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Habeeb E, Aldosari S, Saghir SA, Cheema M, Momenah T, Husain K, Omidi Y, Rizvi SA, Akram M, Ansari RA. Role of Environmental Toxicants in the Development of Hypertensive and Cardiovascular Diseases. Toxicol Rep 2022; 9:521-533. [PMID: 35371924 PMCID: PMC8971584 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of hypertension with diabetes mellitus (DM) as a co-morbid condition is on the rise worldwide. In 2000, an estimated 972 million adults had hypertension, which is predicted to grow to 1.56 billion by 2025. Hypertension often leads to diabetes mellitus that strongly puts the patients at an increased risk of cardiovascular, kidney, and/or atherosclerotic diseases. Hypertension has been identified as a major risk factor for the development of diabetes; patients with hypertension are at two-to-three-fold higher risk of developing diabetes than patients with normal blood pressure (BP). Causes for the increase in hypertension and diabetes are not well understood, environmental factors (e.g., exposure to environmental toxicants like heavy metals, organic solvents, pesticides, alcohol, and urban lifestyle) have been postulated as one of the reasons contributing to hypertension and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). The mechanism of action(s) of these toxicants in developing hypertension and CVDs is not well defined. Research studies have linked hypertension with the chronic consumption of alcohol and exposure to metals like lead, mercury, and arsenic have also been linked to hypertension and CVD. Workers chronically exposed to styrene have a higher incidence of CVD. Recent studies have demonstrated that exposure to particulate matter (PM) in diesel exhaust and urban air contributes to increased CVD and mortality. In this review, we have imparted the role of environmental toxicants such as heavy metals, organic pollutants, PM, alcohol, and some drugs in hypertension and CVD along with possible mechanisms and limitations in extrapolating animal data to humans. Rising incidence of hypertension may be linked to chronic exposure with environmental toxicants. Urban lifestyle and alcohol intake may be responsible for increased incidence of hypertension among urbanites. Exposure with organic solvent, heavy metals and pesticides could also be contributing to the rise in blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Habeeb
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Health Professions Division, Nova Southeastern University, 3200S University Drive, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33200, USA
| | - Saad Aldosari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Health Professions Division, Nova Southeastern University, 3200S University Drive, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33200, USA
| | - Shakil A. Saghir
- The Scotts Company LLC, Marysville, OH 43041, USA
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Mariam Cheema
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Health Professions Division, Nova Southeastern University, 3200S University Drive, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33200, USA
| | - Tahani Momenah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Health Professions Division, Nova Southeastern University, 3200S University Drive, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33200, USA
| | - Kazim Husain
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology (FOB-2), Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Yadollah Omidi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Health Professions Division, Nova Southeastern University, 3200S University Drive, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33200, USA
| | - Syed A.A. Rizvi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Hampton University, VA 23668, USA
| | - Muhammad Akram
- Department of Eastern Medicine and Surgery, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Rais A. Ansari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Health Professions Division, Nova Southeastern University, 3200S University Drive, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33200, USA
- Corresponding author.
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Catelas DN, Serrão MP, Soares-Da-Silva P. Effects of nepicastat upon dopamine-β-hydroxylase activity and dopamine and norepinephrine levels in the rat left ventricle, kidney, and adrenal gland. Clin Exp Hypertens 2019; 42:118-125. [PMID: 30821508 DOI: 10.1080/10641963.2019.1583245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objective: Evaluate the activity of dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DβH) as well as the effect of the DβH inhibitor nepicastat upon enzyme activity and levels of dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE) in the rat left ventricle, kidney, and adrenal glands.Methods: DβH assay consisted of the enzymatic hydroxylation of tyramine into octopamine, and DA and NE tissues levels were quantified by HPLC-ED.Results: Nepicastat (30 mg/kg, p.o.) reduced DβH activity by 93% and 80% in the adrenals at 4 h and 8 h postdrug administration, accompanied by significant reductions in NE and epinephrine tissue levels and an increase in DA levels and of DA/NE tissue ratios, with similar findings for NE, DA and of DA/NE tissue ratios in left ventricle and kidney. DβH activity in the left ventricle and kidney showed a high degree of variability, which does not allow corroboration of the effects of nepicastat upon catecholamine tissue levels.Conclusion: The assay of DβH activity in heart and kidney lacks the necessary robustness, but DβH activity in the adrenals appears to be an appropriate marker. However, the effect size upon DA/NE tissue ratios (an indirect measure of DβH activity) as induced by nepicastat was very similar in sympathetically innervated tissues, left ventricle and kidney, and the adrenal medulla.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Nóbrega Catelas
- Department of Biomedicine, Unit of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Paula Serrão
- Department of Biomedicine, Unit of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,MedInUP - Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Patricio Soares-Da-Silva
- Department of Biomedicine, Unit of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,MedInUP - Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Horváthová M, Žitňanová I, Bališ P, Púzserová A, Muchová J, Kluknavský M, Bernátová I. SEX DIFFERENCES IN BLOOD ANTIOXIDANT DEFENCE SYSTEM IN JUVENILE RATS WITH VARIOUS GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2018.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Association of G-protein β3 subunit C825T polymorphism with essential hypertension: evidence from 63 729 subjects. J Hum Hypertens 2017; 31:511-514. [PMID: 28540932 DOI: 10.1038/jhh.2017.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Many studies have reported that G-protein β3 subunit (GNB3) C825T polymorphism is associated with essential hypertension (EH), although this remains subject to debate. Thus, meta-analysis was carried out to clarify this relationship. A total of 75 articles, reporting 81 case-control studies evaluating 28 369 patients and 34 933 control individuals, were assessed. Overall, a significant association was observed in the dominant model (odds ratio (OR)=1.11, 95% CI 1.04-1.19), recessive model (OR=1.09, 95% CI 1.01-1.17), TT vs CC (OR=1.16, 95% CI 1.05-1.28), CT vs CC (OR=1.09, 95% CI 1.02-1.17), and additive model (OR=1.07, 95% CI 1.02-1.13) after pooling all eligible studies. Subgroup analysis by ethnicity and gender demonstrated significantly increased EH only in Caucasians using the dominant (OR=1.22, 95% CI 1.07-1.39; TT vs CC, OR=1.29, 95% CI 1.07-1.54; CT vs CC, OR=1.19, 95% CI 1.05-1.35) and additive (OR=1.16, 95% CI 1.05-1.28) models. In summary, the present meta-analysis indicated the GNB3 C825T polymorphism is related to increased EH exclusively in Caucasians.
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Ounissi M, Benkirane A, Dempsey E, Soares R, Jullien V, Pons G, Chhun S. A review of potential pharmacogenetic effects on catecholamine responses. Drug Metab Rev 2015; 47:558-64. [PMID: 26530497 DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2015.1102932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Considerably, variability in the clinical response to inotropic agents is observed and could be explained partially by the genetic variants, such as single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in genes encoding for enzymes implicated in catecholamines synthesis, metabolism, storage and release or in the signaling pathway. This review highlights the potential effect of pharmacogenetics studies in hemodynamic response and identified 11 SNPs that could be relevant to explain the high variability drug response for a same dose. Cardiovascular instability, such as hypotension, is one of the premature birth complications. The pharmacogenetics studies evaluating these SNP may be useful to better understand the clinical outcome, particularly in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Ounissi
- a Université Paris Descartes, INSERM U1129 , Paris , France
| | - Aida Benkirane
- a Université Paris Descartes, INSERM U1129 , Paris , France
| | - Eugene Dempsey
- b Department of Pediatrics and Child Health , University College and Irish Centre for Fetal and Neonatal Translational Research (INFANT) , Cork , Ireland
| | - Ricardo Soares
- a Université Paris Descartes, INSERM U1129 , Paris , France
| | - Vincent Jullien
- a Université Paris Descartes, INSERM U1129 , Paris , France .,c Service De Pharmacologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou , Paris , France
| | - Gérard Pons
- a Université Paris Descartes, INSERM U1129 , Paris , France
| | - Stéphanie Chhun
- d Institut Necker Enfants-Malades (INEM), INSERM U1151 , Paris , France , and.,e Laboratoire D'immunologie Biologique , Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades , AP-HP Paris , France
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Horvathova M, Zitnanova I, Kralovicova Z, Balis P, Puzserova A, Muchova J, Kluknavsky M, Durackova Z, Bernatova I. Sex differences in the blood antioxidant defense system in juvenile rats with various genetic predispositions to hypertension. Hypertens Res 2015; 39:64-9. [PMID: 26510784 DOI: 10.1038/hr.2015.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the contribution of blood oxidative stress (OS) to the development of hypertension, as well as sex differences in the antioxidant defense system (ADS) in genetic models of hypertension. Nine-week-old normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats, borderline hypertensive rats (BHR) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) of both sexes were used. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was determined by tail-cuff plethysmography, the trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) and the concentration of lipid peroxides (LP) were determined in plasma. The activity of the antioxidant enzymes Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT) was determined in erythrocytes. SBP was significantly elevated in BHR and SHR in both sexes. BHR and SHR males had a higher SBP than the respective females. Sex-dependent differences in the ADS were found only in SHR, in which TEAC, SOD and CAT were significantly higher in males than in females. No differences in TEAC, SOD, CAT and GPx were observed between BHR (males and females) and WKY controls. LP levels were similar in all the groups investigated. Significant positive correlations were observed between SBP and both SOD and CAT. TEAC correlated positively with SOD and LP. As no signs of oxidative damage to lipids were found in young BHR and SHR of either sex, OS in the blood does not seem to be causatively related to the development of hypertension in these rats. However, despite activated antioxidant defenses, the positive correlation between plasma TEAC and LP suggests that oxidative damage is progressing slowly and therefore it seems to be a consequence rather than the cause of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Horvathova
- Institute of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Ingrid Zitnanova
- Institute of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Zuzana Kralovicova
- Institute of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Peter Balis
- Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Centre of Excellence for Examination of Regulatory Role of Nitric Oxide in Civilization Diseases, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Angelika Puzserova
- Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Centre of Excellence for Examination of Regulatory Role of Nitric Oxide in Civilization Diseases, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Jana Muchova
- Institute of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Michal Kluknavsky
- Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Centre of Excellence for Examination of Regulatory Role of Nitric Oxide in Civilization Diseases, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Zdenka Durackova
- Institute of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Iveta Bernatova
- Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Centre of Excellence for Examination of Regulatory Role of Nitric Oxide in Civilization Diseases, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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Fenger M, Linneberg A, Jeppesen J. Network-based analysis of the sphingolipid metabolism in hypertension. Front Genet 2015; 6:84. [PMID: 25788903 PMCID: PMC4349157 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2015.00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Common diseases like essential hypertension or diabetes mellitus are complex as they are polygenic in nature, such that each genetic variation only has a small influence on the disease. Genes operates in integrated networks providing the blue-print for all biological processes and conditional of the complex genotype determines the state and dynamics of any trait, which may be modified to various extent by non-genetic factors. Thus, diseases are heterogenous ensembles of conditions with a common endpoint. Numerous studies have been performed to define genes of importance for a trait or disease, but only a few genes with small effect have been identified. The major reasons for this modest progress is the unresolved heterogeneity of the regulation of blood pressure and the shortcomings of the prevailing monogenic approach to capture genetic effects in a polygenic condition. Here, a two-step procedure is presented in which physiological heterogeneity is disentangled and genetic effects are analyzed by variance decomposition of genetic interactions and by an information theoretical approach including 162 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in 84 genes in the sphingolipid metabolism and related networks in blood pressure regulation. As expected, almost no genetic main effects were detected. In contrast, two-gene interactions established the entire sphingolipid metabolic and related genetic network to be highly involved in the regulation of blood pressure. The pattern of interaction clearly revealed that epistasis does not necessarily reflects the topology of the metabolic pathways i.e., the flow of metabolites. Rather, the enzymes and proteins are integrated in complex cellular substructures where communication flows between the components of the networks, which may be composite in structure. The heritabilities for diastolic and systolic blood pressure were estimated to be 0.63 and 0.01, which may in fact be the maximum heritabilities of these traits. This procedure provide a platform for studying and capturing the genetic networks of any polygenic trait, condition, or disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mogens Fenger
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Denmark
| | | | - Jørgen Jeppesen
- Department of Cardiology, Glostrup University Hospital Glostrup, Denmark
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Common variants of the G protein-coupled receptor type 4 are associated with human essential hypertension and predict the blood pressure response to angiotensin receptor blockade. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2015; 16:3-9. [PMID: 25732908 DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2015.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Non-synonymous GRK4 variants, R65L, A142V and A486V, are associated with essential hypertension in diverse populations. This study replicated the association of GRK4 variants, including GRK4(142V), with human essential hypertension in a Japanese population (n=588; hypertensive, n=486 normotensive controls) and determined whether the presence of GRK4 variants predicted the blood pressure (BP) response to angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) in patients with essential hypertension. We analyzed 829 patients and compared the response to ARBs between individuals with no GRK4 variants (n=136) and those with variants at one or any of the three loci (n=693). Carriers of hGRK4(142V) had a greater decrease in systolic BP in response to ARBs than non-carrier hypertensive patients. By contrast, those with variants only at GRK4(486V) were less likely to achieve the BP goal in response to an ARB than those with no variants. These studies showed for the first time the association between GRK4(142V) and a larger decrease in BP with ARBs in hypertensive patients.
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Yu S, Shang P. A review of bioeffects of static magnetic field on rodent models. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 114:14-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and the glutathione S-transferase Mu, Pi and Theta gene polymorphisms in cardiotoxicity after anthracycline chemotherapy for breast carcinoma. Int J Biol Markers 2013; 28:e336-47. [PMID: 23999848 DOI: 10.5301/jbm.5000041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anthracyclines are among the most active drugs against breast cancer, but can exert cardiotoxic effects eventually resulting in congestive heart failure (CHF). Identifying breast cancer patients at high risk of developing cardiotoxicity after anthracycline therapy would be of value in guiding the use of these agents. AIMS We determined whether polymorphisms in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and in the glutathione S-transferase (GST) family of phase II detoxification enzymes might be useful predictors of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) kinetics and risk of developing CHF. We sought correlations between the development of cardiotoxicity and gene polymorphisms in 48 patients with early breast cancer treated with adjuvant anthracycline chemotherapy. METHODS We analyzed the following polymorphisms: p.Met235Thr and p.Thr174Met in angiotensinogen (AGT), Ins/Del in angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), A1166C in angiotensin II type-1 receptor (AGTR1A), c.-344T>C in aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2), p.Ile105Val in GSTP1. Additionally, we analyzed the presence or absence of the GSTT1 and GSTP1 genes. A LVEF <50% was detected at least once during the 3 years of follow-up period in 13 out of 48 patients (27.1%). CONCLUSION RAAS gene polymorphisms were not significantly associated with the development of cardiotoxicity. GSTM1may be useful as a biomarker of higher risk of cardiotoxicity, as demonstrated in our cohort of patients (p=0.147).
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Ran J, Li H, Fu J, Liu L, Xing Y, Li X, Shen H, Chen Y, Jiang X, Li Y, Li H. Construction and analysis of the protein-protein interaction network related to essential hypertension. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2013; 7:32. [PMID: 23587307 PMCID: PMC3641020 DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-7-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Essential hypertension (EH) is a complex disease as a consequence of interaction between environmental factors and genetic background, but the pathogenesis of EH remains elusive. The emerging tools of network medicine offer a platform to explore a complex disease at system level. In this study, we aimed to identify the key proteins and the biological regulatory pathways involving in EH and further to explore the molecular connectivities between these pathways by the topological analysis of the Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. Result The extended network including one giant network consisted of 535 nodes connected via 2572 edges and two separated small networks. 27 proteins with high BC and 28 proteins with large degree have been identified. NOS3 with highest BC and Closeness centrality located in the centre of the network. The backbone network derived from high BC proteins presents a clear and visual overview which shows all important regulatory pathways for blood pressure (BP) and the crosstalk between them. Finally, the robustness of NOS3 as central protein and accuracy of backbone were validated by 287 test networks. Conclusion Our finding suggests that blood pressure variation is orchestrated by an integrated PPI network centered on NOS3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihua Ran
- Basic Medicine School, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
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Kvehaugen AS, Melien O, Holmen OL, Laivuori H, Oian P, Andersgaard AB, Dechend R, Staff AC. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in G protein signaling pathway genes in preeclampsia. Hypertension 2013; 61:655-61. [PMID: 23339167 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.111.00331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Preeclampsia is a pregnancy specific disorder and a risk factor for later cardiovascular disease. The cause and detailed pathophysiology remains unknown. G protein signaling is involved in a variety of physiological processes, including blood pressure regulation. We assessed whether distributions of 3 single nucleotide polymorphisms in genes coding for components of G protein signaling pathways that have been associated with hypertension differ between women with preeclampsia and normotensive pregnant women; the G protein β3 subunit gene (GNB3) C825T polymorphism (rs5443), the angiotensin II type 1 receptor gene (AGTR1) 3'UTR A1166C polymorphism (rs5186), and the regulator of G protein signaling 2 gene (RGS2) 3'UTR C1114G polymorphism (rs4606). Two separate Norwegian study populations were used; a large population based study and a smaller, but clinically well-described pregnancy biobank. A descriptive study of 43 women with eclampsia was additionally included. In the population-based study, an increased odds of preeclampsia (odds ratio, 1.21; [95% confidence interval, 1.05-1.40]; P=0.009) and recurrent preeclampsia (odds ratio, 1.43; [95% confidence interval, 1.06-1.92];, P=0.017) was found in women carrying the rs4606 CG or GG genotype. In early-onset preeclamptic patients with decidual spiral artery biopsies available (n=24), the rs4606 CG or GG genotype was more frequent in those with acute atherosis (resembling early stage of atherosclerosis) compared with those without: odds ratio, 15.0; (95% confidence interval, 2.02-111.2); P=0.004. No association was found between preeclampsia and the rs5443 or the rs5186. The genotype distribution in eclamptic women was not different from preeclamptic women. In conclusion, RGS2 rs4606 may affect the risk and progression of preeclampsia.
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Villar VAM, Jones JE, Armando I, Asico LD, Escano CS, Lee H, Wang X, Yang Y, Pascua-Crusan AM, Palmes-Saloma CP, Felder RA, Jose PA. Sorting nexin 1 loss results in D5 dopamine receptor dysfunction in human renal proximal tubule cells and hypertension in mice. J Biol Chem 2012; 288:152-63. [PMID: 23152498 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.428458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The peripheral dopaminergic system plays a crucial role in blood pressure regulation through its actions on renal hemodynamics and epithelial ion transport. The dopamine D5 receptor (D(5)R) interacts with sorting nexin 1 (SNX1), a protein involved in receptor retrieval from the trans-Golgi network. In this report, we elucidated the spatial, temporal, and functional significance of this interaction in human renal proximal tubule cells and HEK293 cells stably expressing human D(5)R and in mice. Silencing of SNX1 expression via RNAi resulted in the failure of D(5)R to internalize and bind GTP, blunting of the agonist-induced increase in cAMP production and decrease in sodium transport, and up-regulation of angiotensin II receptor expression, of which expression was previously shown to be negatively regulated by D(5)R. Moreover, siRNA-mediated depletion of renal SNX1 in C57BL/6J and BALB/cJ mice resulted in increased blood pressure and blunted natriuretic response to agonist in salt-loaded BALB/cJ mice. These data demonstrate a crucial role for SNX1 in D(5)R trafficking and that SNX1 depletion results in D(5)R dysfunction and thus may represent a novel mechanism for the pathogenesis of essential hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Anthony M Villar
- Center for Molecular Physiology Research, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington DC 20010, USA.
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Kundu A, Ramaiah S, Anbarasu A. Mutation in angiotensin II type 1 receptor disrupts its binding to angiotensin II leading to hypotension: An insight into hydrogen bonding patterns. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11515-012-1241-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Tchikaya FO, Bantsielé GB, Kouakou-Siransy G, Datté JY, Yapo PA, Zirihi NG, Offoumou MA. Anacardium occidentale Linn. (Anacardiaceae) stem bark extract induces hypotensive and cardio-inhibitory effects in experimental animal models. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL, COMPLEMENTARY, AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINES 2011; 8:452-61. [PMID: 22654226 DOI: 10.4314/ajtcam.v8i4.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Anacardium occidentale Linn. (Anacardiaceae) is a plant largely used in Africa for the treatment of different diseases. In Côte d'Ivoire it's commonly used for the treatment of hypertension. The present study was carried out in order to assess the effects of Anacardium occidentale extract (ANOE) on cardiovascular parameters in animal models. A mercury manometer kymograph of Ludwig was used to measure the blood pressure of normotensive rabbits in control conditions (normal physiological solution) and under the influence of ANOE. The contractile activity of an isolated rat heart was also measured in control conditions and under the influence of ANOE in different physiological media using a modified Langendhorff (1895) apparatus. The aqueous Anacardium occidentale (ANOE) bark extract applied intravenously in different doses (12, 40, 90, and 167 mg/kg b.w.), produced a significant dose-dependent decrease in blood pressure of previously normotensive rabbits (up to 89% vs control). Atropine (1 mg/ml) pre-treatment failed to reverse the hypotensive effects elicited by the extract. ANOE applied to isolated rat heart preparations in different concentrations (0.01, 0.1, 1.0, and 10 µg/ml) induced negative inotropic and chronotropic effects. Atropine pre-treatment of heart preparations (0.1 µg/ml) failed to reverse the negative effects induced by ANOE. The extract's action on heart contractile activity studied in modified culture media further confirmed its cardio-inhibitory effects. ANOE induced strong hypotensive and cardio-inhibitory effects in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Olivier Tchikaya
- Laboratoire de Nutrition et Pharmacologie, Département de Biologie Animale et Physiologie, UFR-Biosciences, Université de Cocody, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire, 20 BP 947 Abidjan 20, Côte d'Ivoire.
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Fenger M, Linneberg A, Jørgensen T, Madsbad S, Søbye K, Eugen-Olsen J, Jeppesen J. Genetics of the ceramide/sphingosine-1-phosphate rheostat in blood pressure regulation and hypertension. BMC Genet 2011; 12:44. [PMID: 21569466 PMCID: PMC3115901 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-12-44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several attempts to decipher the genetics of hypertension of unknown causes have been made including large-scale genome-wide association analysis (GWA), but only a few genes have been identified. Unsolved heterogeneity of the regulation of blood pressure and the shortcomings of the prevailing monogenic approach to capture genetic effects in a polygenic condition are the main reasons for the modest results. The level of the blood pressure is the consequence of the genotypic state of the presumably vast network of genes involved in regulating the vascular tonus and hence the blood pressure. Recently it has been suggested that components of the sphingolipid metabolism pathways may be of importance in vascular physiology. The basic metabolic network of sphingolipids has been established, but the influence of genetic variations on the blood pressure is not known. In the approach presented here the impact of genetic variations in the sphingolipid metabolism is elucidated by a two-step procedure. First, the physiological heterogeneity of the blood pressure is resolved by a latent class/structural equation modelling to obtain homogenous subpopulations. Second, the genetic effects of the sphingolipid metabolism with focus on de novo synthesis of ceramide are analysed. The model does not assume a particular genetic model, but assumes that genes operate in networks. RESULTS The stratification of the study population revealed that (at least) 14 distinct subpopulations are present with different propensity to develop hypertension. Main effects of genes in the de novo synthesis of ceramides were rare (0.14% of all possible). However, epistasis was highly significant and prevalent amounting to approximately 70% of all possible two-gene interactions. The phenotypic variance explained by the ceramide synthesis network were substantial in 4 of the subpopulations amounting to more than 50% in the subpopulation in which all subjects were hypertensive. Construction of the network using the epistatic values revealed that only 17% of the interactions detected were in the direct metabolic pathway, the remaining jumping one or more intermediates. CONCLUSIONS This study established the components of the ceramide/sphingosine-1-phosphate rheostat as central to blood pressure regulation. The results in addition confirm that epistasis is of paramount importance and is most conspicuous in the regulation of the rheostat network. Finally, it is shown that applying a simple case-control approach with single gene association analysis is bound to fail, short of identifying a few potential genes with small effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mogens Fenger
- Copenhagen University Hospital at Hvidovre, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Genetics, and Molecular Biology, Kettegaard All 26, 2650 Hvidovre, Denmark.
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Holmen OL, Romundstad S, Melien O. Association between the G protein β3 subunit C825T polymorphism and the occurrence of cardiovascular disease in hypertensives: The Nord-Trøndelag Health Study (HUNT). Am J Hypertens 2010; 23:1121-7. [PMID: 20539277 DOI: 10.1038/ajh.2010.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies examining the C825T polymorphism of the G protein β3 subunit (GNB3) have shown inconsistent results regarding susceptibility to hypertension. With twice the length of earlier studies, the aim of our study was to further investigate this association with a cross-sectional design over an 11.5-year follow-up period in a Norwegian population. METHODS Two randomized selected population samples from the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study 1995-1997 (HUNT 2) were genotyped. One sample included individuals reporting use of antihypertensive medication (n = 969), and the other did not report use of antihypertensive medication, cardiovascular disease (CVD), or diabetes (n = 1,867). Of those genotyped, 2,254 participants (79.5%) also attended HUNT 1 in 1984-1986. RESULTS There was no significant higher prevalence of hypertension (blood pressure ≥140/90 mm Hg and/or antihypertensive medication) in T-allele carriers than in C allele carriers. However, TT homozygous men with treated hypertension showed statistical significant association with self-reported CVD compared to the CC genotype (odds ratio (OR) 3.19, P = 0.001). No statistical significant association between hypertension and the C825T polymorphism was found during the follow-up. CONCLUSIONS No association was found between the C285T polymorphism of the GNB3 and hypertension. However, CVD was more common among treated hypertensive men with the TT genotype compared to men with the CC genotype. Thus, further studies are needed to explore whether this finding could be caused by other mechanisms than elevated blood pressure.
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Dörr M, Schmidt CO, Spielhagen T, Bornhorst A, Hentschel K, Franz C, Empen K, Kocher T, Diehl SR, Kroemer HK, Völzke H, Ewert R, Felix SB, Rosskopf D. β-blocker therapy and heart rate control during exercise testing in the general population: role of a common G-protein β-3 subunit variant. Pharmacogenomics 2010; 11:1209-21. [PMID: 20860462 PMCID: PMC3074105 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.10.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Impaired heart rate (HR) response to exercise is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. We analyzed whether common variants (rs5443/C825T and rs5442/G814A) in the G-protein β3 subunit (GNB3) gene modulate interindividual variation in β-blocker responses with respect to HR. MATERIALS & METHODS Among 1614 subjects (347 current β-blocker users) of a population-based study, HR during symptom-limited exercise testing was analyzed by multilevel linear regression models adjusted for potential confounders. RESULTS In β-blocker users, but not in nonusers, HR was attenuated in rs5443 T allele carriers (TC/TT vs CC) with lower adjusted HR over the entire exercise period from rest to peak workload (3.5 bpm; 95% CI: 1.1-5.8; p < 0.01), and during recovery (4.2 bpm; 95% CI: 0.6-7.8; p = 0.02). The genotype-related HR reducing effect at peak exercise varied by up to 7.5 bpm (CC vs TT), more than a third (35.9%) of the total β-blocker effect (20.9 bpm). By contrast, rs5442 had no impact on any HR-related parameter. CONCLUSION In this population-based sample, a common GNB3 polymorphism (C825T) was significantly related with response to β-blocker therapy with respect to HR during exercise and HR recovery, respectively. Further prospective studies are needed to confirm these associations and to examine their potential clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Dörr
- Department of Internal Medicine B, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University, Friedrich Loeffler Str. 23 a, D-17475 Greifswald, Germany.
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Hahntow IN, Mairuhu G, van Valkengoed IG, Koopmans RP, Michel MC. Are "functionally related polymorphisms" of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system gene polymorphisms associated with hypertension? BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2010; 10:23. [PMID: 20525211 PMCID: PMC2892429 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2261-10-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2010] [Accepted: 06/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Genotype-phenotype association studies are typically based upon polymorphisms or haplotypes comprised of multiple polymorphisms within a single gene. It has been proposed that combinations of polymorphisms in distinct genes, which functionally impact the same phenotype, may have stronger phenotype associations than those within a single gene. We have tested this hypothesis using genes encoding components of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and the high blood pressure phenotype. Methods Our analysis is based on 1379 participants of the cross-sectional SUNSET study randomly selected from the population register of Amsterdam. Each subject was genotyped for the angiotensinogen M235T, the angiotensin-converting enzyme insertion/deletion and the angiotensin II type 1 receptor A1166C polymorphism. The phenotype high blood pressure was defined either as a categorical variable comparing hypertension versus normotension as in most previous studies or as a continuous variable using systolic, diastolic and mean blood pressure in a multiple regression analysis with gender, ethnicity, age, body-mass-index and antihypertensive medication as covariates. Results Genotype-phenotype relationships were explored for each polymorphism in isolation and for double and triple polymorphism combinations. At the single polymorphism level, only the A allele of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor was associated with a high blood pressure phenotype. Using combinations of polymorphisms of two or all three genes did not yield stronger/more consistent associations. Conclusions We conclude that combinations of physiologically related polymorphisms of multiple genes, at least with regard to the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and the hypertensive phenotype, do not necessarily offer additional benefit in analyzing genotype/phenotype associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines N Hahntow
- Dept. of Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapy, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Are RGS2 gene polymorphisms associated with high blood pressure in an ethnicity- and gender-specific manner? Am J Hypertens 2009; 22:80-6. [PMID: 19023274 DOI: 10.1038/ajh.2008.310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polymorphisms in the Regulator of G-protein Signaling 2 (RGS2) gene have been reported to be associated with hypertension (HT) in Japanese women and black Americans of either gender but not in white Americans or Japanese men. We have tested whether these proposed ethnicity- and gender-specific associations between RGS2 gene polymorphisms and HT can be confirmed in an independent population of male and female blacks, whites, and south Asians. METHODS A population-based sample of 1379 black, white Dutch, and south Asian subjects from the Amsterdam area was genotyped for eight polymorphisms in the RGS2 gene. All analyses were done separately per ethnic group. The phenotype high blood pressure was defined as a dichotomous variable comparing HT vs. normotension (NT) and as a linear variable using systolic blood pressure (SBP) in a multiple regression analysis with concomitant antihypertensive medication, age and body mass index as coexplanatory variables. RESULTS Ethnic differences in the frequency of polymorphisms and haplotypes (HAPs) derived thereof were in line with previous studies. Our data do not confirm previously reported ethnicity- or gender-specific associations regardless which phenotype definition was used. While the D allele of 1891-1892TC insertion/deletion polymorphism showed association in several groups, they differed from previously reported ones. Haplotype-phenotype analysis was not more sensitive to detect genotype-phenotype associations than individual alleles. CONCLUSIONS Previously reported ethnicity- and gender-specific associations of RGS2 genotype and hypertensive phenotype are not robust. Nevertheless, the 1891-1892TC insertion/deletion polymorphism warrants further investigation.
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Rosskopf D, Michel MC. Pharmacogenomics of G Protein-Coupled Receptor Ligands in Cardiovascular Medicine. Pharmacol Rev 2008; 60:513-35. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.108.000612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Pravenec M, Petretto E. Insight into the genetics of hypertension, a core component of the metabolic syndrome. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2008; 11:393-7. [PMID: 18541997 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0b013e32830366f6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To provide insight into genetics of essential hypertension, including discussion of methods used both in human and animal experimental studies and interpretation of results. RECENT FINDINGS On the basis of recent progress in sequencing of human genome, detection of millions of single nucleotide polymorphism markers, determination of the extend of linkage disequilibrium (haplotypes), efficient genotyping technology, collection of DNA from thousands of rigorously phenotyped patients and controls and designing sound statistical methods, genome-wide associations studies were widely applied to analyses of common diseases including essential hypertension for the first time in 2007. Concurrently, new experimental approaches combined gene expression profiling with linkage and correlation analyses to identify quantitative trait loci underlying complex traits at the molecular level. SUMMARY These new approaches yielded new exciting results but also posed questions regarding data analyses, interpretation and clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Pravenec
- aInstitute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Studies of inherited conditions characterized by high or low blood pressure reveal the importance of a new signalling cascade, With no Lysine kinases (WNK) --> ste20/SPS1-related proline/alanine-rich kinase (SPAK)/oxidative stress-responsive kinase-1 (OSR1) --> Cation-Chloride Cotransporters (CCC), in regulating blood pressure and in the pathogenesis of essential hypertension. This review explores how these molecules interact to co-ordinate sodium homeostasis and how errors in these interactions may result in hypertension. RECENT FINDINGS Studies using transgenic animals and gene knockins have clarified the role of mutant WNK4 in hypertension, by revealing its main action to be increasing the expression and activity of sodium-chloride cotransporter (NCC) in the kidney. Functional studies show how phosphorylation of WNK1 regulates both its activity and ability to interact with SPAK/OSR1, and clearly place it upstream of SPAK/OSR1 in the cascade. The structural basis for the interactions between SPAK/OSR1 and targets has been identified. SUMMARY WNKs, activated by upstream kinases or autophosphorylation, bind and phosphorylate SPAK/OSR1, which in turn phosphorylate and activate NCCs and Na-K-Cl cotransporters (NKCCs). This increases sodium retention in the kidney (NKCC2, NCC) and vascular resistance (NKCC1), but decreases renin release (NKCC1). Hypertension-associated mutant WNKs increase surface expression and activation of renal tubular NKCC2 and NCC. Whether this adequately explains the hypertension awaits studies of these mutants in other tissues.
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Abstract
RGS5 is a potent GTPase-activating protein for G(ialpha) and G(qalpha) that is expressed strongly in pericytes and is present in vascular smooth muscle cells. To study the role of RGS5 in blood vessel physiology, we generated Rgs5-deficient mice. The Rgs5(-/-) mice developed normally, without obvious defects in cardiovascular development or function. Surprisingly, Rgs5(-/-) mice had persistently low blood pressure, lower in female mice than in male mice, without concomitant cardiac dysfunction, and a lean body habitus. The examination of the major blood vessels revealed that the aortas of Rgs5(-/-) mice were dilated compared to those of control mice, without altered wall thickness. Isolated aortic smooth muscle cells from the Rgs5(-/-) mice exhibited exaggerated levels of phosphorylation of vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein and extracellular signal-regulated kinase in response to stimulation with either sodium nitroprusside or sphingosine 1-phosphate. The results of this study, along with those of previous studies demonstrating that RGS5 stability is under the control of nitric oxide via the N-end rule pathway, suggest that RGS5 may balance vascular tone by attenuating vasodilatory signaling in vivo in opposition to RGS2, another RGS (regulator of G protein signaling) family member known to inhibit G protein-coupled receptor-mediated vasoconstrictor signaling. Blocking the function or the expression of RGS5 may provide an alternative approach to treat hypertension.
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Tfelt-Hansen P, Brøsen K. Pharmacogenomics and migraine: possible implications. J Headache Pain 2008; 9:13-8. [PMID: 18217199 PMCID: PMC3476174 DOI: 10.1007/s10194-008-0009-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2007] [Accepted: 12/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacogenomics is the science about how inherited factors influence the effects of drugs. Drug response is always a result of mutually interacting genes with important modifications from environmental and constitutional factors. Based on the genetic variability of pharmacokinetic and in some cases pharmacodynamic variability we mention possible implications for the acute and preventive treatment of migraine. Pharmacogenomics will most likely in the future be one part of our therapeutic armamentarium and will provide a stronger scientific basis for optimizing drug therapy on the basis of each patient’s genetic constitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peer Tfelt-Hansen
- Danish Headache Centre, Department of Neurology, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup Hospital, Glostrup 2600, Denmark,
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