Pharmacology Group, University of Southampton, UK
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Characterization of Precision-cut Rat Lung Slices in a Biphasic Gas/Liquid Exposure System: Effect of O2. Toxicol In Vitro 1999; 13:467-73. [DOI: 10.1016/s0887-2333(99)00011-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/15/1998] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Langford AM, Hobbs MJ, Upshall DG, Blain PG, Williams FM. The effect of sulphur mustard on glutathione levels in rat lung slices and the influence of treatment with arylthiols and cysteine esters. Hum Exp Toxicol 1996; 15:619-24. [PMID: 8863055 DOI: 10.1177/096032719601500804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
1. Sulphur mustard reacts directly with benzenethiols and cysteine esters in aqueous medium. 2. Benzenethiols diffuse into lung slices in short term culture. 3. Treatment of lung slices in short term culture with benzenethiols does not protect cellular glutathione from conjugation with sulphur mustard. 4. Following uptake of cysteine ester into lung slices cysteine is elevated but this does not protect cellular glutathione from sulphur mustard.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Langford
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Medical School, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Parrish AR, Gandolfi AJ, Brendel K. Precision-cut tissue slices: applications in pharmacology and toxicology. Life Sci 1995; 57:1887-901. [PMID: 7475939 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(95)02176-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Almost a decade has passed since the first paper describing the isolation and maintenance of precision-cut liver slices produced using a mechanical tissue slicer was published (1). Although tissue slices of various organs have been employed as an in vitro system for several decades, the lack of reproducibility within the slices and the relatively limited viability of the tissue preparations has prevented a widespread acceptance of the technique. The production of an automated slicer, capable of reproducibly producing relatively thin slices of tissue, as well as the development of a dynamic organ culture system, overcame several of these obstacles. Since that time, significant advances in the methods to produce and culture tissue slices have been made, as well as the application of the technique to several other organs, including kidney, lung and heart. This review will i) summarize the historical use of tissue slices prior to the development of the precision-cut tissue slice system; ii) briefly analyze current methods to produce precision-cut liver, kidney, lung and heart slices; and iii) discuss the applications of this powerful in vitro system to the disciplines of pharmacology and toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Parrish
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson 85721, USA
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