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Becam J, Martin E, Pouradier G, Doudka N, Solas C, Guilhaumou R, Fabresse N. Transdermal Nicotine Poisoning: A Rare Case Report of Occupational Exposure. TOXICS 2023; 11:toxics11050464. [PMID: 37235278 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11050464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We report a case of accidental nicotine intoxication following transdermal exposure in a 22-year-old man with no medical history, who worked in a company manufacturing e-liquids for electronic cigarettes. He accidentally spilled 300 mL of pure nicotine solution (>99%) on his right leg without wearing protective clothing or a mask. Less than a minute later, he experienced dizziness, nausea, and headaches, followed by painful burning sensations in the affected area. He immediately removed his pants and washed his leg thoroughly with water. He presented to the emergency department two hours later, where he exhibited a respiratory rate of 25 cpm, a heart rate of 70 bpm, headaches, abdominal pain, pallor, and vomiting. He recovered without specific treatment five hours post-intoxication. Plasma levels of nicotine, cotinine, and hydroxycotinine were measured five hours after exposure using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The concentrations found were 447 ng/mL for nicotine, 1254 ng/mL for cotinine, and 197 ng/mL for hydroxycotinine. Nicotine is an alkaloid that can be highly toxic, with doses of 30-60 mg being potentially fatal. Transdermal intoxication is rare, with very few cases reported in the literature. This case highlights the risk of acute intoxication through cutaneous exposure to nicotine-containing liquid products and the need for protective clothing when handling such products in a professional context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Becam
- Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics and Toxicology, La Timone University Hospital, 264 Rue Saint Pierre, CEDEX 5, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Edouard Martin
- Intensive Care Unit, Laveran Military Teaching Hospital, 34 Boulevard Laveran, 13384 Marseille, France
| | - Gildas Pouradier
- Intensive Care Unit, Laveran Military Teaching Hospital, 34 Boulevard Laveran, 13384 Marseille, France
| | - Natalia Doudka
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance, La Timone University Hospital, 264 Rue Saint Pierre, CEDEX 5, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Caroline Solas
- Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics and Toxicology, La Timone University Hospital, 264 Rue Saint Pierre, CEDEX 5, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Romain Guilhaumou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance, La Timone University Hospital, 264 Rue Saint Pierre, CEDEX 5, 13385 Marseille, France
- Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Aix Marseille University, INSERM UMR 1106, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Nicolas Fabresse
- Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics and Toxicology, La Timone University Hospital, 264 Rue Saint Pierre, CEDEX 5, 13385 Marseille, France
- Economic and Social Sciences of Health and Medical Information Processing, Aix Marseille University, INSERM UMR 1252, IRD, SESSTIM, 13385 Marseille, France
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Picanço JMA, Limberger RP, Apel MA. Uncovering cloves: characterization of volatile compounds present in clove cigarettes. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2022; 11:987-1002. [PMID: 36569486 PMCID: PMC9773057 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfac074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Indonesian clove cigarettes-called "kretek" due to the crackling sound that can be heard when the product burns-are tobacco products containing clove and the "saus", a mixture of essential oils and plant extracts whose ingredients are mostly kept in secret. It is important to determine which ingredients those are to properly assess the effects that clove cigarettes can cause. An organoleptic, qualitative and quantitative analysis was made in 9 different brands of clove cigarettes obtained in Brazil. Nicotine, eugenol, menthol, and β-caryophyllene were quantified through gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The samples presented 20 different compounds, and all samples had a different combination of the compounds. Nicotine concentrations were generally higher than eugenol, and lower than nicotine concentration in a conventional cigarette. One sample had menthol even though the cigarette pack did not inform that it was a menthol product. There were traces of 2 unusual substances. Clindamycin is an antibiotic that can be used to treat bacterial infections in respiratory airways, and octodrine is an amphetaminic stimulant used in nutritional supplements, considered as a substance of doping by the World Anti-Doping Association. The presence of both substances was not tested using certified reference materials, but its possible presence raises concern about the compounds in kretek cigarettes. There should be more studies about the contents of clove cigarettes, to improve antitobacco legislations and regulations. This way it would be possible to properly inform the risks of smoking clove cigarettes and to diminish the number of tobacco users throughout the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Marcelo Astolfi Picanço
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), BrazilAv. Ipiranga 2752, Porto Alegre, 90160-093, Brazil
| | - Renata Pereira Limberger
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), BrazilAv. Ipiranga 2752, Porto Alegre, 90160-093, Brazil
| | - Miriam Anders Apel
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), BrazilAv. Ipiranga 2752, Porto Alegre, 90160-093, Brazil
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Henstra C, Dekkers BGJ, Olgers TJ, Ter Maaten JC, Touw DJ. Managing intoxications with nicotine-containing e-liquids. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2022; 18:115-121. [PMID: 35345955 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2022.2058930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nicotine is an addictive and poisonous agent. The recent development of e-cigarettes has caused a new demand for highly concentrated nicotine-containing solutions. These concentrated nicotine solutions have also increased the risk of nicotine overdoses. AREAS COVERED Essential factors for nicotine exposure are the concentration of the nicotine-containing e-liquid solution and its pharmacokinetics. Liquid nicotine refills contain nicotine in varying concentrations, which vary widely between and within products. The pharmacokinetics of nicotine are dependent on the route of administration, renal/hepatic clearance and urinary pH. The dose is another essential determinant of nicotine exposure. There is a considerable discrepancy between the generally accepted lethal dose and symptoms reported in case studies. Ingested doses correlate poorly to clinical symptoms. Symptoms of liquid nicotine toxicity vary from mild to severe between patients and are the result of overstimulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, which may lead to fatal respiratory failure and cardiovascular collapse. EXPERT OPINION The literature on nicotine-containing e-liquid intoxications originating from vaping device refills are mainly case reports. Based on these case reports, we propose a treatment plan which is primarily symptomatic. Research should focus on providing insight on its toxicity, based on oral and transdermal pharmacokinetics and on toxicodynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Henstra
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, University of Groningen, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bart G J Dekkers
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tycho J Olgers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Emergency Department, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan C Ter Maaten
- Department of Internal Medicine, Emergency Department, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Daan J Touw
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, University of Groningen, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Zhang M, Wang C, Chen H, Wang M, Tang X. Effects of peroxiredoxin 1 on nicotine induced apoptosis in mouse tongue. Biotech Histochem 2020; 95:626-633. [PMID: 32362142 DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2020.1749304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Local action of nicotine on oral mucosa contributes to the pathogenesis of precancerous and cancerous lesions. Nicotine participation in the mechanism of apoptosis in normal mucosa has not been established. Peroxiredoxin 1 (Prx1) is a cellular antioxidant that participates in regulating apoptosis. We investigated expression of Prx1 and proteins in apoptosis-related downstream signaling by mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in nicotine-treated tongue tissues of wild-type and Prx1 knockout (Prx1±) mice; we also investigated these processes in mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells in vitro. Nicotine increased the expression of Prx1 mRNA in tongue tissues in vivo. The rate of apoptosis was similar among the nicotine-treated mice, nicotine-treated + Prx1± mice and untreated controls. The expression of p-JNK was greater in Prx1± mice compared to control mice. In MEF cells, nicotine increased the expression of Prx1 and inhibited apoptosis and expression of p-p38 and p-JNK. Prx1 knockdown animals exhibited increased apoptotic rate and expression of p-p38 and p-JNK in MEFs. Nicotine-regulated apoptosis might occur via a Prx1-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Dental Research, Beijing Stomatological Hospital and School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University , Beijing, China
| | | | - Hui Chen
- Beijing Institute of Dental Research, Beijing Stomatological Hospital and School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University , Beijing, China
| | - Min Wang
- Beijing Institute of Dental Research, Beijing Stomatological Hospital and School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University , Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofei Tang
- Beijing Institute of Dental Research, Beijing Stomatological Hospital and School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University , Beijing, China
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Alkam T, Nabeshima T. Molecular mechanisms for nicotine intoxication. Neurochem Int 2019; 125:117-126. [PMID: 30779928 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Nicotine, one of the more than 4700 ingredients in tobacco smoke, is a neurotoxin and once used as pesticides in agriculture. Although its use in agriculture is prohibited in many countries, nicotine intoxication is still a problem among the workers in tobacco farms, and young children as well as adults due to the accidental or suicidal ingestions of nicotine products. Understanding the mechanism of nicotine intoxication is important not only for the prevention and treatment but also for the appropriate regulatory approaches. Here, we review pharmacokinetics of nicotine and the molecular mechanisms for acute and chronic intoxication from nicotine that might be relevant to the central and the peripheral nervous system. We include green tobacco sickness, acute intoxication from popular nicotine products, circadian rhythm changes, chronic intoxication from nicotine through prenatal nicotine exposure, newborn behaviors, and sudden infant death syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tursun Alkam
- Japanese Drug Organization of Appropriate Use and Research, Nagoya, Japan; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA.
| | - Toshitaka Nabeshima
- Japanese Drug Organization of Appropriate Use and Research, Nagoya, Japan; Advanced Diagnostic System Research Laboratory, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan.
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Cui Y, Lin W, Ma S. A metal-catalyzed new approach for α-alkynylation of cyclic amines. Chem Sci 2018; 10:1796-1801. [PMID: 30842847 PMCID: PMC6369436 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc04115f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The first catalytic α-alkynylation of cyclic amines with the help of the N-propargylic group with an exclusive high E-stereoselectivity has been realized.
The first catalytic α-alkynylation of cyclic amines with the help of the N-propargylic group to afford 2-(1-alkynyl) N-allylic cyclic amines with an exclusive E-stereoselectivity for the in situ formed C
Created by potrace 1.16, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2019
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C bond has been realized. Based on mechanistic studies, it is proven that the reaction proceeds through metal-mediated anti-1,5-hydride transfer forming an iminonium intermediate, which accepts the addition of the in situ generated 1-alkynyl metal species. The synthetic application has also been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry , Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 345 Lingling Lu , Shanghai 200032 , P. R. China . .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Weilong Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry , Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 345 Lingling Lu , Shanghai 200032 , P. R. China . .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Shengming Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry , Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 345 Lingling Lu , Shanghai 200032 , P. R. China . .,Department of Chemistry , Fudan University , 220 Handan Lu , Shanghai 200433 , P. R. China
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Akomolafe OR, Imafidon CE, Olukiran OS, Oladele AA, Akanji BO. Sub-acute administration of lower doses of nicotine caused sex-dependent improvement of renal function in Wistar rats. Toxicol Rep 2018; 4:535-542. [PMID: 29657920 PMCID: PMC5897321 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to nicotine is associated with sex-dependent variation in electrolyte disturbances. Lower doses of sub-acute nicotine administration enhanced renal function. Nicotine-enhanced renal function is more pronounced in female than in male Wistar rats. Nicotine-enhanced renal function may be mediated through α7-nAchR.
The adverse and beneficial health effects of nicotine (NIC), the major alkaloid found in cigarettes and tobacco, are controversial. Most studies on NIC have focused on its effects on cardiovascular and nervous functions. This study aimed at determining dose- and sex-specific effects of sub-acute (28 days) NIC administration on some indices of kidney function in Wistar rats. Forty rats (20 males and 20 females), 8–9 weeks old (each housed in separate metabolic cage), were used for this study such that graded doses of NIC (1, 2 and 4 mg/kg i.p. for 28 days) were administered to both sexes while each control received distilled water at 0.2 mL/100 g i.p. Blood was collected under ketamine anesthesia (10 mg/kg i.m) for analyses and results obtained were compared at p < 0.05. The result showed beneficial alterations in plasma and urine level of creatinine, urea and uric acid (p < 0.05) as well as plasma and urine electrolyte level (Na+ and K+) in both sexes (p < 0.05). Also, there was significant improvement in creatinine clearance (p < 0.05) with no appreciable difference in their histological examination. Although these beneficial effects were more pronounced in the female than in the male (p < 0.05), administration at the highest dose showed potentially deleterious alterations from normal beneficial trend (p < 0.05) in both sexes. It was concluded that sub-acute administration of lower doses of NIC improves kidney function of Wistar rats; an effect that was more pronounced in the females than their male counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ojo Rufus Akomolafe
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Christian Eseigbe Imafidon
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Olaoluwa Sesan Olukiran
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Ayowole Abraham Oladele
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
| | - Babatunde Oludare Akanji
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital Complex, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
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9
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Henningfield JE, Smith TT, Kleykamp BA, Fant RV, Donny EC. Nicotine self-administration research: the legacy of Steven R. Goldberg and implications for regulation, health policy, and research. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:3829-3848. [PMID: 27766371 PMCID: PMC5588156 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-016-4441-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND RATIONALE Steven R. Goldberg was a pioneering behavioral pharmacologist whose intravenous drug self-administration studies advanced the understanding of conditioned stimuli and schedules of reinforcement as determinants of pattern and persistence of drug-seeking behavior, and in particular, the importance of nicotine in tobacco use. His passing in 2014 led to invitations to contribute articles to psychopharmacology dedicated to his work. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this review are to summarize and put into historical perspective Goldberg's contributions to elucidate the reinforcing effects of nicotine and to summarize the implications of his research for medication development, tobacco regulation, and potential tobacco control policy options. This includes a review of intravenous nicotine self-administration research from the 1960s to 2016. RESULTS Goldberg's application of behavioral pharmacology methods to investigate nicotine reinforcement and the influence of schedule of reinforcement and conditioned stimuli on nicotine administration contributed to the conclusions of the US National Institute on Drug Abuse, and the Surgeon General, that nicotine met the criteria as a dependence-producing drug and cigarette smoking as a prototypic drug dependency or "addiction." Equally important, this work has been systematically extended to other species and applied to address a range of factors relevant to tobacco use, medication development, regulation, and public health policy. CONCLUSIONS Steven R. Goldberg was a pioneering scientist whose systematic application of the science of behavioral pharmacology advanced the understanding of tobacco and nicotine use and contributed to the scientific foundation for tobacco product regulation and potential public health tobacco control policy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack E Henningfield
- Pinney Associates, 4800 Montgomery Lane, Suite 400, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Tracy T Smith
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 4120 Sennott Square, 210 S. Bouquet Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, 4120 Sennott Square, 210 S. Bouquet Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Bethea A Kleykamp
- Pinney Associates, 4800 Montgomery Lane, Suite 400, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Reginald V Fant
- Pinney Associates, 4800 Montgomery Lane, Suite 400, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Eric C Donny
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, 210 S. Bouquet Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
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Zhu J, Enamorado MF, Comins DL. Synthesis of C-4 Substituted Amido Nicotine Derivatives via Copper(I)- and (II)-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions. J Org Chem 2016; 81:11529-11534. [PMID: 27768301 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b02319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The syntheses of seven novel amido nicotine derivatives 12-18 from (S)-nicotine are presented. (S)-Nicotine and (S)-6-chloronicotine derivatives were cross-coupled with the corresponding amides 6-10 at the C-4 position of the pyridine ring via copper(I)-mediated reactions. Derivatives 16-18 were also obtained via copper(II)-mediated reactions from (S)-nicotine containing a C-4 boronic acid pinacol ester group. The optimization of reaction conditions for both routes provided a useful method for preparing C-4 amide-containing nicotine analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiancheng Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Monica F Enamorado
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Daniel L Comins
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
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Dheivamalar S, Sugi L, Ambigai K. Density Functional Theory Study of Exohedral Carbon Atoms Effect on Electrophilicity of Nicotine: Comparative Analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.4236/cc.2016.41003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Pharmaceutical Incursion on Cigarette Smoking at the Birth of the Brain Disease Model of Addiction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1108/s1057-6290(2012)0000014007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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13
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Troost JP, Barondess DA, Storr CL, Elisabeth Wells J, Al-Hamzawi AO, Andrade LH, Bromet E, Bruffaerts R, Florescu S, de Girolamo G, de Graaf R, Gureje O, Haro JM, Hu C, Huang Y, Karam AN, Kessler RC, Lepine JP, Matschinger H, Medina-Mora ME, O’Neill S, Posada-Villa J, Sagar R, Takeshima T, Tomov T, Williams DR, Anthony JC. An updated global picture of cigarette smoking persistence among adults. J Epidemiol Glob Health 2012; 2:135-44. [PMID: 23626929 PMCID: PMC3635135 DOI: 10.1016/j.jegh.2012.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cross-national variance in smoking prevalence is relatively well documented. The aim of this study is to estimate levels of smoking persistence across 21 countries with a hypothesized inverse relationship between country income level and smoking persistence. METHODS Data from the World Health Organization World Mental Health Survey Initiative were used to estimate cross-national differences in smoking persistence--the proportion of adults who started to smoke and persisted in smoking by the date of the survey. RESULTS There is large variation in smoking persistence from 25% (Nigeria) to 85% (China), with a random-effects meta-analytic summary estimate of 55% with considerable cross-national variation. (Cochran's heterogeneity Q statistic = 6845; p < 0.001). Meta-regressions indicated that observed differences are not attributable to differences in country's income level, age distribution of smokers, or how recent the onset of smoking began within each country. CONCLUSION While smoking should remain an important public health issue in any country where smokers are present, this report identifies several countries with higher levels of smoking persistence (namely, China and India).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P. Troost
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - David A. Barondess
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Carla L. Storr
- Department of Family and Community Health, School of Nursing, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Adjunct in Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - J. Elisabeth Wells
- Department of Public Health and General Practice, University of Otago, Christchurch, PO Box 8140, New Zealand
| | - Ali Obaid Al-Hamzawi
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Qadisia University, Diwania Province, Iraq
| | - Laura Helena Andrade
- Section of Psychiatric Epidemiology- LIM 23 Department and Institute of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Evelyn Bromet
- Department of Psychiatry, State University of New York at Stony Brook, United States
| | - Ronny Bruffaerts
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Silvia Florescu
- Scoala Nationala de Sanatate Publica si Perfectionare in Domeniul Sanitar, Bucuresti, Romania
| | | | - Ron de Graaf
- Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Oye Gureje
- Department of Psychiatry, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Josep Maria Haro
- Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, CIBERSAM, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Chiyi Hu
- Shenzhen Institute of Mental Health and Shenzhen Kangning Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yueqin Huang
- Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Aimee N. Karam
- Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, Saint George Hospital University Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Balamand University Medical School, Beirut, Lebanon
- The Institute for Development, Research, Advocacy and Applied Care (IDRAAC), Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | - Jean-Pierre Lepine
- Hôpital Lariboisière Fernand Widal, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris INSERM U 705, CNRS UMR 7157 University Paris Diderot and Paris Descartes Paris, France
| | - Herbert Matschinger
- Institut für Arbeits- und Sozialmedizin, Universität Leipzig, Medizinische Fakultät, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Rajesh Sagar
- Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi, India
| | - Tadashi Takeshima
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Japan
| | - Toma Tomov
- New Bulgarian University, Institute for Human Relations, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - David R. Williams
- Professor of Public Health, Department of Society, Human Development, and Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James C. Anthony
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Adjunct in Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Psychoactive Substances in Airborne Particles in the Urban Environment. THE HANDBOOK OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/698_2011_135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Panlilio LV, Justinova Z, Goldberg SR. Animal models of cannabinoid reward. Br J Pharmacol 2010; 160:499-510. [PMID: 20590560 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00775.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The endogenous cannabinoid system is involved in numerous physiological and neuropsychological functions. Medications that target this system hold promise for the treatment of a wide variety of disorders. However, as reward is one of the most prominent of these functions, medications that activate this system must be evaluated for abuse potential. Meanwhile, cannabis is already being used chronically by millions of people, many of whom eventually seek treatment for cannabis dependence. Therefore, there is a need for procedures that can be used to: (i) better understand the mechanisms of cannabinoid reward; (ii) evaluate the abuse potential of new medications; and (iii) evaluate the effectiveness of medications developed for treating cannabis dependence. Animal models of cannabinoid reward provide a means of accomplishing these goals. In this review, we briefly describe and evaluate these models, their advantages and their shortcomings. Special emphasis is placed on intravenous cannabinoid self-administration in squirrel monkeys, a valid, reliable and flexible model that we have developed over the past decade. Although the conditions under which cannabinoid drugs have rewarding effects may be more restricted than with other drugs of abuse such as cocaine and heroin, work with these models indicates that cannabinoid reward involves similar brain mechanisms and produces the same kinds of reward-related behaviour. By continuing to use these animal models as tools in the development of new medications, it should be possible to take advantage of the potential benefits provided by the endocannabinoid system while minimizing its potential for harm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh V Panlilio
- Preclinical Pharmacology Section, Behavioral Neuroscience Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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Dome P, Lazary J, Kalapos MP, Rihmer Z. Smoking, nicotine and neuropsychiatric disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2009; 34:295-342. [PMID: 19665479 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2009] [Revised: 07/23/2009] [Accepted: 07/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco smoking is an extremely addictive and harmful form of nicotine (NIC) consumption, but unfortunately also the most prevalent. Although disproportionately high frequencies of smoking and its health consequences among psychiatric patients are widely known, the neurobiological background of this epidemiological association is still obscure. The diverse neuroactive effects of NIC and some other major tobacco smoke constituents in the central nervous system may underlie this association. This present paper summarizes the pharmacology of NIC and its receptors (nAChR) based on a systematic review of the literature. The role of the brain's reward system(s) in NIC addiction and the results of functional and structural neuroimaging studies on smoking-related states and behaviors (i.e. dependence, craving, withdrawal) are also discussed. In addition, the epidemiological, neurobiological, and genetic aspects of smoking in several specific neuropsychiatric disorders are reviewed and the clinical relevance of smoking in these disease states addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Dome
- Department of Clinical and Theoretical Mental Health, Kutvolgyi Clinical Center, Semmelweis University, Faculty of Medicine, Kutvolgyi ut 4, 1125 Budapest, Hungary.
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Abstract
Powerful nerve agent, poison, addictive drug, or wonder medicine of the future? Nicotine has had a long and storied history in pharmacology, physiology, public health and, more recently, in regulatory policy initiatives in the United States and internationally. Psychopharmacology research on nicotine and tobacco came to particular prominence in the latter third of the twentieth century with exploration addressing the role of nicotine in tobacco use, the potential categorization of nicotine as an addictive drug, the pharmacological basis for treatment of tobacco addiction, and the perspective of policy developers seeking to reduce the toll of tobacco use. In fact, the 2005 ratification of the World Health Organization's first global health treaty, the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, provides further impetus for extending the science foundation for tobacco disease control and policy efforts. Implementation of the treaty's provisions will control tobacco use and reduce the 500 million premature deaths projected to occur in the first half of the twenty-first century from tobacco use. Psychopharmacological research on nicotine and tobacco was important in the rationale and development of the treaty. The public health relevance of psychopharmacology research continues to grow with the realization of the potential of nicotine and related drugs to treat or prevent a diverse range of disorders (e.g., Alzheimer's disease, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and pain). Although comprehensive review of the research and implications is beyond the scope of this article, the more modest goal of providing insight into the theoretical, clinical, and policy importance of key psychopharmacology research laboratories over the past few decades is attempted.
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