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Tschetter KE, Callahan LB, Flynn SA, Rahman S, Beresford TP, Ronan PJ. Early life stress and susceptibility to addiction in adolescence. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2021; 161:277-302. [PMID: 34801172 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2021.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Early life stress (ELS) is a risk factor for developing a host of psychiatric disorders. Adolescence is a particularly vulnerable period for the onset of these disorders and substance use disorders (SUDs). Here we discuss ELS and its effects in adolescence, especially SUDs, and their correlates with molecular changes to signaling systems in reward and stress neurocircuits. Using a maternal separation (MS) model of neonatal ELS, we studied a range of behaviors that comprise a "drug-seeking" phenotype. We then investigated potential mechanisms underlying the development of this phenotype. Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) and serotonin (5-HT) are widely believed to be involved in "stress-induced" disorders, including addiction. Here, we show that ELS leads to the development of a drug-seeking phenotype indicative of increased susceptibility to addiction and concomitant sex-dependent upregulation of CRF and 5-HT system components throughout extended brain reward/stress neurocircuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Tschetter
- Research Service, Sioux Falls VA Healthcare System, Sioux Falls, SD, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Basic Biomedical Sciences, University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, SD, United States; Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, SD, United States
| | - L B Callahan
- Research Service, Sioux Falls VA Healthcare System, Sioux Falls, SD, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Basic Biomedical Sciences, University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, SD, United States; Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, SD, United States
| | - S A Flynn
- Department of Psychiatry and Basic Biomedical Sciences, University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, SD, United States
| | - S Rahman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
| | - T P Beresford
- Laboratory for Clinical and Translational Research in Psychiatry, Rocky Mountain Regional, VA Medical Center, Aurora, CO, United States; Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - P J Ronan
- Research Service, Sioux Falls VA Healthcare System, Sioux Falls, SD, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Basic Biomedical Sciences, University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, SD, United States; Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, SD, United States; Laboratory for Clinical and Translational Research in Psychiatry, Rocky Mountain Regional, VA Medical Center, Aurora, CO, United States.
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Hamdy N, Eide S, Sun HS, Feng ZP. Animal models for neonatal brain injury induced by hypoxic ischemic conditions in rodents. Exp Neurol 2020; 334:113457. [PMID: 32889009 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxia-ischemia and resulting encephalopathies are of significant concern. Intrapartum asphyxia is a leading cause of neonatal death globally. Among surviving infants, there remains a high incidence of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy due to neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury, manifesting as mild conditions including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and debilitating disorders such as cerebral palsy. Various animal models of neonatal hypoxic brain injury have been implemented to explore cellular and molecular mechanisms, assess the potential of novel therapeutic strategies, and characterize the functional and behavioural correlates of injury. Each of the animal models has individual advantages and limitations. The present review looks at several widely-used and alternative rodent models of neonatal hypoxia and hypoxia-ischemia; it highlights their strengths and limitations, and their potential for continued and improved use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Hamdy
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Sarah Eide
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Hong-Shuo Sun
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Zhong-Ping Feng
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.
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Chen YW, Akad A, Aderogba R, Chowdhury TG, Aoki C. Dendrites of the dorsal and ventral hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons of singly housed female rats exhibit lamina-specific growths and retractions during adolescence that are responsive to pair housing. Synapse 2018; 72:e22034. [PMID: 29631321 DOI: 10.1002/syn.22034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Adolescence is accompanied by increased vulnerability to psychiatric illnesses, including anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, and eating disorders. The hippocampus is important for regulating emotional state through its ventral compartment and spatial cognition through its dorsal compartment. Previous animal studies have examined hippocampal development at stages before, after or at single time points during adolescence. However, only one study has investigated morphological changes at multiple time points during adolescence, and no study has yet compared developmental changes of dorsal versus ventral hippocampi. We analyzed the dorsal and ventral hippocampi of rats to determine the developmental trajectory of Golgi-stained hippocampal CA1 neurons by sampling at five time points, ranging from postnatal day (P) 35 (puberty) to 55 (end of adolescence). We show that the dorsal hippocampus undergoes transient dendritic retractions in stratum radiatum (SR), while the ventral hippocampus undergoes transient dendritic growths in SR. During adulthood, stress and hormonal fluctuations have been shown to alter the physiology and morphology of hippocampal neurons, but studies of the impact of these factors upon adolescent hippocampi are scarce. In addition, we show that female-female pair housing from P 36-44 significantly increases branching in the dorsal SR and reduces branching in the ventral SR. Taken together with data on spine density, these results indicate that pyramidal cells in the dorsal and ventral CA1 of female adolescents are remodeled differently following single housing. Social housing during adolescence elicits pathway-specific changes in the hippocampus that may underlie behavioral benefits, including stability of emotion regulation and superior cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Wen Chen
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York 10003
| | - Ada Akad
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York 10003
| | - Ruka Aderogba
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York 10003
| | - Tara G Chowdhury
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York 10003
| | - Chiye Aoki
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York 10003.,Neuroscience Institute, Langone Medical Center, New York University, New York, New York 10016
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Sex differences in somatic and sensory motor development after neonatal anoxia in Wistar rats. Behav Brain Res 2017; 333:242-250. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Wei ZZ, Lee JH, Zhang Y, Zhu YB, Deveau TC, Gu X, Winter MM, Li J, Wei L, Yu SP. Intracranial Transplantation of Hypoxia-Preconditioned iPSC-Derived Neural Progenitor Cells Alleviates Neuropsychiatric Defects After Traumatic Brain Injury in Juvenile Rats. Cell Transplant 2016; 25:797-809. [PMID: 26766038 DOI: 10.3727/096368916x690403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a common cause of mortality and long-term morbidity in children and adolescents. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) frequently develops in these patients, leading to a variety of neuropsychiatric syndromes. Currently, few therapeutic strategies are available to treat juveniles with PTSD and other developmental neuropsychiatric disorders. In the present investigation, postnatal day 14 (P14) Wistar rats were subjected to TBI induced by a controlled cortical impact (CCI) (velocity = 3 m/s, depth = 2.0 mm, contact time = 150 ms). This TBI injury resulted in not only cortical damages, but also posttrauma social behavior deficits. Three days after TBI, rats were treated with intracranial transplantation of either mouse iPSC-derived neural progenitor cells under normal culture conditions (N-iPSC-NPCs) or mouse iPSC-derived neural progenitor cells pretreated with hypoxic preconditioning (HP-iPSC-NPCs). Compared to TBI animals that received N-iPSC-NPCs or vehicle treatment, HP-iPSC-NPC-transplanted animals showed a unique benefit of improved performance in social interaction, social novelty, and social transmission of food preference tests. Western blotting showed that HP-iPSC-NPCs expressed significantly higher levels of the social behavior-related genes oxytocin and the oxytocin receptor. Overall, HP-iPSC-NPC transplantation exhibits a great potential as a regenerative therapy to improve neuropsychiatric outcomes after juvenile TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zachory Wei
- Laboratories of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Neurology, Experimental Research Center and Neurological Disease Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Wei ZZ, Gu X, Ferdinand A, Lee JH, Ji X, Ji XM, Yu SP, Wei L. Intranasal Delivery of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells Improved Neurovascular Regeneration and Rescued Neuropsychiatric Deficits after Neonatal Stroke in Rats. Cell Transplant 2015; 24:391-402. [DOI: 10.3727/096368915x686887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal stroke is a major cause of mortality and long-term morbidity in infants and children. Currently, very limited therapeutic strategies are available to protect the developing brain against ischemic damage and promote brain repairs for pediatric patients. Moreover, children who experienced neonatal stroke often have developmental social behavior problems. Cellular therapy using bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) has emerged as a regenerative therapy after stroke. In the present investigation, neonatal stroke of postnatal day 7 (P7) rat pups was treated with noninvasive and brain-specific intranasal delivery of BMSCs at 6 h and 3 days after stroke (1 × 106cells/animal). Prior to transplantation, BMSCs were subjected to hypoxic preconditioning to enhance their tolerance and regenerative properties. The effects on regenerative activities and stroke-induced sensorimotor and social behavioral deficits were specifically examined at P24 of juvenile age. The BMSC treatment significantly reduced infarct size and blood-brain barrier disruption, promoted angiogenesis, neurogenesis, neurovascular repair, and improved local cerebral blood flow in the ischemic cortex. BMSC-treated rats showed better sensorimotor and olfactory functional recovery than saline-treated animals, measured by the adhesive removal test and buried food finding test. In social behavioral tests, we observed functional and social behavioral deficits in P24 rats subjected to stroke at P7, while the BMSC treatment significantly improved the performance of stroke animals. Overall, intranasal BMSC transplantation after neonatal stroke shows neuroprotection and great potential as a regenerative therapy to enhance neurovascular regeneration and improve functional recovery observed at the juvenile stage of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zachory Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Xiaohuan Gu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Anwar Ferdinand
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jin Hwan Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Xiaoya Ji
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Xun Ming Ji
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shan Ping Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Ling Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Hendriksen H, Olivier B, Oosting RS. From non-pharmacological treatments for post-traumatic stress disorder to novel therapeutic targets. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 732:139-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Environmental enrichment decreases asphyxia-induced neurobehavioral developmental delay in neonatal rats. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:22258-73. [PMID: 24232451 PMCID: PMC3856064 DOI: 10.3390/ijms141122258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Perinatal asphyxia during delivery produces long-term disability and represents a major problem in neonatal and pediatric care. Numerous neuroprotective approaches have been described to decrease the effects of perinatal asphyxia. Enriched environment is a popular strategy to counteract nervous system injuries. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether enriched environment is able to decrease the asphyxia-induced neurobehavioral developmental delay in neonatal rats. Asphyxia was induced in ready-to-deliver mothers by removing the pups by caesarian section after 15 min of asphyxia. Somatic and neurobehavioral development was tested daily and motor coordination weekly. Our results show that rats undergoing perinatal asphyxia had a marked developmental delay and worse performance in motor coordination tests. However, pups kept in enriched environment showed a decrease in the developmental delay observed in control asphyctic pups. Rats growing up in enriched environment did not show decrease in weight gain after the first week and the delay in reflex appearance was not as marked as in control rats. In addition, the development of motor coordination was not as strikingly delayed as in the control group. Short-term neurofunctional outcome are known to correlate with long-term deficits. Our results thus show that enriched environment could be a powerful strategy to decrease the deleterious developmental effects of perinatal asphyxia.
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Bregant T, Rados M, Vasung L, Derganc M, Evans AC, Neubauer D, Kostovic I. Region-specific reduction in brain volume in young adults with perinatal hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2013; 17:608-14. [PMID: 23746926 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2013.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A severe form of perinatal hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE) carries a high risk of perinatal death and severe neurological sequelae while in mild HIE only discrete cognitive disorders may occur. AIM To compare total brain volumes and region-specific cortical measurements between young adults with mild-moderate perinatal HIE and a healthy control group of the same age. METHODS MR imaging was performed in a cohort of 14 young adults (9 males, 5 females) with a history of mild or moderate perinatal HIE. The control group consisted of healthy participants, matched with HIE group by age and gender. Volumetric analysis was done after the processing of MR images using a fully automated CIVET pipeline. We measured gyrification indexes, total brain volume, volume of grey and white matter, and of cerebrospinal fluid. We also measured volume, thickness and area of the cerebral cortex in the parietal, occipital, frontal, and temporal lobe, and of the isthmus cinguli, parahippocampal and cingulated gyrus, and insula. RESULTS The HIE patient group showed smaller absolute volumetric data. Statistically significant (p < 0.05) reductions of gyrification index in the right hemisphere, of cortical areas in the right temporal lobe and parahippocampal gyrus, of cortical volumes in the right temporal lobe and of cortical thickness in the right isthmus of the cingulate gyrus were found. Comparison between the healthy group and the HIE group of the same gender showed statistically significant changes in the male HIE patients, where a significant reduction was found in whole brain volume; left parietal, bilateral temporal, and right parahippocampal gyrus cortical areas; and bilateral temporal lobe cortical volume. CONCLUSIONS Our analysis of total brain volumes and region-specific corticometric parameters suggests that mild-moderate forms of perinatal HIE lead to reductions in whole brain volumes. In the study reductions were most pronounced in temporal lobe and parahippocampal gyrus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Bregant
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, University Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Bohoriceva 20, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Pisula W, Turlejski K, Charles EP. Comparative Psychology as Unified Psychology: The Case of Curiosity and Other Novelty-Related Behavior. REVIEW OF GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1037/a0032938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The comparative study of human and nonhuman animals covers the full range of psychological phenomenon, and so comparative psychology already exists as a form of general psychology. The potential of comparative psychology to bring together many aspects of the field of psychology is illustrated through a review of studies exploring curiosity in a variety of species. The issue of an organism's response to novelty was recognized as an important research subject in the era of Darwin. Since that time, considerable empirical and theoretical material on various aspects of behavior associated with new stimuli has been accumulated. This research additionally illustrates the utility of integrative levels theory, which enables a multilevel, comprehensive analysis of behavior. Comparative psychologists played important roles in the history of most of psychology's subdisciplines, and present-day comparative psychologists continue to contribute insights into a startlingly broad range of psychological phenomenon. Further, appreciation for the higher-level research program provided by comparative work provides a larger context that helps ground the study of human psychology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Pisula
- Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Turlejski
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Eric P. Charles
- Psychology Program, The Pennsylvania State University, Altoona
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Terranova ML, Laviola G. Scoring of social interactions and play in mice during adolescence. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; Chapter 13:Unit13.10. [PMID: 23045110 DOI: 10.1002/0471140856.tx1310s26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This unit provides a description of methods that have proven useful in characterizing amicable and playful interactions of developing mice. Such a procedure can be used to evaluate the effects of perinatal and/or ongoing treatments on the social performance of periadolescent subjects of either or both sexes. It can also be complemented by the use of specific acute drug challenges, which can throw light on possible alterations of the subserving neurochemical systems. Basically, it consists of video recording brief sessions of spontaneous pair interactions and their subsequent observation and scoring according to a detailed mouse ethogram. The protocol is quite sensitive to subtle behavioral effects, which could be undetectable by other means, and it is most useful when repeated over several days to draw an ontogenetic profile. Critical parameters that must be considered when planning, e.g., sample size and timing of observations, are discussed in detail, along with the key issue of controlling for litter effects.
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Novaes GF, Amado D, Scorza FA, Cysneiros RM. Social behavior impairment in offspring exposed to maternal seizures in utero. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2012; 119:639-44. [PMID: 22358065 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-011-0751-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Human and animal models have demonstrated that maternal seizures in utero could be deleterious to the development of the offspring. This study focused on the social behavior of offspring exposed to seizures in utero. A pilocarpine model of temporal lobe epilepsy was induced in female Wistar rats that were mated after the first spontaneous seizure. Early after birth, pups from an epileptic mother were reared by a control mother. To evaluate the influence of the adoption process, two other groups were added: rat pups from control mothers cross-fostered with other control mothers, and rat pups reared by their birth mother. Animals exposed to seizures in utero showed impaired social behavior with no signs of anxiety-like behavior. This study demonstrated that epileptic seizures during pregnancy could be harmful to brain development and may increase the risk of developing neurodevelopmental disorders. The mechanisms underlying the abnormalities of social behavior are not well understood, and further studies in this field are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisane Faria Novaes
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Distúrbios do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Neurobiologia, Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, Rua da Consolação, 930. Prédio 38, CEP 01302-907 São Paulo, Brazil
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Abstract
The process of addiction is often studied in the neurosciences as a function of the quantity or type of substance consumed, with the ultimate goal of counteracting these effects by other pharmacological means. However, epidemiology and clinical research have extensively demonstrated that most individuals who use drugs do not develop dependence. Numerous factors may explain an individual's propensity to addiction. This review discusses these paradigms and summarizes research on individual differences that encompass cultural and sociodemographic factors, psychiatric or psychological vulnerability, and biological or genetic propensity to addiction. Although these different factors often interact in the expression of vulnerable phenotypes, it is possible to alter or control specific sources of vulnerability. For these reasons, integrating individual vulnerability to addiction across different research disciplines is likely to provide the greatest advances for intervention and prevention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Swendsen
- National Center for Scientific Research-CNRS, Université Victor Segalen, Bordeaux, France.
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Marco EM, Macrì S, Laviola G. Critical Age Windows for Neurodevelopmental Psychiatric Disorders: Evidence from Animal Models. Neurotox Res 2010; 19:286-307. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-010-9205-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2009] [Revised: 06/01/2010] [Accepted: 06/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Staging perspectives in neurodevelopmental aspects of neuropsychiatry: agents, phases and ages at expression. Neurotox Res 2010; 18:287-305. [PMID: 20237881 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-010-9162-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2010] [Revised: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 02/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental risk factors have assumed a critical role in prevailing notions concerning the etiopathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disorders. Staging, diagnostic elements at which phase of disease is determined, provides a means of conceptualizing the degree and extent of factors affecting brain development trajectories, but is concurrently specified through the particular interactions of genes and environment unique to each individual case. For present purposes, staging perspectives in neurodevelopmental aspects of the disease processes are considered from conditions giving rise to neurodevelopmental staging in affective states, adolescence, dopamine disease states, and autism spectrum disorders. Three major aspects influencing the eventual course of individual developmental trajectories appear to possess an essential determinant influence upon outcome: (i) the type of agent that interferes with brain development, whether chemical, immune system activating or absent (anoxia/hypoxia), (ii) the phase of brain development at which the agent exerts disruption, whether prenatal, postnatal, or adolescent, and (iii) the age of expression of structural and functional abnormalities. Clinical staging may be assumed at any or each developmental phase. The present perspective offers both a challenge to bring further order to diagnosis, intervention, and prognosis and a statement regarding the extreme complexities and interwoven intricacies of epigenetic factors, biomarkers, and neurobehavioral entities that aggravate currents notions of the neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Meyer U, Feldon J. Epidemiology-driven neurodevelopmental animal models of schizophrenia. Prog Neurobiol 2010; 90:285-326. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2009.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2009] [Revised: 09/30/2009] [Accepted: 10/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Adolescent brain development: current themes and future directions. Introduction to the special issue. Brain Cogn 2009; 72:1-5. [PMID: 20006416 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2009.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2009] [Accepted: 11/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Monnet FP. Mens sana in corpore sano. Incidence moléculaire du support social et de l’environnement sur la neurochimie centrale. ANNALES MEDICO-PSYCHOLOGIQUES 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.amp.2008.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Investigations of HPA function and the enduring consequences of stressors in adolescence in animal models. Brain Cogn 2009; 72:73-85. [PMID: 19616355 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2009.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Developmental differences in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis responsiveness to stressors and ongoing development of glucocorticoid-sensitive brain regions in adolescence suggest that similar to the neonatal period of ontogeny, adolescence may also be a sensitive period for programming effects of stressors on the central nervous system. Although research on this period of life is scarce compared to early life and adulthood, the available research indicates that effects of stress exposure during adolescence differ from, and may be longer-lasting than, effects of the same stress exposure in adulthood. Research progress in animal models in this field is reviewed including HPA function and the enduring effects of stress exposures in adolescence on sensitivity to drugs of abuse, learning and memory, and emotional behaviour in adulthood. The effects of adolescent stress depend on a number of factors, including the age, gender, the duration of stress exposure, the type of stressor, and the time between stress exposure and testing.
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van Handel M, Swaab H, de Vries LS, Jongmans MJ. Behavioral Outcome in Children with a History of Neonatal Encephalopathy following Perinatal Asphyxia. J Pediatr Psychol 2009; 35:286-95. [DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsp049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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Szabadfi K, Atlasz T, Horváth G, Kiss P, Hamza L, Farkas J, Tamás A, Lubics A, Gábriel R, Reglődi D. Early postnatal enriched environment decreases retinal degeneration induced by monosodium glutamate treatment in rats. Brain Res 2009; 1259:107-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2008] [Revised: 01/02/2009] [Accepted: 01/05/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Perry JL, Stairs DJ, Bardo MT. Impulsive choice and environmental enrichment: effects of d-amphetamine and methylphenidate. Behav Brain Res 2008; 193:48-54. [PMID: 18534693 PMCID: PMC2681296 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2008.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2008] [Revised: 04/22/2008] [Accepted: 04/23/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Individual differences in impulsive choice and rearing in differential environments are factors that predict vulnerability to drug abuse. The present study determined if rearing influences impulsive choice, and if d-amphetamine or methylphenidate alters impulsive choice in differentially reared rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were raised from 21 days of age in either an enriched condition (EC) or an isolated condition (IC) and were tested as young adults on an adjusting delay task. In this task, two levers were available and a response on one lever yielded one 45mg food pellet immediately, whereas a response on the other yielded three pellets after an adjusting delay. The delay was initially set at 6s, and it decreased or increased by 1s following responses on the immediate or delayed levers, respectively. A mean adjusted delay (MAD) was calculated upon completion of each daily session, and it served as the quantitative measure of impulsivity. Once MADs stabilized, rats were injected with saline, d-amphetamine (0.5, 1.0, or 2.0mg/kg, s.c.), or methylphenidate (2.5, 5.0, or 10.0mg/kg, s.c.) 15min prior to adjusting delay sessions. EC rats had higher baseline MADs (were less impulsive) than IC rats. Additionally, administration of d-amphetamine, but not methylphenidate, dose-dependently increased impulsive choice (decreased MADs) in EC rats. In IC rats, d-amphetamine and methylphenidate dose-dependently decreased impulsivity (increased MADs). These results indicate that rearing environment influences impulsive choice and moderates the effect of psychostimulants on impulsive choice. Specifically, psychostimulants may decrease environment-dependent impulsive choice in individuals with high levels of impulsivity (e.g., those with ADHD), whereas they may increase impulsive choice in individuals with low levels of impulsivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Perry
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, S-3 Laboratories, 860, 914 South 8th Street, Minneapolis, MN 55404, United States.
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Perry JL, Carroll ME. The role of impulsive behavior in drug abuse. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2008; 200:1-26. [PMID: 18600315 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-008-1173-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 504] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2007] [Accepted: 04/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impulsivity is a multifaceted construct that has recently been recognized as a factor contributing to enhanced vulnerability to drug abuse. OBJECTIVES In the present review, we focus on two facets of impulsivity (and tasks that measure them): (1) impulsive choice (delay discounting task) and (2) inhibitory failure (go/no-go, stop signal reaction time, and five-choice serial reaction time tasks). We also describe how performance on each of these tasks is associated with drug-related behavior during phases of drug abuse that capture the essential features of addiction (acquisition, escalation, and reinstatement of drug-seeking after drug access has terminated). Three hypotheses (H) regarding the relationship between impulsivity and drug abuse are discussed: (1) increased levels of impulsivity lead to drug abuse (H1), (2) drugs of abuse increase impulsivity (H2), and (3) impulsivity and drug abuse are associated through a common third factor (H3). CONCLUSION Impulsivity expressed as impulsive choice or inhibitory failure plays a role in several key transition phases of drug abuse. There is evidence to support all three nonexclusive hypotheses. Increased levels of impulsivity lead to acquisition of drug abuse (H1) and subsequent escalation or dysregulation of drug intake. Drugs of abuse may increase impulsivity (H2), which is an additional contributor to escalation/dysregulation. Abstinence, relapse, and treatment may be influenced by both H1 and H2. In addition, there is a relationship between impulsivity and other drug abuse vulnerability factors, such as sex, hormonal status, reactivity to nondrug rewards, and early environmental experiences that may impact drug intake during all phases of addiction (H3). Relating drug abuse and impulsivity in phases of addiction via these three hypotheses provides a heuristic model from which future experimental questions can be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Perry
- Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, S-3, 860, 914 South 8th Street, Minneapolis, MN 55404, USA.
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Early enriched housing results in partial recovery of memory deficits in female, but not in male, rats after neonatal hypoxia–ischemia. Brain Res 2008; 1218:257-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2007] [Revised: 04/03/2008] [Accepted: 04/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Lores-Arnaiz S, Bustamante J, Czernizyniec A, Galeano P, González Gervasoni M, Rodil Martínez A, Paglia N, Cores V, Lores-Arnaiz MR. Exposure to enriched environments increases brain nitric oxide synthase and improves cognitive performance in prepubertal but not in young rats. Behav Brain Res 2007; 184:117-23. [PMID: 17675170 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2007.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2007] [Revised: 06/23/2007] [Accepted: 06/29/2007] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Rats were randomly assigned to enriched (EE) or standard environments (SE) at 21 or 73 days of age, for 17 days. Half of the rats of each rearing condition were trained in a radial maze (RM). At 38 days (pre-pubertal) or 90 days (young), rats were sacrificed and brain cytosolic and mitochondrial nitric oxide synthase (mtNOS) activity was assayed. Western blot analysis of brain mtNOS was conducted. In the pre-pubertal group, EE rats improved their performance in the RM while SE rats did not. In the young group, SE and EE rats showed a random performance in the RM. In SE pre-pubertal rats, training increased brain cytosolic NOS and mtNOS activity by 68% and 82%. In EE non-trained pre-pubertal rats, brain cytosolic NOS and mtNOS activity increased by 80% and 60%, as compared with SE non-trained pre-pubertal rats. In EE pre-pubertal rats that were trained, brain cytosolic NOS and mtNOS activity increased by 70% and 90%, as compared with SE pre-pubertal rats that were not trained. A higher protein expression of brain mtNOS was found in EE rats, as compared with SE animals. Mitochondrial complex I activity was higher in EE than in SE rats. Training had no effect on complex I activity neither in SE nor in EE rats. In young rats, no significant differences in enzyme activities were found between EE and SE rats. These results support the hypothesis that brief exposure to EE and training produce effects on behavioral performance and on biochemical parameters in an age-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lores-Arnaiz
- Laboratory of Free Radical Biology, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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van Handel M, Swaab H, de Vries LS, Jongmans MJ. Long-term cognitive and behavioral consequences of neonatal encephalopathy following perinatal asphyxia: a review. Eur J Pediatr 2007; 166:645-54. [PMID: 17426984 PMCID: PMC1914268 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-007-0437-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2006] [Accepted: 02/01/2007] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Neonatal encephalopathy (NE) following perinatal asphyxia (PA) is considered an important cause of later neurodevelopmental impairment in infants born at term. This review discusses long-term consequences for general cognitive functioning, educational achievement, neuropsychological functioning and behavior. In all areas reviewed, the outcome of children with mild NE is consistently positive and the outcome of children with severe NE consistently negative. However, children with moderate NE form a more heterogeneous group with respect to outcome. On average, intelligence scores are below those of children with mild NE and age-matched peers, but within the normal range. With respect to educational achievement, difficulties have been found in the domains reading, spelling and arithmetic/mathematics. So far, studies of neuropsychological functioning have yielded ambiguous results in children with moderate NE. A few studies suggest elevated rates of hyperactivity in children with moderate NE and autism in children with moderate and severe NE. CONCLUSION Behavioral monitoring is required for all children with NE. In addition, systematic, detailed neuropsychological examination is needed especially for children with moderate NE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariëlle van Handel
- Department of Neonatology, University Medical Center Utrecht (Wilhelmina Children's Hospital), Heidelberglaan 1, 3584 CS Utrecht, P.O. Box 85500, 3500 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Marco EM, Adriani W, Canese R, Podo F, Viveros MP, Laviola G. Enhancement of endocannabinoid signalling during adolescence: Modulation of impulsivity and long-term consequences on metabolic brain parameters in early maternally deprived rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2007; 86:334-45. [PMID: 17101171 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2006.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2006] [Revised: 10/03/2006] [Accepted: 10/04/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacological modulation of the endocannabinoid system is a novel but poorly explored field for potential therapy. Early maternal deprivation represents an animal model for specific aspects of neuropsychiatric disorders. This study explored whether a pharmacological manipulation of the endocannabinoid system at adolescence may restore altered phenotypes resulting from early maternal deprivation. Wistar male rats, maternally deprived for 24 h on postnatal day (PND) 9, were administered the fatty-acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitor URB597 (0, 0.1 or 0.5 mg/kg/day) for six days during adolescence (PND 31-43), while tested in the intolerance-to-delay task. Deprived (DEP) adolescent rats showed a trend for higher impulsivity levels and an increased locomotor response to novelty when compared to non-deprived (NDEP) controls. The low dose of URB597 effectively decreased impulsive behaviour specifically in DEP subjects. Moreover, long-term metabolic brain changes, induced by drug treatment during adolescence, were detected in DEP animals using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H MRS). Significant changes were only found within the hippocampus: N-acetyl-aspartate and total creatine were up-regulated by the low dose; glutamate and glutamate plus glutamine were conversely down-regulated by the higher dose. In summary, administration of URB597 during adolescence increased self-control behaviour and produced enduring brain biochemical modifications, in a model for neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva María Marco
- Unit of Behavioural Neurosciences, Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
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Crews F, He J, Hodge C. Adolescent cortical development: a critical period of vulnerability for addiction. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2007; 86:189-99. [PMID: 17222895 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2006.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 664] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2006] [Revised: 11/20/2006] [Accepted: 12/04/2006] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cortical growth and remodeling continues from birth through youth and adolescence to stable adult levels changing slowly into senescence. There are critical periods of cortical development when specific experiences drive major synaptic rearrangements and learning that only occur during the critical period. For example, visual cortex is characterized by a critical period of plasticity involved in establishing visual acuity. Adolescence is defined by characteristic behaviors that include high levels of risk taking, exploration, novelty and sensation seeking, social interaction and play behaviors. In addition, adolescence is the final period of development of the adult during which talents, reasoning and complex adult behaviors mature. This maturation of behaviors corresponds with periods of marked changes in neurogenesis, cortical synaptic remodeling, neurotransmitter receptors and transporters, as well as major changes in hormones. Frontal cortical development is later in adolescence and likely contributes to refinement of reasoning, goal and priority setting, impulse control and evaluating long and short term rewards. Adolescent humans have high levels of binge drinking and experimentation with other drugs. This review presents findings supporting adolescence as a critical period of cortical development important for establishing life long adult characteristics that are disrupted by alcohol and drug use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulton Crews
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medecine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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