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Kaliuzhna M, Carruzzo F, Kuenzi N, Tobler PN, Kirschner M, Geffen T, Katthagen T, Böge K, Zierhut MM, Schlagenhauf F, Kaiser S. Adaptive coding of reward in schizophrenia, its change over time and relationship to apathy. Brain 2024; 147:2459-2470. [PMID: 38608149 PMCID: PMC11224610 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awae112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Adaptive coding of reward is the process by which neurons adapt their response to the context of available compensations. Higher rewards lead to a stronger brain response, but the increase of the response depends on the range of available rewards. A steeper increase is observed in a narrow range and a more gradual slope in a wider range. In schizophrenia, adaptive coding appears to be affected in different domains, especially in the reward domain. Here, we tested adaptive coding of reward in a large group of patients with schizophrenia (n = 86) and control subjects (n = 66). We assessed: (i) the association between adaptive coding deficits and symptoms; (ii) the longitudinal stability of deficits (the same task was performed 3 months apart); and (iii) the stability of results between two experimental sites. We used functional MRI and the monetary incentive delay task to assess adaptation of participants to two different reward ranges: a narrow range and a wide range. We used a region-of-interest analysis to evaluate adaptation within striatal and visual regions. Patients and control subjects underwent a full demographic and clinical assessment. We found reduced adaptive coding in patients, with a decreased slope in the narrow reward range with respect to that of control participants, in striatal but not visual regions. This pattern was observed at both research sites. Upon retesting, patients increased their narrow-range slopes, showing improved adaptive coding, whereas control subjects slightly reduced them. At retesting, patients with overly steep slopes in the narrow range also showed higher levels of negative symptoms. Our data confirm deficits in reward adaptation in schizophrenia and reveal an effect of practice in patients, leading to improvement, with steeper slopes upon retesting. However, in some patients, an excessively steep slope may result in poor discriminability of larger rewards, owing to early saturation of the brain response. Together, the loss of precision of reward representation in new (first exposure, underadaptation) and more familiar (retest, overadaptation) situations might contribute to the multiple motivational symptoms in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariia Kaliuzhna
- Clinical and Experimental Psychopathology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Fabien Carruzzo
- Clinical and Experimental Psychopathology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Noémie Kuenzi
- Department of Psychiatry, Geneva University Hospitals, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Philippe N Tobler
- Laboratory for Social and Neural Systems Research, Department of Economics, University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Kirschner
- Department of Psychiatry, Geneva University Hospitals, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Tal Geffen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Teresa Katthagen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kerem Böge
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marco M Zierhut
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Florian Schlagenhauf
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Kaiser
- Department of Psychiatry, Geneva University Hospitals, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
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Zhao Y, Li Y, Du J, Fang C, Li W, Lv M, Wu Y, Wang K, Wu T, Tian Y, Zhang J. Modulation of hemispheric asymmetry in executive control of attention in schizophrenia with atypical antipsychotic treatment: Potential benefits of olanzapine. Schizophr Res Cogn 2024; 36:100306. [PMID: 38469136 PMCID: PMC10926294 DOI: 10.1016/j.scog.2024.100306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Deficits in executive control of attention have been reported in schizophrenia patients, but can be ameliorated by treatment of atypical antipsychotics along with the symptoms. However, it remains unclear whether this effect is related to a modulation of hemispheric asymmetry in executive control by the medicine. In this behavioral study, we employed a lateralized version of the attention network test to examine the hemispheric asymmetry of executive control in schizophrenia patients before and after olanzapine treatment, compared to matched healthy controls. Executive control was measured as a conflict effect, indexed as the response time (RT) difference between incongruent versus congruent flanker conditions, and was compared between stimuli presented in the left and the right visual field (i.e., processed by right versus left hemisphere of the brain). Results showed that pre-treatment schizophrenia patients revealed a right hemisphere superiority in conflict effect (i.e., a smaller effect in the right hemisphere than in the left hemisphere), driven by the incongruent condition. Olanzapine treatment reduced this right hemisphere superiority by improving the efficiency of the left hemisphere in the incongruent condition. These results suggested that olanzapine treatment may improve the efficiency of executive control in the left hemisphere in schizophrenia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhao
- The Sixth People's Hospital of Anqing, Anqing 246000, Anhui, China
| | - Yifan Li
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230000, Anhui, China
| | - Jing Du
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230000, Anhui, China
| | - Chuanlong Fang
- The Sixth People's Hospital of Anqing, Anqing 246000, Anhui, China
| | - Wansheng Li
- The Sixth People's Hospital of Anqing, Anqing 246000, Anhui, China
| | - Mengyu Lv
- Beijing Key Lab of Learning and Cognition, School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230000, Anhui, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230000, Anhui, China
- Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei 230000, Anhui, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Cognition and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Hefei 230000, Anhui, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Neuropsychiatric Disorders and Mental Health, Hefei 230000, Anhui, China
- The School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230000, Anhui, China
| | - Tingting Wu
- Beijing Key Lab of Learning and Cognition, School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, Beijing, China
| | - Yanghua Tian
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230000, Anhui, China
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230000, Anhui, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Cognition and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Hefei 230000, Anhui, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Neuropsychiatric Disorders and Mental Health, Hefei 230000, Anhui, China
| | - Juanjuan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230000, Anhui, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Cognition and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Hefei 230000, Anhui, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Neuropsychiatric Disorders and Mental Health, Hefei 230000, Anhui, China
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Adam Yaple Z, Tolomeo S, Yu R. Spatial and chronic differences in neural activity in medicated and unmedicated schizophrenia patients. Neuroimage Clin 2022; 35:103029. [PMID: 35569228 PMCID: PMC9112098 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2022.103029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The medicated schizophrenia group yielded concordant activity among three right lateralized frontal clusters and a left lateralized parietal cluster. The unmedicated schizophrenia group yielded concordant activity among right lateralized frontal-parietal regions. A neural compensatory mechanism in schizophrenia.
A major caveat with investigations on schizophrenic patients is the difficulty to control for medication usage across samples as disease-related neural differences may be confounded by medication usage. Following a thorough literature search (632 records identified), we included 37 studies with a total of 740 medicated schizophrenia patients and 367 unmedicated schizophrenia patients. Here, we perform several meta-analyses to assess the neurofunctional differences between medicated and unmedicated schizophrenic patients across fMRI studies to determine systematic regions associated with medication usage. Several clusters identified by the meta-analysis on the medicated group include three right lateralized frontal clusters and a left lateralized parietal cluster, whereas the unmedicated group yielded concordant activity among right lateralized frontal-parietal regions. We further explored the prevalence of activity within these regions across illness duration and task type. These findings suggest a neural compensatory mechanism across these regions both spatially and chronically, offering new insight into the spatial and temporal dynamic neural differences among medicated and unmedicated schizophrenia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Serenella Tolomeo
- Social and Cognitive Computing Department, Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rongjun Yu
- Department of Management, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; Department of Sport, Physical Education and Health, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; Department of Physics, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
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Present and future antipsychotic drugs: a systematic review of the putative mechanisms of action for efficacy and a critical appraisal under a translational perspective. Pharmacol Res 2022; 176:106078. [PMID: 35026403 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Antipsychotics represent the mainstay of schizophrenia pharmacological therapy, and their role has been expanded in the last years to mood disorders treatment. Although introduced in 1952, many years of research were required before an accurate picture of how antipsychotics work began to emerge. Despite the well-recognized characterization of antipsychotics in typical and atypical based on their liability to induce motor adverse events, their main action at dopamine D2R to elicit the "anti-psychotic" effect, as well as the multimodal action at other classes of receptors, their effects on intracellular mechanisms starting with receptor occupancy is still not completely understood. Significant lines of evidence converge on the impact of these compounds on multiple molecular signaling pathways implicated in the regulation of early genes and growth factors, dendritic spine shape, brain inflammation, and immune response, tuning overall the function and architecture of the synapse. Here we present, based on PRISMA approach, a comprehensive and systematic review of the above mechanisms under a translational perspective to disentangle those intracellular actions and signaling that may underline clinically relevant effects and represent potential targets for further innovative strategies in antipsychotic therapy.
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Yu W, Zhu M, Fang H, Zhou J, Ye L, Bian W, Wang Y, Zhu H, Xiao J, Zhu H, Li H. Risperidone Reverses the Downregulation of BDNF in Hippocampal Neurons and MK801-Induced Cognitive Impairment in Rats. Front Behav Neurosci 2019; 13:163. [PMID: 31396062 PMCID: PMC6664152 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
MK-801, also known as dizocilpine, is a non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor antagonist that induces schizophrenia-like symptoms. Our previous study showed that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling was upregulated in cultured hippocampal astrocytes in response to MK-801. However, dysfunctional NMDA receptors are mainly expressed in neurons. The effects of MK-801 on neuron-derived BDNF expression and of risperidone on MK-801-induced cognitive impairment and changes in BDNF expression are unclear. To address this issue, we examined BDNF expression in the hippocampus of rats that received repeated injections of MK-801 (0.5 mg/kg body weight for 6 days) and in primary cultured hippocampal neurons incubated with 20 μM MK-801 for 24 h. BDNF expression and cognitive function were also evaluated in rats receiving intraperitoneal injections of risperidone (1 mg/kg body weight) once daily for 7 days and in hippocampal neurons incubated with 10 μM risperidone following MK801 treatment. MK-801 treatment decreased BDNF expression in the rat hippocampus as well as the expression and secretion of BDNF in hippocampal neurons in vitro. However, risperidone reversed the effects of MK801 on BDNF level and improved cognitive function in rats treated with MK801. These findings suggest that risperidone may alleviate cognitive impairment caused by MK801 via upregulation of BNDF signaling in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Yu
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, South Campus, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongwei Fang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Unit, Dongfang Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Le Ye
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenyu Bian
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Xiao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huafang Li
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai, China.,Clinical Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Del Fabro L, Delvecchio G, D'Agostino A, Brambilla P. Effects of olanzapine during cognitive and emotional processing in schizophrenia: A review of functional magnetic resonance imaging findings. Hum Psychopharmacol 2019; 34:e2693. [PMID: 30901117 DOI: 10.1002/hup.2693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Olanzapine is an atypical antipsychotic that is widely used in the treatment of schizophrenia and has shown some degree of efficacy on negative and cognitive symptoms. We aimed to review the effects of olanzapine treatment on brain regions that are directly involved in cognitive and emotional processing. METHODS We used the PubMed database to perform a bibliographic search on functional magnetic resonance imaging studies that investigated the effects of olanzapine treatment on neural activity in patients with schizophrenia during cognitive and emotional tasks. RESULTS Despite the high variability of tasks and analysis methods employed, the weight of the evidence was consistent with the hypothesis that olanzapine treatment is associated with a normalization of brain activity in schizophrenia. Distinctive functional changes were found in frontal cortex and cingulate cortex activity during both cognitive and emotional tasks. During emotional processing, olanzapine treatment seems to specifically regulate the activity of the striatum and limbic system. CONCLUSIONS The results of the reviewed studies suggest that in patients with schizophrenia, olanzapine treatment might lead to a more physiological brain activity coupled with regulation of dopamine release. Future studies should further corroborate these hypotheses using larger samples and homogeneous experimental tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giuseppe Delvecchio
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Brambilla
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca'Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences, UT Houston Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
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Kono S, Miura I, Oshima S, Hikita M, Wada A, Suzuki R, Niwa SI, Yabe H. Frontal activity measured by near-infrared spectroscopy in patients taking different atypical antipsychotic drugs: A cross-sectional study. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2018; 273:42-45. [PMID: 29329742 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Revised: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Using near-infrared spectroscopy, we examined changes in the concentration of oxygenated hemoglobin ([oxy-Hb]) in the frontal lobe during a verbal fluency task in 20 patients with schizophrenia (10 patients each receiving olanzapine [OLZ] and risperidone [RIS]) and 10 healthy controls. We found that [oxy-Hb] levels in the prefrontal region were higher in the patients receiving OLZ than in those receiving RIS. These results suggest that antipsychotic drugs have different effects on cerebral hemodynamic patterns, which may reflect frontal lobe function. Further studies with a larger sample size are needed to verify our preliminary findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soichi Kono
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan; Department of Psychiatry, Jusendo Shonan Hospital, Fukushima, Japan.
| | - Itaru Miura
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Sachie Oshima
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Masayuki Hikita
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Akira Wada
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan; Department of Neuropsychiatry, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rieko Suzuki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan; Department of Psychiatry, Asaka Hospital, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Niwa
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan; Department of Psychiatry, Aizu Medical Center, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Hirooki Yabe
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
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Mutlu A, Mutlu O, Ulak G, Akar F, Kaya H, Erden F, Tanyeri P. Superior effects of quetiapine compared with aripiprazole and iloperidone on MK-801-induced olfactory memory impairment in female mice. Biomed Rep 2017; 6:567-570. [PMID: 28515915 DOI: 10.3892/br.2017.879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive dysfunction is commonly observed in schizophrenic patients and the administration of antipsychotic treatments results in different outcomes. Although the typical antipsychotic treatments, such as haloperidol, appear to be unable to improve cognition dysfunction, the atypical antipsychotic drugs (quetiapine, aripiprazole and iloperidone) exert a beneficial effect. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the effects of atypical antipsychotics on olfactory memory in mice, utilizing the social transmission of food preference (STFP) tests to evaluate the effects of drugs on MK-801-induced cognitive dysfunction. Female BALB/c mice were treated with quetiapine (5 and 10 mg/kg), aripiprazole (3 and 6 mg/kg), iloperidone (0.5 and 1 mg/kg) or MK-801 (0.1 mg/kg) alone or concurrently prior to retention sessions of STFP tests. In the STFP tests, quetiapine (10 mg/kg; P<0.05), aripiprazole (3 and 6 mg/kg; P<0.01 and P<0.001, respectively), iloperidone (0.5 and 1 mg/kg; P<0.01 and P<0.001, respectively) and MK-801 (P<0.001) significantly decreased cued/total food eaten (%). Quetiapine (5 mg/kg; P<0.05) significantly increased MK-801-induced decreases in cued/total food eaten (%), while aripiprazole and iloperidone demonstrated no significant effects. The results revealed that all of the drugs disturbed olfactory memory in the naive mice; however, only quetiapine reversed MK-801-induced memory impairment in the STFP test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Mutlu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Uskudar State Hospital, Istanbul 34672, Turkey
| | - Oguz Mutlu
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli 41380, Turkey
| | - Guner Ulak
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli 41380, Turkey
| | - Furuzan Akar
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli 41380, Turkey
| | - Havva Kaya
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli 41380, Turkey
| | - Faruk Erden
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli 41380, Turkey
| | - Pelin Tanyeri
- Department of Pharmacology, Sakarya University, Faculty of Medicine, Sakarya 54100, Turkey
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Quel est le rôle des tests et examens complémentaires dans un essai clinique en psychiatrie ? Encephale 2016; 42:S47-S50. [DOI: 10.1016/s0013-7006(17)30054-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Lessard N, McNally-Gagnon A, Dubuc MJ, Forget J, Mottard JP, Leblanc J, Lassonde M. Preserved priming effect in individuals with schizophrenia: cues towards rehabilitation. Cogn Neuropsychiatry 2016; 20:512-25. [PMID: 26512433 DOI: 10.1080/13546805.2015.1100111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Individuals with schizophrenia and affective disorders show relatively intact implicit memory as compared to declarative memory. Implicit memory is usually assessed with skill learning and priming tasks. Whereas priming is thought to involve storage changes in the posterior neocortex, skill learning is thought to rely more on the corticostriatal pathway. Since frontostriatal and frontotemporal dysfunctions are, respectively, found in schizophrenia and affective disorders, we hypothesised that individuals with schizophrenia and first-episode psychosis would exhibit disturbances in skill learning, but not priming. METHODS Thirty-five patients (11 first-episode psychosis; 11 schizophrenia; 13 affective disorders) and 10 controls completed a procedural learning and priming task. Participants had to identify fragmented images throughout five training sessions. The improvement of the threshold at which the images could be identified between the first and last session was used as an index of procedural learning. In a final session, the identification thresholds for old and new images were compared to assess the priming effect. RESULTS Whereas individuals with schizophrenia and first-episode psychosis showed impaired skill learning, the priming effect was similar in all groups. CONCLUSION Even though some aspects of learning and memory are affected in schizophrenia, our results suggest that the posterior cortical pathway remains efficient at modulating the priming effect. This intact ability could be used to guide the elaboration of new rehabilitation programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Lessard
- a Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal , Montréal , Québec , Canada.,b Department of Psychology , Université de Montréal , Montréal , Québec , Canada
| | | | | | - Julie Forget
- d Institut Saint-Pierre , Palavas-les-Flots , France
| | - Jean-Pierre Mottard
- a Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal , Montréal , Québec , Canada.,e Department of Psychiatry , Université de Montréal , Montréal , Québec , Canada
| | - Jean Leblanc
- a Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal , Montréal , Québec , Canada.,e Department of Psychiatry , Université de Montréal , Montréal , Québec , Canada
| | - Maryse Lassonde
- b Department of Psychology , Université de Montréal , Montréal , Québec , Canada
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Waltz JA. The neural underpinnings of cognitive flexibility and their disruption in psychotic illness. Neuroscience 2016; 345:203-217. [PMID: 27282085 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SZ) has long been associated with a variety of cognitive deficits, including reduced cognitive flexibility. More recent findings, however, point to tremendous inter-individual variability among patients on measures of cognitive flexibility/set-shifting. With an eye toward shedding light on potential sources of variability in set-shifting abilities among SZ patients, I examine the neural substrates of underlying probabilistic reversal learning (PRL) - a paradigmatic measure of cognitive flexibility - as well as neuromodulatory influences upon these systems. Finally, I report on behavioral and neuroimaging studies of PRL in SZ patients, discussing the potentially influences of illness profile and antipsychotic medications on cognitive flexibility in SZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Waltz
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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