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Ortegon S, Giner P, Cruz B, Carcoba LM, Clapp B, Clegg DJ, O'Dell LE. Effectiveness of pharmacotherapies for diabetes on nicotine, food, and water intake in insulin-resistant rats. ADVANCES IN DRUG AND ALCOHOL RESEARCH 2024; 3:11812. [PMID: 38389818 PMCID: PMC10880793 DOI: 10.3389/adar.2023.11812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
The intersectionality between diabetes medications and nicotine consumption was assessed in female and male rats. Briefly, the rats were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) or regular diet (RD) for 4 weeks. Then separate groups received vehicle or a low dose of streptozotocin (STZ; 25 mg/kg). Three days later, insulin resistance was assessed by measuring plasma glucose levels for 180 min following an injection of insulin (0.75 U/kg). The rats were then prepared with jugular catheters, and they were given 23 h access to nicotine intravenous self-administration (IVSA) in 4 days cycles with 3 days of forced abstinence in their home cages where they consumed their respective diet. During the IVSA sessions, operant responses for food and water and changes in body weight were recorded. Prior to administration of the pharmacotherapies, the rats were given access to two doses of nicotine (0.015 then 0.03 mg/kg for the remainder of the study). Then, daily injections of the pharmacotherapies were given at the onset of dark cycle (6 p.m.) in the following order: 1) dapagliflozin (3.0 then 10.0 mg/kg), 2) insulin (0.75 U/kg twice), and 3) bromocriptine (3.0 then 10.0 mg/kg). The results suggest that our HFD+STZ regiment induced insulin resistance in female and male rats. Also, the HFD-fed rats displayed higher nicotine intake than RD controls, regardless of sex. Administration of insulin, but not dapagliflozin or bromocriptine, normalized nicotine intake in HFD-fed rats to control levels. These results have clinical implications regarding the potential efficacy of insulin to control excessive nicotine intake in persons with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Ortegon
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Priscilla Giner
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Bryan Cruz
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Luis M Carcoba
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Benjamin Clapp
- Texas Tech University Health Science Center-El Paso, Paul Foster School of Medicine, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Deborah J Clegg
- Texas Tech University Health Science Center-El Paso, Paul Foster School of Medicine, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Laura E O'Dell
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
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Vargas-Medrano J, Carcoba LM, Vidal Martinez G, Mulla ZD, Diaz V, Ruiz-Velasco A, Alvarez-Primo F, Colina G, Iñiguez SD, Thompson PM, O’Dell LE, Gadad BS. Sex and diet-dependent gene alterations in human and rat brains with a history of nicotine exposure. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1104563. [PMID: 36846236 PMCID: PMC9950561 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1104563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Chronic nicotine exposure induces changes in the expression of key regulatory genes associated with metabolic function and neuronal alterations in the brain. Many bioregulatory genes have been associated with exposure to nicotine, but the modulating effects of sex and diet on gene expression in nicotine-exposed brains have been largely unexplored. Both humans and rodents display motivation for nicotine use and the emergence of withdrawal symptoms during abstinence. Research comparing pre-clinical models with human subjects provides an important opportunity to understand common biomarkers of the harmful effects of nicotine as well as information that may help guide the development of more effective interventions for nicotine cessation. Methods Human postmortem dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dLPFC) tissue BA9 was collected from female and male subjects, smokers and non-smokers (N = 12 per group). Rat frontal lobes were collected from female and male rats that received a regular diet (RD) or a high-fat diet (HFD) (N = 12 per group) for 14 days following implantation of a osmotic mini-pump (Alzet) that delivered nicotine continuously. Controls (control-s) received a sham surgical procedure. RNA was extracted from tissue from human and rat samples and reversed-transcribed to cDNA. Gene expression of CHRNA10 (Cholinergic receptor nicotinic alpha 10), CERKL (Ceramide Kinase-Like), SMYD1 (SET and MYD Domin Containing 1), and FA2H (Fatty Acid 2-Hydrolase) in humans was compared to rats in each subset of groups and quantified by qPCR methods. Additionally, protein expression of FA2H was analyzed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in human dLPFC. Results Humans with a history of smoking displayed decreased CHRNA10 (p = 0.0005), CERKL (p ≤ 0.0001), and SMYD1 (p = 0.0005) expression and increased FA2H (p = 0.0097) expression compared to non-smokers (p < 0.05). Similar patterns of results were observed in nicotine exposed vs. control rats. Interestingly, sex-related differences in gene expression for CERKL and FA2H were observed. In addition, ANCOVA analysis showed a significant effect of nicotine in a sex-different manner, including an increase in CERKL in male and female rats with RD or HFD. In rats exposed to an HFD, FA2H gene expression was lower in nicotine-treated rats compared to RD rats treated with nicotine. Protein expression of FA2H (p = 0.001) by IHC was significantly higher in smokers compared to non-smokers. Conclusion These results suggest that a history of long-term nicotine exposure in humans alters the expression of sphingolipid metabolism-related (CERKL, SMYD1, and FA2H) and neuronal (CHRNA10) marker genes similarly as compared to rats. Sex- and diet-dependent differences appear in nicotine-exposed rats, critical in regulating sphingolipid metabolism and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. This research enhances the construct validity of rat models of nicotine usage by showing a similar pattern of changes in gene expression in human subjects with a smoking history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Vargas-Medrano
- Department of Psychiatry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, United States
- Southwest Brain Bank, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Luis M. Carcoba
- Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Guadalupe Vidal Martinez
- Department of Psychiatry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, United States
- Southwest Brain Bank, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Zuber D. Mulla
- Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Victoria Diaz
- Department of Psychiatry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, United States
- Southwest Brain Bank, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Alejandra Ruiz-Velasco
- Department of Psychiatry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, United States
- Southwest Brain Bank, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Fabian Alvarez-Primo
- Department of Psychiatry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, United States
- Southwest Brain Bank, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Gabriela Colina
- Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Sergio D. Iñiguez
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Peter M. Thompson
- Department of Psychiatry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, United States
- Southwest Brain Bank, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, United States
- Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Laura E. O’Dell
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Bharathi S. Gadad
- Department of Psychiatry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, United States
- Southwest Brain Bank, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, United States
- Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, United States
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Magliaro C, Ahluwalia A. Biomedical Research on Substances of Abuse: The Italian Case Study. Altern Lab Anim 2022; 50:423-436. [PMID: 36222242 DOI: 10.1177/02611929221132215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Substances of abuse have the potential to cause addiction, habituation or altered consciousness. Most of the research on these substances focuses on addiction, and is carried out through observational and clinical studies on humans, or experimental studies on animals. The transposition of the EU Directive 2010/63 into Italian law in 2014 (IT Law 2014/26) includes a ban on the use of animals for research on substances of abuse. Since then, in Italy, public debate has continued on the topic, while the application of the Article prohibiting animal research in this area has been postponed every couple of years. In the light of this debate, we briefly review a range of methodologies - including animal and non-animal, as well as patient or population-based studies - that have been employed to address the biochemical, neurobiological, toxicological, clinical and behavioural effects of substances of abuse and their dependency. We then discuss the implications of the Italian ban on the use of animals for such research, proposing concrete and evidence-based solutions to allow scientists to pursue high-quality basic and translational studies within the boundaries of the regulatory and legislative framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Magliaro
- Research Centre 'E. Piaggio', 9310University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Department of Information Engineering, 9310University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Interuniversity Centre for the Promotion of 3R Principles in Teaching and Research (Centro 3R), Pisa, Italy
| | - Arti Ahluwalia
- Research Centre 'E. Piaggio', 9310University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Department of Information Engineering, 9310University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Interuniversity Centre for the Promotion of 3R Principles in Teaching and Research (Centro 3R), Pisa, Italy
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Arakaki S, Minami M. Role of noradrenergic transmission within the ventral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in nicotine withdrawal-induced aversive behavior. Neuropsychopharmacol Rep 2022; 42:233-237. [PMID: 35437943 PMCID: PMC9216371 DOI: 10.1002/npr2.12252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Cessation of smoking induces nicotine withdrawal symptoms such as anxiety, depression, and dysphoria, which could lead to smoking relapse. In the present study, we examined the role of noradrenergic transmission within the ventral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (vBNST) on nicotine withdrawal-induced aversive behavior. METHODS Nicotine dependence in rats was established by subcutaneous implantation with a nicotine-filled osmotic minipump on day 1. Nicotine withdrawal was precipitated by administration of the nicotine receptor antagonist, mecamylamine (3.0 mg/kg, s.c.), on day 15. Nicotine withdrawal-induced intra-vBNST noradrenaline release and aversive behavior were examined by in vivo microdialysis and a conditioned place aversion (CPA) test, respectively. RESULTS Intra-vBNST noradrenaline release was significantly increased during nicotine withdrawal. Nicotine withdrawal induced aversive behavior, which was attenuated by intra-vBNST injection of the β-adrenoceptor antagonist, timolol. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that enhanced noradrenergic transmission via β-adrenoceptors in the vBNST plays a crucial role in nicotine withdrawal-induced aversive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saya Arakaki
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masabumi Minami
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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The emergence of insulin resistance following a chronic high-fat diet regimen coincides with an increase in the reinforcing effects of nicotine in a sex-dependent manner. Neuropharmacology 2021; 200:108787. [PMID: 34571112 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The present study assessed the sex-dependent effects of insulin resistance on the reinforcing effects of nicotine. Female and male rats received a chronic high-fat diet (HFD) or regular diet (RD) for 8 weeks. A subset of rats then received vehicle or a dose of streptozotocin (STZ; 25 mg/kg) that induces insulin resistance. To assess insulin resistance, glucose levels were measured 15, 30, 60, 120, and 180 min after an insulin injection (0.75 U/kg). Nine days later, the rats were given extended access to intravenous self-administration (IVSA) of nicotine (0.015, 0.03, 0.06 mg/kg) in an operant box where they consumed their respective diet ad libitum and performed responses for water deliveries. Each nicotine dose was delivered for 4 days with 3 intermittent days of abstinence in their home cage. The day after the last IVSA session, physical signs were compared following administration of mecamylamine (3.0 mg/kg) to precipitate nicotine withdrawal. The results revealed that there were no changes in insulin resistance or nicotine intake in HFD alone rats regardless of sex. Insulin resistance was observed in HFD-fed rats that received STZ, and the magnitude of this effect was greater in males versus females. Our major finding was that nicotine intake was greater among HFD + STZ female rats as compared to males. Lastly, the physical signs of withdrawal were similar across all groups. Our results suggest that females diagnosed with disorders that disrupt insulin signaling, such as diabetes may be at risk of greater vulnerability to nicotine use due to enhanced reinforcing effects of this drug.
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Associations of clinical, psychological, and socioeconomic characteristics with nicotine dependence in smokers. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18544. [PMID: 34535702 PMCID: PMC8448893 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97387-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is a risk factor of mortality and morbidity from various cancerous, respiratory, and myocardial diseases. Nicotine dependence is assessed based on the degree of physical dependence. We aimed to determine the clinical, socioeconomic and psychological factors associated with the smoking status and degree of nicotine dependence of smokers. From April 2009 to September 2010, we retrospectively collected data from 17,577 subjects aged ≥ 18 years who had undergone a general health examination at a health promotion center. The instruments used included the Fagerström Tolerance Questionnaire (FTQ), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Stress Response Inventory (SRI), and Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT). Of the current smokers (N = 3946), 2345 (59%), 1154 (29%), and 447 (12%) had low, moderate, and high nicotine dependence, respectively. In multiple logistic analysis, predictors of high nicotine dependence were male sex (odds ratio [OR] 3.705, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.997–6.945), older age (≥ 65 years) (OR 1.016, 95% CI 1.004–1.029), higher body mass index (BMI) (OR 1.048, 95% CI 1.018–1.078), diabetes (OR 1.870, 95% CI 1.251–2.794), single marital status (OR 1.575, 95% CI 1.186–2.092), lower education level (OR 1.887, 95% CI 1.463–2.433), and a higher stress level (OR 1.018, 95% CI 1.997–6.945). Thus, clinical, psychological, socioeconomic status including male, older age, higher BMI, diabetes, single marital status, lower education, and higher stress should be taken into consideration by promoting smoking cessation.
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Harris AC. Magnitude of open-field thigmotaxis during mecamylamine-precipitated nicotine withdrawal in rats is influenced by mecamylamine dose, duration of nicotine infusion, number of withdrawal episodes, and age. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2021; 205:173185. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2021.173185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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8
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Converging vulnerability factors for compulsive food and drug use. Neuropharmacology 2021; 196:108556. [PMID: 33862029 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Highly palatable foods and substance of abuse have intersecting neurobiological, metabolic and behavioral effects relevant for understanding vulnerability to conditions related to food (e.g., obesity, binge eating disorder) and drug (e.g., substance use disorder) misuse. Here, we review data from animal models, clinical populations and epidemiological evidence in behavioral, genetic, pathophysiologic and therapeutic domains. Results suggest that consumption of highly palatable food and drugs of abuse both impact and conversely are regulated by metabolic hormones and metabolic status. Palatable foods high in fat and/or sugar can elicit adaptation in brain reward and withdrawal circuitry akin to substances of abuse. Intake of or withdrawal from palatable food can impact behavioral sensitivity to drugs of abuse and vice versa. A robust literature suggests common substrates and roles for negative reinforcement, negative affect, negative urgency, and impulse control deficits, with both highly palatable foods and substances of abuse. Candidate genetic risk loci shared by obesity and alcohol use disorders have been identified in molecules classically associated with both metabolic and motivational functions. Finally, certain drugs may have overlapping therapeutic potential to treat obesity, diabetes, binge-related eating disorders and substance use disorders. Taken together, data are consistent with the hypotheses that compulsive food and substance use share overlapping, interacting substrates at neurobiological and metabolic levels and that motivated behavior associated with feeding or substance use might constitute vulnerability factors for one another. This article is part of the special issue on 'Vulnerabilities to Substance Abuse'.
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Cruz B, Carcoba LM, Flores RJ, Espinoza EJ, Nazarian A, O’Dell LE. Insulin restores the neurochemical effects of nicotine in the mesolimbic pathway of diabetic rats. J Neurochem 2021; 156:200-211. [PMID: 32562571 PMCID: PMC7749845 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This study examined whether insulin modulates the neurochemical effects of nicotine in the mesolimbic pathway of diabetic rats. The rats received vehicle or streptozotocin (STZ) to induce hypoinsulinemia. A subset of STZ-treated rats was implanted with insulin pellets that rapidly normalized glucose levels. Two-weeks later, dialysis probes were implanted into the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and ipsilateral ventral tegmental area (VTA). The next day, dialysate samples were collected during baseline and then following systemic administration of nicotine. Samples were also collected following intra-VTA administration of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)A receptor antagonist, bicuculline. Dopamine, GABA, glutamate, and acetylcholine (ACh) levels were assessed using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS). The results revealed that vehicle-treated rats displayed a nicotine-induced increase in NAc dopamine levels. In contrast, STZ-treated rats did not display any changes in NAc dopamine following nicotine administration, an effect that was likely related to a concomitant increase in GABA and decrease in glutamate levels in both the NAc and VTA. Intra-VTA administration of bicuculline increased NAc dopamine in vehicle-treated rats, and this effect was absent in STZ-treated rats. Vehicle-treated rats displayed a nicotine-induced increase in ACh levels in the NAc (but not VTA), an effect that was lower in the NAc of STZ-treated rats. Insulin supplementation normalized the neurochemical effects of nicotine in the NAc and VTA of STZ-treated rats, suggesting that insulin modulates the neurochemical effects of nicotine in the mesolimbic pathway of diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Cruz
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Luis M. Carcoba
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Rodolfo J. Flores
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | | | - Arbi Nazarian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Laura E. O’Dell
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
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Examination of nicotine and saccharin reward in the Goto-Kakizaki diabetic rat model. Neurosci Lett 2020; 721:134825. [PMID: 32036029 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.134825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Morbidity and mortality attributed to type 2 diabetes have exponentially increased in the US. At exceptionally high risk is a subpopulation of persons with type 2 diabetes who smoke, which are shown to have decreased success rates of smoking cessation than euglycemic smokers. Preclinical research in our laboratory has shown that the rewarding effects of nicotine are enhanced in the streptozotocin and high-fat diet rodent model of diabetes. It is presently unclear whether this enhancement of nicotine reward can be demonstrated in other insulin resistant rat models. This study aimed to determine if a similar increase in nicotine reward is found in Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats, a model of the spontaneous formation of insulin resistance in an inbred sub-strain of Wistar rat. Nicotine conditioned place preference (CPP) was examined in Sprague-Dawley (SD), Wistar, and GK rats. A robust nicotine CPP was found in SD and Wistar rats, but nicotine CPP was not detected in GK rats. Locomotor activity was also evaluated in all three strains, and GK rats demonstrated significantly less activity as compared to SD and Wistar rats. To further assess reward behavior in GK rats, consumption of saccharin solution was measured over a 48 -h period. GK rats showed a significant increase in saccharin intake compared to SD rats. These findings suggest that GK rats experience an enhanced hedonic processing as compared to SD rats. The lack of nicotine CPP in GK rats may be due to deficits in learning and memory, thus hindering their ability to acquire or express a place preference.
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Mukharjee S, Bank S, Maiti S. Chronic Tobacco Exposure by Smoking Develops Insulin Resistance. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2020; 20:869-877. [PMID: 32065107 DOI: 10.2174/1871530320666200217123901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The present review critically discusses the high occurrence rate, insulin resistance and type-2 diabetes in tobacco exposed individuals. Tobacco extracts and smoke contain a large number of toxic materials and a significant number of those are metabolic disintegrators. DISCUSSION Glucose and lipid homeostasis is severely impaired by this compound. Tobacco exposure contributes to adverse effects by impairing the physical, biochemical and molecular mechanisms in the tissues. The immunological components are damaged by tobacco with high production of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-∞) and augmentation of inflammatory responses. These events result in damages to cytoskeletal structures of different tissues. Degradation of matrix structure (by activation of different types of MMPs) results in the permanent damages to the tissues and their metabolic functions. Cellular antioxidant defense system mostly cannot or hardly nullify CS-induced ROS production that activates polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs), which are a major source of cytokines and chemokines (TNFα, IL6, IL8, INFγ). Additive effects of these immediately promote the low energy-metabolism as well as inflammation. Oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and inflammation contribute to the direct nicotine toxicity via nAChRs in diabetes. The investigator identified that skeletal muscle insulin-resistance occurs in smokers due to phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate1 (IRS1) at Ser-636 position. CONCLUSION Tobacco exposure initiates free radical related immunological impairment, DNA damage, and inflammation. So, the present analysis is of importance to figure out the mechanistic layout of tobacco-induced tissue damage and its possible therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suchismita Mukharjee
- Post Graduate Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Therapeutics Laboratory, Oriental Institute of Science and Technology, Rangamati, Midnapore, WB, 721102, India
| | - Sarbashri Bank
- Post Graduate Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Therapeutics Laboratory, Oriental Institute of Science and Technology, Rangamati, Midnapore, WB, 721102, India
| | - Smarajit Maiti
- Post Graduate Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Therapeutics Laboratory, Oriental Institute of Science and Technology, Rangamati, Midnapore, WB, 721102, India
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Napierala M, Olszewski J, Miechowicz I, Jablecka A, Czarnywojtek A, Malinger S, Florek E. The influence of tobacco smoke exposure on selected markers of oxidative stress, kidneys and liver function in the serum of rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Pharmacol Rep 2019; 71:1293-1298. [PMID: 31698285 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2019.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The significance of the free radicals is emphasized in the pathophysiology of diabetes and the progression of chronic diabetic complications. Smoking cigarettes increases the risk of developing type II diabetes and intensifies pathophysiological processes during the development of type I diabetes. Tobacco smoke is also additional source of free radicals. Moreover, smoking causes variety of adverse effects on organs, that have no direct contact with the tobacco smoke itself. The objective of the study was to examine the effects of tobacco smoke on the serum concentrations of relevant oxidative stress markers such as total protein (TP), reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), as well as renal (creatinine, urea) and liver function (alkaline phosphatase, ALP; alanine aminotransferase, ALT; aspartate aminotransferase, AST) among animals with induced diabetes after administration of a single dose of streptozotocin (65 mg/kg, ip). METHODS The markers of oxidative stress and biochemical parameters were determined using spectrophotometric methods. As a biomarker of exposure to tobacco smoke, cotinine was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD). RESULTS Tobacco smoke exposure of diabetic rats was manifested by significantly elevated liver enzymes activity - ALT (p < 0.05) and ALP (p < 0.01), higher creatinine and urea concentration (p < 0.01), lower GSH amount (p < 0.05), and higher GST activity (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Tobacco smoking induce liver and renal damage through the mechanisms including increased oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Napierala
- Laboratory of Environmental Research, Department of Toxicology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Jan Olszewski
- Department of Bionics and Bioimpedance, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Izabela Miechowicz
- Department of Computer Science and Statistics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Anna Jablecka
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Agata Czarnywojtek
- Chair and Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Stanislaw Malinger
- Department of General and Endocrine Surgery and Gastrointestinal Oncology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Ewa Florek
- Laboratory of Environmental Research, Department of Toxicology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland.
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Cruz B, Flores RJ, Uribe KP, Espinoza EJ, Spencer CT, Serafine KM, Nazarian A, O’Dell LE. Insulin modulates the strong reinforcing effects of nicotine and changes in insulin biomarkers in a rodent model of diabetes. Neuropsychopharmacology 2019; 44:1141-1151. [PMID: 30647447 PMCID: PMC6461916 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-018-0306-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This study examined whether the strong reinforcing effects of nicotine and changes in insulin biomarkers observed in diabetic rats are modulated via insulin. A model of diabetes was employed involving administration of streptozotocin (STZ), which produces hypoinsulinemia in rats. The present study included vehicle- or STZ-treated rats that received sham surgery or insulin pellets. Two weeks later, the rats were given extended access to intravenous self-administration (IVSA) of saline or nicotine. Concomitant changes in food intake, water responses, and body weight were assessed during 12 days of IVSA. After the last session, plasma levels of insulin, leptin, amylin, and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) were assessed using Luminex® technology. In a separate cohort, phosphorylated insulin receptor substrate-2 (pIRS-2) and insulin growth factor-1 receptor β (IGF-1Rβ) were assessed in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and ventral tegmental area (VTA) of vehicle- or STZ-treated rats that received sham surgery or an insulin pellet. STZ-treated rats displayed an increase in glucose levels, a decrease in body weight, and an increase in nicotine, food, and water intake relative to controls. STZ-treated rats also displayed a decrease in plasma insulin and leptin levels and an increase in amylin and GLP-1 levels relative to controls. Importantly, all of the STZ-induced changes in behavior and insulin biomarkers were prevented by insulin supplementation. STZ-treated rats also displayed a decrease in pIRS-2 and IGF-1Rβ in the NAc (but not VTA), an effect that was also prevented by insulin. These data suggest that insulin systems in the NAc modulate the strong reinforcing effects of nicotine in male diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Cruz
- 0000 0001 0668 0420grid.267324.6Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, TX USA
| | - Rodolfo J. Flores
- 0000 0001 0668 0420grid.267324.6Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, TX USA
| | - Kevin P. Uribe
- 0000 0001 0668 0420grid.267324.6Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, TX USA
| | - Evangelina J. Espinoza
- 0000 0001 0668 0420grid.267324.6Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, TX USA
| | - Charles T. Spencer
- 0000 0001 0668 0420grid.267324.6Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, TX USA
| | - Katherine M. Serafine
- 0000 0001 0668 0420grid.267324.6Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, TX USA
| | - Arbi Nazarian
- 0000 0004 0455 5679grid.268203.dDepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA USA
| | - Laura E. O’Dell
- 0000 0001 0668 0420grid.267324.6Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, TX USA
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14
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Yammine L, Kosten TR, Pimenova M, Schmitz JM. Cigarette smoking, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists as a potential treatment for smokers with diabetes: An integrative review. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2019; 149:78-88. [PMID: 30735771 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2019.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco use disorder (TUD), in particular cigarette smoking, contributes significantly to the macro- and micro-vascular complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). Persons with DM who regularly use tobacco products are twice as likely to experience mortality and negative health outcomes. Despite these risks, TUD remains prevalent in persons with DM. The objective of this integrative review is to summarize the relationship between TUD and DM based on epidemiological and preclinical biological evidence. We conclude with a review of the literature on the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) as a potential treatment target for addressing comorbid TUD in smokers with DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luba Yammine
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States.
| | | | - Maria Pimenova
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Joy M Schmitz
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
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15
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Íbias J, O'Dell LE, Nazarian A. Insulin dependent and independent normalization of blood glucose levels reduces the enhanced rewarding effects of nicotine in a rodent model of diabetes. Behav Brain Res 2018; 351:75-82. [PMID: 29803655 PMCID: PMC6026546 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The rewarding effects of nicotine have been previously shown to be enhanced in rodent models of diabetes. It is presently unclear whether the enhanced nicotine reward observed in the diabetes models are mediated via an insulin or glucose mechanism. This study examined whether the enhanced rewarding effects of nicotine observed in streptozotocin (STZ)-treated rats are insulin-mediated. Male and female rats were treated with STZ and the rewarding effects of nicotine (0.2 mg/kg) were measured using the conditioned place preference (CPP) procedure. Some STZ-treated animals received insulin supplementation via subcutaneous pellets immediately after STZ administration, while other rats received daily injections of dapagliflozin (10 mg/kg), a sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor. Both male and female STZ-treated rats displayed hyperglycemia, and their blood glucose levels (BGLs) were normalized to control levels following insulin supplementation or dapagliflozin administration. STZ-treated male rats displayed higher nicotine CPP relative to vehicle-treated controls. This effect was abolished in rats that received insulin supplementation or dapagliflozin administration. STZ-treated female rats displayed reduced levels of nicotine CPP as compared to male rats, regardless of treatment condition. These results suggest that glucose plays a major role in modulating the rewarding effects of nicotine in male rats treated with STZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Íbias
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Laura E O'Dell
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Arbi Nazarian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA.
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16
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Cryan JF, de Wit H. Special issue: recognizing the lifetime scientific contributions of Athina Markou. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2017; 234:1311-1313. [PMID: 28421256 PMCID: PMC5473252 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4624-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John F Cryan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Harriet de Wit
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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