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Akgül Ö, Fide E, Özel F, Alptekin K, Bora E, Akdede BB, Yener G. Early and late contingent negative variation (CNV) reflect different aspects of deficits in schizophrenia. Eur J Neurosci 2024; 59:2875-2889. [PMID: 38658367 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Abnormal reward processing and psychomotor slowing are well-known in schizophrenia (SZ). As a slow frontocentral potential, contingent negative variation (CNV) is associated with anticipatory attention, motivation and motor planning. The present study aims to evaluate the early and late amplitude and latencies of CNV in patients with SZ compared to healthy controls during a reward processing task and to show its association with clinical symptoms. We recruited 21 patients with SZ and 22 healthy controls to compare early and late CNV amplitude and latency values during a Monetary Incentive Delay (MID) Task between groups. Patients' symptom severity, levels of negative symptoms and depressive symptoms were assessed. Clinical features of the patients were further examined for their relation with CNV components. In conclusion, we found decreased early CNV amplitudes in SZ during the reward condition. They also displayed diminished and shortened late CNV responses for incentive cues, specifically at the central location. Furthermore, early CNV amplitudes exhibited a significant correlation with positive symptoms. Both CNV latencies were linked with medication dosage and the behavioural outcomes of the MID task. We revealed that early and late CNV exhibit different functions in neurophysiology and correspond to various facets of the deficits observed in patients. Our findings also emphasized that slow cortical potentials are indicative of deficient motivational processes as well as impaired reaction preparation in SZ. To gain a deeper understanding of the cognitive and motor impairments associated with psychosis, future studies must compare the effects of CNV in the early and late phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özge Akgül
- Department of Neurosciences, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Psychology, Izmir Democracy University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ezgi Fide
- Department of Neurosciences, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
- Faculty of Health, Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Fatih Özel
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
- Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Köksal Alptekin
- Department of Neurosciences, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Emre Bora
- Department of Neurosciences, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Berna Binnur Akdede
- Department of Neurosciences, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Görsev Yener
- Department of Neurosciences, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
- Brain Dynamics Multidisciplinary Research Center, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Izmir University of Economics, Izmir, Turkey
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Davis MC, Hill AT, Fitzgerald PB, Bailey NW, Sullivan C, Stout JC, Hoy KE. Medial prefrontal transcranial alternating current stimulation for apathy in Huntington's disease. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2023; 126:110776. [PMID: 37120005 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2023.110776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) targeted to the bilateral medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and administered at either delta or alpha frequencies, on brain activity and apathy in people with Huntington's disease (HD) (n = 17). Given the novelty of the protocol, neurotypical controls (n = 20) were also recruited. All participants underwent three 20-min sessions of tACS; one session at alpha frequency (Individualised Alpha Frequency (IAF), or 10 Hz when an IAF was not detected); one session at delta frequency (2 Hz); and a session of sham tACS. Participants completed the Monetary Incentive Delay (MID) task with simultaneous recording of EEG immediately before and after each tACS condition. The MID task presents participants with cues signalling potential monetary gains or losses that increase activity in key regions of the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamocortical networks, with dysfunction of the latter network being implicated in the pathophysiology of apathy. We used the P300 and Contingent Negative Variation (CNV) event-related potentials elicited during the MID task as markers of mPFC engagement. HD participants' CNV amplitude significantly increased in response to alpha-tACS, but not delta-tACS or sham. Neurotypical controls' P300 and CNV were not modulated by any of the tACS conditions, but they did demonstrate a significant decrease in post-target response times following alpha-tACS. We present this as preliminary evidence of the ability of alpha-tACS to modulate brain activity associated with apathy in HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Claire Davis
- Central Clinical School, Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Victoria, Australia; Statewide Progressive Neurological Disease Service, Calvary Health Care Bethlehem, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Aron T Hill
- Central Clinical School, Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Victoria, Australia; Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Paul B Fitzgerald
- Central Clinical School, Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Victoria, Australia; School of Medicine and Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Neil W Bailey
- Central Clinical School, Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Victoria, Australia; School of Medicine and Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia; Monarch Research Institute Monarch Mental Health Group, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Caley Sullivan
- Central Clinical School, Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Julie C Stout
- School of Psychological Sciences, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kate E Hoy
- Central Clinical School, Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Victoria, Australia; The Bionics Institute of Australia, 384-388 Albert St, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia
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Zhang H, Yao J, Xu C, Wang C. Targeting electroencephalography for alcohol dependence: A narrative review. CNS Neurosci Ther 2023; 29:1205-1212. [PMID: 36890659 PMCID: PMC10068473 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electroencephalography (EEG)-based electrophysiological techniques have made progress in diagnosing and treating alcohol dependence in recent years. AIMS The article reviews the latest literature in this field. MATERIALS AND METHODS Alcohol dependence, which is common and prone to relapsing, poses a serious threat to individuals, families, and society. At present, the objective detection methods for alcohol dependence in clinic are not enough. As electrophysiological techniques developed in psychiatry, some researches on EEG-based monitoring methods are of great significance in the diagnosis and treatment of alcohol dependence. DISCUSSION As electrophysiological techniques developed in psychiatry, some researches on EEG-based monitoring methods such as resting electroencephalography (REEG), event-related potentials (ERP), event-related oscillations (ERO), and polysomnography (PSG), was reported. CONCLUSION In this paper, the status of electrophysiological researches on EEG in alcoholics are reviewed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiwen Zhang
- Department of Anaesthesiology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.,Department of Anaesthesiology, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiahui Yao
- Department of Anaesthesiology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Cheng Xu
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengyu Wang
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
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Davis MC, Hill AT, Fitzgerald PB, Stout JC, Hoy KE. Motivationally salient cue processing measured using the monetary incentive delay (MID) task with electroencephalography (EEG): A potential marker of apathy in Huntington's disease. Neuropsychologia 2022; 177:108426. [PMID: 36414099 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2022.108426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We explored the utility of the Monetary Incentive Delay (MID) task with concurrent encephalography (EEG) as a marker of apathy in people with Huntington's disease (HD) as well as neurotypical controls. Specifically, we assessed between and within-group differences in the amplitude of the P300 and Contingent Negative Variation (CNV) event-related potentials as a function of motivational salience. In contrast to neurotypical controls, HD participants' ERP amplitudes were not differentially modulated by motivationally salient cues (i.e., signalling potential 'gain' or 'loss') compared to 'neutral' cues. Difference waves isolating amplitude specific to the motivationally salient cues were calculated for the P300 and CNV. Only the difference waves for ERPs elicited by 'gain' cues differentiated the groups. The CNV difference wave was also significantly correlated with clinical measures of apathy and processing speed in the HD group. These findings provide initial support for the use of the MID with EEG as a marker of apathy in HD, and its potential as a sensitive outcome measure for novel treatment development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Claire Davis
- Central Clinical School, Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Victoria, Australia; Statewide Progressive Neurological Disease Service, Calvary Health Care Bethlehem, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Aron T Hill
- Central Clinical School, Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Victoria, Australia; Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Melbourne Burwood Campus, Burwood, Australia.
| | - Paul B Fitzgerald
- Central Clinical School, Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Victoria, Australia; School of Medicine and Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
| | - Julie C Stout
- School of Psychological Sciences, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, 18 Innovation Walk, Clayton Campus, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.
| | - Kate E Hoy
- Central Clinical School, Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Victoria, Australia; The Bionics Institute of Australia, 384-388 Albert St, East Melbourne, VIC, 3002, Australia.
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Borras M, Romero S, Alonso JF, Bachiller A, Serna LY, Migliorelli C, Mananas MA. Influence of the number of trials on evoked motor cortical activity in EEG recordings. J Neural Eng 2022; 19. [PMID: 35926471 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ac86f5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Improvements in electroencephalography enable the study of the localization of active brain regions during motor tasks. Movement-related cortical potentials (MRCPs), and event-related desynchronization (ERD) and synchronization (ERS) are the main motor-related cortical phenomena/neural correlates observed when a movement is elicited. When assessing neurological diseases, averaging techniques are commonly applied to characterize motor related processes better. In this case, a large number of trials is required to obtain a motor potential that is representative enough of the subject's condition. This study aimed to assess the effect of a limited number of trials on motor-related activity corresponding to different upper limb movements (elbow flexion/extension, pronation/supination and hand open/close). APPROACH An open dataset consisting on 15 healthy subjects was used for the analysis. A Monte Carlo simulation approach was applied to analyse, in a robust way, different typical time- and frequency-domain features, topography, and low-resolution tomography (LORETA). MAIN RESULTS Grand average potentials, and topographic and tomographic maps showed few differences when using fewer trials, but shifts in the localization of motor-related activity were found for several individuals. MRCP and beta ERD features were more robust to a limited number of trials, yielding differences lower than 20% for cases with 50 trials or more. Strong correlations between features were obtained for subsets above 50 trials. However, the inter-subject variability increased as the number of trials decreased. The elbow flexion/extension movement showed a more robust performance for a limited number of trials, both in population and in individual-based analysis. SIGNIFICANCE Our findings suggested that 50 trials can be an appropriate number to obtain stable motor-related features in terms of differences in the averaged motor features, correlation, and changes in topography and tomography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Borras
- Eng. Sistemes. Automàtica i inf. ind., Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Campus Diagonal Sud. Edifici U. C. Pau Gargallo, 5. 08028 Barcelona, Barcelona, 08034, SPAIN
| | - Sergio Romero
- Automatic Control Department (ESAII), Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalunya, 08034, SPAIN
| | - Joan F Alonso
- Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Campus Diagonal Sud. Edifici U. C. Pau Gargallo, 5, Barcelona, Catalunya, 08034, SPAIN
| | - Alejandro Bachiller
- Automatic Control Department, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, EDIFICI H, AVDA. DIAGONAL, 647, Office 4.26, Barcelona, Catalunya, 08034, SPAIN
| | - Leidy Y Serna
- Eng. Sistemes. Automàtica i inf. ind., Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Campus Diagonal Sud. Edifici U. C. Pau Gargallo, 5. 08028 Barcelona, Barcelona, 08034, SPAIN
| | - Carolina Migliorelli
- Unit of Digital Health, Eurecat Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Av. Universitat Autònoma, 23 - 08290 Cerdanyola del Vallès (Barcelona), Barcelona, Catalunya, 08290, SPAIN
| | - Miguel A Mananas
- Departamento de Ingeniería de Sistemas, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Campus Diagonal Sud. Edifici U. C. Pau Gargallo, 5., Barcelona, Catalunya, 08034, SPAIN
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Prillinger K, Radev ST, Doganay K, Poustka L, Konicar L. Impulsivity Moderates the Effect of Neurofeedback Training on the Contingent Negative Variation in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:838080. [PMID: 35547196 PMCID: PMC9082644 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.838080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The contingent negative variation (CNV) is a well-studied indicator of attention- and expectancy-related processes in the human brain. An abnormal CNV amplitude has been found in diverse neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders. However, its role as a potential biomarker of successful clinical interventions in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) remains unclear. Methods In this randomized controlled trial, we investigated how the CNV changes following an intensive neurofeedback training. Therefore, twenty-one adolescents with ASD underwent 24 sessions of slow cortical potential (SCP) neurofeedback training. Twenty additional adolescents with ASD formed a control group and received treatment as usual. CNV waveforms were obtained from a continuous performance test (CPT), which all adolescents performed before and after the corresponding 3-month long training period. In order to utilize all available neural time series, trial-based area under the curve values for all four electroencephalogram (EEG) channels were analyzed with a hierarchical Bayesian model. In addition, the model included impulsivity, inattention, and hyperactivity as potential moderators of change in CNV. Results Our model implies that impulsivity moderates the effects of neurofeedback training on CNV depending on group. In the control group, the average CNV amplitude decreased or did not change after treatment as usual. In the experimental group, the CNV changed depending on the severity of comorbid impulsivity symptoms. The average CNV amplitude of participants with low impulsivity scores decreased markedly, whereas the average CNV amplitude of participants with high impulsivity increased. Conclusion The degree of impulsivity seems to play a crucial role in the changeability of the CNV following an intensive neurofeedback training. Therefore, comorbid symptomatology should be recorded and analyzed in future EEG-based brain training interventions. Clinical Trial Registration https://www.drks.de, identifier DRKS00012339.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Prillinger
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan T. Radev
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Quantitative Research Methods, Institute of Psychology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kamer Doganay
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Luise Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lilian Konicar
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Jadhav C, Kamble P, Mundewadi S, Jaiswal N, Mali S, Ranga S, Suvvari TK, Rukadikar A. Clinical applications of EEG as an excellent tool for event related potentials in psychiatric and neurotic disorders. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 14:73-83. [PMID: 35619664 PMCID: PMC9123476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Electroencephalography is an excellent tool for assessing neurobiological and neurotransmission dysfunction. Event-related potentials (ERPs) are a simple, non-invasive method of studying neurophysiology. ERPs reflect complex activity of neural networks to blame for discriminative behavior of people and recognition of novel stimuli. They are defined as brain voltage fluctuations linked in time with some physical or mental event. EEG is used to assess ERPs, and its use has grown in popularity since the 1960s. This article provides an overview of the ERP methods as well as the properties of the various ERP components (contingent negative variation, namely wave P300, Bereitschafts potential, and mismatch negativity). It also describes ERP alterations linked with neurologic and psychiatric disorders and discusses the possibility of using this technique in experimental psychology. ERPs may reveal psychophysiological characteristics in obsessive compulsive disorder patients, which may have therapeutic and pharmacological consequences. The P3 wave is the most significant and researched component of the ERP record. It is divided into two parts: P3a and P3b. The P3 wave has therapeutic significance, in addition to its application in neurophysiological and psychophysiological research. One neurophysiology indicator of cognitive impairment in depression is the P300 component of the ERPs. The severity of the illness as well as sociodemographic disparities is likely to influence individuals with neurotic disorders' access to psychiatric care in the general community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charushila Jadhav
- Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical SciencesGorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Shafique Mundewadi
- Department of Physiology, Dr. Vaishampayan Memorial Gov. Medical CollegeSolapur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Nitesh Jaiswal
- Department of Microbiology, Zydus Medical College and HospitalDahod, Gujarat, India
| | - Snehalata Mali
- Department of Physiology, MIMSR Medical CollegeLatur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Surbhi Ranga
- Department of Physiology, College of Dental Science & Research CentreAhmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | | | - Atul Rukadikar
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical SciencesGorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
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The video gamer 500: Performance-enhancing drug use and Internet Gaming Disorder among adult video gamers. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2021.106890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Timing variability and midfrontal ~4 Hz rhythms correlate with cognition in Parkinson's disease. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2021; 7:14. [PMID: 33589640 PMCID: PMC7884691 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-021-00158-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) can have significant cognitive dysfunction; however, the mechanisms for these cognitive symptoms are unknown. Here, we used scalp electroencephalography (EEG) to investigate the cortical basis for PD-related cognitive impairments during interval timing, which requires participants to estimate temporal intervals of several seconds. Time estimation is an ideal task demand for investigating cognition in PD because it is simple, requires medial frontal cortical areas, and recruits basic executive processes such as working memory and attention. However, interval timing has never been systematically studied in PD patients with cognitive impairments. We report three main findings. First, 71 PD patients had increased temporal variability compared to 37 demographically matched controls, and this variability correlated with cognitive dysfunction as measured by the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MOCA). Second, PD patients had attenuated ~4 Hz EEG oscillatory activity at midfrontal electrodes in response to the interval-onset cue, which was also predictive of MOCA. Finally, trial-by-trial linear mixed-effects modeling demonstrated that cue-triggered ~4 Hz power predicted subsequent temporal estimates as a function of PD and MOCA. Our data suggest that impaired cue-evoked midfrontal ~4 Hz activity predicts increased timing variability that is indicative of cognitive dysfunction in PD. These findings link PD-related cognitive dysfunction with cortical mechanisms of cognitive control, which could advance novel biomarkers and neuromodulation for PD.
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Frota Lisbôa Pereira de Souza AM. Electroencephalographic Correlates of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2021; 49:169-199. [PMID: 33590459 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2020_200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This chapter reviews EEG research in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), focusing on Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) such as the Contingent Negative Variation, N2, Error-Related Negativity, the feedback Error-Related Negativity and the Readiness Potential and their neural bases. The functional significance, utility and correlation of these ERPs with OCD symptoms will be discussed, alongside novel theories for integrating the research findings. I will consider hypotheses including goal-directed behaviour, overreliance on habits, dissociations between action and knowledge, and excessive intolerance of uncertainty in the context of EEG studies, thus providing a comprehensive framework of the electroencephalographic literature concerning OCD.
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Siqueiros Sanchez M, Falck‐Ytter T, Kennedy DP, Bölte S, Lichtenstein P, D'Onofrio BM, Pettersson E. Volitional eye movement control and ADHD traits: a twin study. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2020; 61:1309-1316. [PMID: 32020616 PMCID: PMC7754462 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Top-down volitional command of eye movements may serve as a candidate endophenotype of ADHD, an important function underlying goal-directed action in everyday life. In this twin study, we examined the relation between performance on a response inhibition eye-tracking paradigm and parent-rated ADHD traits in a population-based twin sample. We hypothesized that altered eye movement control is associated with the severity of ADHD traits and that this association is attributable to genetic factors. METHODS A total of 640 twins (320 pairs, 50% monozygotic) aged 9-14 years) from the Child and Adolescent Twin Study in Sweden (CATSS) participated. Twins performed the antisaccade task indexing inhibitory alterations as either direction errors (following exogenous cues rather than instructions) or premature anticipatory eye movements (failure to wait for cues). We calculated the associations of eye movement control and ADHD traits using linear regression mixed-effects models and genetic and environmental influences with multivariate twin models. RESULTS Premature anticipatory eye movements were positively associated with inattentive traits (β = .17; 95% CI: 0.04, 0.31), while controlling for hyperactive behaviors and other covariates. Both premature anticipatory eye movements and inattention were heritable (h2 = 0.40, 95% CI: 0.22, 0.56; h2 = 0.55; 95% CI: 0.42, 0.65; respectively), and their genetic correlation was small but statistically significant (r = .19, 95% CI: 0.02, 0.36). However, the genetic correlation did not remain significant after adjusting for covariates (age, sex, hyperactivity traits, IQ). No link was found between direction errors and ADHD traits. CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that there is a specific, genetically influenced, relation between top-down eye movement control and the inattentive traits typical of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Siqueiros Sanchez
- Karolinska Institutet Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND)Department of Women’s and Children’s HealthKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Terje Falck‐Ytter
- Karolinska Institutet Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND)Department of Women’s and Children’s HealthKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden,Department of PsychologyUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden,Swedish Collegium for Advanced Study (SCAS)UppsalaSweden
| | - Daniel P. Kennedy
- Department of Psychological and Brain SciencesIndiana UniversityBloomingtonINUSA
| | - Sven Bölte
- Karolinska Institutet Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND)Department of Women’s and Children’s HealthKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden,Child and Adolescent PsychiatryStockholm Health Care ServicesStockholmSweden,Curtin Autism Research GroupSchool of Occupational Therapy, Social Work and Speech PathologyCurtin UniversityPerthWAAustralia
| | - Paul Lichtenstein
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and BiostatisticsKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Brian M. D'Onofrio
- Department of Psychological and Brain SciencesIndiana UniversityBloomingtonINUSA,Department of Medical Epidemiology and BiostatisticsKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Erik Pettersson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and BiostatisticsKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
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van den Berg B, de Jong M, Woldorff MG, Lorist MM. Caffeine Boosts Preparatory Attention for Reward-related Stimulus Information. J Cogn Neurosci 2020; 33:104-118. [PMID: 32985946 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The intake of caffeine and the prospect of reward have both been associated with increased arousal, enhanced attention, and improved behavioral performance on cognitive tasks, but how they interact to exert these effects is not well understood. To investigate this question, we had participants engage in a two-session cued-reward cognitive task while we recorded their electrical brain activity using scalp electroencephalography. The cue indicated whether monetary reward could be received for fast and accurate responses to a color-word Stroop stimulus that followed. Before each session, participants ingested decaffeinated coffee with either caffeine (3-mg/kg bodyweight) or placebo (3-mg/kg bodyweight lactose). The behavioral results showed that both caffeine and reward-prospect improved response accuracy and speed. In the brain, reward-prospect resulted in an enlarged frontocentral slow wave (contingent negative variation, or CNV) and reduced posterior alpha power (indicating increased cortical activity) before stimulus presentation, both neural markers for preparatory attention. Moreover, the CNV enhancement for reward-prospect trials was considerably more pronounced in the caffeine condition as compared to the placebo condition. These interactive neural enhancements due to caffeine and reward-prospect were mainly visible in preparatory attention activity triggered by the cue (CNV). In addition, some interactive neural enhancements in the processing of the Stroop target stimulus that followed were also observed. The results suggest that caffeine facilitates the neural processes underlying attentional preparation and stimulus processing, especially for task-relevant information.
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Towards a Pragmatic Approach to a Psychophysiological Unit of Analysis for Mental and Brain Disorders: An EEG-Copeia for Neurofeedback. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback 2020; 44:151-172. [PMID: 31098793 DOI: 10.1007/s10484-019-09440-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This article proposes what we call an "EEG-Copeia" for neurofeedback, like the "Pharmacopeia" for psychopharmacology. This paper proposes to define an "EEG-Copeia" as an organized list of scientifically validated EEG markers, characterized by a specific association with an identified cognitive process, that define a psychophysiological unit of analysis useful for mental or brain disorder evaluation and treatment. A characteristic of EEG neurofeedback for mental and brain disorders is that it targets a EEG markers related to a supposed cognitive process, whereas conventional treatments target clinical manifestations. This could explain why EEG neurofeedback studies encounter difficulty in achieving reproducibility and validation. The present paper suggests that a first step to optimize EEG neurofeedback protocols and future research is to target a valid EEG marker. The specificity of the cognitive skills trained and learned during real time feedback of the EEG marker could be enhanced and both the reliability of neurofeedback training and the therapeutic impact optimized. However, several of the most well-known EEG markers have seldom been applied for neurofeedback. Moreover, we lack a reliable and valid EEG targets library for further RCT to evaluate the efficacy of neurofeedback in mental and brain disorders. With the present manuscript, our aim is to foster dialogues between cognitive neuroscience and EEG neurofeedback according to a psychophysiological perspective. The primary objective of this review was to identify the most robust EEG target. EEG markers linked with one or several clearly identified cognitive-related processes will be identified. The secondary objective was to organize these EEG markers and related cognitive process in a psychophysiological unit of analysis matrix inspired by the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) project.
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Miranda P, Cox CD, Alexander M, Danev S, Lakey JRT. In Quest of Pathognomonic/Endophenotypic Markers of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Potential of EEG-Based Frequency Analysis and ERPs to Better Detect, Prevent and Manage ADHD. MEDICAL DEVICES-EVIDENCE AND RESEARCH 2020; 13:115-137. [PMID: 32547262 PMCID: PMC7250294 DOI: 10.2147/mder.s241205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a chronic heritable developmental delay psychiatric disorder requiring chronic management, characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, hyperkinectivity and impulsivity. Subjective clinical evaluation still remains crucial in its diagnosis. Discussed are two key aspects in the “characterizing ADHD” and on the quest for objective “pathognomonic/endophenotypic diagnostic markers of ADHD”. The first aspect briefly revolves around issues related to identification of pathognomonic/endophenotypic diagnostic markers in ADHD. Issues discussed include changes in ADHD definition, remission/persistence and overlapping-symptoms cum shared-heritability with its co-morbid cross-border mental disorders. The second aspect discussed is neurobiological and EEG-based studies on ADHD. Given the neurobiological and temporal aspects of ADHD symptoms the electroencephalograph (EEG) like NeuralScan by Medeia appears as an appropriate tool. The EEGs appropriateness is further enhanced when coupled with suitable behavior/cognitive/motor/psychological tasks/paradigms yielding EEG-based markers like event-related-potential (ERPs like P3 amplitudes and latency), reaction time variability (RTV), Theta:Beta ratio (TBR) and sensorimotor rhythm (SMR). At present, these markers could potentially help in the neurobiological characterization of ADHD and either help in identifying or lay the groundwork for identifying pathognomonic and/or endophenotypic EEG-based markers enabling its diagnosis, treatment and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Miranda
- Department of Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Christopher D Cox
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Michael Alexander
- Department of Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | | | - Jonathan R T Lakey
- Department of Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
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15
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de Tommaso M, Betti V, Bocci T, Bolognini N, Di Russo F, Fattapposta F, Ferri R, Invitto S, Koch G, Miniussi C, Piccione F, Ragazzoni A, Sartucci F, Rossi S, Arcara G, Berchicci M, Bianco V, Delussi M, Gentile E, Giovannelli F, Mannarelli D, Marino M, Mussini E, Pauletti C, Pellicciari MC, Pisoni A, Raggi A, Valeriani M. Pearls and pitfalls in brain functional analysis by event-related potentials: a narrative review by the Italian Psychophysiology and Cognitive Neuroscience Society on methodological limits and clinical reliability-part I. Neurol Sci 2020; 41:2711-2735. [PMID: 32388645 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-020-04420-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Event-related potentials (ERPs) are obtained from the electroencephalogram (EEG) or the magnetoencephalogram (MEG, event-related fields (ERF)), extracting the activity that is time-locked to an event. Despite the potential utility of ERP/ERF in cognitive domain, the clinical standardization of their use is presently undefined for most of procedures. The aim of the present review is to establish limits and reliability of ERP medical application, summarize main methodological issues, and present evidence of clinical application and future improvement. The present section of the review focuses on well-standardized ERP methods, including P300, Contingent Negative Variation (CNV), Mismatch Negativity (MMN), and N400, with a chapter dedicated to laser-evoked potentials (LEPs). One section is dedicated to proactive preparatory brain activity as the Bereitschaftspotential and the prefrontal negativity (BP and pN). The P300 and the MMN potentials have a limited but recognized role in the diagnosis of cognitive impairment and consciousness disorders. LEPs have a well-documented usefulness in the diagnosis of neuropathic pain, with low application in clinical assessment of psychophysiological basis of pain. The other ERP components mentioned here, though largely applied in normal and pathological cases and well standardized, are still confined to the research field. CNV, BP, and pN deserve to be largely tested in movement disorders, just to explain possible functional changes in motor preparation circuits subtending different clinical pictures and responses to treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina de Tommaso
- Applied Neurophysiology and Pain Unit-AnpLab-University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Viviana Betti
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia (Santa Lucia Foundation), Rome, Italy
| | - Tommaso Bocci
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Nadia Bolognini
- Department of Psychology & NeuroMi, University of Milano Bicocca, Milan, Italy.,Laboratory of Neuropsychology, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Di Russo
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Sara Invitto
- INSPIRE - Laboratory of Cognitive and Psychophysiological Olfactory Processes, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Giacomo Koch
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia (Santa Lucia Foundation), Rome, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Miniussi
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences - CIMeC, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy.,Cognitive Neuroscience Section, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Francesco Piccione
- Brain Imaging and Neural Dynamics Research Group, IRCCS San Camillo Hospital, Venice, Italy
| | - Aldo Ragazzoni
- Unit of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Fondazione PAS, Scandicci, Florence, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Sartucci
- Section of Neurophysiopathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Pisa, Italy
| | - Simone Rossi
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience Siena Brain Investigation and Neuromodulation Lab (SI-BIN Lab), University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Giorgio Arcara
- Brain Imaging and Neural Dynamics Research Group, IRCCS San Camillo Hospital, Venice, Italy
| | - Marika Berchicci
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Bianco
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia (Santa Lucia Foundation), Rome, Italy.,Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - Marianna Delussi
- Applied Neurophysiology and Pain Unit-AnpLab-University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Eleonora Gentile
- Applied Neurophysiology and Pain Unit-AnpLab-University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Fabio Giovannelli
- Section of Psychology - Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research, Child Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Daniela Mannarelli
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Marino
- Brain Imaging and Neural Dynamics Research Group, IRCCS San Camillo Hospital, Venice, Italy
| | - Elena Mussini
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina Pauletti
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Alberto Pisoni
- Department of Psychology & NeuroMi, University of Milano Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Raggi
- Unit of Neurology, G.B. Morgagni - L. Pierantoni Hospital, Forlì, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Valeriani
- Neurology Ward Unit, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy. .,Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
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Jarczok TA, Haase R, Bluschke A, Thiemann U, Bender S. Bereitschaftspotential and lateralized readiness potential in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: altered motor system activation and effects of methylphenidate. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2019; 29:960-970. [PMID: 31280897 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been linked to abnormal functioning of cortical motor areas such as the supplementary motor area, the premotor cortex and primary motor cortex (MI). The Bereitschaftspotential (BP) and lateralized readiness potential (LRP) are movement-related potentials generated by cortical motor areas. We hypothesized that the BP and LRP would be altered in children with ADHD. A group of 17 children with ADHD (mean age: 11.5 ± 1.9 years) and a control group of 16 typically developing children (mean age: 12.2 ± 2.0 years) performed movements at self-chosen irregular intervals while a 64-channel DC-EEG was registered. BP and LRP were calculated from the EEG. The ADHD group had significantly lower and on average positive BP amplitudes at Cz. In agreement with age-dependent maturation effects the LRP had a positive polarity in both groups, but lower amplitudes were found in the ADHD group without medication. The control group showed a mid-central negativity and a positivity over motor areas contra-lateral to the side of movement, whereas no negativity over Cz and a more diffuse positivity was found in the ADHD group. LRP group differences diminished after MPH administration as indicated by an interaction between group and time of measurement/medication. The cortical motor system shows altered functioning during movement preparation and initiation in children affected by ADHD. Positive Bereitschaftspotential polarities may represent delayed cortical maturation. Group differences of LRP were pharmacologically modulated by the catecholaminergic agent MPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz A Jarczok
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Robert Haase
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Technology Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Annett Bluschke
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Technology Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ulf Thiemann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stephan Bender
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Technology Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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17
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Berger C, Müller-Godeffroy J, Marx I, Reis O, Buchmann J, Dück A. Methylphenidate promotes the interaction between motor cortex facilitation and attention in healthy adults: A combined study using event-related potentials and transcranial magnetic stimulation. Brain Behav 2018; 8:e01155. [PMID: 30417982 PMCID: PMC6305964 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated simultaneously the impact of methylphenidate (MPH) on the interaction of inhibitory and facilitative pathways in regions processing motor and cognitive functions. METHOD Neural markers of attention and response control (event-related potentials) and motor cortical excitability (transcranial magnetic stimulation) and their pharmacological modulation by MPH were measured simultaneously in a sample of healthy adults (n = 31) performing a cued choice reaction test. RESULTS Methylphenidate modulated attentional gating and response preparation processes (increased contingent negative variation) and response inhibition (increased nogo P3). N1, cue- and go-P3 were not affected by MPH. Motor cortex facilitation, measured with long-interval cortical facilitation, was increased under MPH in the nogo condition and was positively correlated with the P3 amplitude. CONCLUSION Methylphenidate seems particularly to enhance response preparation processes. The MPH-induced increased motor cortex facilitation during inhibitory task demands was accompanied by increased terminal response inhibition control, probably as a compensatory process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Berger
- Department of Psychiatry, Neurology, Psychosomatics, Psychotherapy in Childhood and Adolescence, University Medical Center of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Juliane Müller-Godeffroy
- Department of Psychiatry, Neurology, Psychosomatics, Psychotherapy in Childhood and Adolescence, University Medical Center of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Ivo Marx
- Department of Psychiatry, Neurology, Psychosomatics, Psychotherapy in Childhood and Adolescence, University Medical Center of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Olaf Reis
- Department of Psychiatry, Neurology, Psychosomatics, Psychotherapy in Childhood and Adolescence, University Medical Center of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Johannes Buchmann
- Department of Psychiatry, Neurology, Psychosomatics, Psychotherapy in Childhood and Adolescence, University Medical Center of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Alexander Dück
- Department of Psychiatry, Neurology, Psychosomatics, Psychotherapy in Childhood and Adolescence, University Medical Center of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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18
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Glazer JE, Kelley NJ, Pornpattananangkul N, Mittal VA, Nusslock R. Beyond the FRN: Broadening the time-course of EEG and ERP components implicated in reward processing. Int J Psychophysiol 2018; 132:184-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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19
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Holz NE, Zohsel K, Laucht M, Banaschewski T, Hohmann S, Brandeis D. Gene x environment interactions in conduct disorder: Implications for future treatments. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 91:239-258. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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20
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Differential effects of sustained and transient effort triggered by reward - A combined EEG and pupillometry study. Neuropsychologia 2018; 123:116-130. [PMID: 29709582 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In instrumental task contexts, incentive manipulations such as posting reward on successful performance usually trigger increased effort, which is signified by effort markers like increased pupil size. Yet, it is not fully clear under which circumstances incentives really promote performance, and which role effort plays therein. In the present study, we compared two schemes of associating reward with a Flanker task, while simultaneously acquiring electroencephalography (EEG) and pupillometry data in order to explore the contribution of effort-related processes. In Experiment 1, reward was administered in a block-based fashion, with series of targets in pure reward and no-reward blocks. The results imply increased sustained effort in the reward blocks, as reflected in particular in sustained increased pupil size. Yet, this was not accompanied by a behavioral benefit, suggesting a failure of translating increased effort into a behavioral pay-off. In Experiment 2, we introduced trial-based cues in order to also promote transient preparatory effort application, which indeed led to a behavioral benefit. Again, we observed a sustained pupil-size increase, but also transient ones. Consistent with this, the EEG data of Experiment 2 indicated increased transient preparatory effort preceding target onset, as well as reward modulations of target processing that arose earlier than in Experiment 1. Jointly, our results indicate that incentive-triggered effort can operate on different time-scales, and that, at least for the current task, its transient (and largely preparatory) form is critical for achieving a behavioral benefit, which may relate to the temporal dynamics of the catecholaminergic systems.
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21
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Temporal dynamics of reward anticipation in the human brain. Biol Psychol 2017; 128:89-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2017.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Boecker-Schlier R, Holz NE, Hohm E, Zohsel K, Blomeyer D, Buchmann AF, Baumeister S, Wolf I, Esser G, Schmidt MH, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Banaschewski T, Brandeis D, Laucht M. Association between pubertal stage at first drink and neural reward processing in early adulthood. Addict Biol 2017; 22:1402-1415. [PMID: 27345375 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Puberty is a critical time period during human development. It is characterized by high levels of risk-taking behavior, such as increased alcohol consumption, and is accompanied by various neurobiological changes. Recent studies in animals and humans have revealed that the pubertal stage at first drink (PSFD) significantly impacts drinking behavior in adulthood. Moreover, neuronal alterations of the dopaminergic reward system have been associated with alcohol abuse or addiction. This study aimed to clarify the impact of PSFD on neuronal characteristics of reward processing linked to alcohol-related problems. One hundred sixty-eight healthy young adults from a prospective study covering 25 years participated in a monetary incentive delay task measured with simultaneous EEG-fMRI. PSFD was determined according to the age at menarche or Tanner stage of pubertal development, respectively. Alcohol-related problems in early adulthood were assessed with the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT). During reward anticipation, decreased fMRI activation of the frontal cortex and increased preparatory EEG activity (contingent negative variation) occurred with pubertal compared to postpubertal first alcohol intake. Moreover, alcohol-related problems during early adulthood were increased in pubertal compared to postpubertal beginners, which was mediated by neuronal activation of the right medial frontal gyrus. At reward delivery, increased fMRI activation of the left caudate and higher feedback-related EEG negativity were detected in pubertal compared to postpubertal beginners. Together with animal findings, these results implicate PSFD as a potential modulator of psychopathology, involving altered reward anticipation. Both PSFD timing and reward processing might thus be potential targets for early prevention and intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Boecker-Schlier
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University; Mannheim Germany
| | - Nathalie E. Holz
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University; Mannheim Germany
| | - Erika Hohm
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University; Mannheim Germany
| | - Katrin Zohsel
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University; Mannheim Germany
| | - Dorothea Blomeyer
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University; Mannheim Germany
| | - Arlette F. Buchmann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University; Mannheim Germany
| | - Sarah Baumeister
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University; Mannheim Germany
| | - Isabella Wolf
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University; Mannheim Germany
- Department Neuroimaging, Central Institute of Mental Health; Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University; Mannheim Germany
| | - Günter Esser
- Department of Psychology; University of Potsdam; Potsdam Germany
| | - Martin H. Schmidt
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University; Mannheim Germany
| | - Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University; Mannheim Germany
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University; Mannheim Germany
| | - Daniel Brandeis
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University; Mannheim Germany
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
- Center for Integrative Human Physiology; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich; University of Zurich and ETH Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - Manfred Laucht
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University; Mannheim Germany
- Department of Psychology; University of Potsdam; Potsdam Germany
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23
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Cheung CHM, McLoughlin G, Brandeis D, Banaschewski T, Asherson P, Kuntsi J. Neurophysiological Correlates of Attentional Fluctuation in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Brain Topogr 2017; 30:320-332. [PMID: 28289850 PMCID: PMC5408051 DOI: 10.1007/s10548-017-0554-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive performance in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterised, in part, by frequent fluctuations in response speed, resulting in high reaction time variability (RTV). RTV captures a large proportion of the genetic risk in ADHD but, importantly, is malleable, improving significantly in a fast-paced, rewarded task condition. Using the temporal precision offered by event-related potentials (ERPs), we aimed to examine the neurophysiological measures of attention allocation (P3 amplitudes) and preparation (contingent negative variation, CNV), and their associations with the fluctuating RT performance and its improvement in ADHD. 93 participants with ADHD and 174 controls completed the baseline and fast-incentive conditions of a four-choice reaction time task, while EEG was simultaneously recorded. Compared to controls, individuals with ADHD showed both increased RTV and reduced P3 amplitudes during performance on the RT task. In the participants with ADHD, attenuated P3 amplitudes were significantly associated with high RTV, and the increase in P3 amplitudes from a slow baseline to a fast-paced, rewarded condition was significantly associated with the RTV decrease. Yet, the individuals with ADHD did not show the same increase in CNV from baseline to fast-incentive condition as observed in controls. ADHD is associated both with a neurophysiological impairment of attention allocation (P3 amplitudes) and an inability to adjust the preparatory state (CNV) in a changed context. Our findings suggest that both neurophysiological and cognitive performance measures of attention are malleable in ADHD, which are potential targets for non-pharmacological interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste H M Cheung
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Gráinne McLoughlin
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Daniel Brandeis
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Philip Asherson
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jonna Kuntsi
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
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24
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Fallon SJ, van der Schaaf ME, Ter Huurne N, Cools R. The Neurocognitive Cost of Enhancing Cognition with Methylphenidate: Improved Distractor Resistance but Impaired Updating. J Cogn Neurosci 2016; 29:652-663. [PMID: 27779907 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A balance has to be struck between supporting distractor-resistant representations in working memory and allowing those representations to be updated. Catecholamine, particularly dopamine, transmission has been proposed to modulate the balance between the stability and flexibility of working memory representations. However, it is unclear whether drugs that increase catecholamine transmission, such as methylphenidate, optimize this balance in a task-dependent manner or bias the system toward stability at the expense of flexibility (or vice versa). Here we demonstrate, using pharmacological fMRI, that methylphenidate improves the ability to resist distraction (cognitive stability) but impairs the ability to flexibly update items currently held in working memory (cognitive flexibility). These behavioral effects were accompanied by task-general effects in the striatum and opposite and task-specific effects on neural signal in the pFC. This suggests that methylphenidate exerts its cognitive enhancing and impairing effects through acting on the pFC, an effect likely associated with methylphenidate's action on the striatum. These findings highlight that methylphenidate acts as a double-edged sword, improving one cognitive function at the expense of another, while also elucidating the neurocognitive mechanisms underlying these paradoxical effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean James Fallon
- Radboud University Donders Institute of Brain, Cognition, and Behavior.,University of Oxford
| | - Marieke E van der Schaaf
- Radboud University Donders Institute of Brain, Cognition, and Behavior.,Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre
| | | | - Roshan Cools
- Radboud University Donders Institute of Brain, Cognition, and Behavior.,Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre
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Ogrim G, Aasen IE, Brunner JF. Single-dose effects on the P3no-go ERP component predict clinical response to stimulants in pediatric ADHD. Clin Neurophysiol 2016; 127:3277-87. [PMID: 27567447 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Approximately 30% of children and adolescents diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and treated with stimulants are considered non-responders (non-REs). Reliable predictors of response are missing. We examined changes in Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) induced by a single dose of stimulant medication in order to predict later clinical response. METHODS ERPs were registered twice during performance of a visual cued go/no-go task in 87 ADHD patients (27 girls) aged 8-18years; the second recording on a single dose of stimulant medication, followed by a systematic medication trial lasting 4weeks. Based on the four-week trial, participants were categorized as responders (REs, N=62) or non-REs (N=25). Changes among REs and non-REs in ERP components (cueP3, CNV, P3go, N2no-go, P3no-go) and behavioral-test variables were then compared. RESULTS REs and non-REs differed significantly in medication-induced changes in P3no-go, cue-P3, CNV, omission errors, reaction time, and reaction-time variability. The largest effect size was found for P3no-go amplitude (p<.001; d=1.76). Changes in P3no-go and omission errors correctly classified 90% of the REs and 76% of the non-REs, when controlling for the age of the participants. CONCLUSION Clinical response to stimulants can be predicted by assessing single-dose changes in the P3no-go ERP component amplitude. SIGNIFICANCE Changes in P3no-go may be a clinically useful marker of response to stimulants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geir Ogrim
- Neuropsychiatric Unit, Østfold Hospital Trust, Aasebraatveien 27, 1605 Fredrikstad, Norway; Institute of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Ida Emilia Aasen
- Institute of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway; Department of Neuropsychology, Helgeland Hospital, 8656 Mosjøen, Norway.
| | - Jan Ferenc Brunner
- Institute of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway; Department of Neuropsychology, Helgeland Hospital, 8656 Mosjøen, Norway; Department of Neuroscience, NTNU, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
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Boecker-Schlier R, Holz NE, Buchmann AF, Blomeyer D, Plichta MM, Jennen-Steinmetz C, Wolf I, Baumeister S, Treutlein J, Rietschel M, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Banaschewski T, Brandeis D, Laucht M. Interaction between COMT Val158Met polymorphism and childhood adversity affects reward processing in adulthood. Neuroimage 2016; 132:556-570. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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Kononowicz TW, Penney TB. The contingent negative variation (CNV): timing isn’t everything. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2016.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Age differences in the Attention Network Test: Evidence from behavior and event-related potentials. Brain Cogn 2016; 102:65-79. [PMID: 26760449 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The Attention Network Test (ANT) is widely used to capture group and individual differences in selective attention. Prior behavioral studies with younger and older adults have yielded mixed findings with respect to age differences in three putative attention networks (alerting, orienting, and executive control). To overcome the limitations of behavioral data, the current study combined behavioral and electrophysiological measures. Twenty-four healthy younger adults (aged 18-29years) and 24 healthy older adults (aged 60-76years) completed the ANT while EEG data were recorded. Behaviorally, older adults showed reduced alerting, but did not differ from younger adults in orienting or executive control. Electrophysiological components related to alerting and orienting (P1, N1, and CNV) were similar in both age groups, whereas components related to executive control (N2 and P3) showed age-related differences. Together these results suggest that comparisons of network effects between age groups using behavioral data alone may not offer a complete picture of age differences in selective attention, especially for alerting and executive control networks.
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Schevernels H, Bombeke K, Krebs RM, Boehler CN. Preparing for (valenced) action: The role of differential effort in the orthogonalized go/no-go task. Psychophysiology 2015; 53:186-97. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanne Schevernels
- Department of Experimental Psychology; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
| | - Klaas Bombeke
- Department of Experimental Psychology; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
| | - Ruth M. Krebs
- Department of Experimental Psychology; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
| | - C. Nico Boehler
- Department of Experimental Psychology; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
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Vanhoutte S, Santens P, Cosyns M, van Mierlo P, Batens K, Corthals P, De Letter M, Van Borsel J. Increased motor preparation activity during fluent single word production in DS: A correlate for stuttering frequency and severity. Neuropsychologia 2015; 75:1-10. [PMID: 26004061 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Albrecht B, Uebel-von Sandersleben H, Gevensleben H, Rothenberger A. Pathophysiology of ADHD and associated problems-starting points for NF interventions? Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 9:359. [PMID: 26157377 PMCID: PMC4478393 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by severe and age-inappropriate levels of hyperactivity, impulsivity and inattention. ADHD is a heterogeneous disorder, and the majority of patients show comorbid or associated problems from other psychiatric disorders. Also, ADHD is associated with cognitive and motivational problems as well as resting-state abnormalities, associated with impaired brain activity in distinct neuronal networks. This needs to be considered in a multimodal treatment, of which neurofeedback (NF) may be a promising component. During NF, specific brain activity is fed-back using visual or auditory signals, allowing the participants to gain control over these otherwise unaware neuronal processes. NF may be used to directly improve underlying neuronal deficits, and/or to establish more general self-regulatory skills that may be used to compensate behavioral difficulties. The current manuscript describes pathophysiological characteristics of ADHD, heterogeneity of ADHD subtypes and gender differences, as well as frequently associated behavioral problems such as oppositional defiant/conduct or tic disorder. It is discussed how NF may be helpful as a treatment approach within these contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Albrecht
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medical Center Göttingen Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Holger Gevensleben
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medical Center Göttingen Göttingen, Germany
| | - Aribert Rothenberger
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medical Center Göttingen Göttingen, Germany
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Li Z, Deng W, Liu X, Zheng Z, Li M, Li Y, Han Y, Ma X, Wang Q, Liu X, Li T. Contingent negative variation in patients with deficit schizophrenia or bipolar I disorder with psychotic features: measurement and correlation with clinical characteristics. Nord J Psychiatry 2015; 69:196-203. [PMID: 25263850 DOI: 10.3109/08039488.2014.959562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia is a highly heterogeneous disease. Event-related potentials have been regarded to establish intermediate phenotypes of schizophrenia. Our previous study found that patients with deficit schizophrenia (DS) are relatively homogeneous and show a significantly longer onset latency of contingent negative variation (CNV) expectancy wave. AIMS To further examine CNV in patients with first-episode and drug-naïve DS or bipolar I disorder (BP I) with psychotic features, and also investigate correlations between CNV and clinical characteristics in DS and BP I. METHOD We elicited a CNV using an alarm (S1)-imperative (S2) paradigm in 30 DS patients or 33 BP I with psychotic features as well as 40 healthy controls. RESULTS CNV amplitude was significantly smaller and reaction time significantly longer in the DS and BP I groups than in healthy controls. Post-imperative negative variation (PINV) interval was significantly shorter in the DS group than in healthy controls. The onset latency of CNV expectancy wave was significantly longer and PINV area significantly smaller in the DS group than in the other groups. In the DS group, CNV amplitude and PINV interval correlated negatively with the subscale of negative symptoms on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS); CNV amplitude also correlated negatively with disease duration. In the BP I group, CNV amplitude and reaction time showed no correlation with clinical features. CONCLUSIONS CNV amplitude is a common trait marker for psychosis. The onset latency of CNV expectancy wave appears to be a specific trait marker and may be used to identify candidate genes for DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Li
- Zhe Li, M.D., The Mental Health Center and the Psychiatric Laboratory, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University , Chengdu, Sichuan 610041 , China
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Galvao-Carmona A, González-Rosa JJ, Hidalgo-Muñoz AR, Páramo D, Benítez ML, Izquierdo G, Vázquez-Marrufo M. Disentangling the attention network test: behavioral, event related potentials, and neural source analyses. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:813. [PMID: 25352800 PMCID: PMC4195286 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study of the attentional system remains a challenge for current neuroscience. The "Attention Network Test" (ANT) was designed to study simultaneously three different attentional networks (alerting, orienting, and executive) based in subtraction of different experimental conditions. However, some studies recommend caution with these calculations due to the interactions between the attentional networks. In particular, it is highly relevant that several interpretations about attentional impairment have arisen from these calculations in diverse pathologies. Event related potentials (ERPs) and neural source analysis can be applied to disentangle the relationships between these attentional networks not specifically shown by behavioral measures. RESULTS This study shows that there is a basic level of alerting (tonic alerting) in the no cue (NC) condition, represented by a slow negative trend in the ERP trace prior to the onset of the target stimuli. A progressive increase in the CNV amplitude related to the amount of information provided by the cue conditions is also shown. Neural source analysis reveals specific modulations of the CNV related to a task-related expectancy presented in the NC condition; a late modulation triggered by the central cue (CC) condition and probably representing a generic motor preparation; and an early and late modulation for spatial cue (SC) condition suggesting specific motor and sensory preactivation. Finally, the first component in the information processing of the target stimuli modulated by the interaction between orienting network and the executive system can be represented by N1. CONCLUSIONS The ANT is useful as a paradigm to study specific attentional mechanisms and their interactions. However, calculation of network effects is based in subtractions with non-comparable experimental conditions, as evidenced by the present data, which can induce misinterpretations in the study of the attentional capacity in human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Galvao-Carmona
- Psychophysiology Unit (Lab B508), Department of Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of SevilleSeville, Spain
| | - Javier J. González-Rosa
- Laboratory for Clinical Neuroscience, Centre of Biomedical Technology (CTB), Technical University of Madrid (UPM)Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio R. Hidalgo-Muñoz
- Psychophysiology Unit (Lab B508), Department of Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of SevilleSeville, Spain
| | - Dolores Páramo
- Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Virgen Macarena University HospitalSeville, Spain
| | - María L. Benítez
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Nursing, University of SevilleSeville, Spain
| | | | - Manuel Vázquez-Marrufo
- Psychophysiology Unit (Lab B508), Department of Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of SevilleSeville, Spain
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Albrecht B, Brandeis D, Uebel-von Sandersleben H, Valko L, Heinrich H, Xu X, Drechsler R, Heise A, Kuntsi J, Müller UC, Asherson P, Steinhausen HC, Rothenberger A, Banaschewski T. Genetics of preparation and response control in ADHD: the role of DRD4 and DAT1. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2014; 55:914-23. [PMID: 24521003 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Difficulties with performance and brain activity related to attentional orienting (Cue-P3), cognitive or response preparation (Cue-CNV) and inhibitory response control (Nogo-P3) during tasks tapping executive functions are familial in ADHD and may represent endophenotypes. The aim of this study was to clarify the impact of dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) and dopamine transporter (DAT1) gene polymorphisms on these processes in ADHD and control children. METHODS Behavioural and electrophysiological parameters from cued continuous performance tests with low and high attentional load were assessed in boys with ADHD combined type (N = 94) and controls without family history of ADHD (N = 31). Both groups were split for the presence of at least one DRD4 7-repeat allele and the DAT1 10-6 haplotype. RESULTS Children with ADHD showed diminished performance and lower Cue-P3, CNV and Nogo-P3 amplitudes. Children with DRD4 7R showed similar performance problems and lower Cue-P3 and CNV, but Nogo-P3 was not reduced. Children with the DAT1 10-6 haplotype had no difficulties with performance or Cue-P3 and CNV, but contrary to expectations increased Nogo-P3. There were no Genotype by ADHD interactions. CONCLUSIONS This study detected specific effects of DRD4 7R on performance and brain activity related to attentional orienting and response preparation, while DAT1 10-6 was associated with elevated brain activity related to inhibitory response control, which potentially compensates increased impulsivity. As these genotype effects were additive to the impact of ADHD, the current results indicate that DRD4 and DAT1 polymorphisms are functionally relevant risk factors for ADHD and presumably other disorders sharing these endophenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Albrecht
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
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Cognitive effects of methylphenidate in healthy volunteers: a review of single dose studies. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2014; 17:961-77. [PMID: 24423151 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145713001594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylphenidate (MPH), a stimulant drug with dopamine and noradrenaline reuptake inhibition properties, is mainly prescribed in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, is increasingly used by the general population, intending to enhance their cognitive function. In this literature review, we aim to answer whether this is effective. We present a novel way to determine the extent to which MPH enhances cognitive performance in a certain domain. Namely, we quantify this by a percentage that reflects the number of studies showing performance enhancing effects of MPH. To evaluate whether the dose-response relationship follows an inverted-U-shaped curve, MPH effects on cognition are also quantified for low, medium and high doses, respectively. The studies reviewed here show that single doses of MPH improve cognitive performance in the healthy population in the domains of working memory (65% of included studies) and speed of processing (48%), and to a lesser extent may also improve verbal learning and memory (31%), attention and vigilance (29%) and reasoning and problem solving (18%), but does not have an effect on visual learning and memory. MPH effects are dose-dependent and the dose-response relationship differs between cognitive domains. MPH use is associated with side effects and other adverse consequences, such as potential abuse. Future studies should focus on MPH specifically to adequately asses its benefits in relation to the risks specific to this drug.
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P300 amplitude variation is related to ventral striatum BOLD response during gain and loss anticipation: an EEG and fMRI experiment. Neuroimage 2014; 96:12-21. [PMID: 24718288 PMCID: PMC4075343 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.03.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The anticipation of favourable or unfavourable events is a key component in our daily life. However, the temporal dynamics of anticipation processes in relation to brain activation are still not fully understood. A modified version of the monetary incentive delay task was administered during separate functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and electroencephalogram (EEG) sessions in the same 25 participants to assess anticipatory processes with a multi-modal neuroimaging set-up. During fMRI, gain and loss anticipation were both associated with heightened activation in ventral striatum and reward-related areas. EEG revealed most pronounced P300 amplitudes for gain anticipation, whereas CNV amplitudes distinguished neutral from gain and loss anticipation. Importantly, P300, but not CNV amplitudes, were correlated to neural activation in the ventral striatum for both gain and loss anticipation. Larger P300 amplitudes indicated higher ventral striatum blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) response. Early stimulus evaluation processes indexed by EEG seem to be positively related to higher activation levels in the ventral striatum, indexed by fMRI, which are usually associated with reward processing. The current results, however, point towards a more general motivational mechanism processing salient stimuli during anticipation.
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Age-differential effects on updating cue information: Evidence from event-related potentials. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2014; 14:1115-31. [DOI: 10.3758/s13415-014-0268-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Linssen AMW, Sambeth A, Vuurman EFPM, Riedel WJ. Cognitive effects of methylphenidate and levodopa in healthy volunteers. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2014; 24:200-6. [PMID: 24119823 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2013.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Our previous study showed enhanced declarative memory consolidation after acute methylphenidate (MPH) administration. The primary aim of the current study was to investigate the duration of this effect. Secondary, the dopaminergic contribution of MPH effects, the electrophysiological correlates of declarative memory, and the specificity of memory enhancing effects of MPH to declarative memory were assessed. Effects of 40 mg of MPH on memory performance were compared to 100mg of levodopa (LEV) in a placebo-controlled crossover study with 30 healthy volunteers. Memory performance testing included a word learning test, the Sternberg memory scanning task, a paired associates learning task, and a spatial working memory task. During the word learning test, event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were measured. MPH failed to enhance retention of words at a 30 min delay, but it improved 24 h delayed memory recall relative to PLA and LEV. Furthermore, during encoding, the P3b and P600 ERP latencies were prolonged and the P600 amplitude was larger after LEV compared to PLA and MPH. MPH speeded response times on the Sternberg Memory Scanning task and improved performance on the Paired Associates Learning task, relative to LEV, but not PLA. Performance on the Spatial working memory task was not affected by the treatments. These findings suggest that MPH and LEV might have opposite effects on memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M W Linssen
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - A Sambeth
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - E F P M Vuurman
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - W J Riedel
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Leuzzi V, Mannarelli D, Manti F, Pauletti C, Locuratolo N, Carducci C, Carducci C, Vanacore N, Fattapposta F. Age-related psychophysiological vulnerability to phenylalanine in phenylketonuria. Front Pediatr 2014; 2:57. [PMID: 25003100 PMCID: PMC4066367 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2014.00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phenylketonuria (PKU) is caused by the inherited defect of the phenylalanine hydroxylase enzyme, which converts phenylalanine (Phe) into tyrosine (Tyr). Neonatal screening programs and early treatment have radically changed the natural history of PKU. Nevertheless, an increased risk of neurocognitive and psychiatric problems in adulthood remains a challenging aspect of the disease. In order to assess the vulnerability of complex skills to Phe, we explored: (a) the effect of a rapid increase in blood Phe levels on event-related potentials (ERP) in PKU subjects during their second decade of life; (b) the association (if existing) between psychophysiological and neurocognitive features. METHODS Seventeen early-treated PKU subjects, aged 10-20, underwent ERP [mismatch negativity, auditory P300, contingent negative variation (CNV), and Intensity Dependence of Auditory Evoked Potentials] recording before and 2 h after an oral loading of Phe. Neurocognitive functioning, historical and concurrent biochemical values of blood Phe, Tyr, and Phe/Tyr ratio, were all included in the statistical analysis. RESULTS Event-related potential components were normally detected in all the subjects. In subjects younger than 13 CNV amplitude, W2-CNV area, P3b latency, and reaction times in motor responses were negatively influenced by Phe-loading. Independently from the psychophysiological vulnerability, some neurocognitive skills were more impaired in younger patients. No correlation was found between biochemical alterations and neurocognitive and psychophysiological findings. CONCLUSION The vulnerability of the emerging neurocognitive functions to Phe suggests a strict metabolic control in adolescents affected by PKU and a neurodevelopmental approach in the study of neurocognitive outcome in PKU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Leuzzi
- Department of Paediatrics, Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza Università di Roma , Rome , Italy
| | - Daniela Mannarelli
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza Università di Roma , Rome , Italy
| | - Filippo Manti
- Department of Paediatrics, Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza Università di Roma , Rome , Italy
| | - Caterina Pauletti
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza Università di Roma , Rome , Italy
| | - Nicoletta Locuratolo
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza Università di Roma , Rome , Italy
| | - Carla Carducci
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza Università di Roma , Rome , Italy
| | - Claudia Carducci
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza Università di Roma , Rome , Italy
| | - Nicola Vanacore
- Centre for Epidemiology, Surveillance and Health Promotion (CNESPS), Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Rome , Italy
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Ogrim G, Kropotov J, Brunner JF, Candrian G, Sandvik L, Hestad KA. Predicting the clinical outcome of stimulant medication in pediatric attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: data from quantitative electroencephalography, event-related potentials, and a go/no-go test. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2014; 10:231-42. [PMID: 24523588 PMCID: PMC3921081 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s56600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We searched for predictors of the clinical outcome of stimulant medication in pediatric attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), emphasizing variables from quantitative electroencephalography, event-related potentials (ERPs), and behavioral data from a visual go/no-go test. METHODS Nineteen-channel electroencephalography (EEG) was recorded during the resting state in eyes-open and eyes-closed conditions and during performance of the cued go/no-go task in 98 medication-naïve ADHD patients aged 7-17 years and in 90 controls with the same age and sex distribution as the patients. For patients, the recording was followed by a systematic trial on stimulant medication lasting at least 4 weeks. Based on data from rating scales and interviews, two psychologists who were blind to the electrophysiological results independently rated the patients as responders (REs) (N=74) or non-responders (non-REs) (N=24). Using a logistic regression model, comparisons were made between REs and non-REs on the EEG spectra, ERPs (cue P3, contingent negative variation, and P3 no-go of the ERP waves and independent components [ICs] extracted from these waves), reaction time, reaction time variability, number of commission and omission errors, intelligence quotient, age, sex, ADHD subtype, and comorbidities. RESULTS The two groups differed significantly on eight of the variables, with effect sizes (Cohen's d) ranging from 0.49 to 0.76. In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, only three of these variables were significantly associated with clinical outcome. The amplitude of the IC cue P3, which has a parietal-occipital distribution, was normal in REs but significantly smaller in non-REs, whereas the centrally distributed IC P3 no-go early was smaller in REs than in non-REs and controls. In addition, the REs had more power in the EEG theta band. A quartile-based index was calculated using these three variables. The group with the lowest scores comprised only 36% REs; response rates in the three other groups were 83%, 86%, and 89%. CONCLUSION The clinical outcome of stimulant medication was best predicted by electrophysiological parameters. The brain dysfunctions of the REs appear to be primarily associated with prefrontal lobe hypoactivation. The non-REs were deviant from the controls in parietal-occipital functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geir Ogrim
- Neuropsychiatric Unit, Østfold Hospital Trust, Fredrikstad, Norway ; National Resource Center for ADHD, Tourette's Syndrome, and Narcolepsy, Oslo, Norway ; Institute of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Juri Kropotov
- Institute of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway ; Institute of the Human Brain, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russia ; Department of Neuropsychology, Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jan Ferenc Brunner
- Institute of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway ; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, St Olav's Hospital, Trondheim, Norway ; Department of Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Leiv Sandvik
- Oslo University Hospital, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Health Economy, Oslo, Norway
| | - Knut A Hestad
- Institute of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway ; Division of Mental Health, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Brumunddal, Norway
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Kishore K, Ray K, Anand J, Thakur L, Kumar S, Panjwani U. Tyrosine ameliorates heat induced delay in event related potential P300 and contingent negative variation. Brain Cogn 2013; 83:324-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2013] [Revised: 09/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Schevernels H, Krebs RM, Santens P, Woldorff MG, Boehler CN. Task preparation processes related to reward prediction precede those related to task-difficulty expectation. Neuroimage 2013; 84:639-47. [PMID: 24064071 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, attempts have been made to disentangle the neural underpinnings of preparatory processes related to reward and attention. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) research showed that neural activity related to the anticipation of reward and to attentional demands invokes neural activity patterns featuring large-scale overlap, along with some differences and interactions. Due to the limited temporal resolution of fMRI, however, the temporal dynamics of these processes remain unclear. Here, we report an event-related potentials (ERP) study in which cued attentional demands and reward prospect were combined in a factorial design. Results showed that reward prediction dominated early cue processing, as well as the early and later parts of the contingent negative variation (CNV) slow-wave ERP component that has been associated with task-preparation processes. Moreover these reward-related electrophysiological effects correlated across participants with response time speeding on reward-prospect trials. In contrast, cued attentional demands affected only the later part of the CNV, with the highest amplitudes following cues predicting high-difficulty potential-reward targets, thus suggesting maximal task preparation when the task requires it and entails reward prospect. Consequently, we suggest that task-preparation processes triggered by reward can arise earlier, and potentially more directly, than strategic top-down aspects of preparation based on attentional demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanne Schevernels
- Dept. of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Albrecht B, Brandeis D, Uebel H, Valko L, Heinrich H, Drechsler R, Heise A, Müller UC, Steinhausen HC, Rothenberger A, Banaschewski T. Familiality of neural preparation and response control in childhood attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. Psychol Med 2013; 43:1997-2011. [PMID: 23200032 DOI: 10.1017/s003329171200270x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) exhibit difficulties in multiple attentional functions. Although high heritability rates suggest a strong genetic impact, aetiological pathways from genes and environmental factors to the ADHD phenotype are not well understood. Tracking the time course of deviant task processing using event-related electrophysiological brain activity should characterize the impact of familiality on the sequence of cognitive functions from preparation to response control in ADHD. Method Preparation and response control were assessed using behavioural and electrophysiological parameters of two versions of a cued continuous performance test with varying attentional load in boys with ADHD combined type (n = 97), their non-affected siblings (n = 27) and control children without a family history of ADHD (n = 43). RESULTS Children with ADHD and non-affected siblings showed more variable performance and made more omission errors than controls. The preparatory Cue-P3 and contingent negative variation (CNV) following cues were reduced in both ADHD children and their non-affected siblings compared with controls. The NoGo-P3 was diminished in ADHD compared with controls whilst non-affected siblings were located intermediate but did not differ from both other groups. No clear familiality effects were found for the Go-P3. Better task performance was further associated with higher CNV and P3 amplitudes. CONCLUSIONS Impairments in performance and electrophysiological parameters reflecting preparatory processes and to some extend also for inhibitory response control, especially under high attentional load, appeared to be familially driven in ADHD and may thus constitute functionally relevant endophenotypes for the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Albrecht
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
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Ogrim G, Hestad KA, Brunner JF, Kropotov J. Predicting acute side effects of stimulant medication in pediatric attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: data from quantitative electroencephalography, event-related potentials, and a continuous-performance test. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2013; 9:1301-9. [PMID: 24043939 PMCID: PMC3772868 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s49611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to search for predictors of acute side effects of stimulant medication in pediatric attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), emphasizing variables from quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG), event-related potentials (ERPs), and behavior data from a visual continuous-performance test (VCPT). METHODS Seventy medication-naïve ADHD patients aged 7-16 years were tested with QEEG, including a go/no-go task condition (VCPT) from which behavior data and ERPs were extracted, followed by a systematic trial on stimulant medication lasting at least 4 weeks. Based on data from rating scales and interviews, two psychologists who were blind to the QEEG/ERP test results independently rated the patients as having no or small side effects (n = 37) or troublesome side effects (n = 33). We determined if the side effects were related to sex, age, IQ, ADHD subtype, comorbidities, clinical outcome, and variables in QEEG, ERPs, and VCPT. RESULTS There was a moderate negative correlation between clinical outcome and side effects. Three variables were significantly associated with side effects in a multivariate logistic regression analysis. In the ERP independent component - contingent negative variation - which reflected action preparation and time evaluation, patients with high amplitudes (close to normal values) experienced more side effects than patients with lower amplitudes. A faster-than-normal reaction time in VCPT was associated with side effects, as was a high amplitude in an early ERP component (early visual independent component), reported to be influenced by attention, perceptual sensitivity, and anxiety. CONCLUSION The group with troublesome side effects had normal action-preparation electrical brain activity, a faster-than-normal reaction time, and an increased level of anxiety (measured by ERP) compared with the no side-effects group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geir Ogrim
- Neuropsychiatric Unit, Østfold Hospital Trust, Fredrikstad, Norway ; National Resource Center for ADHD, Tourettes' Syndrome and Narcolepsy, Oslo, Norway ; Institute of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
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Linssen A, Sambeth A, Riedel W, Vuurman E. Higher, faster, stronger: The effect of dynamic stimuli on response preparation and CNV amplitude. Behav Brain Res 2013; 237:308-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Revised: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Time-resolved influences of functional DAT1 and COMT variants on visual perception and post-processing. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41552. [PMID: 22844499 PMCID: PMC3402385 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dopamine plays an important role in orienting and the regulation of selective attention to relevant stimulus characteristics. Thus, we examined the influences of functional variants related to dopamine inactivation in the dopamine transporter (DAT1) and catechol-O-methyltransferase genes (COMT) on the time-course of visual processing in a contingent negative variation (CNV) task. Methods 64-channel EEG recordings were obtained from 195 healthy adolescents of a community-based sample during a continuous performance task (A-X version). Early and late CNV as well as preceding visual evoked potential components were assessed. Results Significant additive main effects of DAT1 and COMT on the occipito-temporal early CNV were observed. In addition, there was a trend towards an interaction between the two polymorphisms. Source analysis showed early CNV generators in the ventral visual stream and in frontal regions. There was a strong negative correlation between occipito-temporal visual post-processing and the frontal early CNV component. The early CNV time interval 500–1000 ms after the visual cue was specifically affected while the preceding visual perception stages were not influenced. Conclusions Late visual potentials allow the genomic imaging of dopamine inactivation effects on visual post-processing. The same specific time-interval has been found to be affected by DAT1 and COMT during motor post-processing but not motor preparation. We propose the hypothesis that similar dopaminergic mechanisms modulate working memory encoding in both the visual and motor and perhaps other systems.
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Influence of stimulant medication and response speed on lateralization of movement-related potentials in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39012. [PMID: 22720017 PMCID: PMC3375242 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hyperactivity is one of the core symptoms in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, it remains unclear in which way the motor system itself and its development are affected by the disorder. Movement-related potentials (MRP) can separate different stages of movement execution, from the programming of a movement to motor post-processing and memory traces. Pre-movement MRP are absent or positive during early childhood and display a developmental increase of negativity. Methods We examined the influences of response-speed, an indicator of the level of attention, and stimulant medication on lateralized MRP in 16 children with combined type ADHD compared to 20 matched healthy controls. Results We detected a significantly diminished lateralisation of MRP over the pre-motor and primary motor cortex during movement execution (initial motor potential peak, iMP) in patients with ADHD. Fast reactions (indicating increased visuo-motor attention) led to increased lateralized negativity during movement execution only in healthy controls, while in children with ADHD faster reaction times were associated with more positive amplitudes. Even though stimulant medication had some effect on attenuating group differences in lateralized MRP, this effect was insufficient to normalize lateralized iMP amplitudes. Conclusions A reduced focal (lateralized) motor cortex activation during the command to muscle contraction points towards an immature motor system and a maturation delay of the (pre-) motor cortex in children with ADHD. A delayed maturation of the neuronal circuitry, which involves primary motor cortex, may contribute to ADHD pathophysiology.
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Bender S, Rellum T, Freitag C, Resch F, Rietschel M, Treutlein J, Jennen-Steinmetz C, Brandeis D, Banaschewski T, Laucht M. Dopamine inactivation efficacy related to functional DAT1 and COMT variants influences motor response evaluation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37814. [PMID: 22649558 PMCID: PMC3359334 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dopamine plays an important role in orienting, response anticipation and movement evaluation. Thus, we examined the influence of functional variants related to dopamine inactivation in the dopamine transporter (DAT1) and catechol-O-methyltransferase genes (COMT) on the time-course of motor processing in a contingent negative variation (CNV) task. METHODS 64-channel EEG recordings were obtained from 195 healthy adolescents of a community-based sample during a continuous performance task (A-X version). Early and late CNV as well as motor postimperative negative variation were assessed. Adolescents were genotyped for the COMT Val(158)Met and two DAT1 polymorphisms (variable number tandem repeats in the 3'-untranslated region and in intron 8). RESULTS The results revealed a significant interaction between COMT and DAT1, indicating that COMT exerted stronger effects on lateralized motor post-processing (centro-parietal motor postimperative negative variation) in homozygous carriers of a DAT1 haplotype increasing DAT1 expression. Source analysis showed that the time interval 500-1000 ms after the motor response was specifically affected in contrast to preceding movement anticipation and programming stages, which were not altered. CONCLUSIONS Motor slow negative waves allow the genomic imaging of dopamine inactivation effects on cortical motor post-processing during response evaluation. This is the first report to point towards epistatic effects in the motor system during response evaluation, i.e. during the post-processing of an already executed movement rather than during movement programming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Bender
- Section for Clinical Neurophysiology and Multimodal Neuroimaging, Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Department, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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Kratz O, Studer P, Baack J, Malcherek S, Erbe K, Moll GH, Heinrich H. Differential effects of methylphenidate and atomoxetine on attentional processes in children with ADHD: an event-related potential study using the Attention Network Test. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2012; 37:81-9. [PMID: 22227291 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2011.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Revised: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Methylphenidate (MPH) and atomoxetine (ATX) are effective medications in the treatment of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The aim of this study was to investigate differential effects of MPH and ATX on attentional functions at the performance and the neuronal level in children with ADHD. Using the Attention Network Test (ANT), differential effects of both medications on the noradrenergic alerting network and the dopaminergic executive attention network were considered. Nineteen children with ADHD performed the ANT three times while event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded. The baseline testing was conducted without medication. In two medication blocks of 8 weeks each, medication was individually titrated for each child (cross-over design, balanced order). At the end of the medication blocks the testing was repeated. While both medications comparably reduced ADHD symptomatology, MPH had some advantages over ATX with regard to performance measures on the ANT and the underlying neuronal mechanisms. Compared with ATX, MPH led to a larger reduction in reaction time variability, which was accompanied by an MPH-related increase in the contingent negative variation (CNV) compared to the baseline testing. Contrary to our expectations, specific alerting network effects were not observed with ATX. Due to the chosen study design, it remains unresolved to what extent e.g. shortened reaction times and smaller conflict scores that were observed with both medications reflect practice or medication effects. The differential pattern of MPH vs. ATX effects on attentional functions in children with ADHD may be explained by the dopaminergic effects of MPH within the cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Kratz
- Department of Child & Adolescent Mental Health, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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Bruckmann S, Hauk D, Roessner V, Resch F, Freitag CM, Kammer T, Ziemann U, Rothenberger A, Weisbrod M, Bender S. Cortical inhibition in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: new insights from the electroencephalographic response to transcranial magnetic stimulation. Brain 2012; 135:2215-30. [PMID: 22492560 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aws071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is one of the most frequent neuropsychiatric disorders in childhood. Transcranial magnetic stimulation studies based on muscle responses (motor-evoked potentials) suggested that reduced motor inhibition contributes to hyperactivity, a core symptom of the disease. Here we employed the N100 component of the electroencephalographic response to transcranial magnetic stimulation as a novel marker for a direct assessment of cortical inhibitory processes, which has not been examined in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder so far. We further investigated to what extent affected children were able to regulate motor cortical inhibition, and whether effects of age on the electroencephalographic response to transcranial magnetic stimulation were compatible with either a delay in brain maturation or a qualitatively different development. N100 amplitude evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation and its age-dependent development were assessed in 20 children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and 19 healthy control children (8-14 years) by 64-channel electroencephalography. Amplitude and latency of the N100 component were compared at rest, during response preparation in a forewarned motor reaction time task and during movement execution. The amplitude of the N100 component at rest was significantly lower and its latency tended to be shorter in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Only in controls, N100 amplitude to transcranial magnetic stimulation was reduced by response preparation. During movement execution, N100 amplitude decreased while motor evoked potential amplitudes showed facilitation, indicating that the electroencephalographic response to transcranial magnetic stimulation provides further information on cortical excitability independent of motor evoked potential amplitudes and spinal influences. Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder showed a smaller N100 amplitude reduction during movement execution compared with control children. The N100 amplitude evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation decreased with increasing age in both groups. The N100 reduction in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder at all ages suggests a qualitative difference rather than delayed development of cortical inhibition in this disease. Findings further suggest that top-down control of motor cortical inhibition is reduced in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. We conclude that evoked potentials in response to transcranial magnetic stimulation are a promising new marker of cortical inhibition in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder during childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Bruckmann
- Department for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Centre for Psychosocial Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Blumenstr. 8, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
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